MARINE METEOROLOGY

nd
2 Mate written notes
Question wise
By : Anupam Singh Rajput
: SMART MARINER
 elAsSMAte

METEOROLOGT! Date
Page

Papa format
TiME 2 HOURS PASS MARKS-50 MAX MARKS - [00

NoteGueston 1 is_COmpuwory Attempt ay 4 Out of remaniog5 quetion

Q CODINCA or DECODINn (20 MaTKS)

2)|A) CALCULATON OF TRUE AND APPARENT NIND(I5 MaI)

B) THEORY ON NIND(5 MARKS)
Fto 9) Buysbauots law- i) Desci be it and its
applicotion orth diagran
(t Precautions to be observed when appyjing bugs b uot lau in
vicinity Of land 0r near hi equator.
OR
ITS LIM ITATIONS
True wind
9Ho 10 rue &Apparent wind
i)Apparent_win
(ul) What ase the van0 us methos to Hnd +rue
nd ApPAYent_windd at sea?
10 to 133 Wind rose- UWhot ae the, informathon avaiabe from uoind yose and
kplaa it"Mh Diagram
OR
wie Ch0f nofe on wind Ose?
(LExplain wit the sKetch wind Tose given in AdminuH Saug directhon?
(OP) ROpting chiris
14 (4) Pressure gradi ent force- () Explon it o Shad notes on it
15,16 5 Coriois force - ci) Explan it 07 ni i
c) How it affect he wind it both the hemisphere?
6,17|(6) Cneostrophic wind i) Explan it 5ho ote
I7 CYacient wind w ExpOn it 1oosshonofe 0 i
18 (8/ Cneostrophic wina scaie i) ERPOin it (0e Cord notes on rt
State how wind speed con be predicted
Usrng ge0shophic wind Sale0n Lueaher map
1 9 Beaufort
) wind scole ) Exp/an it 9K) t»ite shovt notes on it
20,01 00) Exp/ain wth SKetth FOhn wind
effect
21 L) hat are the characteishCs and
to Cation 0f TYode winds?
22
22(12) DIscun me formation of suw mosOon wth sKetth
23 |(13)Discum he fomahon of NE mons oon
 clASSM
Date 22 03-20m2
Page_04-

3 SHIP BORNE METEORDCOOn|CAL INSTRUMENTS

the piniple and decnbe he wOVKiog
worKing OFof an oneoid
he
7 Aneod Sate
BaTomeles basOmeter wHh table SKeth
What aveme
be
CO7TeGhions to aPpied to
78 ti
maxig esties Deuk o8
in book ding btoe
79 (i) what ave he pecauhionu neessag oran Aneyoid B.
is preferved oUer MPr
79 i) why Aneroid Aaometer
V ue on-b0ard Shup Meruyy darom&
80 Compare mercut barometer wkh anerdid barmal
80,81 Pe Pheusion : Dembe the uwokKing of a PTeUsion anerod baroma
80,81 wh Swtable SKetch
81,82 i What are e prbeduvefor eadung thuprecision bavomp
in What ase e corTection to, be appued q ht
82
Pseision Anesdia Barometes?
83,84 3 Bavogs aph:)wih Suitoble_SKefth
nStrU GHon a wowing Of
woring of B0mar
Barogrqph
85 i')what are the care & maintenance 1equea ora baromeky
864
86 Hyg somee:() Descnbe the wosKi0g priniple of Hygoméser
86,8 i what awe He precauhord reqwred in Hs use
87,85Steuenson's sCveem: DesCNbe Stevenson screen
88 i t he precauhon necess0 r si#i o
StwODsO0 SCYeRN
88,89 6hrtng psychromee.u Shefdh k aesmbe me whiung Psyoromerer
is use
What are me precauhons egwred in is we
90,9 i Wh ave he Qdigm0ge of whrung psyhpmt
O0ehe hegromeer
1,92)Anemp mder:úy SKetth x descmbe he woKing prinupte of vüne unROnE
e ohat ave he cave a moitenone reguired oranorone
 ASSMAe
Date
*-very importort Page 2

-4 ATMOSPHERE/ PRESSURE (20 MARKS)

ATMOSPHERIC

notes : i velative and absolute huwmdty

24 Short on
) Dew point temperaturesofurotion) Nd tros+n point
25,26
26,27 2)Short notes on ELR, DAR 4 SALR ; Nhy SALR 1S ess than DAB

heght?
27,28 (3Exploin change of pressure with
temperature in bopasphere an
0what happens to atmosphent Stratospher
it is higher pverlhd i
28 4) Diuonau Yange of atmosphenc temperatiure-Why vey-sea
Wite Short notel on
29 to 31 ) Land & Sea breere
3 to 33 oy twhatis
Anabatic &, KatabanC
baromehic # Can
fendaig? Expiain how it can be wet
wea to predict movement of
f0 predict d plesure
prekire
SyStem
34 to 36 6)Air Masses - ü) What is an air mast (OR) descnbe an ajimass?

i What ave he factors affechng propertes of an airmas

(u) HO ais mossa are clascifed k state their charadeis
36 to 46 Isobars - i) What ave isobas & how they preditct weathes?
(u What is isaliobars?) wnat is he differene beetween
isObars 2 isallob0rr?
des cbe seren isobanc PHEn k
46"(iil) With swtable
39 to 46" (iu) Sutabe sketcher.
Sketthe, wether
asoiated oth hem?
4L), 45 )writ Shet notes Dn Doldsums,
gSKeth_ndexpun_meaT ITCZ westesbes
SuIface distibition fpressure on OCeans dunn umd
umermo
CLO UIS/VISI BLITY/ Cu MATO LOCY
47 +9 S0() fronts ) Define
front
Exptain coid front, warm front, staionary pom
and occul ded front k how thee froms ore foimea,
6ExPIun weother Qssociatea with the froniz
OCnive necë ssarH diagsam
u) How fronts are depidted on a weather map?
51,52 2) frontal iWnte Short note on hontal dePso
depresion:-i) descnbe depresion

the featres ofmid-tatitude depiess t

52,54 3)unte shovt notes on pew Hoazfrost pltzed fast

@RIME
 alAsSMALe
Date
Page 3

54to 56||*) EFNe

percipitation & eapiain vaious forms of peupifain
56,5t 5 Define Fog & Mist explain how t is formed oR)ooscnbehe
formanion of fo
BHaze SPray
631059 7ypes of fo9 Raditon fog Advection fo
ArcheSteamSeafh-
sntoxe/ SMOn 0r0910phx f
59,60 DESCNbe the method of estimahing isibiy at sea y day or y ng
60
HoO will you preditt fo9 at sea
61 How clbuds are fomed? Exp[ain cjassification of different type of
() Cloud W clDuds as per 'height fom sea Levet
6263 uy Expain vanous type of cloud
64-1o 66|| 1) DIsCUss fpimotion of cloud by Turbulene, oYograpmc Ufing Convection
Dnd fotal ifting-
6 1069) IANte shot notes pn 8ea &swe nust and Squa
veeningk &backing Tsunam
Tdal bore.

6 WEATHER SYSTEM/SEA AND SWEL WEATHER FORECASTIN

what isasimile Yecorder Decibe vaiow tHpe of informaion
0Fascimile reciever: (0 Tecieved' bt fasimile veuever?
(Wwhat is weather analysis & weathe prognosis chart
72 i) Setth and descibe the symbos shoun in ueather thosL synophce
Charts
12 weaher
72 (2)40a what ave the advantages of shore bawes weather Youteing?
riiy Explain the factovsHo be tonsidered by Ship officer r weather
TOuteing of his Ship
ii) Descnbe the information contaned in 00stal weather buuehn

14, 75(3) HOw ave weather waning Tecieved on-board

wyhe lower 1afttude areos wmer han hgh (VE aroA
13,76 4 Why plar regjons e_colder thn egwionial region2
66Explain fetth and signitrcant woue height
 alassMAte
Date 212-204
Page

Buys bauot's aud

UDescibe it and its appticotion with diagram
Ansn 1857,Buys bauor formulated a law identifying the Telation
Shup beetween wind and pressure distmbution. The taw states
that:
Notthern Hemisphere, if obsever faces the true wind, the
Centes of low pressure will be on his ight and Someohat
behind him and the centey of high preSsure wil be on his
eft and Somewhat in front of him

NORTHERN HENLPIIERE

n Southern Hemisphere,f Observer facER the true wind, the

Center of ow pressuwe wil be on hic ueft and Somewhat
behind him and Center of high pressue oill be On his
Tight and someuohat in front of him

V H

R
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
 elASSMALe
Date 212-202
Page 8

Application assist
the Lawsto, Steenga veste
The genera_ purpose Of
in Northern Hemisn
Quway from the ceter and nght here
and awqy_from he let in Southern Hemisphere.
dunng husncon OY ny Other rotating disturbance at
Sea
t+ auuo hetp to analyre he prob0buy of eustene of

Storm and best course to Steer t0 woid the wost

of it
Wind
STARBOiRD
H

P0RT

NORTHERN HEMSPHERE

WIND

PORT

STAREDeRD

SOUTHE RN HEMISPHERE
 classMALe
Date 212:20
Page 9

in
(() Precautions to be obseved when aplying byy bauot & law
vicinity of land near the eguat0Y
Ans N's 15 the umitahon of buys bauLOt'S lauw and hente precautrOns
TO be observed hen applyng buyt bauuots La in
Near he cquator This Is because corous force is negugoe
f 0x within few degrec of equator ond herefore twind
blOw dis ectiy acrDcs the isobars from high pressure to ww
presswre aseas
Tn vIciny of tand Thus 1s becouse,in vicinity of tand, the
wind expernenced may no+ be the Aree unobstructed wind t
may be wind deflected by the tand

2TRUEL APPARENT WIND

wTe wind True wind is the actuau APeed and direcion

Of the uwind blouwing expenened by an observer thatis
Stationary and at any location altitude He might be
out sea evel oy top_of the masts but a long as the ship is
Stationay, then the windd Speed and drection are rue
wnd speed nd direction
weather obsewation.and also
Alway true wind is guotedl in

used auring possage planning

)Apposent wind- Apparent wind is the wind what you feet

On yo yOu Bai It 1s Caused olue to motion of a body
we sail the vesset by refevence to the Pparetwind Sgeud-Tt deperd
00 HOur direction of tyave Telative to the wind
 elssnate
Date 212-202
Page lo

ke if you ave at ancho: There r e wnd speed

1s
Speed nt.
0f lok
Yow picked up youy anhor &Stasts moving at 6 Knot speed

HO the same 10 Kts breee. You WOud

nOw feo 16 Kont
apparent wind on your face

(i What are the vanou methods to find true and apparent

wind at sea?
True wind
Solving wind tTaiOgle
) From direchon of sea wave
rc) Ileother facsimile wind arows
)
Routeing charts, wind rose
Nav1eX message
Apparent wind
Solving wind TYoingte
y Fwnne am0ke
i) Fl0gs
i)alindSoc
VHOldbnga hand kerchuef

(3)NIND ROSE
What are the information awailable fsom wind rose
and explan it wth diagyam
U
 elAsSMAte
Date 212 2024
Page it

Ans Nind roses ase found On Climatplogical charts that summarnte

h information abouthe wind at a Parhcutar otion Over
Speufed timepenod. They depict the freauen y amd
Styengths of he winds, blowing from vaious di'recHon
CR) in 0thex ooxds
Wind Yose is a gYaph shöuwing he speLdy diredtionn and fregueny
NORHI
Ot
wnd in patth cuular ava
U E

S12 15NI

nEST EaSr

Wnd TOSe diogram Consist of three componentS

o 16 Tadau Unes, which represertt the windd divection
65to 1D Concetic ine ohich indicates the oind fyeauenH
C) coDur COded bars on 'each radial une, which mdicates h e ind
(4here is o toh1e prodei thot what co tour indi cate vnat speed SPERd
bKe 15 HODtS)
From the Egure, We can sy that the most common wind di recton is
"WEST". from this divection,he
wind Come approxiamately 161 of he
ime we can alSO Say hat, t is calm for approx 7 of the ti me
 SSMSt
Date 25:03 202
Page 12

U)Explain with the sketh he wind rose given im

Rputeng chavts*
Ans
6
8
3966

InKouteing charts, the wind data ued m he makng 0f

wind ross afe fvom ship's 0bseIvaHDs wrthin,5x5 area
lind voses with lesSs than 100 0bservations ase not velable
ie lN From -he windrose, we can get the mout common wnd directon
292-5
h e frequeny of wnd can be obtauned by measung the le

of wind TOSe k hen 1efer to scale qven at top m9ht (omer. in

YOuteing dharts ie in above fguTe, ne hg i 29
that of wind force 5-6
Fusthes, wind Speed con be obtained by obserivnng he theKnes
o wind10se teg
Beausort /3966- no of observation
foxce
8-12 5-6 436 pexcentage of yanabe_win d
2 percentage of colm

Sing direction

4
 elassMAte
Date 25 03 2022
Page13

riomthe wina rose we con get the most Common wina

CUsecio0 The wind direction is tOwards the Tde cetre
D fequeny of uind can be obtoined by measumng the lea
OFwind rOse k then refer to the scole im bOHOm Of the page i
Saiing direction
Further wind speed can be obtoined by observing the thickOEss
of windose teg
-3 4 5-6 8-12
Pereeat09e-
fCalms

The above windl rose of particulas toodh on shows, the most

Common wind is
fhonm NNE ie 22.5° 2 the hig hegt fequen y ic 157
hat of beuyoxt wnd forte 1-3; the
pestetoge of Caum is
 elAssiMAte
Date 23:12-20
Page_14

4 Presswe qradient fovce

Ques te a hort notes on pressure gradient force
the per wut
faw of_press ure pe wt dista
distan
Ans Pressure gradient is
Qs Shown on a weather chat. If the distane beetween
is
Conse cutive isobays is Smau, the _pessure qadient Said,
If he
high and strong winds are expected bouo
to
to be
distante beetween consecutive isobars is large, he pressuve
gradent is said 10 be smauw and Ught winds are expected
to blouw

Pressure_gradient is the primary COuse of wind; he speed

Of _wind being dosey_proporthonak to me_pressuregradieat
Thegreater the_pressure _gradient fove is fasier the wind uwill
bl0
1020 mb 02m foo mb

wind drection ind diron

1 0 0 Km sOKm

S0 pTesture rOdIer s
0 1mb/Kilomeie 0-2 rmb/Kilomefce

Hdisaane 1s10ge, Pn 1s Sm au 1 ostante is Smol, Ph is wgh

Ught_wind is here SD Winc is here
Fak

Here distonce is smay

So Pn ubiu be hig
Stron windis here 08
1000 99
Here distane isjarge, Pa is sma
ugnr wind is there
 Dula2312 1

(5)CoouS force
y ShoTtnote on it oR) Exptain it 0M0,
pressure(He) to o po(U(LP
Ans While blowing from High
caed , nty' ph
the Conous force/alho
S deffected by the earh
fr ce) Comois force is cawed by the 0tation of
6
The defHe ction of wind due w eayth3 0taton Ro
COmoGs for0
i s epresented by formula,
C 2.V sin tat
where, V-wind velwity
0totion-
Wangular vetoitH of eah
latrtude
and increajes
Cosious orce is minimun at he equato
at equador)
COCt Cunet of arth ismaximun
iMCYeae nd is maximum at the_poles

wind in both the hemisphere?

