6 Social SEM-2 Textbook

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https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
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SOCIAL STUDIES
Class - 6
Textbook Development Committee
Sri. S. Suresh Kumar IAS

Commissioner of School Education & State Project Director,
Samagra Shiksha AP, Amaravati.
Smt. Vetriselvi. K IAS

Special Officer, English Medium Project, O/o CSE, AP, Amaravati.
Dr. B. Pratap Reddy MA., B.Ed., Ph.D.

Director - SCERT, AP, Amaravati.
Sri. K. Ravindranath Reddy MA., B.Ed.

Director - Government Textbook Press, AP, Amaravati.
Editors
Dr. V. Subramanyam (Rtd.) Professor

Dept. of Anthropology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
Dr. D. Pulla Rao Professor
Dept. of Economics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
Dr. K. Suryanarayana Professor
Dept. of History & Archaeology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
Dr. N. Chendrayudu Asst. Professor
Dept. of Geography, S.V. University, Tirupati.
Dr. R. Parthasaradhi M.B.A., Ph.D.
Director I/C & Associate Professor and Head Sri Y.N. College, Narsapur.
Sri. K. Dasapathi Rao Rtd. Lecturer
IASE, SPSR Nellore Dt.
Sri. K. Lakshmi Narayana Principal
DIET, Dubacherla, West Godavari Dt.
Dr. M. Sai Kiranmayi M.A., M. Phil,Ph.D.
Head Training Department, S.G.E.C, Narsapur, W.G. Dist.
Dr. V.V.S. Naidu Prof. & HOD
Science and Humanities, S.G.E.C, Narsapur, W.G. Dist.
Published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati.
i
© Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati
First Published 2020

New Impression - 2021, 2022, 2023
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means
without the prior permission in writing of the
publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any
form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar
condition including this condition being
imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the
Commissioner of School Education,
Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.
This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card
Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh
Printed in India
at the A.P. Govt. Textbook Press
Amaravati
Andhra Pradesh
ii
Co-ordinator
T. V. S. Ramesh Co-ordinator
Dr.
Dept. of C&T, SCERT, AP.
Authors
Sri. Kunati Suresh SA

ZPHS, Urandur, Chittoor Dist.
Sri. K.S.V. Krishna Reddy Sri. M. Venkateswaralu

GHM, ZPHS, Ganti, East Godavari Dist. GHM, ZPGHS, Epurupalem, Prakasam Dist.
Smt. Dr. D. Vani Prabha SA Sri. K. Chiranjeevulu SA
ZPHS, Gorripudi, East Godavari Dist. ZPHS, Muchivolu, Chittoor Dist.
Sri. A.M. Srinivasa Rao GHM KVVR Sri. S. Rambabu SA
ZPHS,Ananthavaram, Prakasam Dist. ZPHS, Garudabilli, Vizianagaram Dist.
Sri. CM. Rafiq Jan SA Smt. M. Vasantha SA
ZPHS, M. Chowtapalle, YSR Kadapa Dist. GGHS, Proddatur, YSR Kadapa Dist.
Sri. T. Venkataiah Smt. S. Sairunnisa Begum SA
ZPHS, Pudi, Chittoor Dist. ZPGHS, Kondapalli, Krishna Dist.
Sri. V. Rajaiah SA Sri. P. Hari Kiran Kumar SA
Govt. High School, Koilkuntla, Kurnool Dist. Assessment Cell, SCERT.
Sri. S. Nagamallikarjuna SA Smt. T.S. Malleswari Lecturer (P)
ZPPHS, Duvvuru, SPSR Nellore Dist. SIET, SCERT, Andhra Pradesh
Illustrators
Sri. M. Vara Prasad Drawing Teacher
MNSMO High School, Repalle, Guntur Dist.
Sri. P. Ramachandra Rao MPPS, Jakeru, Vizianagaram Dist.
Sri K. Srinivasa Rao Drawing Teacher
ZPHS, Bondapalli (V & M), Vizianagaram Dist.
DTP & Designing
PVR Designers, Arundalpet, Vijayawada.

Star Media Services, Hyderabad.
iii
Foreword
The Government ofhttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
Andhra Pradesh has unleashed a new era in school education by
introducing extensive curricular reforms from the academic year 2020-21. The Government has
taken up curricular reforms intending to enhance the learning outcomes of the children with focus
on building solid foundational learning and to build up an environment conducive for an effective
teaching-learning process. To achieve this objective, special care has been taken in designing the
textbooks to achieve global standards.
As a part of the curricular reform, in order to support the designing of textbooks with
better pedagogical strategies, handbooks are given to teachers with elaborated lesson plans. Parental
handbooks are prepared to impart awareness regarding the teaching-learning process to the parent
community. QR codes are incorporated in the beginning of each lesson to enable learning outside
the classroom.
Semester system is going to be implemented from this academic year for 1 to 6 classes.
Social studies textbook has been developed in bilingual approach. There are twelve lessons in the
textbook. These lessons are developed based on six themes i.e., Diversity on the earth, Production
exchange and livelihood, Political systems and governance, social organisations and inequalities,
religion and society, culture and communications. This book will help the students to study different
aspects of our social life about diversity of land and people, how people get their livelihood, how
people acquire for their common needs and manage them, why all people in our society are not
equal, how people try to bring about equality, how people worship different Gods in different
ways, and finally how they communicate with each other and build a culture which is shared by
them.
We are grateful to Honourable Chief Minister Sri.Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy for being our
source of inspiration to carry out this extensive reform in the education department. We extend our
gratitude to Sri Botcha Satyanarayana, Honourable Minister of Education for striving towards
qualitative education. Our special thanks to Sri. Budithi Rajsekhar, IAS, Special Chief Secretary,
School Education, Sri. S. Suresh Kumar, IAS, Commissioner, School Education and State Project
Director, Samagra Shiksha, Smt. Vetriselvi.K, IAS, Special Officer, English Medium Project for
their constant motivation and guidance.
We convey our thanks to the textbook writers who studied curriculum from Chicago to
Singapore and recommended best practices across the globe to reach global standards. Our
heartfelt thanks to NCERT, SCERT of Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka in designing the textbooks.
We also thank our textbook writers, editors, artists and layout designers for their contribution in
the development of this textbook. We invite constructive feedback from the teachers and parents
in further refinement of the textbook.
Dr. B. Pratap Reddy

Director
SCERT – Andhra Pradesh
iv
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jaya jaya jaya jaya he. ÈjáT ÈjáT ÈjáT ÈjáTV²!!
- Rabindranath Tagore - sÁM+ç<H<¸ sÄ>·ÖsY
Pledge | ç|ÜÈã
India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.
I love my country and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.
I shall always strive to be worthy of it.
I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect,
and treat everyone with courtesy. I shall be kind to animals.
To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion.
In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.
- Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao
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SOCIAL STUDIES
kÍ+|¾T¿£ Xædï+
Class (ÔásÁ>·Ü)
-6
Semester (d$Td¼sY) - 2
Lesson No. Lesson Name Month Pages
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7. Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics October 2-27
kÍçeÖC²«\T, >·DÔá+çÔ\T $sÒÛe+ n¿Ã¼sÁT
8. Kingdoms and Empires November 28-51
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9. Government December 52-73
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10. Local Self Government December 74-95
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11. Indian Culture, Languages and Religions January 96-123
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12. Towards Equality February 124-147
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Teacher Corner Student Corner
CHAPTER
For All Classes NFor AllCHAPTER Emergence of
Classes New Text Books Open Below Link
7
7 Kingdoms and
Republics
Learning Outcomes
The students will be able to

know the factors responsible for the rise of Janapadas and
Mahajanapadas.
understand the evolution of Indian polity from Janapadas
to kingdoms.
understand social, political, economic and religious changes
of this period.
Ganges Valley 2700 years
Mahajanapadas
Cities New Religion concepts
Administration
Jainism Buddhism Others
Kingdoms Gana Sanghas
2
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3
Electing leaders or rulers by voting has become common in the present day. You
heard about kings and emperors who ruled large kingdoms in India. How did they
become rulers in the past? Let us find out how they came into being in early times.
Let us discuss how Janapadas emerged into kingdoms in India.
Let’s Do
Look at the physical map of India and identify the plains through which the
rivers Ganga and Yamuna flow.
Identify the modern cities of India like Delhi, Allahabad, Varanasi, Lucknow and Patna.
Do you think this area will be similar to your villages? Give your reasons.
The rivers Ganga and Yamuna flow between the Himalayas and the hills of
the Deccan plateau . It is called the Gangetic valley. As this plain receives very high
The Ganges Valley 2700 years ago - from Janapadas to Mahajanapadas:
rainfall, it is very fertile. These rivers bring silt from the Himalayas and flow
throughout the year. Initially, the people of different tribes settled down to practice
agriculture in convenient parts of the valley. Sakyas, Lichhavis, Mallas, Videhas
etc., are of such tribes. These tribes were called ‘jana’ in Sanskrit and the place
where they settled was called ‘Janapada’.
People began to settle down along these rivers in large numbers some 2700
years ago. They cleared the forests with the help of iron tools and tilled the land to
grow paddy and other crops. Large villages and towns developed in these parts and
they were inhabited by many people – probably belonging to many different tribes.
The widespread use of iron in Gangetic plain created conditions for the
formation of larger territorial units. Large groups of such villages and towns were
called ‘Mahajanapadas’ or ‘big Janapadas’. Most of the Mahajanapadas had a
capital city and many of those were fortified.
Think & Respond
Find out the names of a few janas (tribes) who initially settled down in the
Indo-Gangetic plain.
What do you mean by Janapada? How is it different from Mahajanapadas?
4
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The Ganges Valley 2700 years ago - from Janapadas to Mahajanapadas:
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5
Map 7.1
Do
DidYou
YouKnow
Know
Look at the map of India given above. It shows you the broad area of
some Mahajanapadas. It also gives the name of the major cities
associated with a Mahajanapada. You can also find out the name of the
river which flows through that Mahajanapada.
Make a list of the Mahajanapadas and the cities which were situated on
the Ganges valley.
6
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7
Let’s Do
The important Janapadas of those times are shown on the map.
Look at the map and fill in the blanks.
1. The ……………… Janapada was settled on both sides of river Yamuna.

2. The Panchala was settled on the both banks of the river………………….
3. The …………………. Janapada was situated on the western side of the
Surasena.
4. The ………………… Janapada was on the extreme north.
5. The …………………. Janapada was situated on the banks of the river
Godavari.
6. The Gandhara was situated on the banks of the river ……………….
Explore
A famous religious epic tells us about many of these Janapadas. Find it out.
How do we know about the Mahajanapadas?

