Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures

T 269 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING
Standard Method of Test for
Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures
AASHTO DESIGNATION: T 269-941

(ASTM DESIGNATION: D 3203-91)
1. SCOPE1 4. TERMINOLOGY (77°F). Determine the theoretical

maximum specific gravity in accordance
with T 209 on a comparable bituminous
1.1 This method covers determination of 4.1 The terms specific gravity and mixture to avoid the influence of diffe-
the percent air voids in compacted dense density used in this test method are in rences in gradation, asphalt content, etc.
and open bituminous paving mixtures. accordance with ASTM Definitions E 12.
6.3 For reference purposes, determine
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous 4.2 DEFINITIONS both the bulk specific gravity and the
materials, operations, and equipment. 4.2.1 Air Voids-the pockets of air theoretical maximum specific gravity on
This standard does not purport to between the bitumen-coated aggregate aliquot portions of the same sample of
address all of the safety problems particles in a compacted bituminous compacted bituminous paving mixture.
associated with its use. It is the paving mixture.
responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health 4.2.2 Dense Bituminous Paving
7. CALCULATIONS
practices and determine the applicability Mixture-bituminous paving mixtures in
of regulatory limitations prior to use. which the air voids are less than 10
percent when compacted. 7.1 Calculate the percent air voids in a
4.2.3 Open Bituminous Paving compacted bituminous paving mixture as
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS Mixtures-bituminous paving mixtures in follows:
which the air voids are 10 percent or Percent air voids = 100 (1 - A/B)
2.1 AASHTO Standards: more when compacted. Where:
T 166 Bulk Specific Gravity of 4.2.3.1 For borderline cases, a A = bulk specific gravity
Compacted Bituminous bituminous paving mixture shall be
designated an open bituminous paving B = theoretical maximum specific gravity
Mixtures
mixture if the calculated percent air 7.2 Report the percent air voids to one
T 209 Maximum Specific Gravity voids, based on either Section 6.1 or 6.2, decimal place.
of Bituminous Paving is 10 percent or more.
Mixtures
T 275 Bulk Specific Gravity of 8. PRECISION AND BIAS
Compacted Bituminous 5. SAMPLING
Mixtures Using Paraffin- 8.1 The precision of this test method
Coated Specimens 5.1 Samples for testing shall consist of depends on the precision of test methods
2.2 ASTM Standards: specimens from laboratory molded for bulk specific gravity and theoretical
D 3549 Test Method for Thickness or mixtures or cores from field compacted maximum specific gravity. It is computed
Height of Compacted mixtures. by a procedure described in Practice D
Bituminous Paving Mixture 4460. Since the computation for percent
Specimens air voids in Section 7.1 involves the
6. PROCEDURE quotient of bulk specific gravity divided
D 4460 Practice for the Calculation of by the theoretical maximum specific
Precision Limits Where gravity, the quotient formula is used:
Values are Calculated from 6.1 For dense bituminous paving mix-
Other Test Methods tures, determine the bulk specific gravity 2
of the compacted mixture either by T 166 y σ x2 + xσ 2y
E 12 Definitions of Terms Relating σx y = 4
or T275. Determine the theoretical maxi- y
to Density and Specific mum specific gravity in accordance with
Gravity of Solids, Liquids, T209 on a comparable bituminous mix- where:
and Gases ture to avoid the influence of differences σx/y = standard deviation for determining
in gradation, asphalt content, etc. precision limits of test results for a
3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 6.2 For open bituminous mixtures, standard based on the quotient of
determine the density of a regularly sha two test results from two other
ped specimen of compacted mixture from standards,
3.1 The percent of air voids in a its dry mass (in grams) and its volume (in
bituminous mixture is used as one of the x = mean (average) value of x standard
cubic centimeters). Obtain the height of
criteria in the design methods and for the specimen by ASTM Practice D 3549. (bulk specific gravity) test results,
evaluation of the compaction imparted in Measure the diameter of the specimen at y = mean (average) value of y standard
bituminous paving projects. four locations and average. Calculate the (theoretical maximum specific
volume of the specimen based on the gravity) test results,
average height and diameter measure-
1
Except for wording associated with referencing
ment. Convert the density to bulk specific σx = standard deviation from the pre-
AASHTO Tests and Section 7.2, this test method is cision statement of x standard, and
identical with ASTM D 3203-91. gravity by dividing by 0.99707 g/cm3 or
997 kg/m3, the density of water at 25°C
605
T 269 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING
σy = standard deviation from precision obtained by using T 166 and T 209 for Bulk specific gravity, x
statement of y standard nonporous aggregates are: Average Standard Deviation
Acceptable 2.423 0.007
Standard
NOTE 1-The x standard (T 166 or T 275) is Test and Type Index Range of Two
Deviation
used to compute bulk specific gravity and the Results Theoretical maximum specific gravity, y
y standard (T 209) is used to compute Single Operator
0.51 1.44 Average Standard Deviation
theoretical maximum specific gravity. Precision
Multilaboratory 2.523 0.004
1.09 3.08
Precision
8.2 Criteria for judging the acceptability Then using equation in Section 8.1:
of percent air voids test results that are
(2.523) 2 (0.007) 2 − (2.423) 2 (0.004) 2
obtained by using T 275 and T 209 for APPENDIX σx y =
nonporous aggregates are: (2.523) 4
(Nonmandatory Information)
Standard
Acceptable This value is in terms of air voids;
Test and Type Index Range of Two therefore it should be multiplied by 100
Deviation
Results
Single Operator Precision 0.32 0.91
XI. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF to convert it into percentage. Therefore:
Multilaboratory Precision - - PRECISION
8.3 Criteria for judging the acceptability X1.1 Assume the following precision
of percent air voids test results that are data:
606

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T 269 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING

Standard Method of Test for

AASHTO DESIGNATION: T 269-941

1. SCOPE1 4. TERMINOLOGY (77°F). Determine the theoretical

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