HOW it affect the
Hemisphere,
Novthern wind is defected 0 he nght from
AnsIn
wind is deflecteol tv he
ts poth wlule, In Southesn hemisphere,

left from ts_path

NH wind der2it he igt n N

SH

ind o13 left in SH

Wind blowing in an4 area are the esutant of9mvent

force and conobS force. Eecauwe of this, it will be obhsëved hat
wind b/o0S 5pirauy imward towards a depresion (L ViR
SpmOundtd by HP avea), and aNhiclockwise in N & clocktwse SH
 elAssmAte
Date 2 12 20
Page _l6

lind blous Spirally outward from he Center of an

ahCy Clone (HP aves Bunoundtd by LP CloCKwise in nH

nd anicloCKwise in SH
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

(6 Cneostrophi wind
wnte Ahovt notes on it
Ans:|| (eostrophic wind is the wind that resuut from an exat
balonce beetween_Conoi's foce and presswe gvadient force
Aswe kOow, a pael of ar move hom igh_pressure
t0 low pressug area due to_pressure qvadient_force)
That parcel of ai, then Starts deflechog to the nght in
N/H 40 the let in StH due to conoisforce) As the
wind goins speed, the defection increase ond a stge
Comes uwhen_preSSure gradient force becomeb egup
 alAsSMte
Date 26 12-20
Page 7 )
0PPOSife to Coious force) (Resutant wind uwil be
blowing
pareiel to isobars this windIs Knouwn a geostophic wind)
Pressure gradient fvce
1004- tnepstrophrcKsimdr
Coiotisforce-

Gnradient uwind
w e short 7IOTeS On it
Ars:
Ans is
IS the extension of the Concept o0f geostrophio wind.
ngeostopho wind, the wind,aMumed to move alog SHaight
and pareuuee Sobars But f the isobars begins to curve,
Onother force com es into act known ax centifugaLforcey which
act outword from the enter, Tefered as a gradient wind
The wind whwo b10w Dng cuved isobas is Knowun asgradient wina
H Can be defined as
radient wind is the wind that resut_from the balance
Of three forces The presture rdent fore the coiois force
, CUrVed is0bars,
nd Cenfugal, force ansing rom the curvature of apceL
trayedpyy
ArOnd o w pressure CEnte the gradient wind blous aic/ock

- Wise along the cuwed isvbas in the N/H &ClooKwise in s/H

ATOUAd wph_pressure_Center the grndient_wind blows Clockwise
Olpog he euved iS0bors in he NH & aHLOUK UWISe in S/H
 Date 26:12-20
Page 18

(8) Cneostrophic wind scale

it
Wnte a shovt notes on it? OR) Explan
(OR)
(L) State how wind speed can be_predicted ing gtastropi'c win
nd
SCale on weathe map
Ans Synoptic weather charts normally contan a diogram frofrom
Sped
whvch geoshopiic, wind,cn be determined by measuing
the distante beetween two SuCesSive 1s0bars 1rus diagram
s Known asa geostrOpic wind ACale
()70 determine the geastrophic wind Speea sing JOstHOphe
wind sCaJe
The dstance be0tween two consecuhve isobars is taKen fron
weather map by a dvider at the desied latrtude (Uke
ad 3s'Lat distante /w wo Conseuhue sbbar t 65mt200Nm)

The dviders then placed at geostrophio wina ktole, both

Legs on honzentab une of that desired (atitude.
The tet leg of the divider 1S p/aced on let mOs magin
of scate and the position of other (Eg give the
eps tropho wind speed -(t t tjn -6Stm,wind,sPed

60
FS T 1pliNwD SCALE

4:9

5
2 10 5
CEOSTROPHIC NIND SPECD
 clAsSMAte
Date 26:12:202
Page 19

(9 Beaufort wind scae

)Eplan it DR) write a Shot notes on it
of Roya Alauy
AnsIn 180s, Reay Admirau Siy Francis Beaufort derised (depeloved)
Scale for estimating wind speed ot sea based on Smple
Sea Busface observation. Later, the wMo (wond meteoroogica
orgonisati on) accepted the beaufort uwind bale and Standansed
tHe probable wind speed assovated with each beaufort nunber
The beaufort wind scale hawe 13 (evets of sea state nunbere
0 +0 12(beaufort wind force)
The beaufort wind force and hente the wind speed are
Udged by the appearene of he sea onty in open and dep
Sen where he uwind is wnaffeted by 10nd fatures
In haub0 urs, nver and 0thes area ctose to tard, he actual
wind may be higher thon estimated by sea appearene becauwe
fetch depth, heauy roin Qnd tide efeckh
Probable
E eyY nd A SPed, i0 KNUS Description height of wwe in
00 Caim
02 Ught ai
05 Ught breeze
09 7-10 entte bTeeze
13 l-16 Moderate bseeze
8 7-2 Fresh bYeLze 2
24 22-27 Strong bree: B
30 28-33 Neas gole
8 37 34-40 nale 5 5

9 44 41-47 Strong gale 75

0 52 48-5S Storm 9
60 56-63 Violent stosm I5

12 68t 64-H+Hunm cane 14

 ASSMATte
Date 26 12 20
Page 20

wind effect
(0ExpIain with SKetch fogh
leeevar the
Ans Fohn wind effect is a egward
phenomenon where

mowtain vange is dnesand waYmer thhn he

Side of_
windward side Fohn wind effect S
SAR
arect Yesult ofbc tPStartOCIeasina
temismore,
n t

differene beetween he 2ARA

a

h d

a r

3K medas
Pomt w
a Qy
yB A R

Yafed
dde any

i
Some b a t

tecoardt
windrerd hot

KM

DEtN POnLT IS
TtMPERATUKT 25c DELW POINT S'
SEA FOHN WIND ETFECT

Imagine breeze of 25°c tempesature 15% dew point

blowing againut a 3 Km high mountain ange
The breeze begins to ascend nd its temperature drops 10Cper
Km heigit (DALR): After veachng a height of 1km, the
tempesotUve of as6 has faluen to 15e
NOW Q deu point nd ai temperoture is Same, he air is

then Saturated
on seceniog further, tempesature drops 5'e per Km hega
The exces moisture in the ovr is given off as orographiccwd
nd heouy Yon faus on he windword Side
On Teahing the top air wil be still Satuvatta and its
tempesatue is ab0ut 5'C

Now, the breeze begins to descend on the lecward side

 elAsSMACte
Date 26 1220
Page 2/

nd he i r temperature ncseaAes at 10C per Km(DAR) Beca

-wse, 0ne he as tempertue begins to nse, r 13
not Saturated asymore
On reaching sea leve, he r temperature reaches to
35c Since
no water vapouY is tet in or taKen out, the dew POint wowd
be5
Hene it is CLeaY -hat leeward Side is wavmer dier than
windusard Side

(14) wh0t are the chavactensHC and Ocation of Trode winds

(11)
Ans Encept in the Arabian Sea B0y of bengal and cwna seas,
the tsode winds are cleary poominent over a l sea a reas in
6oth Summer andd winter
The trade wins blows more 0r less constanty hro ugh the
year from about 30 (tude tO wardi whe equatoY They 6/0L
noth- easteries in norhem hemisph ere and s0th- easteries in
SOuthern hemisphere
The tr0de wind.oreas tendsto shft northwards and southwaro
fouowing the sun r 9ie
In Atantio ocean,the mean wind speed is about 13 to15 Kn0ts
The hwghest vauue 1e18 KnOts found in SOuth-east trodes of

Indionoceon af he etof-
The trade windi b/0ws move Stogywinter in both the
hemisphere
NOme hade wind come betae in eonu dout he sailing stip wert s
trode win to sai he ship fy ttode
 eASSMAte
Date 27:12.202
Page 22

monsoons wrth SKetth

(12) Discus the fomaion af SW
The Sw monsoon . blows une to_OCtObes nd bin2
Ans ng
heauy yain in he wet coaufof Indio Wet beng
heauy
Bangladesh and myanmar The
hence Tesult to low
Continent of Asia ot vey warm and
uer te hordeer
press wse of about 994m6 Ouer s (erter10
The south-easteries trade winds blou from 30's toward!
the eguatos cY0sses -the eguaso and blows as aStrong
s
Sinl wid Caed he SW monsoon / The sW dre cthon
the resut of gadient force and conous fore The wind
torce is about 7 or8 in Avabian Sea and 6017 in Bay of
Bengal
KRAU

ADEN

3131BOUT
 alassMAte
Date 27:/12 202
Page23

(1
(13 DisCus the formatom of NE mons oon
PnsThe
Ans: NE monsoon blows from december t0 Apnl Cnd bnngs
hewy un fal On oet cout of India The Continents of
Asia gets colol and hence Tesuut to
high pressure of about lo36 mb
Over its center, ove SibenoThe atiCyc/onic wind fo YCe of
about 3to + Teaches the By of bengal ant he araba sea &
abo ut S to 7 in 8 china seas
 elASSMALA
Date27-12. 2021
Page24

4 ATMOSPHERE/ ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (20 Ma1K)

(2) Wte Short notes on
wRelative and absolute humidity
Ars-Relotve hunidity:- Relorive humidity s the perourtae
0tio of the actual wateY VOpouY Cotained In a sampe
Wy 0 the maximum quanHtY Of wlter vapgn hat
Sample a can ho/d at ha temperature
RH Present guatity of woter vapour I00
Max possibde at hot temperature
f h e temperatwe Of sampe a r is a sed s capauty

tohold uwater vapouy increase, hence velative humdity deven.

the a become relatiuey dne
f the temperoture of sample ajr is coo led, ifs relative
humidity increases the ar becomes velatiuety moist
50, Telahve humdity is tnversy propoytional to temperatue
RHL

Absote Humidity Absoute humdity is he man of

water vapour contained in a saMpte of a/r. It is

expressed al gramu of moistune per cubrc meter ofais(9/m

The maxim um ahsolufe humid y of waYm ar at 30C IS
Omr
approimotely (30gm of_wate vapour pes Cubic meter of o
The moxiMum abso ure hunidity 0f Cola aiY at O'c S
approkiametey 6pm/m3
 elAsSMAtee
Date 27 12-2024
Page 255

D e point temperature (and saturation) and Frost point

Ans f the temperature of sample airis Cooled, its Telative
densi increases Qnd he ar becomu reltivey moist
At Some temperatue, Hhe ais beComes wet ie. uWhen relative
humidit become 100{. The air is hen sod fo be saturated and
he tempeyatre at which he air becomes wetkrelotive hunidt
becomes 1001that temperoture is saudd to be dew point
temperature
In case OF very low tomperature when
a parce o ar
s CO0led betow s de point, the water vapour(airmoistune|
is most UKey to freeze to become ice instead of faUuing a
O ain The dew point temperature at whioh th's proces
ofie foYmation toKe pjace 1s caued. as frost point
QuRA Ohat is H importane in Cago ho01d temperature?
AnsDe point temperature cOse he water Vapours to condense
ito dsoplets of water auso Knoun as Mip sweat Sweat can
cause damage to diy carpo
There ae three causes of SUweat in a hold
9 AtmOsphenc sweot: 1f he temperature imside cargo hold is
ow any wr brought in bey ventilator wii be cooled eif tis
CO0led below its dew point, it willgive off moisture which
Condese a a Swent on cargo Hence, it is said that
1hold tomperature is less than de point of Outside ai
Testict vertilotion
f hold tempevatuve is gveater han dew point of oudside an
vetilate feely
 ASSMALe
Date 27 12-204
Page 26

2) Cargo Sweat: SOme cagoei such a naes,

SKns,ores etn

Qive off large quanties Of_water vapouy causes yeln

humidity t0 increase making u Telafively moe moist
ch Cause Sweat to
form on he steel past ofhe hold, th
thot
wOuld futher dnp into cavgo and domage_ it
3 Ship Sweat- When seoa temperature is much ower
han he temperoture above it the wnderwater
parts of the hold 1S cooled by coto ct wh sea whih
Cause sweat to fovm on he steel past of the hold.