We get to know much about those villages and towns from two kinds of sources –
from archaeological excavations in different places and from the books composed
during that period.
Archaeologists have excavated hundreds of sites in the Ganges Valley and
have tried to know more about the lives of the people of those days. Some important
archaeological sites at the time of Mahajanapadas are Hastinapura (Modern Delhi),
Atranjikhera, Kausambi (Near Allahabad), Pataliputra.
The books during that period were mostly religious. Even though they are
religious, they tell us a lot about the towns and villages and about the kings and
rulers of those times. Some books were even written by people of distant countries
like Greece. Some important books written during this period are Upanishads,
Dharmasutras, Dighanikaya Majjhimanikaya, Herodotus History etc.
Do
DidYou
YouKnow
Know
Upanishads were part of the Vedic books. Upanishads means ‘coming and
sitting near’, and the books have dialogues between teachers and students.
These books tried to answer questions like “Where have we come from?” or
“Where will we go after death?”
8
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9
Mahajanapadas
We learn from the books of those times that agriculture was managed by landowners
called Grihapatis or Gahapatis, who usually worked along with their family members
on the fields.
But they also employed ‘dasas’ or slaves (who were probably captured in
wars and sold to farmers) and workers ‘bhartukas’ or who worked on their fields
and homes in return for wages. Some wealthy grihaptis had more land and slaves
to work for them.
Two major changes happened in agriculture. Use of iron ploughshare and
plantation of paddy saplings improved agricultural productivity. Promotion of
irrigation facilities also increased production.
Think & Respond

How is Paddy grown today?
What do you call the following people in your regional language –

• A person who weaves cloth or blankets (weaver) :
• Who keeps sheep (shepherd):
• Who makes things of iron (blacksmith):
• Who makes pots (potter):
Usually, the largest landowner became the headman of the village. He was
the leader of the village. He was also used by the king to collect taxes from villagers.
He also acted as the judge and sometimes as a policeman to maintain law and order
in the village.This may have helped many headmen to increase their power and
resources in the villages.
In most of the villages there were craft persons. Blacksmiths made tools
neccessary for agriculture like plough
shares, sickles, axes, arrows etc. Potters
made pots for cooking and storing grains.
Carpenters mad e carts, ploughs,
furniture etc. Weavers wove cloth for the
villagers.
The potters made earthen pots.
Some of these were grey in colour, others
were red. One special type of pottery
found at these sites is known as “Painted
Grey Ware”. Those grey pots contained
designs, usually simple lines and Fig 7.1 Occupations during
geometric patterns. mahajanapada times
10
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11
Fig. 7.2 : Painted Grey Ware. Plates and bowls
are the most common vessels made out of
Painted Grey Ware. These are extremely fine
to touch. These were found before the time
of Mahajanpadas.
Probably the Grihapatis gave them grains in return for their products. Those
products were necessary for agriculture, but the grihapatis may not have had the
time or skill to make them. Agrarian surplus and increase in craft products resulted
in the emergence of trading and exchange centres.
Think & Respond
Describe the relationship between Grihapatis and craftsmen of the village.
Cities of Mahajanapadas
Look at the cities in the map 7.1. What kind of people do you think lived in those
cities? Cities of those times, like today, were mainly inhabited by poor workers.
Some of them were slaves and servants while most of them were craftspersons
who made goods for sale. What did they make? They made beautiful and fine pots
which were in great demand in all the great towns. They have woven fine clothes
which were bought by rich people of other mahajanapadas also. They made gold
and silver jewellery. They made vessels and tools of bronze, copper and iron.
They made wooden carts and furniture. There were also innumerable other
kinds of professionals like soldiers, accountants, masons, horse trainers, sweepers,
water carriers, wood and ivory carvers. Of all the things made by craftsmen, only a
few articles (like pots, bricks, iron and copper objects) have been excavated. We
also know about them from books written in those times.
There were great traders who purchased the produce of the crafts person
and grihapatis and sold them in distant lands at a huge profit. They also bought the
special articles of those lands and sold them in their own Mahajanapadas. They
took their merchandise in caravans with a large number of animals like oxen, donkeys
and camels. They travelled day and night for weeks and months across rivers, plains,
hills and deserts. They made so much profit that they could live in palaces with
dozens of servants and slaves serving under them.
12
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13
Think & Respond
The people of the towns would have needed grain, milk, meat etc. How do
you think they got them if most town people were not doing any farming?
Kings, Army and Taxes

Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by kings. The kings commanded and led
their armies in battle. They took personal interest in the welfare of their people.
Yagnas and animal sacrifices became very important during the period.
Those kings had an army of their own to ensure that people followed their
orders and to make sure that no other king attacked their kingdom. They lived in
capital cities and tried to build strong forts. All this required a lot of money. The
soldiers and their families had to be provided for, the brickmakers who made lakhs
of bricks had to be paid for and thousands of men and women who worked to
construct these public buildings had to be paid wages.
Think & Respond
Fig 7.3: The fort of Kaushambi city
• Have you ever seen a fort on TV or have you ever been there? Why were
there big walls around the fort?
• What were they made of? How do you think the kings managed to get the
wealth needed for all this?
• Why did the kings of Maha - janapadas need armies?
14
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15
The kings collected taxes from the people. They had officers who would collect
taxes from the grihapatis, the craftsmen and traders. If anyone refused to pay
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increasing the taxes imposed on the people and by conquering neighbouring
kingdoms. The kings began to collect regular taxes from the grihapatis who cultivated
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part to the king. That was called bhaga.
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produce to the king in the form of tax. Traders were also made to pay taxes on the
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Think & Respond
In which form the hunter gatherers paid taxes to their kings?
Fig 7.4 Coins of

Mahajanapada times
Think & Respond
• If everyone was forced to give away a part of their earnings as tax, how did
it affect their lives?
• Why do you think they agreed to pay the taxes? Do you think they benefited
in any way from the new arrangements?
• What is bhaga? Does the government of our times take the produce of farmers
in a similar way?
16
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17
Historians feel that those kings would have persuaded the farmers to grow
more crops and adopt better methods of cultivation and irrigation so that production
would increase and they would get more taxes. Similarly, they may have encouraged
the traders of their kingdoms to trade more in distant places.
The kings were also constantly waging wars against each other so that they
could bring more territories under their rule. Those wars were probably fought by
armies but they also harmed ordinary people by destroying crops and burning villages
or looting them. Often, people of the defeated kingdoms were enslaved and sold off
to grihapatis, traders and officials.
Fig 7.5 Scene of war from Sanchi Panel
Think & Respond
Why were the kings of Mahajanapadas keen to increase craft production and trade?
How did the headmen of the villages benefit from the imposition of taxes by
the kings?
Gana
The term ‘gana’ means ‘people of equal status’. ‘Sangha’ means ‘assembly’. The
gana - sanghas covered a small geographical area ruled by an elite group.
Kingdom
A ‘kingdom’ means a territory ruled by a king or queen. In a kingdom (monarchy),
a family, which rules for a long period becomes a dynasty. Usually these kingdoms
adhered to orthodox Vedic traditions.
18
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19
Magadha - A powerful kingdom
Have you observed Magadha in the map 7.1. You may have noted that it spread on
both sides of the River Ganga. The river made the land very fertile and the grihapatis
could irrigate their lands easily. The river was also used for transporting goods and
armies. Parts of the Magadha were forested. Elephants were captured from there
and trained for fighting in the wars. Wood from the forests was used for building,
palaces and chariots. In the southern parts of Magadha, there were iron ore deposits
which could be used for making weapons etc. All this enabled Magadha to emerge as
a very powerful kingdom. Bimbisara and his son Ajatasatru were early kings who
built Magadha.
Mahapadma Nanda was another powerful ruler of
Magadha. All these kings used their armies to conquer other
kingdoms. During the time of Mahapadma Nanda, the
kingdom extended from the northwestern part of India to
Odisha. We should remember that not all Mahajanapadas
were ruled by kings as in Magadha. In some areas, the kings
relied upon the people and performed rituals and festivals
for the welfare of the entire kingdom. Fig 7.6 A king riding out
of a town fort
Vajji – a Gana
The Vajji Mahajanapada was to the North of Magadha and
it had a Gana form of government. Gana was ruled by a
group of rulers instead of a single ruler. Sometimes even a
number of men ruled together and each of them was called
a ‘raja’. They performed rituals, met and took decisions on
issues of common interest in assemblies through discussion
and debate. However, women, slaves and wage earners
could not participate in those assemblies. Buddha and
Mahavira belonged to ganas and became famous teachers
respected in all Mahajanapadas. Even though the kings tried
to conquer the ganas, they remained active for more than
1500 years. At last the Ganas were conquered by the Gupta
Kings, about whom you will read in the next lesson. Fig 7.7 A gana assembly
scene
Think & Respond

Write a couple of lines on each of the natural resources of Magadha and
how it could have been used by the kings.
Compare the gana form of government in Vajji with present day republic
Who were not allowed to participate in the assembly of Vajji Mahajanapada?
20
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Do
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Alexander, the ruler of Macedonia Greece,
wanted to become a world conqueror. Of
course, he didn’t conquer the world, but did
conquer parts of Egypt and West Asia, and
came to the Indian subcontinent, reaching up
to the banks of the Beas. When he wanted to
march further eastwards, his soldiers refused.
They were scared, as they had heard that the
rulers of India had vast armies of foot soldiers,
chariots and elephants.
Fig 7.8 Alexander
Emergence of new thoughts and religions

Being not satisfied with the existing social and religious systems in that society,
new concepts on religion emerged in that period. Jainism which is codified by
Mahavira and Buddhism founded by Siddhartha, belongs to that type. They were
not satisfied with the Vedic rituals of that period and questioned the authority of
the Vedas.
Besides those, there were other religions like Lokayata and Ajivaka that
questioned the supremacy of Vedas. The details of Jainism and Buddhism will be
discussed in the coming chapters.
Do
DidYou
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Gandhara school of art

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developed in the region around
Takshashila, under the influence of
Greek art. Realistic, proportionate
and delicate work in stone were
some of the charcteristic features
of that style. Many images of
Gautama Bu ddha have been
sculptured in this style.
Fig 7.9 Gandhara Art
22
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23
Glossary
Archaeology : the study of human activity through
the recovery and analysis of
material cultures
Gana : a group that has many members
Sangha : organization or association
Dighanikaya : a Buddhist scripture, the first of the
five Nikaya in the Sutta Pitika
Majjhimanikaya : a Buddhist scripture, the second of
the five Nikayas, in the Sutta Pitika
Improve Your Learning
1. What do you mean by Gana? How were they different from the kingdoms
ruled by kings?
2. Why did the Rajas of Mahajanapadas build forts?
3. Can you point out the difference between the way villages are managed
today and in the time of Mahajanapadas?
4. Find out how the crafts persons are taxed by the government today. Was it
the same in the times of Mahajanapads?
5. Through what sources do you know about Mahajanapadas?
6. Write the agricultural practices that led to increase in agricultural
production in the time of Mahajanapadas?
7. “The Mahajanapadas developed on the river banks.” Do you agree or not?
Justify your answer.
8. How do you appreciate the works of craftsmen in the times of the
Mahajanapadas?
9. What were the taxes collected by the rulers of the Mahajanapadas?
10. How are present-day elections different from the ways in which rulers were
chosen in Janapadas?
11. What is similar in the way crops were grown in the Mahajanapadas and how
they are grown today?
12. How can you appreciate the role of natural resources in emergence of
Magadha as powerful kingdom?
13. Locate the 16 Mahajanapadas and their capitals in the following India outline
map.
24
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25
14. Solve the puzzle with new terms you have learnt in this lesson. Take the
support of your teacher.
https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books DOWN
1. The
mahajanapada
located on the
extreme eastern
side
2. This is the
capital city of
Avanti
3. Farmers used
this metal to
make
ploughshares.
4. The
Mahajanapada
located on the
banks of river
Godavari
5. The slaves
employed at
Gahapatis
6. Kusinara is the
capital of this
CROSS kingdom
1. The powerful kingdom of Mahajanapadas 7. The capital city
2. Other name for Varanasi of Surasena
3. Kaushambi is the capital of this mahajanapada
4. Mahabharata tells us about the battle among the kings of this mahajanapada
5. 1/6th of farm produce collected as tax from farmers
6. These condemned caste system and the use of yagnas
7. Vajji has this type of government.
Project Work
Collect the information about 16 Mahajanapadas, and the state, in which they
were located. Prepare a table as given below. Refer India Political map given.
S.No Mahajanapada Capital Modern Location/State
1 Anga Champa West Bengal
26
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27
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Kingdoms and
8
8
Empires
Learning Outcomes

learn about the Mauryan dynasty and Ashoka, damma.
know about important kings of Gupta dynasty and their important

contributions in different fields.
learn about some important contemporary kingdoms of South India

and their architecture.
Kingdoms and Empires
Mauryan Dynasty Gupta Dynasty South Indian Dynasties

