SECOND DIVISION

[G.R. No. 171127. March 11, 2015.]

NOEL CASUMPANG, RUBY SANGA-MIRANDA and SAN JUAN DE DIOS

HOSPITAL, petitioners, vs. NELSON CORTEJO, respondent.

[G.R. No. 171217. March 11, 2015.]

DRA. RUBY SANGA-MIRANDA, petitioner, vs. NELSON CORTEJO ,

respondent.

[G.R. No. 171228. March 11, 2015.]

SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL , petitioner, vs. NELSON CORTEJO ,

respondent.

DECISION

BRION, J : p

We resolve the three (3) consolidated petitions for review on certiorari 1 involving
medical negligence, commonly assailing the October 29, 2004 decision 2 and the
January 12, 2006 resolution 3 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 56400. This
CA decision affirmed en toto the ruling of the Regional Trial Court ( RTC), Branch 134,
Makati City.
The RTC awarded Nelson Cortejo ( respondent) damages in the total amount of
P595,000.00, for the wrongful death of his son allegedly due to the medical negligence
of the petitioning doctors and the hospital.
Factual Antecedents
The common factual antecedents are briefly summarized below.
On April 22, 1988, at about 11:30 in the morning, Mrs. Jesusa Cortejo brought her
11-year old son, Edmer Cortejo (Edmer ), to the Emergency Room of the San Juan de
Dios Hospital (SJDH) because of difficulty in breathing, chest pain, stomach pain, and
fever. 4
Dr. Ramoncito Livelo ( Dr. Livelo ) initially attended to and examined Edmer. In her
testimony, Mrs. Cortejo narrated that in the morning of April 20, 1988, Edmer had
developed a slight fever that lasted for one day; a few hours upon discovery, she
brought Edmer to their family doctor; and two hours after administering medications,
Edmer's fever had subsided. 5
After taking Edmer's medical history, Dr. Livelo took his vital signs, body
temperature, and blood pressure. 6 Based on these initial examinations and the chest x-
ray test that followed, Dr. Livelo diagnosed Edmer with " bronchopneumonia." 7 Edmer's
blood was also taken for testing, typing, and for purposes of administering antibiotics.
Afterwards, Dr. Livelo gave Edmer an antibiotic medication to lessen his fever and to
loosen his phlegm.
Mrs. Cortejo did not know any doctor at SJDH. She used her Fortune Care card and
was referred to an accredited Fortune Care coordinator, who was then out of town. She
was thereafter assigned to Dr. Noel Casumpang ( Dr. Casumpang ), a pediatrician also
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 accredited with Fortune Care. 8
At 5:30 in the afternoon of the same day, Dr. Casumpang for the first time
examined Edmer in his room. Using only a stethoscope, he confirmed the initial
diagnosis of "Bronchopneumonia." 9
At that moment, Mrs. Cortejo recalled entertaining doubts on the doctor's
diagnosis. She immediately advised Dr. Casumpang that Edmer had a high fever, and
had no colds or cough 10 but Dr. Casumpang merely told her that her son's "blood
pressure is just being active, " 11 and remarked that "that's the usual
bronchopneumonia, no colds, no phlegm." 12
Dr. Casumpang next visited and examined Edmer at 9:00 in the morning the
following day. 13 Still suspicious about his son's illness, Mrs. Cortejo again called Dr.
Casumpang's attention and stated that Edmer had a fever, throat irritation, as well as
chest and stomach pain. Mrs. Cortejo also alerted Dr. Casumpang about the traces of
blood in Edmer's sputum. Despite these pieces of information, however, Dr. Casumpang
simply nodded, inquired if Edmer has an asthma, and reassured Mrs. Cortejo that
Edmer's illness is bronchopneumonia. 14
At around 11:30 in the morning of April 23, 1988, Edmer vomited "phlegm with
blood streak" 15 prompting the respondent (Edmer's father) to request for a doctor at
the nurses' station. 16
Forty-five minutes later, Dr. Ruby Sanga-Miranda ( Dr. Miranda ), one of the
resident physicians of SJDH, arrived. She claimed that although aware that Edmer had
vomited "phlegm with blood streak," she failed to examine the blood specimen because
the respondent washed it away. She then advised the respondent to preserve the
specimen for examination.
Thereafter, Dr. Miranda conducted a physical check-up covering Edmer's head,
eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin and abdomen; and found that Edmer had a low-grade
non-continuing fever, and rashes that were not typical of dengue fever. 17 Her medical
findings state: aScITE