wnte short notes on ELR, DAR SAR

FNsEnvironmertau lapse rate (ELR): The temperotuTe of
StHll atmosphenc r
deCreasestwhen ascend because
pressure decreases with heht and temperature
faus due to erpansion and inCreasewhen descending
at Qweyage 0de of about 6:5°0 per KM Which is aluo
Knoun a NOVmal Lapse
ate
Ty Adiabaht 1apse Tate(IDALR) The temperature of
dy parceL of Ojs decrease hen ascendl betause presut
decreases wth height and temperature fou due to
eponsion and incveases when descend at steady vate
Of 10'c per KM ie the adiabotiC tapse ate of dy
parcel 0f 0r (07) Dry adiabotic lapse ate (9NR)
Saturated adiob0tic tapse vate (SAR): The temperature
of saturated povcet of air decrease when asceo
 alASSMAe
Date 27-12:202
Page 277

because pressure decreases with height and tenperature

fau due to eynnsion and mcrease when descent at steady
ate at S'o per Km ie adiabahio
Qpse rate of Saturated
paycel of air (0R) Satuyafed adinboti tapse ate
&Ues- INWhy is SALR Rss thon DAR
HI SAR IS less than DAR because the saturated a
1SCOoled, its copacity to hold water decrensel The water
vapour hen condense into uater drop/ets. This condesation
Tele ases (atent
heat ancl hus wamk that Tising Parce
O0Ux. Hence,
temperature of msing saturated pavcel of
QJY faL by 5o_per Km insteod of Loc perkm
(30Explain chomge of press ure with heignt ?
Arns As the altitude increQses the Otmosphere pressuve decreases.
Because, Os we Know he density of ar nearhe earth Surface
s heawier becaune of grauity and it begins to ighten as

we g0 to igher altitude
he high density of air lead to hgh atmosphent pressure
Ot wer altitudes
Wth Incease in heignt, densty of avir decreoses leads to oc

admosphentpressure at ugher atitudes

What happens to atmospheno temperature in tropoSphere
nd stsatosphe»e ?
NOTmaUy a he weather change aad aw the Water vapour

Of atmOSphere Contalned in the twposphere whidh etend

 elASSMLe
Date 2312-204
Page_0

to height of ahout 8 to 16 Km above the sea teue

In the toposphere , akmospheno temperature fau
Steadiy a the height: incroase
In the Stratosphere, the a r temperatu» remains Steadu
a Ownd -56

4 Diunal range of atmosphen'o temperatwre

The dfference beetween the maXIMUn and minimun

Value of temperatue in a doy is KNOun uuna Mge

of atm0sphenic tomperatue r thot day
Diunalnge_of airtemperoture Over tond is high(as
much ab 20c) & o w Ovey sea(as tess han
QUR) why is diuna range of atmosphenc temperature over tand
is higher than hat over sea?
Ans Over land Over sea
Londy being a solid, has a Sea, being a lg uidy has a
DW volue of speuic heat ond so higher value of speofio heat on
heats up oT Cool gwckKy So heat up or cools Slooy
2 Hegt Teiewed from the sun 2 Heat redewed
from the sun
is retained
by the top layer of is distmibuted Over a large
ond as (0nd is pooY Conductor ma 0 water by Convecion
Of heat Curent
3. Negogible evaporofion 3 Evaporation of water in a
Aay_cauwe adiabatic Cooling9 hio
balance Some of the heatrebee
y the sU
 elassMAte
Date 2812:20
Page 2 9

Thus, he temperature of the 8ea surface does n0 Vay mu

beetween day k night but 0ver 1and maximum groumo
temperature may be as igh as +C han air temperature

(5) wnte short notes on

Land & Sea breezes
Land and sea breezes are Hhe resuut of the tape dfference
Of duuYnal 7ge o atmosphenc temperature over (and and
Ovey Sea
Se breeze-Dusingthe day, (and get extremely hot and
aur in Contact wih it alsO get heated, resuting in ww
pre ssure over the tand The temperature of Sea suface
ondon above it cquse the Teiativey hgh pressure over
the sea The is Oba vc run pareuLev to coast Since h e
distance beetweern Low pressure oveY land andd hiphpressure
Over sea is smaul, he n I b/0ws diretly through he

sobarsfsom the sea towayds the land he sea breeze

sets in by about 1000 HRS LMT& Teahes a maximum wnd
orce by 1400 LMT dies down about Sunset
Oyhehigigvted part
will Change in land breeze
F O Ti o g 1 0 0
oenough
S
a e r e

becauhe

sPO8

"SMILE" Smile"
bCz "Peace begins wrth
bCz you sin hve teeth
 elAsSMte
Date2812 204
Page 30

Sea breeu
11_

SEA AD
(Reiatively cool) CHOTSURFACE)

SEA
LAN

TOUttt-
Land breeze Dunng he night 1ands CoolS vey qwcy
and ai in wntat wrth it also cools rapidiy4,
resuting
in high pressuve ouer the lanú The temperatue of
sea SuHOce and air above it cause he
rejativeiy
ouO presç ure 0ver he Sea The isobarS Yun parellel to
he coast Sine he istance beetween high presCure
OUes the land and lo press we over he sea is Smauy
the wind blouws drety thYOugh the is0barsYom the
land tOwardu he sea The tond bveeze sef i a coupre
O houss after Cun set and blowS uil haUf hour' afer
Sunmse
 alASSMAte
Date 2312 202
Page 3

SEA LAND
(Relahively wavm) (CoLD SURFACE)

SEA LAND

Swmmary to the Sea &lndbseeze

Sea
bTeeze ay (Nd heat -1 tu¬: lnd AHP Oves sea = s e a to landL

A r p e n i t l d tt UE . LPOUGY SCo lomd to sea

Anabaic & Katabatic wind

Anabatio wind
Duving dayime the and surface gets heoted gwckuy,
Tesuts in heating the air nea the grownd by conduction
.The ar neare to the ground become warmer than the
QY above round
As the a r wamsS, ts vOuwne increase and hence dens ity

and pressuse decreases

The ar becwmes relativey buoyat and ises up, thw
 eASSMAte
( ) ;Date 0410120
Page 32

dusplacing the colder ar, esuting in anabatic -flo

0Y anabátic wind

Reativel
COld as

aNABACwy toARMAHR

HOT LAND
SURFACE

KOtabatic wind
On clear nights, the land surface radiates rts heat
vexy qwCKy, resuuts in cooing the air near to he
grownd
AS the air coos, tS vowme decreaseA and hen ce
become denser and heavier
The heavy& dense cold air thenftows down from
the top of the hill ( also due to 9ravi taton al fore)
Teswts in Kotabatic f/oco or wind
H he mOwtain is hgh nd stope is t e e p
steep
Katabatic wind can reach sea. levet with force 7 or
more in while
ve Short
 alAsSMAte
Date 0o/2022
Page 3 3

COLD A RELNTVE LY
WARM AR
COLD
LAND
SURFACcE KATABATIC
LND

SEA

Whot is
barometno tendany? Expain how it cam be uwed to predict
mouemet ot presJure syctem?
HOSBaromeno tendery is he differene beetueen He atmosphee presswe
&t he time of 0bsevatiom Md he atmoyohene presCLe three hours
eavier t is ezpressed in millbar end upto one deimau of a

milubas
Barometno tenden9 Aves gO0d idea of vate Of ChaNge tprecs ure
to the orecaster, which /s weful for predi'chg the mOUement of
pressure System(0 Colled is ohanc pottem)
i s obtined fom roro2h barog10ph is not wowing or not
prouided on-b02d, co olbo de ohiained from AneYoid bavometer bu
ogning he fixod pginter fo he dial poirier wery hYee houws, Staxting
rom 00 UTC &n0te he chonge earh pme
 eASSMALte
Date 3012-20
Page 34

(6 Air Masses
OR, Descibe an mast
an
(0nhat is an Air mass?
in the atmospher,
Ans An air mass is a large voluwme of air values otmosphere
whose temperature and Telgtive hwniauY,are More ter
or

wniform in a g iven hoontal_plane)

Ai masse can extend upto thousaNds of Kilometer ao0s
the egrh SUrface can reah upto he shatosfpherel km
the
hom he gr0wnd leue) in he atmosphere
The femperature and relative humiily vaues of n aY mas

dependi on ifs _pot of ovgin nd its joumey(over the

(and o sea).f they hawe _an 0vgin over a land. 1p o0
their moisture Content ave ikely to be 10 (I?y) an d if
they haue a ongin 0ver a OCeanic Ye9i0n, theiy moistuse
Content are Ukey to high (wee)

w h o t are the fatoys affecting he properttes of an

QJY masses?
Ars Tts souTCe Yegion t iS a polar Tegion, he air mas
wil be co1d& f t is a tropicaU region, the ai mass
wi be wam
2 4's taCK 0Uer he earhs Susface1f it passes overtne
lond Tegion, it oill be dy omd f t passes ouer the
OCeanic 1eg/00, it will be MOist
3 7he ektent of convergence and divergenoe Convergene_at
lower teve (n depressiorl) CQuse air at the cene t0ascend:
 ASSMALE
Date 3012.20
Page5

Dvergence at oweY leve (in anticyctones) Causes ur from ahove

40 desceNd
Hs age The age of an air mass is fhe number of days
t has Spend in its source region. The tonger it Stayed in the
SOure Yegion, the gseater it has influence by the Climate
Ofthe Piace
5. Hs rate of avel
t 1s moving qwxy, the area gver which it blows doe
of haue Suffioent time to n fluence the properties of an aiw mass
Hence, quwcK mouing aY masr yetain its 0nginal Charactenstic
fit t is slow moving, the area over whwth t blows have
Suffiuet time to mfluece the propeie ofiam @r mas
Hence s/o W movng aY m ass diferfom its onginai chavacten'stics-

HOw ait masses are Cassified State heir Charactoists

Pr aed of ther propertieL, air masces are dividea iato four
man Classes
Aix ma sces

Polax(cold) Opical(warm)

Polay Polar TopIca Tropica

Conhinentat Maritmne CoinentOK MiHe
(cotd&dH (coldLmoish (waym&d)_ (wasm &moist
 elASSMt
Date 30
Page S612 20

Chaxact eistics of aií masses

( Polar Conhnentat (PC) : Polar air ma COming
Ouey
t will be cold & d
6)Polas mantime (Pm) :Polay as mass (Oug ouey sea
t wil be Cold& mOist
C contnental (TC) Topicol ur masS Coming over tora
It wil be waTm and
dry
(d1opical mantme (TM): TTopical auy mass Coming oversen
Sea
It will be wam and moist

ISObass
whot is 0bars& how hey predict uweather?
are
As An is0bars is aa bne drawn on a wedther
map comecting
O the PlOces houing Same atmosphenc presS Uwe at he
time for whvch that
wether map ha drauwn
/sobars are wsed to depict atmosphenc pressure Over
an
axea
FO7 Standansat0n, 150bars ave dron at 4 mb
iterral
and pre sSure denoted by ISobars muwt be divisible
6y
4 UKe 996,1000, (004 etc & not UKe 997,
1002, 1005 ete
Wheße Osecutive isobars ae vey far apart, 2 mb
in1es o mo be inserted UKe J96, 998, 1000 etc
HISO for Standanisotion, a baromeser readings are
according to UTC (not ship's timej & at sea teve
 elassMAte
Date O8 Ol 202
Page 3
Few extra pois uwMt
Sobars are smooth ünes which Curves gentty withoLt any
Sudden chonge of direchion ercept at "Fronts"
/Sobars cannot crOss or met because atmosph eric
presswre
Yaluue Can not be dfferent att One place at Same timne.

O O005
0045
1 0 0 8

o 9953

98 94

O- Dervr

() What are isallobas? what is the diffevence beetween isobars

and isatlobarc ?
Ans:An s auabars s a une drawn on a weather map through
the p/aces hau 5ome terdany
Isalobars are ued to depict rate of change of otmaspherc
press wih vepect to time.
|Pos standarisation, isauobars are draun ot 3 houTs itervol:

Note_The word tendony ed above to descibe Tote of

Change bf press u e with time.
 eASSMALe
Date09 01 20
Page 38

+2

+
ISsalobars

Diference beetween isobars & isaulobars are as fOuovs

ISObass ISauob@TS
IS0baS are une drawn on-the 1sawDbars ae bne drawn n

mop through Qu place hauing he map tough au plata

Same atmosphenc pressure at having Same tendmy wih
hat hime Te>pect t0 tme.
2 Soba7s ase draun at 4 saluobarS are dawn at 3
mb interyu hours itervau
3. t i s Teferred for the His reered for he moentn
atmosphenit pressUe at he of vanous pressve in next 3
time of obseYation hours fom the time of obsevahe
4 SObarshawe to be Comeckel Sauobas hawe to be conede
or index enor d hejght oT Sip's movemert befoTe k
COMech ovn Can be plotfed on weather chart
 elassiMAte
Date 09 01 2022
Page 39

(i Wth Sutable sKetches, describe seven isobanic PaHern d

weather assOciated with them.
Straight isobars
Strajght isobaxS are said to exist when isobars run
straght
and
neoy_poreue for few hundred miles
PTessure gradient(fotl of pressure per unit distac) is o s
Tes lting in ow wind
speed
wind foce and diretion remains constont wtil isobars
Temain nchanged.
The we0ther assOG ated with stroight is 0b0rs camnot be

defined became it depends on pr0perhies Of ar maE

present at hat partculo place
NOPTHERN HENIS PHERE
000

1004

1O08
O2

UERrl_rE MISEHCFE
000

004
- 1008

012
 elASSMAte
Date 09 01
20,
Page 40

CycLone or ww
2
Cyclone or ww is an area of ow pessue Sursolinde
nded
y areas of high pressure
The 1sobas forms a CLOsed shapes

(fau of pre ssure per wit uStanee) t

is
Press u e gradient

high, resutting in Strong windt

Thewind blows SpirLty inwa1ds towarO a toW pressue
& ClocKwise in
aticlocKwise in NOrthem Hemisphere

So utherm Hemisphere g aatu)D

Cylone S an a e a of convergence Of ur On reaching

the ceter, the air moves up au a Strong Curent

Tes uting in Cumulul or Cumulonimbus c/Ouds of very
high veica extert and heowy percipitationtrain)

Heavy10in HevyTo

A
/000

/008

NOR7HERN HEMISPHERE
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
 alassmate
Date 09:012077
Page 4-1

3 Secondary CHlone or secondary to

Sometimes a loo is ClOsey fottowed by another within
ItS patHern of isobars.
Thefirst one is caued pvimar low nd second one 1s
caled Secondory to
The secondarH iS name secondlary ony
because it fovmed
Later but t possesses
a u the 9uauity of theprimay
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
O12
1Gt2

CL

Pimary o Seconday lo

SoUTHERN HEMISPHERE
1012
O/2

1998 O08
1O
O00
TOOD

(L Co
006
mb

Primarylo Secondary low

 ASSMAt
DatcO9 0 e
2023
Page 2

4 Aticyctone or wgh
Anicyctone or high is an area of high pressure
sSure su
SurOunde
byareas of lOw pressure
The isobarsorms a Closed Shope
Pressure gradient (fauls of pressure
per unit distance is
Usuanly low, Tesuting in low wid speed
The wind blos Spiraty outwardt from the
CRnter of
aCycione, cloCKwise in northern Hemisphere and
-

WISe in Southesn
aticlo
Hemisphere
A anhCycuone is an
of divergene of aur The outflou
avea
ofaT is due to down ward current of ar at certer
This
descending column of air warms p and becomes
Telativey dner and more dieY as it descends
There is a totau
absence of any cloud or percprtotion
Ouer the
oticyclone Hence, anthicy CLo ne is a Sign of
g00d uwe other- Ught windu, no clouds g0od
vi'sibuty no r

percpi1ahon etc.