(322-187 B.C.E ) (319-543 C.E )
Satavahanas Ikshvakus Pallavas Chalukyas
We have learnt about sixteen great kingdoms in the previous chapter. They
fought for supremacy. Magadha became powerful among sixteen great kingdoms.
A territory ruled by king was called Kingdom. Larger Kingdoms were called
empires. In this chapter, we will learn some great empires and kingdoms in our
country in the ancient period.
28
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29
Mauryan dynasty
Maurya
For Chandragupta became
All Classes NFor All Classes the king
New TextofBooks
Magadha with the
Open Below Linkhelp of Koutilya.
They dethroned Mahapadmananda of Nanda dynasty and established the Mauryan
empire. The Mauryans had a strong and powerful army. They conquered larger part
of North India. They ruled from Pataliputra.
Do
DidYou
YouKnow
Know
Megasthenes was a Greek ambassador. He was in the court of Chandragupta
Maurya. He wrote a book named ‘Indica’ which is a source to know about the
Mauryan administration.
Kautilya (Vishnugupta) was also known as Chanakya. He was the Prime Minister
of Chandragupta Maurya. ‘Arthasasthra’ was his famous book.
Think & Respond

Do you think Chandragupta could have established the Mauryan empire
without Chanakya?
Ashoka - Battle of Kalinga

After Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara became the ruler of Magadha.
Later, his son Ashoka became the king of Mauryan dynasty.
Ashoka wanted to establish a large kingdom. He fought many wars to
expand his kingdom. Among them, Kalinga war was an important one. Kalinga
was an independent state. It was located on the east coast of India. His
grandfather made an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Kalinga.
He waged a war against Kalinga. His war against Kalinga turned into a bloody
one. He conquered the kingdom of Kalinga. Emperor Ashoka walked through
the bloody battle field of Kalinga. He saw a huge number of dead and wounded.
Though he won the war, he felt very unhappy and decided not to wage any war
hereafter. He realised that victory through Dhamma is a real victory and he devoted
the rest of his life to non-violence. He became the follower of Buddhism which
preaches non-violence.
Think & Respond

Why did Ashoka want to win Kalinga?
Why was Ashoka not happy after Kalinga war?
30
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31
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Map 8.1
Let’s Do
Identify the kingdom of Kalinga in the present map of India with the
help of your teacher.
What is the present name of Kalinga?
32
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33
Ashoka’s inscription on Kalinga war
Ashoka’s
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Below rock edict no.13.
Observe the given information in the inscription. The meaning of the inscription is
given for understanding.
Whenever an independent land is
conquered, lakhs of people die, and many are taken
prisoners. That is why I am sad. I believe that
winning people through damma is much better
than conquering them through force. I am
inscribing this message for the future, so that my
son and grandson should not think about war.
Instead, they should try to think about the ways
Fig. 8.1 Ashoka’s inscription to spread damma.” (Damma is the Prakrit word
in Prakrit script
for dharma).
Ashoka got many other inscriptions carved at different places of his empire.
The main aim of his inscriptions is to convey his message of Damma. He appointed
special officers to read his inscriptons to the illiterates.
Think & Respond
Ashoka’s inscriptions were understood by illiterates also. How do you

think it was possible?
By what way do the messages of the government reach the people today?
The main principles of Damma include:

1. Be kind towards animals.
2. Be obedient to father and mother.
3. Be kind towards the poor.
4. Respect the elders.
5. Never criticise other religions.
6. Work for the welfare of mankind.
Fig. 8.2 Ashoka’s Dharma chakra

Let’s Do
Prepare a time line chart of the Mauryan Dynasty.

Discuss the character of emperor Ashoka in the classroom.
34
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35
The Government of India honoured the emperor Ashoka even after many
hundreds of years. The lion Capital of Ashoka’s pillar at Sarnath has been chosen as
our National Emblem. https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
Do
DidYou Know
You Know
The National Emblem is a symbol of authority of a Nation.
This was officially adopted as our National Emblem on 26th
January, 1950. In the Emblem, three lions are visible. The
fourth lion is hidden from view. The four lions represent
four qualities of power, courage, confidence and pride.
The wheel appears in relief in the centre of an
abacus with the following. An elephant on the east, a bull
on the west, a horse on the south and a lion on the north.
The elephant represents strength, the bull represents hard
work, the horse represents loyalty speed and energy and Fig. 8.3 Lion capital
the lion represents bravery. ‘Satyameva Jayathe’ (Truth

alone triumphs) is inscribed below the abacus. This is an
extract from Mundaka Upanishad.
Think & Respond
Discuss the importance of our National Symbols in the class room.
What did Ashoka do for his people

Ashoka learnt from a Buddhist monk that water and food are sacred. So, he provided
them to all people. Trees were planted on both sides of the roads to provide shade
and fruit for hungry people. Wells were dug to provide water for the people.
People enjoyed the facility of good roads. Roads connected the people of
different cultures in his empire. Trade and transportation became easier. Political
unity was achieved in the vast empire. Hospitals were setup to provide medical
care for people and animals.
The successors of Ashoka were weak and inefficient. This was the cause
for down fall of the Mauryan empire.
Think & Respond

Do you think there was a relation between trade and transport ? If so
justify your answer.
36
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37
Gupta’s Empire
Several
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Below fall of the Mauryan
Empire in North India. India had no strong ruler for 500 years until the Gupta dynasty
took control of north India. The earlier famous ruler of Gupta dynasty was
Chandragupta-I. He ruled from Pataliputra which was also the capital of the previous
Mauryan Empire.
Map 8.2 Gupta Empire
Let’s Do
Write any four important cities of the Gupta empire as shown in the map.
38
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39
After Chandragupta-I, his son Samudragupta became the ruler. The Gupta
empire in North India was expanded in his regime. He was a great conqueror and
remained undefeated. Thehttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
next important ruler was Chandragupta II. He defeated
the Saka kings of the western India.
Do
DidYou Know
You Know
Nine important kingdoms of the North India were defeated by him and they were
made part of his kingdom. He defeated 12 rulers of the south. They were allowed to
rule after they surrendered. It is stated that he conquered upto Kanchi in Tamilnadu.
Think & Respond
Do you think Samudra Gupta was a great conqueror? Support your answer.
The Gupta period was famous for great books and development in literature,
mathematics, medicine and astronomy. They are widely used in the modern world
too. There were nine great scholars in the court of Chandragupta-II. They were
called ‘Navaratnas’. The famous poet ‘Kalidasa’ was stated as one among them.
NAVARATNAS (Nine Jewels)
Amar Simha - lexicographer Vittalabhatta - magician
Dhanvanthari - physician Kahapanaka - astrologer
Harisena - sanskrit poet Shanku - architect
Kalidasa - a poet and play Varahamihira - astronomer
wright in sanskrit Vararuchi - mathematician and linguist
The Gupta period was famous for marvellous rock cut caves. Some of the paintings
and sculptures of Ajantha and Ellora caves are the finest examples of that period.
Inventions in mathematics
Aryabhatta was a well known astronomer and mathematician. He
was known to have used algebra. Indian mathematicians
developed the idea of zero and the symbol to represent it. They
created the symbols for the numbers 1- 9. They also invented
algorithms. Computer programmers today often use algorithms.
Brahmagupta was another mathematician and astronomer. He
calculated solar year.
Fig 8.4 Aryabhatta
DidYou
Do YouKnow
Know
The first Indian satellite was named after
Aryabhatta. It was launched in the year 1975. It
was designed and developed indigenously.
Fig 8.5 Aryabhatta (satellite)
40
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41
Medicine
Charaka andFor Sushrata were
All Classes NForgreat persons
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have good medical knowledge during Gupta
period. Sushruta was the first Indian doctor who
carried out plastic surgery to the damaged noses.
Doctors of the Gupta period could set broken
bones and perform operations. Indian doctors
used herbs in treating illnesses. They believed that
it was important to remove the root cause of the
disease rather than disease itself. Charaka
composed ‘Charaka Samhitha’. This was the basic
text for Ayurvedic medicine. He was a renowned
physician of that period. Fig 8.6 Charaka
Discoveries in Astronomy
The Indian scientists of the Gupta period made important contributions in
astronomy and science. They noticed the movements of the planets and the stars.
They understood that the Earth was round and it revolved round the Sun. They
said that eclipses occur when the moon comes between the Sun and the Earth.
They also seemed to have understood gravity.
The Indian scientists discovered all the above things without any lab
experiments in ancient period.These discoveries are proven to be right by the
modern scientist after many experiments.
The scientists of Gupta period were
experts of metallurgy. They made steel and iron
tools and weapons. They minted sophisticated
gold coins.
India witnessed great inventions and
discoveries in science, astronomy,
mathematics and literature during this period.
So, the Gupta period is called ‘Golden Age’ in
Indian history. The great period of the Gupta’s
empire came to an end with the invasions of
the Hunas.
Fig 8.7 Gold coin of Gupta period
Let’s Do
Collect the pictures of the coins of the Mauryas and the Satavahana empires.
Paste them in your scrapbook.
42
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43
Sat avaha nas
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Deccan area emerged ashttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
small kings. The Satavahanas were one among them. They
managed to build a large kingdom extending from the river Narmada to the Krishna-
Godavari belt. They ruled from Dhanyakataka, near Amaravathi, in Guntur district.
It is located on the banks of the river Krishna.
Do
DidYou Know
You Know
The important Satavahana kings were Gauthamiputra Satakarni,
Vasishthiputra Pulumavi and Yagnasri Satakarni. They ruled for 300 years.
Gauthamiputra Satakarni was the greatest ruler of the

dynasty. He defeated the Sakas, the Yavanas and the
Pahlavas. He conquered the land between the three seas and
he got the title of ‘Trisamudradheeswara.’
The ship coins of Satavahanas reveal that Andhras had
a great skill in sea trade and naval power. They had good
command over seas and good trade relations with Rome.
Hinduism was adopted by Satavahanas. They also
encouraged Buddhism. Nagarjuna Konda and Amaravathi
were well known centres of Buddhism. The Buddhist scholar
Acharya Nagarjuna is said to have lived in their period.
Think & Respond
Shall we say Gauthamiputhra Satakarni the

greatest ruler of the Satavahanas ? If so ,why?
Fig 8.8 Acharya Nagarjuna
Ikshvakus
After the end of the
Satavahanas, Ikshavakus established
their kingdom with capital at
Vijayapuri. It was located near
Nagarjunakonda on the banks of the
river Krishna.
Fig 8.9 Vijayapuri
44
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45
People of many clans lived in those days.The Ikshvakus tried to strengthen their
kingdom by marriages with the people of other clans. They also claimed to be
descendants of Lord Rama of the Ramayana. The women of Ikshvaku made large
donations to Nagarjunakonda.
Think & Respond