the patient's rapid breathing and then the lung showed sibilant and the
patient's nose is flaring which is a sign that the patient is in respiratory distress;
the abdomen has negative finding; the patient has low grade fever and not
continuing; and the rashes in the patient's skin were not "Herman's Rash" and
not typical of dengue fever. 18
At 3:00 in the afternoon, Edmer once again vomited blood. Upon seeing Dr.
Miranda, the respondent showed her Edmer's blood specimen, and reported that Edmer
had complained of severe stomach pain and difficulty in moving his right leg. 19
Dr. Miranda then examined Edmer's "sputum with blood" and noted that he was
bleeding. Suspecting that he could be afflicted with dengue, she inserted a plastic tube
in his nose, drained the liquid from his stomach with ice cold normal saline solution, and
gave an instruction not to pull out the tube, or give the patient any oral medication.
Dr. Miranda thereafter conducted a tourniquet test, which turned out to be
negative. 20 She likewise ordered the monitoring of the patient's blood pressure and
some blood tests. Edmer's blood pressure was later found to be normal. 21
At 4:40 in the afternoon, Dr. Miranda called up Dr. Casumpang at his clinic and
told him about Edmer's condition. 22 Upon being informed, Dr. Casumpang ordered
several procedures done including: hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood typing, blood
transfusion and tourniquet tests.
The blood test results came at about 6:00 in the evening.
Dr. Miranda advised Edmer's parents that the blood test results showed that
Edmer was suffering from "Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever." One hour later, Dr.
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 Casumpang arrived at Edmer's room and he recommended his transfer to the Intensive
Care Unit (ICU), to which the respondent consented. Since the ICU was then full, Dr.
Casumpang suggested to the respondent that they hire a private nurse. The
respondent, however, insisted on transferring his son to Makati Medical Center.
After the respondent had signed the waiver, Dr. Casumpang, for the last time,
checked Edmer's condition, found that his blood pressure was stable, and noted that he
was "comfortable." The respondent requested for an ambulance but he was informed
that the driver was nowhere to be found. This prompted him to hire a private
ambulance that cost him P600.00. 23 DETACa

At 12:00 midnight, Edmer, accompanied by his parents and by Dr. Casumpang,

was transferred to Makati Medical Center.
Dr. Casumpang immediately gave the attending physician the patient's clinical
history and laboratory exam results. Upon examination, the attending physician
diagnosed "Dengue Fever Stage IV" that was already in its irreversible stage.
Edmer died at 4:00 in the morning of April 24, 1988. 24 His Death Certificate
indicated the cause of death as "Hypovolemic Shock/hemorrhagic shock;" "Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever Stage IV."
Believing that Edmer's death was caused by the negligent and erroneous
diagnosis of his doctors, the respondent instituted an action for damages against SJDH,
and its attending physicians: Dr. Casumpang and Dr. Miranda (collectively referred to as
the "petitioners") before the RTC of Makati City.
The Ruling of the Regional Trial Court
In a decision 25 dated May 30, 1997, the RTC ruled in favor of the respondent, and
awarded actual and moral damages, plus attorney's fees and costs.
In ruling that the petitioning doctors were negligent, the RTC found untenable the
petitioning doctors' contention that Edmer's initial symptoms did not indicate dengue
fever. It faulted them for heavily relying on the chest x-ray result and for not
considering the other manifestations that Edmer's parents had relayed. It held that in
diagnosing and treating an illness, the physician's conduct should be judged not only by
what he/she saw and knew, but also by what he/she could have reasonably seen and
known. It also observed that based on Edmer's signs and symptoms, his medical history
and physical examination, and also the information that the petitioning doctors
gathered from his family members, dengue fever was a reasonably foreseeable illness;
yet, the petitioning doctors failed to take a second look, much less, consider these
indicators of dengue.
The trial court also found that aside from their self-serving testimonies, the
petitioning doctors did not present other evidence to prove that they exercised the
proper medical attention in diagnosing and treating the patient, leading it to conclude
that they were guilty of negligence.
The RTC also held SJDH solidarily liable with the petitioning doctors for damages
based on the following findings of facts: first, Dr. Casumpang, as consultant, is an
ostensible agent of SJDH because before the hospital engaged his medical services,
it scrutinized and determined his fitness, qualifications, and competence as a medical
practitioner; and second, Dr. Miranda, as resident physician, is an employee of SJDH
because like Dr. Casumpang, the hospital, through its screening committee, scrutinized
and determined her qualifications, fitness, and competence before engaging her
services; the hospital also exercised control over her work.
The dispositive portion of the decision reads:
WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the plaintiff and
against the defendants, ordering the latter to pay solidarily and severally plaintiff
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 the following:
(1) Moral damages in the amount of P500,000.00;
(2) Costs of burial and funeral in the amount of P45,000.00;
(3) Attorney's fees of P50,000.00; and
(4) Cost of this suit.
SO ORDERED.
The petitioners appealed the decision to the CA. aDSIHc