SEA CURrACr

NORTHERN-XHEMISPHERE SOUTHERN HEMS PHERE

 ASSMACte
Date Q/ 02 2022
Page 3

5 Col
ACOl is an area beetween two uigh pressuae two low
press uve area situated
alternately.
ght van abre winds ase
expectedu but not for long perioa.
Sudde thange of weather is bKey fo be
NO
expenenced
defoite weathes pattesn is assoiated wth the col
depend on the aiT Mass above it
.Ithere is cold ajr mass, th
undes storm aseexpected kf
there is wam air mass, Tadiaton
fog or advection my develop

to2
NORTHERN lo2y
CO
100 HEMSPERE 406
TO

( H

101

1916 SOUTHCR
COL
1020 018 Me8
HEMISPHERE
J02

H
L
 elASSMALt
Date O- 02 202
Pago

6 Ridge ox wedge
A mdgeis an area of hih pressure extondina into
areas of
ow presSuse
The isobat ave curved, in whCh the pressure is higher is highe
0n the inside thon on -he outside
i s wutauy an extension of an anticyclone but my)QUsO
by rtsey
The weather awooated with ndge is Same hat of
nticycone - 6no peropitation, ughtwinds, no clouds
The mdge is alsoexpeienced beetwen a pmmary oo and
secondary low n Such case, the A00d weather is
UKey to expenence but for a Short period of time (co upte
of hours onty)

HICH HIGCH
1020 /020
1018 RIDE
VO16
1012

NORTHERN HEMIsPHERE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

 02-02-2022
elassMate
Date 02-02 202
Page 4 5

()T7OLgh
A trOugh is an area of lo presswe extending into aregs
of high pre ssure
The isobass aYe Cwved, in whvich pressure is lower on he
inside h an on the Dutside, but theu do D0t form cCOsed
Shapes
The pessure gradient is
high resuting in strong winds
The wind blows from high pressure (HP) to oW pressurelLP)
eas, wind gets deflectes to the nght in NH & to the
Left in SH by Conousorce
The weather assooiated wh tough is bad Before the
trough, preseure faus & weoher deterio10fes Afrer the
passoge Of a rough, presSure ises k weather improves.

There are two forms of tro1gh

Non frotal trough
Tn non-frontal hough, isobars chonge directhon graduaty
When it pasces Over an 06Server, the wind veers grdualy in
the SH
he NH&bacKs_g30du0uly
The u' of the non-frontal trough aluoays pints towaras
the eguador
frontal trough beetween two
A frontau hough exlsts at the bouday
different air masses dire chion
the isobars Change
OOn
n cross ing frontal tvogh,
croSs ing_
 Date
elssmate
02 02 2022
Page

Suddeny by 90
hhen t passes over an 0bserver, wind veers Mhe NH O

.:
bacKs in the SH
The 'v formed by the isobars (uways point towardi the
equator
Since one ar mas is Teplaced by another, Chnge in
temperatue is aUo expenened

LOW
: NORTHERN
106
. *

HEMIS PHERE

04 l020

L0 8 024

NON-FRONTAL
TROUAH FRONTALL
O28

012 0A
IO08

02
TROU

016

SoUTHER
HEMISPHERE TROUnH
 elASSMAte
Date 09-03 2022
Page 6 )

(8 Wte short notes on

Doldr ums, Interhopicau (onvergence zone{ITCZ)
AnsDOlds ums are zone of ught Ocean Currents and wiNds, The
weather assadated wth doldrum are lo atmosphen pressure
hewy Aun OY thnderstovm
They occu (Uong the equwtonat region in the Indian and wes
-tên pacfic Ocean
his zone oy regidn are oftn known as IntertrDpical convegence zone
His an Oceanio belt arownd he earth extending apprOximatey
5&S's of equator
Heve he north- eatery k s0th eastexy trade wind converge
T0gether nd the intenge heati ng over the egwtonal region cawes
(wONM mDist u to nse As air mses,t coos adiobahicaly Tesuth n
in heawy Tun orhunderstorm.

Doldr úms wa dseaded foY Cred of sailing ship becauwe it con

be ColmSOuU0 Shp for weeks

SUBETRDPICAUHTO 3 0n
NETRADE L L 5 N
TRADE
OLDRUMS INTERTRDPICAL CONVERhENCE zDNE 5s WINDS
SE TRADe
1
SUB-TRDPICR HIH 30s J
RDARIN FPRTIES WESTERLIES
PoLAR EASTERuES
 elASSMAt
Date 09 03 20
age 46(2)

(b)Wetealies

The woHerbes, ahi- trades are he peimanent wind that

blows om west toward est in he middle tct tude
beetweon 30° 60 atitude
winter
n hese toNes, 9 ales arefrequt, espeuauy in
Tale ae so fregwent in Southen Hemisphere at to's,
that it is namedthe Roaing fovtes-
The weathe changes rapidy & pro(ongfne wepthe ave
yae (untommon).
Dognm Same s f +0{)
SKetth and expian méan Suface distmbution of pessure on oceans
(9) dunng Summer nd wintpy months thetemperature-cf
Pns-DUnMg summer, the temperatuve of 1and is hyh,henee,wrin cotact
wth Them alo get high ,TesUuti 29 im 0u pres UYe over hem

Dunng wnter, the emperature of (ond is (o, hene he tepeetuwe

Of ar in otact WIth Hem aluoget low, Yesutting n high prescuve over them
In short 0ver land, there is o pressure in Summer ond high
pressure in winter The und force 4 divection becone mod:fed acmdry.
But over Sea, thee is not mudh chonge in temperatuve betueer

Swmmer and winter and there is

A permanet ww over the equator Caled the doldyums or
Inter Topicol onvevgene Tone( 1Tc)
Pemanent highs at alout 30'N& 30's
Pexmanent ows gt about 60°N & 60S
Piogrom 0me 0 in pYevious_page 46()
 elassnate
Data 47
Page 30:12.202

SCLO0DS/ VIStBUTY/CLuMATOLOGnY

Front
Define front?trthat is-Arort
he boundary beetveen two adjacent a r masS Of dferent
Chava tenstics is Called Q a front
Hen ce tropic ot aiy is warmer and tess oense than polay rt
will climb over the. poiar air at Aront And that is _why front
is not verhica, it is alway be incned toward he Colder

Qir masS
and
(iy@ExplOincold front wavmfront, stationavy front
Occluded pront_and how these rotS are forrmed?
Explain_westher amociated wih hese front
Cnive necessary diog1pm
COld front A changecver region where a cold air masses

S Teplacin9 a wam ur ma ss is known s COH f Ont AIsSo

when a front Pa sse thrOugh a plae the atmosphenc temperdwe

Qeis lower than it wa befove, h a t hont is Koouwn as Cold
ont
Eoitt
 eiASSMAte
Date 48
Page 30 12-2

Weather assoooted with cold front

At cold front In rear
Etements In Advamce

UHe change Rapid inrease IncTease

Pressure decreas ea
Veers, sa uQuly
Wind Steady
Temperatue Steady Decreases Steady
Cuy Cb Cuy Cb
Cloud S+
Thunderstovms Showers
Weathes Cloudy, dn itle
POor Poo Cood
isibutt
cold front
Firu CumuionTmib tu

Cold aus

Cumun

Nam front chonge over eg/0n whena wam ar

masses Teplaces Cold a r mass 1S Kn0wn as wam aluC
PISO, when a front pasces thYOugh plaCe the atne
spien
Temperatwe gets higher than itwQs before, that hon s kgoe
as wam front

Cold ajrT
INaYm aiY
 elAsSMAte
Date 4 9
Page 3012 204

Weather assoiated wth wam frOnt

Element In adyance At Warm front In rear
Aess ure Fau Steady SIOW f a
Wind
Increasi Steady Steady

Temperature Slow ise Rise

Ctoud C,Cs, As,Ns Ow Ns St or ScC

Neather ContinuSs vin StoPs Cloudyrdri le

VisibutyVery go0d pooY PooY
WARM FRDNT
CTu WARMO
S Cinosthafus
FRONT
Nimb@stratu AHOShad ted

NARM
AIR
20000ft
20d
COLD AR ORy
nt
90 mile-

Deeuidesont

Cold fvont Naumhort

 elASSMAte
Date 49
Page 3012.204

StatHonarH ront fthe front is not moving (ie. the two

QiY mastes on the eher s/de are not moving), tt is Caued

as a Stationary ont

Occluded font A oceludedfront is fovmed whena

col sont meet Owaym hont that was movig head

ofit (THeicoty cod front move fosrer han uam fronts). OR

e co sOy anocclded from is form whem od front
oveytaKe wam ront

Oeettded fe9at

Cold front Wavmrornt

 elAseMAe
Date 50
Page 30-12-20

HOw fsonts are depicted ona weather map.

PnsCoId Aronts Cold fronts are depicted by bluetine
WrtN rawgles p0inhng in drechon of moion.

Warm front- waYm fronts Ore depicted by red une wH

half mo0ns poinhing in directron of moton

Stationary fronts Stathonary frotisdepicted by

OUtemating blue and red bne wth traingle on bue
on d half moon o Yed 1o Opposite sideg.

AA
Occuded fronts OCculded front is
depiced by pupe
n e with auternating troingle and holf m00n in
drechon of motion
 alASSMAe
Date 30 12 204
Page 51

2Frontal
t9ShoTt
depYessionn,
Note on trotat depresSSTOP
Pns ontal depre ssion is a ow press we avea fo1med at the
bOwndary beetween two ffevent air masse Frontal depress io
OcCur i middle OY high lati tUde
The fovmahon of frontal depress ion is assisted by a (age
temperoture dference beetween wam amd cold ar masses
Known as Frotogenesis
ne rontat depresS On beginu as a Smou bulge of warm
0uY in cold aio (s te can see in fg 1 2)
FIC NM FI2 NH
IC32 103

1028
C L IKM):t CoLD AIRmnss
RM AIRMA tWtip fRTMASS
102

00

The bulge increase in size and he /s0bays In h e

COld air bend acOidi09 3

Fi 3
1032

1022

CoLD AIRMACC

AARMA1R ARS 102

The bend jsobars then taKe cusea Shapes CUnd wnt star
blowing inward, anticlock w ise in he NH (Fi9 4)
 cASSMAte
Date 30 12 204
Page5 2

NH
Fig 4

CoLD ARMASS

NARM A}RMAS

A- befoe waYmfsont
B- At warm Aro0
C Waym sectovY
D - At cold front

E After wards

rontoysis is the weaKening An dissipation of frontl deres

The first Step is the fomoion of pcdusion The cold air in hort t
behind the _wam Sector of Arontol depression undercut the WOm ar r
t t comprey aboue Set level: The depresion is tmen said o be occluded.
 middie 1ot -between3060
elassmAte
high tal above 60 uplo pole 1-e. 90 Date 21:03 2022
Page 52()

Descnbe oth SKetch the

Midale kHFTUdE depressron features of middlef high ladtudedeprecsin
Ans A depression s alaxge mass 0f wam sing ajvforming tow
pyesse Suounded by high_ psessure area wrth COld descendin
The mid-1attude is 0ne such area
t oGCurs between 30 amd 60" N*and south
of equato
Here he warm tropicau ai mass megts -the cold
polar aix mass.
when they megt, they fom
fronts in mid- latrtude areas
because topical air is wasmer
and hence les dense than poas
ais S0hopicaL air climb O0er the
Polar ir at the front:
CtOld
i h e OntOl
depression bêgins as smaw bulge of warm
QUr in cold air (see in
Fi) fig of PogE-5)
As the Colou front moues into the
fCotd a TèPtaceosl
waYmo
umfront., it wonts to wap-
0¥MO1YepTACe
Hsef oround the wam u Itpushe Cold ai)
an axea of low
the wamr up reatig
press ure at Cetye
foimiy a depressibn-
Weodher assoiated wth it ave as
fouUOWS
.PS waYm ront approaches, hgh
umuA
(cwmulds nd then strtu)CLoud appear The cloud
then hicKens and
iwers and rain 40lls AS he warm
setor
pa Ssey oves, skieJ cdear ond he
As Cold front
temperature MSes
approadhe, Hhe Strotu clouc clear and
UOu appeaY,_whidh bing quwty winds Cumutonimbus-
and Showers At ht
Cold font, heawy Yinfau, ond
strong boeeze can occur,
Temperduve drops 0/nd visiblrY improves
 lAsSMAte
Date 0S 032022
Page 53