Ikshvakus were able to bring all other clans together. Do you agree or
disagree? If so, what were the ways they used?
Pallava Dynasty
They ruled their kingdom between 300 C.E and 900 C.E. from Kanchipuram of
Tamilnadu. They started their rule from the Krishna river valley. They further spread
to Southern Andhra Pradesh and North Tamilnadu.
The Pallavas made a rich contribution to the architecture in south India. It
shows a shift from rock cut temples to stone built temples. Mahendravarman-I
was an early famous ruler of the Pallava dynasty. He was a great patron of art and
architecture. He introduced a new style of Dravidian architecture which was known
as Mahendra style.
The influence of cave style was seen in this architecture. Narasimhavarman-
I was the next important king of the Pallavas. He was the son of Mahendravarman-
I and was known as ‘Mamalla’. He had converted the port of Mahabalipuram as a
beautiful city of art and architecture. The style of architecture developed by him
was known as ‘Mamalla’ style of architecture. The five rathas were built in
Mahabalipuram. They are popularly known as ‘Pancha Pandava Rathas’. Each ratha
has been carved out of a single rock. So, they are called monolithic.
Examples of Pallava architecture
Fig 8.10 Mahendra style Fig 8.11 Rock cut temple Fig 8.12 Stone built temple
of architecture monolithic architecture Rajasimha style of architecture
(Pancha Pandava Rathas)
46
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47
Narsimhavarman -II was another Pallava king who concentrated on temple building activities.
He was also known as Rajasimha. A new style of architecture was developed during his
period.Temples were built https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
by using soft sand rocks. It was known as Rajasimha style. The
famous Kailasnath temple at Kanchipuram is the best example for Rajasimha style.
Let’s Do
Collect the pictures of local temple and write a note on it’s architecture
Chalukya Dynasty
They ruled large parts of southern and central India between 600 CE and 1200 CE.
Pulakesi I, one of the first Kings of Chalukya, ruled from Badami in Karnataka. Another
well known King was Pulakesi-II. He defeated the emperor Harshavardhana in a battle
near the river Narmada. This defeat of Harshavardhana by Pulakesi - II was mentioned
in Aihole inscription located in Bagalkot District of Karnataka. The Aihole inscription
was composed by Ravi Keerthi who was the court poet of Pulakesi - II.
They made a rich contribution to art and architecture. A new style of
architecture developed by Chalukyas was known as Vesara and it is a combination
of South Indian (Dravida) and North Indian (Nagara) building styles.
Pulakesin II also defeated the Pallava king Mahendravarman - I and crossed
the Cauvery river. He made friendship with the Cholas, the Cheras and the Pandyas.
We will learn more about them in the next classes.
Pattadakal is a small village in Do

DidYou Know
You Know
Bagalkot of Karnataka. Ten
temples were built in the village.
Out of them, four were built in
northern style (Nagara). The rest
six were built in southern
(Dravidan) style. Virupaksha
temple and Sangameshwara
temple in Dravidian style.
Papanatha temple was in Nagara
style. Fig 8.13 Sangameshvara temple at Pattadakal
Project Work
I. Collect the pictures of some rock-cut temples of Mahabalipuram and

paste it in your scrap book.
48
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49
Glossary
Indigenous : native made
Clan : a group of one race people
Dynasty : series of rulers from the same family
Empire : large kingdom
Inscriptions : messages carved on rock surfaces
Astronomy : study of space
1. After the war of Kalinga, the king Ashoka decided not to fight anymore wars. Do
you think this type of decision promotes world peace. How?
2. Explain the relevance of Ashoka Damma today? Appreciate the greatness of
Ashoka.
3. Compare and contrast the public works undertaken during Ashoka’s period with
those of today?
4. Ashoka used his army to serve the people instead of war. What relief operations
do the present Indian army participate other than war today?
5. What is the contribution of the Guptas in the fields of literature, art and architecture?
6. Why do we call the Gupta period as golden age in the Indian History?
7. How did Guptas contribute in the fields of medicine and metal technology?
8. What was the contribution of the Pallavas to architecture?
9. Locate the following places on the outline map of India.
i) Pataliputra ii) Ujjaini iii) The river Narmada
iv) Kanchi v) Mahabalipuram vi) Dhanyakataka .
10. Who am I ?
a. I am in lion capital of Ashoka. I am at the centre of our national flag.
Who am I ?
b. I belong to Gupta Dynasty. I defeated all the kings in India.Who am I ?
c. I am the Capital of Satavahana Empire. I am located on the banks of the
river Krishna. Who am I ?
d. I completed the rock cut temples of Mahabalipuram. I am the son of
Mahendravarman-I. Who am I ?
50
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CHAP TER
9 Government
For All Classes NFor AllCHAPTER
9
Learning Outcomes

understand the meaning and functions of the
government.
understand the role of government in our lives.
understand the organs, types and levels of Government.
Government
Functions of Types of Government Levels of

Government Government
Monarchy Democracy Local

Provides Government
different
facilities
for the Direct Indirect State
Democracy Democracy Government
people and
protects
country etc.
Parliamentary Presidential Central
System System Government
52
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You may have heard the word ‘government’ many times. In this chapter you
will learn about the government and it’s role. You will also learn about different
types, organs and levelshttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
of government. Now let us discuss all these concepts in the
context of India.
You know that your parents provide for your needs and facilities. Children,
do you know who provides such needs and facilities to the people in the country?
There is a system to provide all these facilities. It ensures food, shelter for
the citizens. It helps the people during disasters etc. It also protects the borders
from terrorism. This system is known as Government.
What is Government?
The group of people that controls and makes decisions for a country or a state is
called “government”. The Government normally consists of three organs.
They are:
1. Legislature 2. Executive 3. Judiciary
Fig 9.1 Organs of the government
Think & Respond

How is the legislature different from the executive?
What is the prime duty of the judiciary?
54
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55
Let’s Do
Look at the newspaper headlines below and list the different activities of
the government.
Fig 9.2 News Paper Headlines
What does a Government do?
Fig 9.3 Pictures and Logos of Govt. Schemes
In addition to making and implementing decisions (Laws), the government

organises so many activities like building schools, hospitals, roads etc. The Government
also implements various welfare schemes.
56
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57
Let’s Do
With the help ofhttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
your teacher, try to know the above logos and
pictures of government schemes. Fill the following mind map.
Think & Respond
Think & Respond
Name some more works of the government.

What kind of facilities do you expect from the government?
Types of government
Many types of government like monarchy, democracy etc., have worked from
ancient time to the present.
Monarchy: In the previous chapter, you have learnt about the emperors and kings
like Ashoka, Chandragupta etc. Such type of ruling by a king or queen is called
“Monarchy.” A monarch comes to power by inheritance. For example, the king Ashoka
came to power after his father, Bindusara.
Some monarchs held all powers with them. But some others shared the
powers with other branches of the government. So, citizens can have rights and
facilities depending on the monarch. For example, people enjoyed more liberty and
facilities during Ashoka’s rule than during any other ruler.
Explore
With the help of your teacher, try to know if any monarchies are there
in the world at present.
58
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59
Democracy Do
DidYou Know
You Know
It is a
Forform of government
All Classes NFor All ClassesrunNewby Text Books Open Below Link
the people. Here every citizen is allowed to
cast a vote. Thus he/she participates in

taking decisions or making laws either
directly or through their representatives.
The citizens in a democracy enjoy more
rights and facilities than in any other types
of governments, like monarchy. Here the
power cannot be inherited.
Think & Respond

Fig 9.4 Abraham Lincoln
What kind of a government do you
like? Why? Democracy is ‘’Government of
Which government respects the the people, by the people, for
the people’’ - Abraham Lincoln
opinion of the people?
Greece is the birth place of

Democracy
Let’s Do
Observe the following pictures. Write the name of the government in

respective boxes.
60
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Think & Respond
What are the differences between monarchy and democracy?
Democratic Governments
Democratic governments have been formed in most of the countries in the present
world. India is also a democratic country. In democracy there are two types. They are:
Direct Democracy
People directly participate in decision making. For example, Switzerland. The
citizens gather at a place and take decisions or make laws in this country. This is
possible here as there is less population.
Indirect Democracy (Representative Democracy)
In this form of democracy, People participate in decision making indirectly hrough
their representatives. Due to high population, most of the countries in the world
including India are following indirect democracy.
Think & Respond
Is it possible to
implement Direct
democracy in
India? Give
reasons.
Fig 9.5 Direct Democracy (Switzerland)
How is Direct
In a Direct democracy, only the citizens can make laws. democracy
All changes have to be approved by the citizen. The different from
politicians only rule over parliamentary procedure. Indirect
Switzerland has a long history of a successful Direct democracy?
democracy.
Do You Know
Election
The process of choosing a
representative is called “Election.” The
success of Indirect democracy depends on
elections. They play a key role here. So,
elections must be free and fair.
Fig 9.6 Voting in Rural Area
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63
Rule of the majority
In addition to the representative
principle, rule of the majority is one of
the key principles in democracy.
As you may have noted, the

election of the representatives is by a
simple majority. This means, the one who
gets more votes, even if it is just by one
vote, he / she is elected. Those who vote
for the other candidates will have to
accept this and abide by the decisions of
the majority.
Similarly, most decisions of the

elected representatives
Indian Space areResearch
validated
based on theOrganisation
same principle of majority.
(ISRO)
If a decision is supported by more than
launches satellites in space
Fig 9.7 Types of Democracy (Flow chart)
half of the members, it will be
from its launching station at
implemented.
Sriharikota. It was named
DidYou
Do YouKnow
Know Example: If there
as ‘‘Satish are twenty
Dhawan Space
members in Centre
a village panchayat and a
In India, before independence women (SDSC) Sriharikota
proposal is supported by just eleven
and people of some communities did Range (SHAR)’’ in memory
per sons, it will be passed and
not have the right to vote. According of Satish Dhawan, former
implemented even if nine members
to Article 326 of Indian Constitution, oppose it. Thus, modern
Chairman ofdemocracies go
the ISRO. It is
all the people who attained a certain by the decision of the majority.
located near Sullurpet in
age (Present 18 years) have Right to SPSR Nellore Dt. Visit the
Vote (Universal Adult Franchise). place and know more.
Think & Respond
Let’s Do
Conduct a model election with the How do you understand the rule
help of your teacher. Observe the of majority in the above context?
process of the election. Give another example.
Ask your parents and find out the

problems they observed in the
electoral system and prepare a
report. Discuss it in your class and
find solutions for these problems
64
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65
Forms of Indirect (Representative) Democracy
Based on
Forthe relationNFor
All Classes between Legislature
All Classes andBooks
New Text Executive, Indirect
Open Below Link
(Representative) democracy is of two types:
Parliamentary System Presidentail System
In this system the executive In this system the executive

body is formed fr om the body is not formed from the
Legislature. The Executive Legislature. The Executive body
body is responsible to the is not responsible to the
Legislature. Eg. India, Britain. Legislature. Eg. USA, Brazil.
Legislature Legislature
Parliamentary System Presidential System
Executive Executive
Explore
Observe the world map given below and list out the countries that are following
the Parliamentary system and the Presidential system separately. (With the help
of your teacher). Refer to the world map given at the end of the book.
Presidential System Parliamentary System

Map 9.1 World Map – Different Governments
66
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67
Government at different levels
IndiaFor
is aAll
vast country with a huge population. So it is difficult to identify the
Classes NFor All Classes New Text Books Open Below Link
needs and problems of the people all over the country. So, the government works
at different levels to solve various problems. They are: 1. National level – Central
government, 2. State level – State government, 3. Local level – Local government.
In the coming chapters, you will read about how the local level government
functions, and in the next classes you will learn about how the government functions
at the state and central levels.
Different Levels of Governments as

per the Constitution of India
Central State Local

Government Government Government
Explore
With the help of your teacher try to know who are the part in the
central government and state government.
Think & Respond