The Ruling of the Court of Appeals

In its decision dated October 29, 2004, the CA affirmed en toto the RTC's ruling,
finding that SJDH and its attending physicians failed to exercise the minimum medical
care, attention, and treatment expected of an ordinary doctor under like circumstances.
The CA found the petitioning doctors' failure to read even the most basic signs of
"dengue fever" expected of an ordinary doctor as medical negligence. The CA also
considered the petitioning doctors' testimonies as self-serving, noting that they
presented no other evidence to prove that they exercised due diligence in diagnosing
Edmer's illness.
The CA likewise found Dr. Rodolfo Jaudian's ( Dr. Jaudian ) testimony admissible. It
gave credence to his opinion 26 that: (1) given the exhibited symptoms of the patient,
dengue fever should definitely be considered, and bronchopneumonia could be
reasonably ruled out; and (2) dengue fever could have been detected earlier than 7:30
in the evening of April 23, 1988 because the symptoms were already evident; and
agreed with the RTC that the petitioning doctors should not have solely relied on the
chest-x-ray result, as it was not conclusive.
On SJDH's solidary liability, the CA ruled that the hospital's liability is based on
Article 2180 of the Civil Code. The CA opined that the control which the hospital
exercises over its consultants, the hospital's power to hire and terminate their services,
all fulfill the employer-employee relationship requirement under Article 2180.
Lastly, the CA held that SJDH failed to adduce evidence showing that it exercised
the diligence of a good father of a family in the hiring and the supervision of its
physicians.
The petitioners separately moved to reconsider the CA decision, but the CA
denied their motion in its resolution of January 12, 2006; hence, the present
consolidated petitions pursuant to Rule 45 of the Rules of Court. ATICcS