(3)Wnte Shpvt note on :

e
PRs:Dewis ype ofperopitation where water vapour. condenes
inHO dopIets of water .and get deposted 0n 0y neas the ground
.On clear nght,(and givesoff heot & get cooled: At the end of clear
nights(eay momny), suface of he land get ooled k the ar n
COntact wih the ground aso coolu to or betow its de pont vestiog
in fovmtion of tioy cdroplers of water knoon w dew
DEW Can also be foimed it wam moist wind blows over
Cold 1and sunface
|Rest, presence of wates tn the Surfae (Gke leawes, grast etc) speeds
Cp fomaton of de
HDaxfYOst
Pns--HD01fost is atso-a te of percprHon) wheve watervapous
dvesy tuns int0 ice wthout becoming woter get deposited
0n08neaY he gOund
When -the grownd temperature is muh lower a n freeung pont;it
Yesut in omation cf soft ice cystau Known a hoarfrOst

Rest, presence of ice-pohd on me suface qwrens the fomation

O hoavYOst
NOte When water vapour tuuns if0 solid without bewming bguid,
it is also denred as SUbumaion
HOafrost mut n0t be confused wth fo7en de. in caseof fozen
dew w0ter vapou becomes water and hen reezes But in hoayost,
uwlter vopour divecty becomes1Ce
 Date
eASSMAe
0S 03 2022
PageT

Cnlazed frost
H is hin, transparent, smooth (0yer of 10e
formed whe
when
Tun/dnue als 0n a surfaW whose temperature is
reezing point
nlazed fost can also be foymed ifwasm moist irA
over a Cold surface
In he g/0zed fost ic also known as "BB1aK ice'
ice" berm
becau
t Cannot be dashinguwshed agot blao OAd t Is
dangerow
40 waUK 0r dnve on it, they ave veiy Smooth and sligpey
RIME
the teperature of he woser parHcle in a f09 /cloud is
below d'C, it is knDUOn as supercooledd droplets Of wate
When thiS SpercOoled water droplet Come into
CDotact of
evy Cold Sobd objet Suoh as Ship's maH, SYPeLStuduve et
whose temperatut s
beto 0'o, they feere immediatey
and stucK +0 he sobd object in he fovm of ice
This white deposit of ice is (Aued
RiME
Hforms ony on he winduIarSide of the o6ject
RIME should not be.-Confused wth hoafrost

( What ae the various fovms 0f pepitation

Ans Peropitton is he process behind he condensation of wR
Vopour i he atmOspheve Which faw down Sufle
t0 he en o
in he fom f souiol eret
pr vqid Hhile faug through E ) or t t

layevs of atmosphese, wter may freeze ito a softiCe(snou

a hard ce(hail)
 alASSMAte
Date 0S03 2022
Page 55

PRECI PITATIDN

Water Snow
Ice
oirue Snow Snow Ice
Rain Hal
Peles PeHets-
freeung Rain/dnzue

Siet
Dizzte: Fine drops of uwates, diameter tess thon o5mm diamete
Tevmed heavy oY ugbt depending on intensity of preupitotion
CIpuds- St SC
Kaun:Woter drops Largey thon o S mm diameter
Tesmed heavy oy ught dependung on intensity of pveopitotion
CIDuds- NS, AS, St AG Cu Cb
Freezing Tain/dizze : When wter faus on a Suface whose temperature

5 be0 feeing pot

Clouds Same as Rain/Dirle
Snow flaKes- Soft ite cystalu (which we loue to wotth)
Clouds- NS As, Sc,Sb
Snow pelLets- White opaque grains ofice very saft Spheve or

Conicol in shape Diameter beetween 2 and Smm

Clouds- Cb incold weather

Sleet Someimes 1in and srnOw fau tog ether or paty meted
Snowfhakes fass This is KADaon au steet
Clouds- same as SnDflaKOJ
 Date 05 03-202
Page S6

of ice, frozen hard

Icepetvets: ansparent Petuets
diameter
Les than 05m

Clouds- Ns,As, Cb
Houstones e baus of hadd ce wh diametpr
HOol:
o 5D m m or more
0ngng hom 0 5
Clouds- Cb

(5) Defne@fog k mist and explain how it is ormed

Ans When air is cooled belou i dew pont, ar beO mes satuT ated
and pives Off wates. he wATer parhUes re S0 Smau Hat
Hey Temain supended in he aY which cwondenes on miute
hey
parndes of 6at,dust _etc hvely eduory he isibity
Known as mist
lect is
mist becwmes donse and Teduces visibuty t0 I Km r

Known q10
MSt COn occur when relgtive hummdy is as low a 80,
Tadiw of wader droptes is lessthan L micron
FO generally occuy when relative humidity is 90 ormpre -7E
Tadwof water dioplets is beetuween 1 10 micors
MiGt is wa epenenced befoe _and lfter to9

Haze
fvisiblty is veduced by Soud particles that Are
oe supendid
supenu
i the aY Such a duult, sand, volcanic gah etc, hate
Sd 10 be eust
 elAsSMAte
Date 06 03 2022
Page 5 7

Spray
The Smad droplek of water dbiven by wind om the top of
(wawes S Known 0A Sp0y Spray affects visibity wtten the
wing
orce is 9OY mDe (wind SPeed 0f OveY 40 KOotS).

Wnte Short notes on tHpes of FOn

OR
Gsthe dferent types of fog. Type and foxmahon fog occuning ot
Dove Shat. Explain why there is peYSistent fo9 off the
Cnvandu
BaKa of Ne fowndlond?
Ans Radiauo
ation fog/Lond fog
It is caued (nd fo9 becoue it forms ony ove tond not 0Ver
SeO
Dunng the night, (and gives off heat very qwcky. Thus, he ar
in totact with he /andAts Coo/edk if cw0led below its dew
point emperature, a (age amout of de is deposited
Point

Ught breeze s btowing, tusbutence caues he cold ai

YOm land sutace to mIx with whith is couples of metes

above the ground cauwe t0nd fog

t h e wind is bit Shoger, 1adiotion fog may extend upto
IS0 metres oy ahove Yom aOund
f there is sthong wind, will cause too much turbilence
Tes utting in ww couds (Straduw type) ond n0 fog.
Radiation fog ako dft towad ives, (aKE_nd other coastal
1e4ion Uke fog on the thomes iver, Dover Stoait, smdheads
fthe H0ghy ive etc
Radiation fod forms Oves lard because of the tage diunal range
f ir ompbreue, dve tnd
 elassMte
Date 06 03
Page 58 2u

6 Aduection fog/ Sea fo

t is auo (aled sea foa becauue it fomU mostly over sa
but can fom over land aso.
t i s fornmed when moist wind blow's overa relativ
Telohvely

Sutace of sea or (ana

When moist ar is cooled below fs dlw point, the ene
water vapour ondenses i0 Sma dYoplets of water on
dut, miute pavticle of saut esc caweI Muechon fog
aGght breeze is blowing t wil caue adwecrion. wectipn
fom and also to Spread
h e wind is bit Shonger, # Couules dwetton fog to fom b
Considexable depth
fhese is a shong wind, it wil Cay moisture t00 high
Tesutding in ow ougds (Stratu tyPe) and nof09
Best etamples of advection fo9 are:
Dn he rond 8anKs of new
Foundland, wher e the wam msr
welferbes blow ouer wam nuf SheaS, CY0Ss Ouer the COO
LObY Odor wrent
Un He east cwat of TapPan where the waym mbist wereu
blow oveY wam Kuro Shio, CYOSS OUer Cold Oya Shio

ArtI sea smoKe / Steam og

When COld, dry air passes over a relgtively waS
Sulface he water vapout eu aporatiog from sea suufa
Condense ito water dopletu
 elasSMAtce
Date 06:03 2022
Page _59

t appears as rerhcal eaks 0f smoKe Msing fom sea

surfoe
This 1s KnOwn a Steam fog 0Y arcthc sea smoKe
i s most ommon n arcthc, atah aters.

SMDn

tis a7adiation fo9 miKed with indwstmal SmDKe

SmoKe+Fog= SM0
i s thick, blackK, Dppresive blank ers whioh nDt ony wets al epOsed
Suface but awD maKe them blaCK due o cabon Particdes

Orog1aphic fog/hill g
In hilly areas, when wind Starts_chimbing Over the hills, its

temperature drops progvessively On Q4cending further, the air

sCooledd beto rts_dew pot Causethe excess moisture to
Condense into water droplets foyming hill _fog 0Y ov0graphic fog

DesCnbe the method of estimahng Visibity at seaa by day or

by night
Ars unng d
By obsering_parsing vesseb and noting their RA3AR YNGE
When they ave_jut seen A last observed
()WhileCOOsting,by obsemaA bghthoue,buwys eto nd noi9
7eY Char ted range when they ave jwt seen and 10t obserred
By 0bserving the hovizon erpeencg_cancan be used to
estimote the visiby
 Asse
Dóte 06:03 202
Page 60

Dunng oight
|w I here is no mete roloyical change before dark , the
he, visibli
afferdaK Coud be same a before dar
6y Dbserring nauigaion úights of_passing vesse and noiaing
their RAAR TONge when they ave just Seen nd 10t 0bsee
) While C0ating, by Dbsering shore ughts nd notog then
RADAR Tange when they are just Seen and last 0bsene

(8) How wi HOW predict fog at sea

Hns:|| 7he_possible hme of occurene of Qduecnonpg can be predit
y_plothing the teperadure of sea sunfate and the de
point tempesature A Y

SEA TENMPERATURE

DEW POINT

4609
LOEALHME
In he COse aboUe, it is bserved that two cuvel pent
Conyerge
by ektendung it (doHed bne), it is observed Hhat cuwes Upulr

itersect at about 1400 hS, tht means, We con epe

dusth

og at about 14D0 hours

 alASSMALte
Date07:03 202
Page 6

(9) CLDUDS

Hpw cldud ave fovmed ? Explain classifi taton of different tHpes

ofClouds per height from sea (eve
POS-when r is COoled below its de point tempesOture the excess

water vapoUs condense irto vey Smaul droprets of water on dust,

minute PaMUes Of St_vOlaLzic_ash ete Which remin supended
inthe a Milions of Such partd close topther wbidh is
visible u clouds
Clouds can form at any heght fom sea levev o topopause They
aue hee gr0upe acording to ther height from sea levet

LOwclouds Consist entiely of_water droplets Their bases will

be beeween sea level nd 2Km above se leve
Medium clouds have prefir "ALTD in hey names t wnsist of
bothwader doplets Qnd ie patde 7her bae wi be
beetween 2 Km d 6m abOUe sea level
Hghlouds hawe prefx "CIRRD" in their mmes & consist of ice
pavtcles Theis bas@s will be beetween 6 icm above sea level
and he tropopause
|High cloud Medium cloudLow cloudA Spedal Clouds
Baesbeetween| baue beetween bases beetween from near ground
and to 14 Km
6KM-topopauwe 2Km ond bKm sea eve 2km

Cimus (Ci) Nimbastrastus (NS)

CiDCumulus (cc) |AHoCumuls (AC)Shatus (St) Cumuuds (Cu)

Cirrostatu (cs)|AHostatuw (A) Stiatocumuius (sC) Cunulbrimbus (C
 elASSMAte
Data 08 03-202
Page 62

(W) Exploin vanous types of clouds

Ans Clouds forms are dvided into 10 grops A those are

explained beLow:
9 Cimus(ci)
Silveryo fibYous (haiv UKe) appeasence or both
Being so high up, hey always haue a bockgrOund of blue sty
nd dunng twiught, appeas bnght rea or yeD 0n dak night,
CTUs Can be detected ony by it
dimmi erfecr on Stas
2 irocumulus
A high oyer of CLo ud in form of Smau flaxes o Cauliflo vwe,
white in colour wth no Shadiog
3)Cimostratus OYSmooth
A thin whtish veil of fibrous (hair bKe), appea ente
through
which Sun & moon hawe watey tooK to tay or pavty coven
the SKy he otine of he sun md moon
are sufA DentY
clear for altitude 0bservation by sextant

4AHocumulus
Cloud in_ patch, (ayer o Sheet form white or grey or bo in

Cotous with shadng Have appearence of TOund masses, olls ett

AHO Status
Aee thin gveyish or blwsh vie of fbrous (hair uke) or iu
appeareNce throUgh whidh sn psmopn a0pears dim, toty U Pa
COvenng the sky. The outine of sun and mpon are hay ana
enoua Clear for altrtude 0bsexwahion by sertant
 ASSIMALe
Date 08:03 202
Page 6 3
LOIN LEVEL CLOUDS

Nimbostatus
H tOw, euven (ayer ofF dak qvey cloud of uniform nd threatening
appearence wth no light colour patches Tt hQs a wet looK. Tf
pexcipitaHoN OcturS, it is continups not itermittert It can complety
ObscuretHe sun and greaty weakKeN daylight
CStratu
bow, ewen layer of dak grey cloud wih ight nd darK pathes
+ hasa dy 0OK & does not ocur precipitatipn + woK UKto9.
f Can COmp/ety 0bSCure he Sun and gveaty weaken daytght
8Stratocumulus
CIouas in potch, layer Sheet fovm. White ov g1ey oY both wrh
doTK Shodows Huwe orpearence of rownd masseu, Yolls etc
SPECIAL
(9Cwmulus
A thick white cuOud wrth flat bOues wrth Ownded Cautiflper-
Ke tops with doK ShadowS U heir base Cumulus clouds may be
Smau patthes with 7099ed edges He verhcal extend-caued
fai weathey cum ulus 0 r e a t verticie sex tant - caued towenng

