CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(

ID INT NOT NULL,

NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,

AGE INT NOT NULL,

ADDRESS CHAR (25),

SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),

PRIMARY KEY (ID)

);

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500.00 );

Function:-

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION totalCustomers

RETURN number IS

total number(2) := 0;

BEGIN
 SELECT count(*) into total

FROM customers;

RETURN total;

END;

DECLARE

c number(2);

BEGIN

c := totalCustomers();

dbms_output.put_line('Total no. of Customers: ' || c);

END;

Procedures:-

DECLARE

a number;

b number;

c number;

PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number, y IN number, z OUT number) IS

BEGIN

IF x < y THEN

z:= x;

ELSE

z:= y;

END IF;

END;

BEGIN

a:= 23;

b:= 45;

findMin(a, b, c);

dbms_output.put_line(' Minimum of (23, 45) : ' || c);

END;
/

Example 2----

DECLARE

c_id int;

c_name customers.name%TYPE;

c_addr customers.address%TYPE;

c_sal customers.salary%TYPE;

PROCEDURE details(c_id IN INT)

AS

BEGIN

SELECT name, address, salary INTO c_name, c_addr, c_sal

FROM customers

WHERE id = c_id;

dbms_output.put_line

('Customer ' ||c_name || ' from ' || c_addr || ' earns ' || c_sal);

END;

BEGIN

c_id:= 5;

details(c_id);

END;

Output—
Statement processed.
Customer Hardik from Bhopal earns 8500

Trigers:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes

BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON customers

FOR EACH ROW

DECLARE

sal_diff number;

BEGIN

sal_diff := :NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;

dbms_output.put_line('Old salary: ' || :OLD.salary);

dbms_output.put_line('New salary: ' || :NEW.salary);

dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference: ' || sal_diff);

END;

UPDATE customers

SET salary = salary + 500

WHERE id = 2;

output
1 row(s) updated.
Old salary: 2500
New salary: 3000
Salary difference: 500

Cursors:-

DECLARE

c_id customers.id%type;

c_name customers.name%type;

c_addr customers.address%type;

CURSOR c_customers is

SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;

BEGIN

OPEN c_customers;

LOOP

FETCH c_customers into c_id, c_name, c_addr;

dbms_output.put_line(c_id || ' ' || c_name || ' ' || c_addr);

END LOOP;

CLOSE c_customers;

END;

Output—
Statement processed.
1 Ramesh Ahmedabad
2 Khilan Delhi
3 kaushik Kota
4 Chaitali Mumbai
5 Hardik Bhopal
6 Komal MP
7 Kriti HP

Pakages:-

Specification---

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE c_package AS

PROCEDURE addCustomer(c_id customers.id%type,

c_name customers.Name%type,

c_age customers.age%type,

c_addr customers.address%type,

c_sal customers.salary%type);

PROCEDURE delCustomer(c_id customers.id%TYPE);

END c_package;

Body-----

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY c_package AS

PROCEDURE addCustomer(c_id customers.id%type,

c_name customers.Name%type,

c_age customers.age%type,
 c_addr customers.address%type,

c_sal customers.salary%type)

IS

BEGIN

INSERT INTO customers (id,name,age,address,salary)

VALUES(c_id, c_name, c_age, c_addr, c_sal);

END addCustomer;

PROCEDURE delCustomer(c_id customers.id%type) IS

BEGIN

DELETE FROM customers

WHERE id = c_id;

END delCustomer;

END c_package;

DECLARE

code customers.id%type:= 8;

BEGIN

c_package.addcustomer(8, 'Rajnish', 25, 'Chennai', 3500);

c_package.delcustomer(code);

END;

Output-----
Statement processed.
Views:-

CREATE VIEW low_sal AS

SELECT *

FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE SALARY < 4000;

SELECT * FROM rlow_sal;

Output---

I
NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
D
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 3000
3 kaushik 23 Kota 2000

Independent or stand alone function

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION calculate_bonus (cust_id IN CUSTOMERS.ID%TYPE)

RETURN DECIMAL

IS

bonus DECIMAL(18,2);

BEGIN

SELECT CASE

WHEN salary <= 2000 THEN salary * 0.05

WHEN salary <= 3000 THEN salary * 0.03

ELSE salary * 0.02

END

INTO bonus

FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE ID = cust_id;

RETURN bonus;

END calculate_bonus;
/

SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY, calculate_bonus(ID) AS bonus

FROM CUSTOMERS;

ID NAME SALARY BONUS

1 Ramesh3500 70

2 Khilan 3000 90

3 kaushik 2000 100

4 Chaitali 6500 130

5 Hardik 8500 170

6 Komal 4500 90

7 Kriti 7500 150