Why do we have governments at different levels?
Glossary
Gover nment : a group of people with an authority to
govern a country
Democracy : the government formed by the people
Monarchy : a form of government with a monarch
at the head
Elections : a process of choosing a representative
Decision making : the process of making decisions
Representatives : persons chosen or appointed to act or
speak on behalf of another
Constitution : the document which contains the basic
principles and laws of a nation
State Government : the government works for an entire
state
Central Government : the government works for an entire
country or nation
68
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69
1. Write the differences between parliamentary and presidential democracy?
2. What is a government? What are the different types of governments?
3. Write any four activities organised by the government in our times?
4. Is it possible to include the opinions of all the participants in taking a decision?
Discuss with some more examples.
5. How would your school function if it was run by all the students and teachers
together? Would you want everyone to participate in taking decisions? or
would you like to elect representatives? Give reasons.
6. Do you think the decision making in your school is democratic? Does everyone
has a say in it?
7. Satwik’s father consulted all the members of his family on setting up a shop but
everyone had a different opinion. Finally, he decided to set up the shop. Do
you think he was democratic?
8. Padma’s mother asked all children where they would like to go on sunday. Two
children wanted to go and watch a film and three wanted to go to the park. If
you were in Padma’s place what decision would you take? Give reasons.
9. The place of origin of democracy is ____
a) China b) India c) Greece d) Rome
10. Who has the right to make decisions in a direct democracy?
a) Men b) Women c) Representative d) All eligible voters
11. In India, all the people above ___ years of age enjoy Universal Adult
Franchise.
a) 18 years b) 21 years c) 20 years d) 19 years
12. Every state and union territory in India has a Capital city. This is the
headquarters of the state government. Point out the following state capitals
which are the headquarters of the state governments concerned in the next
page given India Map.
70
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71
Point out the Capitals of the following states in India Map.
1. Maharashtra
2. Tamilnadu
3. Andhra Pradesh
4. Karnataka
5. West Bengal
6. Telangana
7. Ladakh
8. Punjab
9. Kerala
10. Arunachal Pradesh
11. Madhya Pradesh
12. Jharkhand
13. Chattisgarh
14. Uttarakhand
15. Gujarat
16. Odisha
Project Work
1. Collect some logos and information of different welfare schemes of our

government.
2. Collect the pictures of President of India, Prime Minister, Governor and
Chief Minister, your local M.P (Lok Sabha) and M.L.A from newspapers and
prepare Scrap book.
72
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73
CHAPTER
CHAPTER Local
10
10 Self-Government
Learning Outcomes
understand the functions of self-governments.
know the role of local self-government in our lives.
differentiate the Rural and Urban Local self-governments.
Local self - government
Functions of the Government Types of the Government
Provides different Rural Urban

facilities for the
Zilla Parishad Nagara Panchayat
people - Education,
Sanitation, Water
Mandal Parishad Municipal Council
supply, Street
lights etc. Muncipal Corporation
Grama Panchayat
In the earlier lesson Zilla

you Parishad
have learnt what the government is, what the
government does and what are the different levels of government (Central, State and
Local self-governments) are. In this lesson you are going to learn the detailed
information of Local self-governments.
74
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>·T]+º $esÁ+>± Ôî\TdT¿ÃuËÔáTHsÁT.
75
Providing public amenities
In a village, one hand
For All Classes pump
NFor All needs
Classes New repair. InOpen
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Link of the village,
drainage water is spillinghttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
over, and the road is muddy. Who solves these problems?
Whether it is roads, hand pumps or street lights, they belong to people in the village
as they are public amenities. Who provides these amenities? Who takes care of
their maintenance? For this purpose, we have panchayats in the rural areas and
municipalities in urban areas.
Let’s Do
Think & Respond
Name the public amenities which Prepare a poster on public amenities

are provided in your locality. in your locality as group activity.
Do You Know
Local self-government in India refers to governmental jurisdictions below

the level of the state. Article 40 of the Constitution of India addresses local
self-governance. This article was included in the constitution as per the views
of the Father of our nation Gandhiji. The Parliament of India made two
amendments. 73rd amendment creating local self-governments in rural areas,
and 74th amendment creating local self-governments in urban areas in 1992.
According to these amendments government of Andhra Pradesh made
Panchayat Raj Act 1994 which formed local self-governments in rural and urban
areas in our state.
• The Chola Dynasty was famous for it’s local self-governments.
Local Self-Governments in Rural Areas

Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act 1994 established three tier local self-
governments
Local SelfinGovernments
rural areas. They areinGrama
RuralPanchayat
Areas: at village level, Mandal Praja
Parishad at mandal level and Zilla Praja Parishad at District level.
Local Self Governments in Rural Areas:
Village Level
To provide all the public amenities, there are two organs working at village
level. They are: Grama Sabha and Grama Panchayat.
Do
Did You Know
Know
Rajasthan is the first state that implemented local self government in 1959. It
adopted the Panchayat Raj system first in India followed by Andhra Pradesh in
the same year.
76
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Local Self Governments in Rural Areas:
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77
Local self-government
at village level
Grama Sabha Grama Panchayat
It consists of
It consists of all
Sarpanch and ward
voters in a
members
panchayat
in panchayat
This is the general body at village

level. The ‘Grama sabha’consists of all
the voters in a village. This is the symbol
of direct democracy. The grama sabha
is expected to review the functioning
of the gram panchayat and participate
in taking decisions about village welfare.
It is presided over by the President /
Sarpanch of the village. Fig: 10.1 Grama Sabha
Let’s Do
If you live in a village, visit your grama sabha and make a report.
Grama Panchayat is formed with

Sarpanch and Ward members. It is formed
through elections. It is presided over by
the President or Sarpanch of the village.
Think & Respond
Write the similarities and

differences between Grama Sabha
and Grama Panchayat? Fig: 10.2 Grama Panchayat
78
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79
Formation of Grama Panchayat
Voter’s ListFor All Classes NFor All Classes New Text Books Open Below Link
All residents of ahttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
village who are 18 years old or above have to enroll their
names in the voters list. Usually a Booth Level Officer (B.L.O.) visits every house to
check whether there are any changes in the list.They also invite suggestions for any
additions or deletions to the list.
Think & Respond

Give reasons, why additions or deletions to voters list become necessary?
War ds
A village is usually divided into‘wards’ (streets or colonies) in such a
way that all the wards have almost equal number of voters. Each ward
elects one member to the village panchayat, called ‘ward member’. This
ensures that people from all localities of the village are represented. A
panchayat will have at least five ward members and may have as many as
twenty one ward members. Any person who is twenty one years age or
above can contest the election.
Reservations in Gram Panchayats

Earlier it was often very difficult for women to get elected as Ward member
or Sarpanch. These bodies were therefore dominated by men. As a result, the needs
and views of half of the population went unrepresented. Keeping these problems in
mind, it has been decided by the Parliament that at least one third of all panchayat
ward members and Sarpanches will be women which are reserved for them. In our
state reservation to women extended to 50%.
Similarly, there is a reservation policy for SC, ST, BC to ensure that persons
from all sections of the society are represented in the panchayat. Thus, panchayat
functions as representative institutions of all people in the rural and tribal areas.
Elections
Normally elections to gram panchayats take place once in every five years.
During these elections, every voter casts two votes - one to elect the Ward member
and another to elect the Sarpanch. The person who gets the maximum votes is
declared to be elected.
80
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81
Sarpanch
The Sarpanch is theNFor
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Linkresponsibility of
implementing all the decisions of the panchayat and looking after day to day
functions of the panchayat. The Sarpanch is also responsible for the income and
expenditure of the panchayat. As such, the Sarpanch has a lot of responsibility. In
many villages, we see some active Sarpanches who have changed the fate of villages.
Upa-Sarpanch
Sarpanch and ward members elect one of the ward members as the deputy
or upa-Sarpanch through indirect election. The Upa-Sarpanch acts in the absence
of the Sarpanch.
The functions of Gram Panchayat

The construction and maintenance
of water sources, roads, drainage,
school buildings and other common
property resources.
Levying and collecting local taxes.
Executing government schemes

related to generating employment
in the village.
Source of funds for the Panchayat Fig: 10.3 Public amenities

Collection of taxes on houses, market places etc.
Grants-in-aid and loans from the state governments, Zilla Parishad and Mandal
Parishad.
Donations from local people.
Do
DidYou
YouKnow
Know
Grama Sachivalayam (Village Secretariat)
The system of grama sachivalayam was started on October 2nd, 2019 in our
state. One grama sachivalayam is established per 2000 people. There are eleven
Village Secretariat Functionaries (employees) in every Grama Sachivalayam. The
main aim of grama sachivalayam is to provide government services to the public
effectively, transparently and with accountability. The service delivery is done
through grama volunteers appointed for a fixed number of households each.
82
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83
Let’s Do
With the help of your teacher / parents, try to know the services provided
by the grama volunteers.
Mandal and Zilla Parishad

In the previous section, we read about grama panchayat. About 20-40 gram
panchayats come under a Mandal Parishad. All the Mandal parishads in the district
come under the Zilla Parishad. The members of the Mandal Parishad Territorial
Constituencies (MPTCs) are elected directly by the voters. Some members of Mandal
Parishad are nominated (Co-opted members). The MPTCs elect one member among
them as Mandal President and one as vice president through indirect election. The
Zilla Parishad members are elected from Zilla Parishad Territorial Constituencies
(ZPTCs) by voters directly. Some members of Zilla Parishad are nominated
(Co-opted members). The ZPTCs elect one member among them as Zilla Parishad
Chairman and one as vice chairman through indirect election. The Zilla Parishad and
the Mandal Parishad coordinate the activities of the Panchayats in the district and
the mandal, approve their plans and allocate the funds.
Think & Respond
Who is your MPTC and ZPTC ?

How many mandals are there in your district ?
Local Self Government in Urban Areas

A city or town is much bigger than village in terms of population and
extent in area. Providing public amenities in towns and cities is a very complex
job and it needs a large organisation. They are called urban local bodies. There
are three kinds of municipal bodies depending upon the size of the population.
Notified Area Municipal Council: Municipal

Council (NAC): Corporation:
(Nagar Panchayat) 40,000 to 3,00,000
people More than 3,00,000
20,000 to 40,000
people people
84
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40,000 ÈHuó²
85
Think & Respond
List out the public amenities provided by the local body, in your
https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books area.
Nagar Panchayat
Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman with ward
councillors. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members and
three nominated members. The NAC (Notified Area Council) members of the Nagar
Panchayat are elected from the several wards of the Nagar Panchayat on the basis
of adult franchise for a term of five years. There are seats reserved for Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Backward Classes and women. The Councillors or Ward
members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat.
Municipal Council
Each Municipality has a Municipal council with elected members who are known
as “councillors” and nominated members. To constitute municipal council, area of
municipality is divided into wards. The ward councillors are elected directly for
every five years. These councillors and the other members of the council together
choose the Municipal Chairman indirectly.
Municipal Corporation
Each Municipal Corporation consists of elected members known as
“Corporators” and nominated members. To constitute the Municipal Corporation,
the area of Municipal
Corporation is divided
into divisions. The ward
Corporators are elected
directly for every five
years. These Corporators
and the other members of
the Corporation together
choose the Mayor of
Municipal Corporation
indirectly. Fig: 10.4 Bhimili Municipal Office
86
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87
Do
DidYou Know
You Know
Do you know https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
the oldest municipality in Andhra Pradesh? It is
Bheemunipatnam (also know as Bhimili) Visakhapatnam District, which was
established in 1861. It celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2011. It is one of the
oldest municipalities in India.
How does the urban local bodies work?