Cumulus t peipiHahon occurs, it is ewen

Cwmulo nimbus
A heaw and densegrH doud wih great veticol extent which
base is in ow cloud teve top is in high c'oud levet The
fop of weU developed cumutonimbus will attahed to white civu
forming a anvil shape- Cumulonimbus Cloud qeneraly podure shower cf
Tn or soow, or somtmes hail oY Snow pelleds tften thunderstovm as weu.
 COnvechon
Tunbulene
classue
Date 09
03
fomed how Page 64 20
How Cumulu &sratus Cloud re

they dffer from Cah othes?

i) DisC uss formation of clouds by turbtulgnce,.070graphip

0709Yaphic
ting, ConveGhpn nd hootot bfn
Ans: Clouds are formed infour main wys
TYbulente:
lhen wind blows over unwen surfa0e, it sike
Ke aguine
agginst the
Vaviow obstruction & get defected upwardA
This causes thoOUgh mixing of Me Qr & the i y
it get coos adiabaicauy
IS
And f the ai 4et Co0red below ts dew point, Clouds wi
These douds will be of ewen 10ye
type(Shofus) and thej
base are not more han 60om high. (low leuel)
Not So
mp Turbulence cloud will be fomed in great
quontitA if wind
blows ove cold, uneven
suface
At seay wind speeg of moe Hon 13 KnOK CaN
produs
Suhient sea heght to create turbulence clouds
STRATU CUDS

Ovog1aphic fting.
When warm m01SF ajr blows against MDUntirn ro
bepins to Climb up
Dunng the ascenod, it get cools adiabatic auy
 elASSMAte
Date 09 03 2022
Page 6 S

aY is Co0led below its dew point he

Dn 03cending futher,
OY0930phic clouds will fom
These are of strotu type but if mountan is quute high furthe
a cend rês ult in Nimbostratuu and ontnuOs preupi tadiorn
Not SO
Imp On the winduwardd side of he mountain, cloudi are formng
whereas on the teevard gde, they are dissiptting at the same Tate

becase while descending ar_wayms adiabaticauy & (loudi evapoate

(C)CDnvechon.
When aPavce of Qr ges heated abOue he tem perafue of
Suounding atmosphere _due to ay tocol cause uKe Cotot with
wam sea or goundy t expandy beuome lesc dense han suroundin

J u n n he ascend, nSing ur co0 adiabHCaly.

On ascenoing fuher r is (ooled belo i t dew point, (ondensgton
toKe piae convechpn douds wil form

NDH SO
These are of cunmulus type
mp AS aiy ascend more, it get cOoled more pogressively The eues
moisture condense ito more and move cloud, TeSWating in gveat
vetica extent of the cloud- towenng Cumulus.
 elASSIML
Date 09 2012
Page ob

Over landy Cumulus Clouds begins to formm n the Movning afto

Sunnse k Yeach thei maximun quany arouna lafe a
Qfe aftemoo
when lond temperatuwe is highest begins T0 disipate n
after
Sunset a the tand Cools
Ovey seo, there is ite hange of ar temperature
duing day
and night, hne loud deuelopment is very UHle

CONVECTID
CLDUD
1

frotal uHiOJ
The boUndary beetween waTm aY
masstold ar most 1s
Cawed a Aont: The boundary begtween
them is not veO
IS inwned foward
Older uY mass becawe cold
ir is dente
QCtS s aa wedge and U%
up he warm aur
In the COse of a wam
font, Hhe Slope iS gradun M
the upsudng warm vr formS: nimbostats, utostraru
mostraduu nd finaty cmu
In the cue cf a old frornt, the sippe is very steep
the upsltaung wam uY
forms: Cum ulpnimbW nd C
Clouds
 alAsSMALe
Date 0-03 202
Page6 7

(10 WHe shovt nDtes on

(a Sea and swelu
Ans.Sea(waves) iS the name aiven to waueS, on he sea
suface, fomed
by wind that is pvesety blDuing. In open wde, hught of sea
1S divecty selated 0 he wind force
(u per be aufnt scae
Swet iS the name given to wwes, on the sea
suyace fomed bY
wind that has stopped blouwing ov blowing at some oher places
guite far auoay 6)Swew tsauels qweKy &can be fet
rom 000 miles away. (C)Swel trawels YOd ally OutwardsfYom
center of Stovm & that is fivst indicatipn of presen(e and beanng |
of TRS

b)Cawt and squau

A gwt of wind is the sudden increase of
wind Sped for a very
sho_pen.od of time is Usuauy caused by t0restia Dbstruction
t0 the fow of wind
A squau is the suddent increase of wind force by atleast three
StOge of beaufprt scale[inCreQse of atteast 16 ots wind speed),

Teaching_ypto ateast force 6 (22 Knpts) nd (atng Qtleost minute

A squau is dferet fYomJust of _Wind by #s_preatey duration

(C)Veerng and backing

Veenng s a cloCKWise Change of diredtipn fom which the windis
Nud ett
blDwing eg. fom NTO NE, om S to SW, from N 0
Bacxing is an aticlDCKWise chonge cf direction fom whith the wnd
SE, fMm Sw to S etc
Sblowing e. pom N tO N, fom Sto
 ASSMLe
Daiel0 03 20
Page 68

dy Snami
sene of
HOS TSUNamis e , giant waves cauaed by earhguake 0Y ol
YOlCani
-
eruphonS wnder the sea
has vey long wvetongth Wawe of water which Can:
be
meas used pto S00 Kiometres

7sun ami wwe hight do n0t ncseabe mun in degp ocean!

t h e waue trawel inland, hejght gets incveauing 04 depth a
the oceaN decreueI
TSunami have wwe velOoty (ie speed of the wwe) upto gsU
wheseas wawe velo uty of novmal oceo) wawes Ye about gOKn/h
whith Slow down when veaching shauow
wter
Few causes of tswnami are a
beto
) EarhguOKe : It Cauwes tsuwnami 6y cauwing a disturb ance of he
Seafloor
ui) VOlcaniC Erphons: #
along coQstal wnes UKe Tapon etc: uwhich
ocws
Causes seuweral effect hot
might genevate a tsunom
Cut) Landsides: Landsbides moving into
OCenn, bayt or (aKeg Can auo
generote tsunami
Underwateí explosions: Nucteay testig by United stotes in the Na
Tstond in 1940 R I950
genergded Kunam

( Tidal Boe
A tidol bove is
tidnk phenomenon in which the lea
a

f the in(oming ide fornms a wawe of waser hat h

upnver OY Nayow bly 39ainst the divection of the Ve
 elASSMALe
Date 10 03 2022
Page 69

0rbay's cUent. H is a ue hdau wave and not t0 be

COntwed with tsunami.
B0res 0CCUs infeuw tocations
worldwide, Uguay in aveas wth
Cayge hdal Yange, where in(pmng tides e funneled ito
a ShauOU®, nayswing nver or take via a brad way.
 aASSMALe
Date : 032022
Page7o

NEATHER SYSTEM/SEA AND SWELLNEATHER FDRECASTIN

0XWhat is facsimile vecorder? Descnbe vanduw type of
8f iinfomia
ecieved by fascimile reciever
Hns h e facsimile recorder is an instrument uhioh Tepro
reproduces
du ces Dn
b0ard ship, an exatt (OPy of weotheY map dYawn by metec teoro togis
aShpre in meteo00 l09ical Centes
The meteo7Clogical ceter Tecieves wegiher veport from diHerett
totibr
and mefeoroogist drQws a weather map. he map is Hen
scanne
electyoniCaly nd transmtfed to the shp Via Stelute Communicatino

he vanoUs infosmtion reieved by fasomile Tevever ae:

The normations ve presenHed 0s a hart sh0
Barometnc pres.gure (at Sela levely
() Baxpmetmt tendany

ei) Pressure radient

(iv) wnd Speed & diection
(U tempesature

i)type of lowfmedium/ high cloud

Present weather

Fascimle charts fQu ito twD bavC Categones

Anouysis S the actuat Situghion ewstent at a given 10e
OUev pavHcuuar 109i0n, baed on actuau vepot euteved

by the TOdio staiDn

 cASSMALte
Date 03 2022
Page

o PrOgnDSiS: 1S the predcted situation at a specfied

future
time based on the
present indication 0 dedu(ed lcotrulo1 td
r

by mete0YOlo9iSt i his knowledlge &SKil

Diffevence bOgtween Synopt d p09nostio Chart
What is weather analySIS k weather pogn osis chart?
Ans:leatheranaysis Chart: These Chart gVes the we ather situahion,
at the pYeceding Synophc hour, ove the
entire area They Shoo
the weathe expemenced at each (and and shp Stotipns,
prêsure
Systems isobaYs, Wind divedion, front5, frotal depresvon etc
With g00d Knoudlecdge of met eo
ot094, Master Can site up the
Overa Stuation and take any steps that are
necessa to
ensure
Safety of ship
Wether PYOgnosis chart These charts cotQun same tHpe of
informaion as in wecther amlysis dhavt but predited for
specfiedutuse time They my be made 12hr,18hr, 1doy,3day
0 S days before the spet-f ed time, so the Masfer Can oute
the vessel accovdaH
A weather pr0gnosiChayt is made by profecsionaL meteoroloast
after takinA vaiDus factovs ito alcownt The wostruGtion ot
pcgnosis Chart neeais deep KNowledge in weathe predichion
and expertise guned over several years

) SKetth and deocnbe the Symbols Shown in wesher charts

Synopic_Chavts.
 SMALC
Date 103202
Page 72

oud
of high
tyre
wnd sperd
wind diyection
cloud
tyreof middle

-2
temperatuwe
9 9 5BAYOmehmc Pressure

SK COvevage
Present State of
weaihe
baspmetmc tendany
+16
-6 Pressure Change
dew point
+empesature tePe of lowcloud

Nofe In questipn yf abo ask to draw isobanc pattern drau ispbars a

aYDund by taking 995 a center

(2) Neccthe Touteing

h a t e is the advotage of sh0re based wesher 7Outeng.
Pns: The aduantags of Shore based wep:ther 70uteing are:
tadd p gveer safety_aNd more eonomy in ship opertto
Less Chances of heauy weather dama9e
Less chaces of shift of cavg0- 1east damage to
Cargo
.More omfort or people
on-board
faster passoge TeSwuting in ime nd
fue sauings
Scheduues demanded by Charterer can be
fufiired
 elassMate
Date 2 03 2022
Page 7 3

iExpain the
faGOYS 70 be onsidered by ships officer foY weathe
Outeing of hs ship.
The folloW ing faCtOIS iS t0 be considered
Ans fir weather routei a:
weather
Check fov ay proximity of TRS & depressions
Any aduerse wind divection and Beaufort wind scaue
Swew direction and wawe heght
(6 Ocean curentsnd hda streams
C) PrOximy Of aNH 1tebe19s
d Natuve of carg0 carnedu
Stounge k secung of cargo
f) 6auast or loaded
9) vesse trasit Speed
heogYapNcaU cOnsideration m exom, uaboyote au hase
geviaion poirnts Poi1 bH Ouon
)wad une rones and seasDnal eas
(K) Ship's pemTmaNce Cuve

(t)Debcnbe the inf07mation cotained in co0utal weadher buutin

Ans CO0stauweather buuetn 0Ye_weather wamings ISSued by_
mgeorotogi a department fnY a the coast Mi L0atal sea
area ofthot_povticulau (Out
The infovmgtion comtined in costaL weather buutetin are:

Shemonuwom: t is_weather wamg00 fishemarA: t

is issued seperatey for au wast where.fshony ochtres
aXe aluowed tt is issued for next 5 daye
 Date 203 20
Page 74-

iss Lea by meteomin.

meteorot0
Is weather wamin9 ISSea
b) Port wamngS H
au he major SeapolTs f ContQins he
deportment for
infornmation ike wamng (f Y), any lo presure Cedting
Stosm

movement dung next 12 hours

in neasby Sea &ts

Pdvice for hoistng POrt waYnin9 Signals[f reqwredly

/SSUe by cout.
Sea Area buuetnst It is weather waming
meteovotogicol depastment or Ses vKe Boy bengal, Aove
Sen etc It containu he informaton GKe ind predicte
Speed dreGion, weather Condithon (Yun,thUmderstongtri t),
epe ded visibuty and sea condition (Slight, moderate ete).
I s vuid for 12 hours from the start ime mentioned
in the bullerin

( loutal weg~her foecast; t s issued by meteooogrcal depotmes

oraw the coastou areas of thot counH oHaina thee
Parpmeter wind speed, vainfpu intensit TunfauL distmbetony
we heAht, viSibuty. f is SS ue vaid for next5 da

( HOW are weather warnings Teueved on-board?

Ans On-b00sd shp we haue NAVTEX System to redieve wenther

wavning u w 0s lauigatonal, safetyk secunty wanoys

NOUtex meons nauigationay +elex(Hext message) (which aoS
Teception &fovecont0f nawigationau and meteorolgcalod nis
I t is mandatoy eawipmet that au tHpe of vesseu is TeLua

to Coyit
VAREAS
The ConCePt is Hhat, the t i e woId is diuided ito 24 N
 sSMAte
Date 24:03 2022
Page

foY hePuxpose 0 dUSt0 bUuti29 this infovnmation. Each NAVAREA ha

onutiple nautex STOToA n helps in Hansmitting the messag
.he NAVTEX Teyever aYe programmable to QULo) avigators fo
Yeueue mess age oy om Selected N0Utex stotiona
7he "station selectHon" an be o
manuAl OY uto matically On
nutomaio setechon, he Ghip's positidL is fed by CGPs &
the Nawtex
wil automaticauy dedide in whch rea the ship
is nauigoting
presenty d hus seuLct he appropnate nlautex station
lhen the weather fore cast c0mes the Naytex Tevever Staxts to
heir
pnt it 0ff So thot offiCes Con ook to it Tefër it for pascage
Apart fDm Nauteex
Some Shipping Orecast tHe nomau radio stations and he coast
Uard do read it Dut
On-b0ard ship SAT-C is aus0 wea to broadcast & Teieve. weather
wamin96
why the 22r Di 1d, 0 000 ae wovmey han ogher (adrtude areas
why poraY Tegionk ave coider than eaurton QL region.
HNS| FTstHH, aYOU
dfhe eguatOV the Sw ays hits the
gTOund at a g0 degee ongle Thw, move sola energY fal
n he EPRT
equtonal egion Making its hotfe
HH 67 near the p0(es at
SunYays hits the gOund a tower angtee
Spay 7hus ess sorar ee gy fals in the polavyegion maKiry its colder
Secondy, due to earth aial tilt Poles dont yeieve sunlght _for
Osy month dunog he yea
hi d as sunugl takes a ong pask to veach the polea-t has to
dearth diffesent atmnphen pavHctes twhith absobs heat Thu,
 elASEMACe
Date 2/-03 202
Page 6

less suntght seaches the poles

tbout tS to 90 ). of
90 of Sto
Lasty, Snow at he poles eflects suni pht
-
Whuch cQuses coldl tempesature
in polar regi0ns

Exp/ain fetth and Signticant wgwe hejht (2 tme)

Pns Fetch: Since the wav are fprmed by wind blow Over he
Sea The distame the wind hlows across the woter is
Caued fefth The o0ger he feth the moTe powetu
the waue is
eRtecnsay
Fetch is the unintenupted dstance Uhese wind blows
whoutMh Chage in direction.
IgnH cat wawe hegh: The SiAnificant wawe heigat the
awerage heght of the highest 0f al wwes
meosred which s eowoalONt to the estimate hat visua
obsesves would made
This is meaAUred becouwe he larger WAUes are wualy SunHM
than he Smals aues
HS a Jenera rule, a highest indvidua wawe is appoKite
fwic as he Sanificapt wawe height
 alassMAte
Date 22 03 2022
Page
.3 SHIP BDRNE MEEOROLOCNICAL INSTRUMENTS
( Aneroid Baromete
State he pmnopie and deicnbe te woWing of an aneoid
wHh sutabte sketoh C7times)
barometer
Ans:Pmnople:
Aneroid name came from Greece) which meand no iauwd
| LiKe meTcuy barom etes, aneroid barometer does rot need any
ugid foy Teading comugaleaplate-
A seaue chamber made of very thin,metu, hauing a
parta
vacuum in side it
This vacuwm chamber is connected to a pointer by a SUstom off
aers and springs The poier js tted ouer a Yaulor
gYadLoted Scoje SO that we an take eading directy
The thin metav has an
elQbtto_ffec

DIAL POINTEK
FINE SeRIN

CHAN

LEVER
HAIRSPRING
SYSTEM VACUUM CHAMAER
PIVOT

ADTUSTMENT
WoTKIng
1f he atmospherec press UeincreQs es, he Chamber gets compressed
The inward movement o s wauL is +ransmittedu t0 he pointer
by -the evers ond spnngs. The poiter thenshouws higher rading on
|the scate
 clASSMACte
Date 22-03:2022
Page 78

the atmosphenc pressure decreases, he 0pposife happeu 4 he

pointer hen shows (owey ading on the sQle

What are he coreetions to be applied to ts readi9 before

mKng esmee in Dex og BookK

Ans Whaf we got reading is at bndge level- But for saKe of
unifomity of ctimatic vecords, it is necessary t0 wnuert the
Teading -to hat of sea level For hat , we need to GPpy
COmecion to he Teadng. These are twO Comehiou
ndex eo
tiscauwed by imperfect elati city of va cum ChaTber +
Changes with ime k hence regwred 0 0btain atepst one in thse
monh
The index eror is obtoined by Compann9 wth another anerold
harometer, whose in deX erTor S Known Ch 3 t0 be done bH.
cy baromerex
on reqest om ship, the representoti ve of por+ meseorologicav
Ofice bmng their oneroid baromeer for compamisi on ee of cost
The obtained index ewor Should be enrerea in
speuau card
hung near he nstrament In case, iNdex eOr is qute high,
tCOn be adjusted som adjutment KODb_tn_ he back of inshrume
wh the hetp of scvevdivey
ily Height ornection
Since atmosphenio pressuve over sea tevel decreaue by Imb or
evey 10 mto- in creae of heght. S0,correction is calculated hy
Formle CoYection (in mb) Height ab0ue sealeveu(in m) 1o
we wil gdd the 0ectorn in our Te adiog to get atmosphenc
Pre ssune al sea ever
 elASSMALe
Date 22-03-2022
Page 7 9

Care mOHenonte
what aYe the pecautionu necessary for an Aneroid Barpmeter
Pns he inder ewor is reqwred to obtain atest once in a three
mpnth bH Companing with an0ther oneoid barometer whose index
emor is Knoon
The obtOuned index eror Shoutd, be entered in speial Cad hurg
neay the instrument n case Index eror
is gute high, it my be
minimed by aduting he sCvew t back
The inument Should be placed at suoh a p/ace where there s
no
Sudden_eyks no Yapid hange of temperdtwe
Protect the instiument fm
dired_Swuight
DO not move he instument wN Decessany
epheTnstrument a Ctose to he Cee tne of he ship-
Tap the face of the instument genty before takin9 readrg A
poilters nd eueS are vobte to stick

UVwhy oneroid bavometer is preferred over meruTy barometerfor use on-bo

Ans: is adsip.
durable and Compact instument
t does nof need ay bguid for readinA, hence maKig
preferred for
Ae on-bOard Shivp

Change of presse_are eiy detacfabe Forhis_purpose, a

ved poimer is pTOVided, atta dhed to the_glass face of the instrument
yer toppng the instrert, the fined poinferis aligoed with the
diOL pointer whih hep uw fo awoid Paralax error
Pfter sSometime ( about half on hour), top the instrument gety
agaun 1f he dia pointer n000 bes to he mght f_fpxed pointer
that meaNs pressure has NSeN.&Uice vexsa So the amount of nsë or
faUL Con awo be notred in aneoid bavometer
 eASSMAC
Date22 03 2022
Page 0D

Compare mercury barometer with o0eroid barometer

Ans Anesoid Baromete Mercury barometer

9tdoes nof requive any vquid 1 reguw ved uquid

b)Aneroid baromeser is a barometer Merusy basometer is a simpie
hat use a vaccum chambes of harometer hat uwel mertury o
very thin metal plate t0 meure measure he otrmasphenic
he atmosphenc pressure press ure

C) If measurs h e atmaspheno C t meas UTeA Hhe atmospher

presture uing evpansion orwonctin pressure by meaunng te hejat

Of a exible metal plate uwhich of mercury inside a verhcol glau
eads to
Movim apointer prn prescune tube
SCale

dSoid &compact e y to Large fsagile hard to

handie hndie
eIt is
easy 40 taKL measUem
emt| e tis hard to taKe measurement as
a it height ShOuid be meaoured aCcurOHEIY
direHy gives avatue aLfer it qes baLanced

2 PTedsion Aneroid Barometer

yescnbe the wOYK)A of an preusion aneroid baromeger th
SKetch
Ans: This is 00mpa ct(Smau), robwt (Strong) Amd
acuuwnte amerd
baTometer whih shouws very accurate Teading to oof a mill0
on a
digritol display
ConstrucHn wor King:
t s vacCum chamber consist ofthree meta chamber wo
are aHah ecd tugether
 ASSMALe
Date 22 03 2022
Page 81
IMICROM ETER ADJUSTMENT

> DIGITA
DIS PLAY

PIvOT
HAIRSPRIN
Vacuwm capsuue

The shorter end of

pivoted tever Tests ughty Dn the +op of
Vacuwm capsule wh the help of hais sprng.
1OCrease o deCYeose in
afmosphene pre u re
caAe top 0f
VaCCum Capsule fo M0ve in or out
which leads the tonger
end of the tevea t0 move upR
down
This m0vement can be
measured by a micYomefer anangement
whsh shO ws the readng on a
digital disploy
in m/libars
nd dejmal of millibars-

What are he procedure for reading he predsion aneroidt

barometer
Ans: Press the swltoh and t
hold there
6) Increae the yeading (by slouly 1ot0tng the micvometer-head
til he magic eye Shows a otiouws une
Decrease the yeading very sloc0y_wtil he magi eye
 CIASSMAT
Date 2203 20
Page 2

broken jne
WtOhout +o Sho(O O
dRelease the swHh and read off he pressure
in millibar
anddeumal ofa mlibar.

tini) What are he corection +0 be lPpued on Teang 0btalned from

Pe usion Aneroid B0ometer
Ans(0)Index eor
Can cused due to imperfect eiuhay of rOcuum_chamber
The eror needu to be appüied to the reading eaCh me
The enor Should be obtained one in evey throe moHha
The bytained index ervor ghouud be nferog in a speial ard
and hun near the instrument
b)Height Comection
Same au in ordinay aneroid bavometer, we need to conue
tHe Yeadung at bndge tevel to sea levet
S0 s we Knoo, the pressUre decrease by 2 mb for ewery 10m
1NTease Of heght k vice versa.
SO we cuate the orection by

CotnConection(in mb)= Haight aboUe sea leuelin m) 1D

k appy tHe coretion t0
maKe enty in deck log bouk
 3s N
E eISNI wSINy HOD w asIMYDrU
 SSMAE
Date22-03-2022
Page 84

Construction k woYKing
H s vacuwm chamber consists of a senes of metau b0X ananged

vehcauy. Which aTe attadhed t0gethes

In cre as e 0Y decre ase in otmosphenc pre ss ure causes the +0p 0f

the vacuun chomber To cend 0r deicend this mouement

Rad the Stylus t move up o dotn on the chavt by a tewer

SHstem
The chavt is fred on a cybindorcal drun that 0tates ata
wif0im Speed of one rotOtron per week
The tip of the Stylus h8 a detach able pen thot cotOuns one
dyop of slow doying ink (spei auy made fov ths pupos
|The pen needs to TeAI One a weeK dopper and inKbotHle
pYovdkd
Cave The pen should be Whed uoith wate 0 cleone d
by metthylated
moutenancespiit 0nce a mth t0 ensue hat OCe is un, lea and
even
The bOJIaph iS provided wrth higed giasS COves, to
Keep 0ut
qut ofwind nd dwt 15 mOuted on sp11ng and
Tubber pod
foreduCe vibrot1on.
In moden baro9saph, he VaCUL0 Chomber is imme rstd in
hrass Cyünder ea wth O S he vaCuum
chamber eypand
Oil is fov ted out though Small
holeska the Chomber COntads
oil is SUKed iM0 HE ybnder If prevent smau qut vibvotion
Arom mKing sqwggles on NaE ur#h0ut tosr 6f
accurayy
the bav0g1aph
 elAsSMALe
DateDate 23-03 2
Page 85

() what are the care k

mantemnce TCqwred for a
Ans (a) It is bammeter
a agile instaumerct Md mut be
b) It shouud be fHed in a position where it honded carefuly
will be teast
affected by the vtbration 0Y movem ent of the
ship
C)The ouowing shoud be done weeKy
Renew he chaut
Wind he clo
CKWDK mechanrs
Reil he inK
COmparë he reading adywt if requred to eiminate
intexeTOT Vognt toYretion
d) When chart is
TeneWeA,TOtate the drum ti pen recoTds
he covect CMT 0nd day
ey the pressure of pen 0n the paper shoud be reduced to he

minmUm adjutng the gate suspension holdng the pen

aym whvch came the pen
T h e pen shouud be washed wh water oY cleaned by methylated
mot
Spt atlenst onCe a
(9 The beamng of the moung Pats Should be deamed oiled

Occagionally
h The eading should be compared and aduted wth the
Tebable barometer ashore
 aASSMAte
Dat 23 03 20
Page &6

AHygTOmeter(or pSJchromete)
Dacroe the woning9 prinüpre of hHgrometer
Pns The byg0meter is an instrumert wed for 0btaining relative
humidty dew pomt tempevatuse of as
h e type f bygrometer sed on -board shijp is Known a
Mason s
hHgsometer OTPsychrOmeter
Consist of two thesmometess motec idt by side 1n a
Steuenson's SCreen, one is a dy bulb hermometer, he other
iSOwet bulb hesmometer
Cambric ox musjin is wrapped aound the ub of wet bulb
tis Kept moist by means of wick
leading to Cotoiner o
di'still ed wates
If he atmasphese is dry, the vapid
musun Since euapovation
evapovation taKes place -fom
Caues COOUng, the wer buu, hesmometE
will shotd Ower Yeading than dry
buLó thermpmetes
f he atmosphee is humd, the
ewapovation from the musin wil
be uow nd less COOung wl) take
place The reading of wet butb
thesmomefer oill be not much ower han dry
buubtheymometer
.The difference beetwoen he
veading of dyy buub Ond uwet butb
hermometer giuel the indicaton of elatie
humidity in He air
he greater the dferone, tower he yeittive
humdit k viCe versar

(iWhat are the precauionu Tegired in ts ue?