The municipality has a lot of tasks to perform like water supply, street lighting,
maintaining and building roads, drainage and garbage disposal, running schools, ration
shops, hospitals etc., besides taking up new developmental works. Now, all this cannot
be done by a few people or by the corporators or councillors alone. For this purpose,
the municipalities employ a large number of workers, officers, clerks and accountants.
Each municipality has a number of departments, each headed by an officer

who is responsible for the proper work of the staff related to that department.
For example, there will be water supply department, electricity department,
education department, garbage disposal department etc. You may be wondering
as to what is the work of the councillors. The councillors keep in touch with the
people of the ward to understand their needs and problems and discuss them in
the municipality meetings.
In order to carry out different type of works the municipality has a number
of committees and the councillors are assigned to these committees. The work
of these committees is to review the functioning of the municipality department,
and plan new works to be undertaken. They prepare proposals, which are discussed
in the municipality meetings and place it for approval. These decisions are
implemented by the officers and employees of the municipality. The ward
councillors or corporators ensure that the needs of their wards are placed before
the council when decisions are taken. Also, they keep in touch with the people of
the ward who may take their problems to them.
Let’s Do
How many Nagara Panchayats, Municipalities and Municipal Corporations

are there in your district?
88
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89
Funds for the Urban Local Bodies
Municipalities levy a number of taxes – like tax on houses, water and street
light taxes, taxes on shops, film tickets, etc. However, the income from these taxes
is not enough for the work of the municipalities and they depend upon grants from
the government. The government allots funds for different projects (like road
construction) and also for regular work of the municipalities.
Let’s Do
Visit nearby Municipal council/Municipal corporation and observe the

functions. And make a poster or story board as Individual activity.
Think & Respond
How is grama panchayat differ from municipality in its functioning?
Let’s Do
Fill the following table with the help of your teacher.
Designation Elected by Direct / Indirect Election
Ward Member
Sarpanch
Upa-sarpanch
MPTC
ZPTC
Mandal Parishad President
Zilla Parishad Chairman
Municipal Chairman
Mayor
90
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91
Gl ossar y
Local Self-Government : governmental jurisdictions below the level of
the state.
Grama Sabha : general body in a grama panchayat
Grama/Ward Sachivalayam : the system, to provide all government services to
the people in their locality.
Village functionaries : the employees in the grama sachivalayam.
Public Amenities : the facilities provide by the government.
Municipal Council : the governing body in a municipality.
Municipal Corporation : the governing body in a municipal corporation.
Councillor : ward representative in municipal council.
Corporator : ward representative in municipal corporation.
1. What are the differences between Grama Sabha and Grama Panchayat?
2. Suppose you are a representative in your local government body, what issues
would you raise?
3. Do you think common people are able to participate in the process of decision
making in your panchayat or municipality? Give some examples to illustrate your
answer.
4. Do you think panchayats should raise more tax from the village to carry out
development works or depend upon government funds?
5. What challenges do the Sarpanch face in carrying out their work?
6. What are the public amenities provided by a municipality but not by a panchayat?
7. Geethika says that her street tap gives water only for half an hour and several
people queue up to fill their buckets. What would you advise her to do to solve
this problem?
8. Frame a few questions to ask the local corporator / councillor to know the details
of work done by the Municipality.
92
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93
9. Locate the following municipalities and municipal corporations in Andhrapradesh
i. Visakhapatnam ii .Vijayawada iii. Bheemunipatnam
iv. Kadapa v. Anantapuram vi. Tirupati
Project Work
1. Visit your nearby Grama Sachivalayam/ Ward Sachivalayam and interview

the functionaries of Sachivalayam and make a report.
2. Make poster on different public amenities which are provided by Local self
governments.
94
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95
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
11
Indian Culture,
11 Languages and
Religions
Learning Outcomes
The
Thestudents
studentswill
willbe
beable
ableto
to
know the concept of culture.
discuss the basic idea and central values of the religions.
understand how did the language evolve.
participate in discussions on the concept of unity in diversity.
Indian Culture, Languages and Religions
Indian Culture Language Religions Unity in diversity
Traditions Development of Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism,

and Customs script Christianity, Islam, Sikhism
96
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97
India is a vast country. It includes the people of many religions, castes,
tribes, languages, dance, music, architecture, food, dress, customs and beliefs.
India has the greatest heritage and culture. It is unique. It has a special identity in
the world. Traditions differ from one place to another in India. It is a combination
of several customs and traditions. In this chapter we are going to discuss the
different cultures, languages and religions in India.
The concept of Culture

Culture is a continuous process which we inherit from past generations to
create a new set of organisation and is transmitted to the future generations. It is a
precious possession and a unique asset. It is a continuous and never-ending process,
as the societies evolve.
The meaning of culture is wide and comprehensive. Culture constitutes

knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by humans as members of society. Culture is a way of life of the people
living in a society. Essential core of culture lies in the traditional ideas transmitted
within a group.
Indian Culture
Unity in diversity is one major feature of
Indian culture which makes it unique. Indian culture
is composite and dynamic. The causes for this diversity
are :
1. Vastness of the country
2. Intermingling among various ethnic groups.
3. Variations in physical and climatic features.
Though there are so many diversities in
India, people feel that they are all Indians. This is
the feeling of oneness and this is called “Unity in Fig 11.1 Culture
Diversity”. The culture of India is very ancient. It
began about 5,000 years ago. However, the Indians made significant advances in
yoga, architecture, mathematics, astronomy and medicine.
The Harappan people worshipped Mother goddess and Pashupati (Lord Siva).
With the advent of the Aryans, a new culture emerged. The Aryans worshipped
Gods like Indra, Surya, Varuna, Yama. The symbol of Swastik was also worshipped.
They worship Gods through the rituals like 'yagnas', 'yagas' and 'meditation'.
98
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99
The Vedas were carried from
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parts of India from the Sindhu
region. Later a new culture
emerged.
In the later periods very

big temples were built. The art,
architecture and paintings were
found at many temples. The vedic
traditions and different customs
Fig 11.2 Pashupati Seal found at
continue till today. Mohenjo -daro
Language
Language is a medium of communication. Man is the only living being on the
earth who uses language. We think, understand and communicate with the help of
the language. Learning became easier with the evolution of language. There is a close
relationship between language and culture.
Think & Respond
There are many

languages in India. What is the
need of a language? How did the
languages evolve?
Let’s Do
Invite a friend of other

language and interact with
him/her.
Fig 11.3 Paintings of prehistoric age on the walls
and ceilings of caves
100
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The Script helps us to read and write. People wrote on clothes, leaves, barks, etc. in
the olden days. They used pins to write on the dried leaves. Initially they drew pictures and
symbols. Gradually the scripthttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
developed. Ashoka used the “Brahmi script” in all his inscriptions.
Do
DidYou
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Know How the script developed?
Fig 11.7 Palm-leaf manuscript
Fig 11.4 Kharosthi Script
Fig 11.8 Brahmi script
Fig 11.5 Indus Script
Fig 11.9 Inscriptions during

Fig 11.6 Birch bark manuscript Krishnadevaraya 1516
The popular epics Valmiki Ramayana and Vyasa Mahabharatha were written
in Sanskrit. Due to the emergence of language, the famous writings came into
existence. Aryabhatta wrote a book called ‘Aryabhattiyam’. ‘Charaka Samhita’ and
‘Sushruta Samhita’ are the books that laid the foundation for Ayurveda. Sushruta
Samhita focuses on surgery.
Think & Respond

Try to read the inscription of Krishnadevaraya 1516. Take the help of your
teacher to understand this inscription.
102
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Do
DidYou Know
You Know
The official languageshttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
of India are
Hindi and English. Dear Students
observe how the word "India" can
be written in many Indian
languages.
Do
DidYou Know
You Know
There are 26 letters in English and
56 in Telugu. How many letters are
there in Tamil, Kannada,
Malayalam and Odiya?
Fig 11.10 Major Indian Fig 11.11 Languages on

Languages Indian currency
Kashmiri
Punjabi
Nyishi
Nepali
Hindi Assame
Nagamese
Khasi
Manipuri
Gujarati
Bengali Mizo
Marathi Odiya
Telugu
Konkani
Kannada
Fig 11.12 Different
languages in India
Tamil
Malayalam
Do
DidYou Know
You Know
Map 11.1 Major languages of India India is called a secular

country. Why?
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The Indian Constitution recognised 22 languages (8th Schedule)
1. For All Classes NFor All Classes New Text Books Open Below Link
Assamese 9. Konkani 16. Punjabi
2. Bengali 10. Maithili 17. Sanskrit
3. Bodo 11. Malayalam 18. Santali
4. Dogri 12. Meitei 19. Sindhi
5. Gujarati (Manipuri) 20. Tamil
6. Hindi 13. Marathi 21. Telugu
7. Kannada 14. Nepali 22. Urdu
8. Kashmiri 15. Odia
Religion
Inspite of having many religions in India, Indians live together. Where the
people live, there some form of customs and traditions begin. These customs and
traditions depend on the resources, environment, climatic conditions and so on. The
religious beliefs of today are also based on such ritualistic traditions. But there are
some common beliefs in all the societies throughout the world such as rites and rituals.
Religion is a spiritual belief. It teaches a set of practices to live an enriched life.
Belief systems in the ancient days

The known history of religion began several thousand years ago. We know a
little about hunter-gatherers and their religious beliefs from their paintings and
some burials. They painted hunting scenes on the rocks. They believed that the forests
and wild animals were sacred. Thus, they worshipped the nature. Even today, we
find similar customs and traditions in some tribes.
Think & Respond

Discuss some customs and traditions of our ancestors which help to
protect our health and hygiene.
The Indian sub-continent is the birth place of a number of famous religions;

namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism etc. Religion in India is characterised
by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. In spite of all such diversity, India
still remain as a secular country.
Let’s Do
Meet the heads of different religions. Collect the theme and practices of
the particular religion. Discuss in the classroom.
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107
Hinduism
Hinduism
For All Classes NFor All Classes is the
Newworld’s oldest
Text Books Openreligion. It is a way of life
Below Link
and also called ‘Sanatana dharma’. The term ‘Hindu’
derives from the word ‘Sindhu’. It is based on the
principles of universal truth. Hinduism has many forms
of worship. God can be realised through many paths. It
also says God exists in all living and non living things.
Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad-Gita, Ramayana,
Mahabharata are some of the sacred books of the
Fig 11.10 Symbol of Hinduism
Hindus. Vishnu, Siva, Sakthi, Rama, Krishna etc., are
the Gods worshipped by the Hindus. Pongal / Sankranthi, Dusserah, Diwali etc., are
some festivals celebrated by the Hindus. Hindus visit many temples in India like
Amarnath, Badrinath, Varanasi, Puri, Simhachalam, Srisailam, Badhrachalam,
Tirumala, Kanchi, Madurai, Sabarimala, Rameswaram etc.
The main features of Hinduism

1. Service to man is service to god.
2. The whole world is one family. (vasudhaika kutumbam)
3. Pursuit of moksha through penance. (Tapas)
4. The practice of Chaturvidha Purusharthas (Four types of practices like Dharma,
Artha, Kama and Moksha).
5. The practise of four ashramas - Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sanyasa.
DidYou
Do YouKnow
Know
Lord Venkateswara Temple at
Tirumala in Chittoor district is one of
the most visited holy places in the world.
It is located in Seshachalam hills. It is
considered as one of the prominent
temples by the Hindus. According to
Hindus, Sri Venkateswara is an
incarnation of Lord Vishnu. He often
referred to as Srinivasa, Govinda and
Balaji. Srivari Brahmotsavam is very
famous in Tirumala. Fig 11.11 Lord Venkateswara
Temple, Tirumala
108
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Ja inism
Jainism
ForisAll
anClasses
ancient Indian
NFor religion.
All Classes NewPeople whoOpen
Text Books follow thisLink
Below religion are known
as ‘Jains’. Twenty four 'Tirthankaras' enriched this religion. The word Jain is derived
from the Sanskrit word ‘Jina’.The most famous Tirthankara is Mahavira. He was a
prince. He gave up everything to find out more about spirituality. He practised
rigorous penance and meditation for 12 years in search of truth.
DidDo
YouYou
Know
Know
Name : Vardhamana
Birth : 599 BCE
Birth Place : Vaishali
Parents : Siddhartha, Trishala
Spouse : Yashoda
Titles : Mahavira, Jina
Fig 11.12 Vardhamana Death : 527 BCE Fig 11.13 Symbol of
Mahavira Jainism
The main goal of Jainism is to attain ‘Moksha’. When the soul achieves
Kaivalya or Jina, it is liberated from the karmas. That state of happiness is known
as ‘Nirvana’. Tirthankaras are the spiritual gurus for the Jains. Mahavira was the
last Tirthankara. Mahavira’s preachings were compiled into many texts by his
followers.
Doctrines of Jainism: (Panchavrathas) DidYou

Do YouKnow
Know
1. Ahimsa - Non-violence
2. Satya - Truthfulness
3. Asteya - Non-stealing
4. Aparigraha - Non-possessiveness
5. Brahmacharya - Centeredness
Brahmacharya was added to this list by
Mahavira. Mahavira prescribed ways to
observe three qualities which are known as
11.13 Gomateshwara Temple
Triratnas.
Gomateshwara Temple is situated at
Triratnas: Shravanabelagola in Karnataka. It is a
1. Samyak Darshan - Right Faith historical Jain temple. Gomateshwara
2. Samyak Gyan - Right Knowledge statue is one of the largest monolithic
3. Samyak Charitra - Right Conduct statues in the world, its height is 57
feet. It is known as Bahubali.
110
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111
Buddh ism
Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. He was born in Lumbini (Nepal).
His first name was Siddhartha. He became Buddha after enlightenment. He was born
to the ruler of Kapilavastu, Suddhodana, and his queen Maya Devi. He married
Yashodhara and had a son named “Rahul.”
Siddhartha saw a sick person, an old man, a monk and a dead body during his
travel. Then he realised the true nature of life. So, he left his kingdom and his
family and went in search of truth and peace. After 6 years, he got enlightenment.
The tree under which he became enlightened is named as 'Bodhi Vriksha'. He achieved
his Nirvana in Khushinagar, Uttar Pradesh.
Did
Do You Know
N ame : Siddhartha
Birth : 563 BCE
Birth Place : Lumbini
Parents : Suddhodana,
Maya Devi
Spouse : Yasodhara
Son : Rahul
Titles : Gautama, Buddha
Fig 11.15 Gauthama Fig 11.16 Symbol of
Death : 483 BCE Buddhism
Buddha
According to Buddha, the final goal is attainment of Nirvana. It could be
achieved neither by sacrifice nor by prayer. Attainment of Nirvana could be achieved
by following the Middle Path (Eight fold Path). The principles of non-violence are
the basis of Buddhism. The “Tripitikas” are the holy books of Buddhism. They are
the collection of Buddha’s life, teachings, and philosophical discourses. The teachings
of Gautama Buddha are called four noble truths (Arya Sathyas).
Arya Sathyas
1. The world is full of suffering.
2. Suffering is caused by human desires.
3. The renunciation of desires is the path of salvation.
4. Salvation can be attained easily by following the Eightfold Path.
Do
DidYou Know
You Know
The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the most
important Buddhist monuments. It reflects
Buddhist art and architecture. This Stupa is the
oldest stone structure in India. It was built in the
third century BCE by the emperor Asoka. It is
counted among the best conserved ancient
Stupas of central India. 11. 17 Sanchi Stupa (Madhya Pradesh)
112
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The Eightfold Path (Ashtanga Marga)
1. Right view - know
For All Classes NFor the truth
All Classes - Samyak
New Text Books Open Below Link drishti
2. Right intentions https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
- free your mind of evil - Samyak samkalpa
3. Right speech - say nothing that hurts others - Samyak vaakku
4. Right action - work for the good of others - Samyak karma
5. Right livelihood - respect life - Samyak jeevana
6. Right effort - resist evil - Samyak saadhana
7. Right concentration - practice meditation - Samyak samadhi
8. Right mindfulness - control your thoughts - Samyak smruti
Christianity
Christianity is the most widely practised religion in the

world. The “Bible” is the holy book of the Christians.
Philosophy of christianity
1. We are the children of God.
2. Lead a pure life without committing sins.
Fig 11.18 Symbol of 3. Love your neighbour as yourself.
Christianity
4. When slapped on one cheek, show the other.
5. Service to mankind is service to God.
Fig 11.19 St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican city
Do
DidYou
YouKnow
Know
The Roman Catholic Church is the famous church in the world. The Pope is
the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican city is the smallest country in
the world.
114
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Islam
For All Classes NFor All Classes New Mohammad is considered
Text Books Open Below Linkas a Prophet or
messenger of Allah. The teachings of Allah are
written in a book called “Quran”. It is the holy
book of Islam. Prophet Mohammad taught that
all men are brothers. He emphasised on the
importance of love for the whole of humanity.
Prophet taught that there is only one God.
Teachings of Prophet Muhammad

1. All human beings are His creation.
Fig 11.20 Symbol of Islam 2. All human beings are equal before God.
3. God has no shape and therefore it is wrong
to worship idols.
4. Every Muslim should become a servant of
God and be honest.
Fig 11.21 The Kaaba surrounded by pilgrims
Do You Know
The Kaaba is a building at the center of the Great Mosque of Mecca (Saudi
Arabia). Mecca is the holiest city for Muslims. Muslim devotees attempt a hajj
(pilgrimage) to Mecca atleast once in their lifetime if they can afford to do so.
Think & Respond
Prepare and enact a role play on communal harmony in your school

function.
116
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Sikhism
For All Classes NFor All Classes New Text Books Open Gur u Nanak
Below Link was the
founder of Sikhism. Sikhism is a
faith and its followers are called
“Sikhs.” The word Sikh means
“student” or “disciple.” Guru
Nanak was the first of the “Ten
Gurus.” The Sikh temple is called
‘Gurudwara’. Their holy book is
Fig 11.22 Guru Nanak Fig 11.23 Symbol of Sikhism ‘Guru Granth Sahib’.
DidYou
Do YouKnow
Know
The Golden Temple is located in

the city of Amritsar, Punjab. It is
known as the holiest Gurudwara
and the most important pilgrimage
site for Sikhs.
Fig 11.24 Golden Temple (Amritsar)
Besides the above religions, there are a number of other religious followers
in India like the Parsis. Although there are many customs and traditions in India, all
the Indians have a sense of brotherhood. They actively involve themselves in other
religious celebrations, for example Holi, Raksha Bandhan and Rottela Panduga which
shows their respect for other religion. It is the co-existence of various religions
under the same roof, while celebrating the presence of other religions without losing
one’s own identity.
Unity in diversity
India is a land of diversities. The diversity is also visible in the spheres of

religion, language, culture, lifestyle, dressing sense, faith in God, rituals of worship,
eating different kinds of food etc.
Many kings and emperors like Chandragupta, Ashoka, Gauthamiputra Satakarni,

Akbar etc., tried to unify the country politically.
118
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Indians respect the great saints
and philosophers who were born in all
parts of theForcountry like
All Classes Mahavira,
Buddha, Nanak, Kabir, Nizamuddhin
Auliya, Shaik Salim Chisti, Ravindranath
Tagore, Dr. Radha Krishnan etc.,
People celebrate their festivals
like Holi, Diwali, Eid, Christmas, Good
Fr iday, Mahavir Jayanti, Buddha
Jayanti etc., very peacefully without
disturbing other religious people. India
represents the complexity of multiple
cultures and ethnic groups (castes).
The concept which implies unity among
people with diverse culture and religion
is known as “Unity in Diversity”. It is
the dominant cultural trait of India. Fig 11.25 Religious Unity in India
Gl ossar y
Religion : the belief in God.

Worshipping : showing devotion to the God.
Su bcontinent : southern peninsula of Asia, situated on the
Indian Plate.
Language : a medium in which a person communicates his
thoughts to others.
Scr ipt : the symbolic representation of the
language.
Tirthankara : a spiritual teacher of the Dharma in Jainism.
Non-violence : the practice of being harmless.
Enlightenment : the highest spiritual state.
Bodhi Vriksha : peepal tree.
Tripitikas : the sacred books of Buddhism.
Nirvana : a place of perfect peace and happiness, like
heaven.
Eightfold Path : buddhist practices leading to liberation from
samsara.
Upanishads : a series of Hindu sacred written works.
Prophet : One who preaches the God’s message.
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1. Name the holy

For book of
All Classes theAllMuslims.
NFor Classes New Text Books Open Below Link
2. What is eight fold path?
3. Write two slogans to encourage religious unity.
4. What are the main philosophy of christianity?
5. What are the main teachings of Islam?
6. What are the Arya Sathyas?
7. “Unity in Diversity is the dominant cultural trait of India.” - Do you agree or
not? Comment.
8. There are many problems that affect the Indian National Integration at present.
What are the reasons for this? How could these be addressed?
9. Locate the given places on the outline map of India.
River Indus, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Bhattiprolu, River Krishna,
River Ganga, River Yamuna, the Vindhya ranges, Uttar Pradesh.
10. Prepare a picture on religious unity.
11. Prepare four slogans to promote religious unity.
12. Fill the following blank boxes with the suitable words given below.
I. Religion : Hindu Religion, Sikhism, Christianity, Islam,
Jainism, Buddhism.
II. God/Messenger : Siddhartha, Jesus Christ, Mahavira, Prophet
Muhammad, Lord Krishna, Guru Nanak.
III. Holy Book : Tripitaka, Bible, Bhagawad Gita, Quran, Grandh
Sahib, Angas.
IV. Worshipping place : Mosque, Temple, Gurudwara, Church,
Monastery, Jain Temple.
Project Work
1. Celebrate Sankranthi, Ramzan and Christmas in your school.
2. Read the holy books of all religions, know about the biography, teachings and
theme of the religious gurus.
Field visit :
Visit a nearby place of worship, and observe the activities and discuss with your class.
122
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CHAP TER
Towards Equality
CHAPTER
12
12
Learning Outcomes

recognise various forms of discriminations.
understand the nature and sources of
discrimination.
differentiate between equality and inequality in
various forms.
Towards Equality
Diversity Discrimination Inequality
Prejudice Stereotype
124
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125
Have you observed the people around you, their height, weight, colour,
language, food they eat, games they play, the events they celebrate? Are they all
alike? Why? The differences we observe are called diversity. All these diversities
are influenced both by the geography and history of the place where we live.
Diversity
India is a country of many diversities. We speak different languages, have
various types of food, celebrate different festivals, practise different religions.
Several hundred years ago people travelled from one part of the world to another in
search of new lands or new places to settle in or for people to trade with.
Most often, they began to settle in their new places which resulted in the
mix of old and new and out of this intermixing of cultures, regions became diverse.
Similarly diversity also comes about when people adapt their lives to the geographical
area in which they live. For example, living near the sea is different from living near
a desert. Likewise, the kind of work also differs from place to place.
Discrimination
India is a diverse country but
not all the diversities are celebrated.
We feel safe and secure with people
who look, talk, dress and think like us.
We may find people who are
different, unfamiliar and strange
without understanding them, we
form certain attitudes and opinions.
Discrimination happens when people
Fig. 12.1 Discriminations in the society
act on their prejudices.
Prejudice
When our opinions about certain people are always negative - seeing them
as lazy, cunning, stingy, money minded etc., then these become prejudices that we
carry about them. Prejudices means to judge other people negatively or see them as
inferior. We can be prejudiced about many things: peoples religious beliefs, the
colour of their skin, the region they come from, the clothes they wear etc.
126
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127
Often, our prejudices about others are so strong that we don’t want to form
friendship with them and we may even act in ways that hurt them.
Stereotype
When we fix people or a community into one image we create a stereotype.
Stereotype stop us from looking at each person as a unique individual with his or her
own special qualities and skills that are different from others. Stereotypes affect all
of us, as they prevent us from doing certain things.
Discrimination is of different types:
Religious discrimination
There are eight major religions in the world and all of them are practised
in India. However, this diversity can also be a source of discrimination. Group of
people who follow a particular religion may be discriminated by treating them as
inferior or by criticising their customs or practices.
Think & Respond
In what ways are the women experiencing discrimination in the present

society?
Have you ever attended any other religious place? What good things have
you observed there? What similarities did you notice?
Caste discrimination
People are engaged in different kinds of work like teaching, carpentry, pottery,
weaving, fishing, farming etc., to earn livelihood. However certain kinds of work are
valued more than others. Activities like cleaning, washing, cutting hair, picking garbage
etc., are seen as task that are of less value and people who do this work are seen as
dirty or impure. This belief is an important aspect of the caste system.
In the caste system, communities / groups of people were placed either above
or below the other. Those who placed themselves at the top called themselves upper
caste and considered themselves as superior. Those who were placed at the bottom
were seen as unworthy and called “untouchables.” Caste rules were set which did not
allow the so-called “untouchable” to take on work other than what they were meant
to do. The upper caste acted in ways which did not give the so-called “untouchables”
the same right as they enjoyed which is called caste discrimination.
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Many people in India have fought against such caste oppression. The most
prominent among them was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. He was born into the Mahar Caste
which was considered untouchable. He was the first person from his caste who
completed higher education and he went to England to become a lawyer. He fought