Ans:- The stevenson's Sereen Shoug be Hung up on the windurd side
Quay 4om arhfiuav soure of heat ( funneL, blouers, vetilatos etc
 aASSMATte
Date 2303 202
Page 8 7

I t sh0uld be hung 1sm ahove the deck or the covenience (OF

4he observer
If ShOuld not be placed in an encLosed ro0m
Sunught faig on
stevensoa saeen is permitfed but not
dreH
The musbn should be cleao- free of dust d salt particles
E 7he musun and sthrands of wick shoud be changed one a weeK
becauuse SObd parthcles are left behind the ewaportHng water hat
gives highey reading
The musun should be jut moist Too much or UHHe wafer D
Shoos NCONTett reading
The dry buub hermometer shoud. be ciepn and clear of dops af
Condensed water

(5 Sterenson Screem
Descnbe Stevenson SCreen
Ans This is a w00den b0X Speüaly constutea 10 howe a hygromete
I t is a wooden cupbo0vd fitted wth a hinged door
he door, back ond he two Sides ave au ftted wrth "Iouvers" which

allous ai to iTCulate rely k does nct letdivect heat vodiaion

t0 get n
f he sunight falu on the thevmomefer ivety , it wil get
verH hot and hen it will sha temperature of instrument
itsef, not that tf atmospheve Shows temperatuve of atmospheve
becaue of shade Gnd tree oYCulati0n of air
f he inStYument Is Out m He ope, duvng the night, tS bub
 ASSAta
Date 23 3 2022
Page 88

wOuLd sadiate the heot yey qwKly, qwcker hOn ur and then
It oill sh0w tempeyatuve of insh umet its elf not Mat of Ctn1ospheve.

6y using the stevenS0n SCreen, the hepa raddates Stoudly and thu
ShoWS COvrece edd ng
|'I puspOse is to providle stOdansed evnononeat in whiCh the

tomperature:nd relathue humid ty con be meaure

List the precauki0na necessay for srting 0f Stevenson sereen

Hns The Stevenson sereen Shold be hung tp on the winduward side
QuwQy f1om the artfiIo souTce of heat(funneu, blo wers eshlotor ett)
t shouud be hup ISm ab0Ue the decK fov the Dnvevene
of he 0bserver
f Showa not be p/a ced aenOSed 00m

SUn ight fauing 0n stouens on screen is peinmite d buÉ Not

disecty
Should be aluways hung vevhcaly

6Whi bog_psychYOmeter
)Sketth and descn be the wOTKing pmnuple of whing
k its we
psythpmeTE
Ans It onsist of ight woogenUme, piVOted to Teuolue Smooy
arond he hondle
The me consisF Of twO 1dehCal CeLou hermometer, one is
a dsy bltb hermometlhe 0her s a wet bub thermOmeter
.A wet bulb hermpMeter COnsist 0f a Single tayer of hin
 alassMAte
Date 22:03-202
Paga8 9

musbn ied frmy around he butb with sming

CUhen equred, the frame is held homzortau, one drp of
d'shiled water is hen dropped on muslin uuing dYopper to
make it damp (moist)
The fame is then whined in open a before toing the eding.
From Yefernn t0 the meterouogical table we can oetoin de
point and relative humi'dity.
There ae different table fbr whiring psycom efer and hugromoe
n the Stevenson's SCeen
betause of their differert rate of
evoporaton.
HANDLE

METAL
HOLDER

DRY WET
BULB BULB
 eaSSMAt
Date24 O3 202
Page 9 0

) What we he precauhonu Yequived in ts ( e

Ans The muajn Shoud be cleon, free of dust ond sat parh des
bThe mulin nd shronds of wik shoud be Chongen one a
week becNuse sold portrctes awe eft behnd -the evaporatng
watey nd does not QuLoD Aee ewapovatorn Whioh gwe hghes
Yeading. han actuo
The musin sho ud be jwt moist. TO0 muh 0r Ute wter
Shows incomett ye ading
CNever touch the musin wth a inger 1F toUhe, boay o pruert
M the fogey get ronsfeved o he muin and more it water
Tesistant
Alwuys Swing he insthument in the winduwasd Side
auway from
dUrect Snight
while Swinging the instrument, one should ensure thatt does
not Stike 0g0inst ny ohshucton whih results in broken
heymometer
The NstrUment should be swwng for atecst tw0 minute k the
Teoding shoud be obtained at the Same place If brought
inside he hast r0om to obtuin the
Teadng, the readin
would be changecl y then

(ti)What are he aduaHOJE Of whTUng psychrometer over the

hHg ometer.
Ans: Ver Simple instrumert
Very qwok readngs
 elAsSMAte
Date24 03:2012
Page 91

CVery acCcuyate
H ha been observed hat yate ol evaporordn depends Sn
Speed of uT flowing past the butb The Yate of evaporation reathes
maximum at dbou geuen Knots wind sped na furher in oease
Ofwind speed do es not mae any apprevable chnge So when
he win Speeg 0f seven Knots or more passe he bwb, he
Yeavng oil be mpre accurate

COse 0 hygrometer inside the stevenson screen, he eraporation

EDENdl etry upon direcion and force of wind outside he
SCXeen wind speed is less hon 7 Kn0ts, the Yeading will not
be so aCCUYate
In cose Of whiU Psychro meter o n e YOtation per Se cond is

egual to twind ftow of more hon 7 Knots_past the butb: S9,one

0r tu0 Y01H0.per se conc wi give accurate readung.

Anempmet
SKetch nd deicnbe he wYKi prnople of wina vane anemometer
What Kid of infovmaidn we get from i
Ans:7he term anemomefer 1s dEnVea Jrom.a greeK wDd AnemD

uWhh Meons Wind

t t is 0n instrumert uwed 0n-b0ara Ship to metsure uwind speed

and dre cHon

H Is 4eneYally fitHed on the top a mast 0r a place where

theve is no obsthuction
t0 he wind

The signals om this led

t0 tne wheethoue repeators hu cable
 ASSMAte
Date 24 03 20
Page 92

When Ship is moving Mempmefer ShouWS ypaent wind

WhiCh is Conmbinaion of tue wind shp's sfpeed
HOwewer the modern anemometer can abO give fr wnd as

they_axe interfaced with yY) nd Speed 0y

WKing prinopie
A vane anemometer consist of two elem nt:awind vane an
On anemometes

The anemometer pOtion of Vane anemometer is aUy Of the

pYOpeuLes tHpe * is caubrAted in such a woy hat t measure
win& speed by meaumig he speLd at whith the Wind
COusel the poopeer f0 spin
may ule mechanical and eleconio megns to reco Td nd
COluuate his data

The Wind vane elem0nt of vANe anempmeter 1 wed to defermine

wind drecion is O Simple deuice hat alw ay f0ces into ay
wind u to aero dynauc pnnuple andd the design of he vane,
It alwas tumA t0 40e My wind,
Yegardless of wind sheng
OY dechon.
i s Uke aaeroPIane ®th n0 win9s, mounted on a Swve base
whion allow mem 70 Spin feely|in f0Ny direchion
propeuer vertica ti

generator bod
moto
beaing
aisof wind rection
Stand
Cable connector
 alAsSMAte
Date 24 03-202
PagePage93

i() what ave the

cave maintenante requives for a anemomete
Ans
Ans eekly maitonance: Calaulate the true wind k
wmpare ir
Sea State card
Monthy maiteo0ce: Cablen to be checK ed
vistually. CheCK WeOAher u
nioving pats are otating freely and the
Speed is Yeasonable
displ@yed win
AnNual MautenaMce: Ovevhau he anemometer
Clean gertiy wth
bYUshes and tubncate al the
moving parfs
Hnd hrOughout the year, maK SUre that He anempmeter are
TOfgtingheely
Tosely
by 0bserving t dunng ght wind ondition
AIsO ChecK thatit is not makig any grnding SOuma as it is
O Sign of damged beanng.
Ensure there iS no loasSe haliyord Yope whwh may entangle the
PYopeues olanemDmetey
Ihe latet invetory of a the spares, Should be awalable
 1. FIRST DRAW A CROSS AND INDICATE ‘N’, ‘E’, ‘S’ & ‘W’. THIS WILL HELP DIRECTIONAL
ORIENTATION.

“N”

‘W’ ‘E’

‘S’
2. SECOND WRITE THE INFORMATION GIVEN, AS (I) COURSE, (II) SPEED, (III) DIRECTIONS, etc.

3. SELECT A SCALE OF SAY 2CMS = 1 KNOT, THEN 20 CMS= 10 KNOTS, 24 CMS=12 KNOTS, AS
APPLICABLE.

4. ENSURE YOUR TRIANGLE FITS THE PAPER SIZE.

5. DRAW A ROUGH TRIANGLE, BASED ON THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE QUESTION,

TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING WHAT NEEDS TO BE FOUND OUT.

‘T’

‘A’ ‘O’

6. WITH ‘A’-‘T’ AS OWN SHIP’S COURSE AND SPEED. DRAW SHIPS COURSE AND SPEED, PUT AN
ARROW IN THE DIRECTION OF SHIP’S MOTION.

‘A’

‘T’, this if the ship’s course is say 150 degrees, or so.

‘T’

‘A’ this direction, if the ship’s course is say, 048 ° true, or so.

7. APPLY TRUE WIND AT ‘T’

‘A’

‘T’

IF TRUE WIND IS GIVEN AS 090° TRUE, THEN,

‘A’

‘T’ ‘O’

JOIN ‘O’-‘A’

‘A’

‘T’ ‘O’

IN THE ABOVE TRIANGLE, THE ‘O’-‘A’ WILL BE THE “APPARENT WIND TO BE EXPERIENCED BY THE
OWN VESSEL BLOWING ROUGHLY 118° OR SO.

8. IF APPARENT WIND IS GIVEN, THEN PLEASE APPLY IT AT ‘A’, such as below:

‘O’

‘A’

‘T’

9. PLEASE JOIN ‘O’ WITH ‘T’

‘OT’ WILL BE REPRESENTING THE TRUE WIND TO BE EXPERIENCED BY THE VESSEL AT ‘T’, HERE IT
CAN BE ASSUMED TO BE, SAY, 040° TRUE.
 ‘O’

‘A’

‘T’

10. PLEASE ENSURE THAT WIND IS ALWAYS APPLIED AS BLOWING FROM. (and never drawn as
blowing to, that’s a rule to be followed)

11. THE THIRD CORNER OF TRIANGLE TO BE ‘O’, WITH ‘OA’ REPRESENTING APPARENT WIND
SPEED AND DIRECTION. AND ‘OT’ REPRESENTS TRUE WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION.

12. ANY TIME IN DOUBT, PLEASE RE-DRAW THE TRIANGLE, FROM THE BASICS AGAIN.

13. MAKE A BOLD STATEMENT AS TO WHAT IS FOUND?

(a) TRUE WIND SPEED FROM…….. DEGREES, AT ………………KNOTS,

(b) APPARENT WIND SPEED FROM……………DEGREES, AT ………………KNOTS,
(c) BEAUFORT FORCE………………..AS PER PAGE NO:…………OF SHIP’S WEATHER CODE.
 lASSiMAte
Date 2S 03 20
Page6
WIND TRAINnLE(IS Marks
Consider a vecset heading 000'(N) at 20 Kts

If Tue wind 19)hen, 0pparert wind is

OKtS N 20 KTS

N 10 Ks N 30 Kts
N' 8 Kts
S20 KH KtS
SH 2 Kts S 4Kts

Thunb Tule
Consides a40AT
AT- CO speed of vescel
0T disection &speed of tue wind
0A drethon Speed of appaxent pind
vessQ co & Spd is auwaK qiven, so frst d u AT
Irue wind is given, drQ tTUe wind at T
Ifapparent wind is given, dr0u pparenf ind at A

wmte rue wind direction liKe XXX (T)

dPrefer doing t 0n l m I Knot scaie

On A douo a Cross()irst, hen pooceed ahead 1 step)

On left top CoYneT, puta syn
NOY ke examPte i
on it
Step 7aw a
shaghl bine and point anywhee

2 dau an 045 ut at 15 KAS k

Ongle epuot to
(Twe-I
Kt = 0 5 cm
name H T
No w we get AT ie col spd of vecre
At , dia an orngle equal fo 100 Cut a 20 KIS A- Name

NOw we get on-

gt dnection speed of appavent wv4
Connect 0 & T we wil get dvetion spd o! hue wind

StA
S

difectior & spd o 4ue wind

' 2 147

e da T
Always dro
Appoa
WoYKed exarmple 2
Neve d r o NS Une on
AT speed &014-KS 200
ine on
oT T u e dind to & spd - 1S Ks - 300

300 18 Kds
Apparent wind,
OA 259 20 5 s

Ship's course AT 267 @14 Kts

TTue wind, 0T 31sna1 Kts

Scale ued : Icm-2 Knots

Appovent oindy 0A 289

226

31S-t Ks
267 14 s
A
AnSwed 289 22-6 Knots
ApParent Windy 0A
p's Co&Spa.: AT:- 076°@ I7Kts
T e wind spd: 33 kts OT

APParenr wind direchion: 352 180 OA

172
Scale s e d :

ICm- 4Kis

o7617
KIs

Tue windy 0T =
202(0 33r
Fovce7
n l0g book -

Sw,

D
Course L60' speed 10 Knots Dwechion of wimoCobtained
Une of waves) wos 270 Wind speed by shipboaro ane
Obg
nemome
11 KO0ts. nlhat drecton and force of wind s to be e
ito he Ship's booK log
So Consider a AOAT,
AT Co & spd of vesseb
0T- drecHon & speed of rue wind
DA speed of opparent na
UTedion
vsI co &speed 160 10 KnoHS
e Apparent wind speed- 17 Ko5
True wind direchon 270CT)
ICM 2 Knots

A--
1 7K n o t s

o
75 Knors
8 7Stm
Step O Ctineis mare convnien)
Dra N" $** une, mas a
SHep dra point A 2guuheve on
a ine from A a couroe
Step 3 draw Nh S** bne
15 cut at T(Sem
on T k
dro
YO a
o re
Step TaKe
cOmpass at (85 m knts) doetin(2 md
0n 270 Pota pointer un *
ine k where t Cuts
Point it as 0
Step J0in 0 A.
Step Measue 07 distane i-e 875 cm - 175 Kn045
Agwer Since in deck log
book, we wnte true sped k
n g book wind drecion-
Westery
wind speLd -
FOTce 5 (i- 17 5 KnGt