for the rights of the Dalit community which you will read in detail in English textbook.
Dalit means those who have been “broken” which is used to show how social prejudices
and discrimination have broken the Dalit people. The government refers to this group
of people as Scheduled Castes (SC).
Likewise Jyothibai Phule, Sri Potti Sree Ramulu, Vennelakanti Raghavaiah,
Gora Saraswathi are some of the National and Regional social reformers who fought
for the rights of the oppressed caste.
Gender discrimination
Pratap went to his friend Deva’s house. There he
observed Deva’s son Adhi cleaning the room and Adhiti
reading the book. Pratap was surprised to see Deva’s son
doing household work and not Adhiti. He asked his friend
why Adhi being a boy is doing household work. Deva said Fig. 12.2 Gender
equality symbol
he treats both his children same.
The above situation happens very often. Cooking and other household works
are considered as women work. The familiar statements like ‘Men don’t cry,’ ‘women
are soft and gentle,’ are some of the statements we hear constantly which is called
Gender discrimination.
Women represent half of the world’s population but equal opportunities are
not given to them in fields like education, job opportunities, family decision etc. All
human beings are born free and equal so both men and women have equal social,
political and economic rights.
Several social reformers fought for the rights of the
women across the world and the country. One such famous social
reformer who fought for the rights of the women in India was
Savitribai Phule. Savitribai Phule was an Indian social reformer,
educationalist and poet from Maharashtra. She is regarded as
the first female teacher in India.
Fig. 12.3 Savitribai
Phule
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and unfair treatment of people based on caste and gender.
Similarly Kandukuri Veerasalingam Panthulu, Duggirala Gopalakrishnaiah,
Ponaka Kanakamma, Duvvuri Subbamma etc., fought for the education rights of
women in Andhra Pradesh.
Think & Respond

Do you support gender discrimination? Discuss in the class room.
Racial discrimination
It is a discrimination against individuals on the basis of their skin colour or racial or
ethnic origin. While travelling by train to Pretoria in South Africa, Gandhiji experienced
his first taste of racial discrimination. Inspite of carrying first class ticket, he was
indiscriminately thrown out of the train by the authorities on the instigation of a white
man. Likewise Nelson Mandela fought against Apartheid system in South Africa
which means seggregation of people on grounds of race.
Fig 12.5 Racial discrimination faced by Gandhi in South Africa
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Write your opinion on this incident?

What type of discrimination is it? Discuss in the class room.
Regional discrimination
It is a discrimination against individuals on the basis of
the region they live or born. For example, you will find
this discrimination - village to urban, small town to big
cities, tribal areas to plain areas. It arises either because
of prejudice or stereotype.
Fig 12.5 Regional
discrimination
Disability discrimination
People who cannot walk, see, hear or talk are
known as person with disabilities as per the PWD ACT-
2016. Some of them are born so, or some may lose
their body parts in accidents. Some people disrespect
or illtreat them. Fig 12.6 Types of Disability
Think & Respond
Have you ever faced any kind of discrimination? How did it make you feel?
Observe the below pictures.
Girls Toys Boys Toys
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Fig 12.7 Pictures showing discrimination
Let’s Do
What have you observed here? Discuss with the help of your teacher.
Think & Respond
Have you observed any changes from past to

present? How did the changes come about?
Inequality
W ha t is t he r oo t ca u se fo r th ese
inequalities or discriminations?
Poverty, illiteracy, social customs and
traditions, religion, faith, occupation, lack of
Causes for
education, lack of employment opportunities,
inequalities
lack of awareness are the root cause for
inequality and discrimination in the society.
The effects of inequality

Fig 12.8 Causes for inequalities
Inequality threatens long-term social
and economic development. It causes social
unrest. It leads to poverty and destroys self worth of the people. It results in law
and order problems, crime, disease and environment degradation. We cannot achieve
sustainable development without addressing social, economical, political inequality.
136
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include Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwara Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayananda
Saraswathi, Kandukuri Veeresalingam Panthulu, Pandita Ramabai.
Fig 12.9 Raja Ram Mohan Roy Fig12.10 Kandukuri Veeresalingam Fig12.11 Dayananda Saraswathi
In the second half of the 19th century, many movements began against caste
discrimination and demanded social equality and justice. Sri Narayana Guru,
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, C.V. Ramaswamy Naiker, Jyotibai Phule and Savitri bai Phule
fought against caste discrimination.
Fig12.12 Dr.B.R. Ambedkar Fig12.13 Jyotirao Phule Fig12.14 Narayana guru
People who fought against the British rule also fought against discrimination
to unite people. Dalits, women, tribal and peasants fought against inequality. The
pressure from reformers made the Britishers to make the laws against inequalities
and discriminations. For example, the practice of sati was banned in 1829.
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139
Do
DidYou Know
You Know
Dr . An an di ba i Dr . N el so n Mand el a :
Joshi: First Indian After 27 years in prison,
female doctor. Her former Sou th African
baby son died 10 President Nelson Mandela
days later due to a was freed in 1990. He was
lack of medical care. successful in achieving the
This tragedy end of the apartheid. He
motivated her to Fig12.15 Dr.
brought peace to a racially
Fig12.16 Dr.
study medicine. Anandibai Joshi divided country. He led the
Nelson Mandela
She acquired Doctor of Medicine in fight for human rights
1886. While returning to India, she around the world. He received Bharata
contracted tuberculosis. She died in Ratna in 1990. He is known as the ‘Gandhi
Pune in1887. of South Africa’.
When India became an independent nation in 1947, our leaders were

concerned about the different kinds of inequalities that existed. The people thought
that the society should be reconstructed on the principle of equality. So, importance
has been given to achieve equality in the Indian Constitution. Untouchability was
abolished by Law. People are free to choose the kind of work they wish to do.
Constitutional provisions were introduced to promote and achieve equality.
Constitutional provisions to achieve equality

• Article 14 provides equality before law.
• Article 15 (1) of the Constitution states that the State shall not discriminate any
citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
• Article 16 provides equality of opportunities in matters of public employment.
• Article 17 of the constitution abolishes the practice of untouchability as an
offence and anyone doing so is punishable by law.
• Reservations are given to the suppressed classes to get equal status. Article
21-(A) provides free and compulsory education to all children in the age group
of six to fourteen.
• The preamble provides equality of status and opportunity to all the people of
the country.
140
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141
The government tries to achieve equality in two ways. One is through the
law and another one is through the welfare programmes.
Think & Respond
Government introduced many programmes like mid-day meals, free textbooks,

free distribution of school uniforms, shoes etc. Discuss how these are helpful to
achieve equality?
Let’s Do
Prepare a poster that illustrates against discrimination. Hang your posters

around the school to encourage schoolmates to take action against
discrimination.
We have preamble in our textbook. Find where it is? Read it carefully. What
you observed and understood about equality, discuss in your class room.
Remedial measures for abolishing inequality and discrimination
1. The greatest change should start from the

family. Parents must set good examples in
their attitudes, words and behaviour
towards others.
2. We should be open to know about other
religions and respect their beliefs.
3. We should respect and treat women
equally.
4. We should take care of differently abled Fig 12. 17 Parent guidance
persons and encourage children with

special needs.
5. We should ensure wider access to quality basic services like education and
healthcare for all.
142
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143
Will discriminations and inequalities stop people from achieving their goals?
No, many prominent personalities proved this. Let us discuss about the famous
persons. https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul kalam

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul kalam was the 11th president of India. He
was a great scientist and a great writer. He came from a poor
family. Inspite of so many problems in his life he reached his goal.
In his words, “We are all born with a divine fire in us. Our efforts
should be to give wings to this fire and fill the world with glow of
its goodness (Wings of Fire).” He said that “All of us do not have
Fig12.18 A.P.J. Abdul
equal talent. But all of us have an equal opportunity to develop
Kalam
our talents.”
Mariyappan Thangavelu
MariyappanThangavelu is an Indian Paralympic high
jumper. He injured his leg at the age of nine. However he
practised very hard and won the gold medal in the men’s high
jump in 2016 at the Rio de Jeneiro Paralympics, Brazil.
Sindhutai - An inspiration personality Fig12.19 Mariyappan

Thangavelu
Sindhutai was born in 1948. Her father was keen to
educate her. Her father used to send her to school under the
pretext of cattle grazing. At the age of nine she was married. At
the young age of twenty, when nine- months pregnant, she was
beaten badly and left to die by her husband. She gave birth to a
baby girl and struggled to stay alive.
When she went to her mother’s house, her mother

Fig12.20 Smt. Sindhutai
refused to shelter her. She started begging on railway
platforms. In this process, she realised that there were so many children abandoned
by their parents. She adopted them and she started a home for orphans. She is the
mother of 1200 orphans and won 750 awards. President Ram Nath Kovind honoured
her with Nari Shakti Puraskar. Inspite of poverty, child marriage, gender
discrimination and being abandoned by her family, yet nothing stopped her. It shows
that for a committed individual nothing is impossible.
144
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145
Glossary
Gender Equality equal treatment for men and women
:
Untouchability : a practice in which some lower caste people
are kept at a distance
Apartheid : discrimination on grounds of race
Sustainable development : development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their own needs
Discrimination : the unjust treatment on the grounds of race,
religion, caste, sex or other characteristics
1. Observe the given sentences and write True/False in the given brackets.
i. One of the more common forms of inequality in India is the caste system ( )
ii. Every person should not be treated with dignity. ( )
iii. Establishing equality in a democratic society is a continuous struggle. ( )
2. How will you use these numbers, when you are in trouble?
3. Why does caste system remain such a controversial
issue today?
4. What were the different reasons people had for
not sending girls to school before freedom?
5. What are the common forms of inequality
that exist in India?
6. Write a short note on equality in Indian democracy.
7. Give suggestions to remove inequality and discrimination
in Indian society.
8. Differentiate between inequality and discrimination.
Project Work
1. Split the class into small groups, discuss with your peer group on discrimination
and write a report on it.
2. Collect information about any two famous personalities who faced prejudice
and discrimination.
3. How can you fight against inequality and discrimination in your village?
146
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Sri. S. Suresh Kumar IAS

Smt. Vetriselvi. K IAS

Dr. B. Pratap Reddy MA., B.Ed., Ph.D.

Sri. K. Ravindranath Reddy MA., B.Ed.

Dr. V. Subramanyam (Rtd.) Professor

First Published 2020

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be

This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh

Sri. Kunati Suresh SA

Sri. K.S.V. Krishna Reddy Sri. M. Venkateswaralu

DTP & Designing

PVR Designers, Arundalpet, Vijayawada.

Dr. B. Pratap Reddy

Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he Èq>·DeTq n~óHjáT¿£ ÈjáTV²!

Teacher Corner Student Corner

The students will be able to

Ganges Valley 2700 years

Cities New Religion concepts

Kingdoms Gana Sanghas

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Think & Respond

What do you mean by Janapada? How is it different from Mahajanapadas?

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Look at the map and fill in the blanks.

1. The ……………… Janapada was settled on both sides of river Yamuna.

How do we know about the Mahajanapadas?

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Think & Respond

What do you call the following people in your regional language –

Think & Respond

Describe the relationship between Grihapatis and craftsmen of the village.

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Kings, Army and Taxes

Think & Respond

Fig 7.3: The fort of Kaushambi city

• Why did the kings of Maha - janapadas need armies?

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Think & Respond

In which form the hunter gatherers paid taxes to their kings?

Fig 7.4 Coins of

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Fig 7.5 Scene of war from Sanchi Panel

Think & Respond

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Think & Respond

Emergence of new thoughts and religions

Gandhara school of art

Fig 7.9 Gandhara Art

Improve Your Learning

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S.No Mahajanapada Capital Modern Location/State

1 Anga Champa West Bengal

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