The Petitions
I. Dr. Casumpang's Position (G.R. No. 171127)
Dr. Casumpang contends that he gave his patient medical treatment and care to
the best of his abilities, and within the proper standard of care required from physicians
under similar circumstances. He claims that his initial diagnosis of bronchopneumonia
was supported by the chest x-ray result.
Dr. Casumpang also contends that dengue fever occurs only after several days of
confinement. He alleged that when he had suspected that Edmer might be suffering
from dengue fever, he immediately attended and treated him.
Dr. Casumpang likewise raised serious doubts on Dr. Jaudian's credibility, arguing
that the CA erred in appreciating his testimony as an expert witness since he lacked the
necessary training, skills, and experience as a specialist in dengue fever cases.
II. Dr. Miranda's Position (G.R. No. 171217)
In her petition, Dr. Miranda faults the CA for holding her responsible for Edmer's
wrong diagnosis, stressing that the function of making the diagnosis and undertaking
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 the medical treatment devolved upon Dr. Casumpang, the doctor assigned to Edmer,
and who confirmed "bronchopneumonia."
Dr. Miranda also alleged that she exercised prudence in performing her duties as
a physician, underscoring that it was her professional intervention that led to the
correct diagnosis of "Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever." Furthermore, Edmer's Complete
Blood Count (CBC) showed leukopenia and an increase in balance as shown by the
differential count, demonstrating that Edmer's infection, more or less, is of bacterial
and not viral in nature.
Dr. Miranda as well argued that there is no causal relation between the alleged
erroneous diagnosis and medication for "Bronchopneumonia," and Edmer's death due to
"Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever."
Lastly, she claimed that Dr. Jaudian is not a qualified expert witness since he
never presented any evidence of formal residency training and fellowship status in
Pediatrics.
III. SJDH's Position (G.R. No. 171228)
SJDH, on the other hand, disclaims liability by asserting that Dr. Casumpang and
Dr. Miranda are mere independent contractors and "consultants" (not employees) of the
hospital. SJDH alleges that since it did not exercise control or supervision over the
consultants' exercise of medical profession, there is no employer-employee relationship
between them, and consequently, Article 2180 of the Civil Code does not apply.
SJDH likewise anchored the absence of employer-employee relationship on the
following circumstances: (1) SJDH does not hire consultants; it only grants them
privileges to admit patients in the hospital through accreditation; (2) SJDH does not pay
the consultants wages similar to an ordinary employee; (3) the consultants earn their
own professional fees directly from their patients; SJDH does not fire or terminate their
services; and (4) SJDH does not control or interfere with the manner and the means the
consultants use in the treatment of their patients. It merely provides them with
adequate space in exchange for rental payment.
Furthermore, SJDH claims that the CA erroneously applied the control test when it
treated the hospital's practice of accrediting consultants as an exercise of control. It
explained that the control contemplated by law is that which the employer exercises
over the: (i) end result; and the (ii) manner and means to be used to reach this end, and
not any kind of control, however significant, in accrediting the consultants.
SJDH moreover contends that even if the petitioning doctors are considered
employees and not merely consultants of the hospital, SJDH cannot still be held
solidarily liable under Article 2180 of the Civil Code because it observed the diligence of
a good father of a family in their selection and supervision as shown by the following:
(1) the adequate measures that the hospital undertakes to ascertain the petitioning
doctors' qualifications and medical competence; and (2) the documentary evidence that
the petitioning doctors presented to prove their competence in the field of pediatrics. 27
SJDH likewise faults the CA for ruling that the petitioning doctors are its agents,
claiming that this theory, aside from being inconsistent with the CA's finding of
employment relationship, is unfounded because: first, the petitioning doctors are
independent contractors, not agents of SJDH; and second, as a medical institution, SJDH
cannot practice medicine, much more, extend its personality to physicians to practice
medicine on its behalf.
Lastly, SJDH maintains that the petitioning doctors arrived at an intelligently
deduced and correct diagnosis. It claimed that based on Edmer's signs and symptoms
at the time of admission (i.e., one day fever, 28 bacterial infection, 29 and lack of
hemorrhagic manifestations 30), there was no reasonable indication yet that he was
suffering from dengue fever, and accordingly, their failure to diagnose dengue fever,
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 does not constitute negligence on their part.
The Case for the Respondent
In his comment, the respondent submits that the issues the petitioners raised are
mainly factual in nature, which a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the
Rules of Court does not allow. cSEDTC

In any case, he contends that the petitioning doctors were negligent in conducting
their medical examination and diagnosis based on the following: (1) the petitioning
doctors failed to timely diagnose Edmer's correct illness due to their non-observance of
the proper and acceptable standard of medical examination; (2) the petitioning doctors'
medical examination was not comprehensive, as they were always in a rush; and (3) the
petitioning doctors employed a guessing game in diagnosing bronchopneumonia.
The respondent also alleges that there is a causal connection between the
petitioning doctors' negligence and Edmer's untimely death, warranting the claim for
damages.
The respondent, too, asserted that SJDH is also negligent because it was not
equipped with proper paging system, has no bronchoscope, and its doctors are not
proportionate to the number of its patients. He also pointed out that out of the seven
resident physicians in the hospital, only two resident physicians were doing rounds at
the time of his son's confinement.
The Issues
The case presents to us the following issues:
1. Whether or not the petitioning doctors had committed "inexcusable lack of
precaution" in diagnosing and in treating the patient;
2. Whether or not the petitioner hospital is solidarily liable with the petitioning
doctors;
3. Whether or not there is a causal connection between the petitioners' negligent
act/omission and the patient's resulting death; and
4. Whether or not the lower courts erred in considering Dr. Rodolfo Tabangcora
Jaudian as an expert witness.
Our Ruling
We find the petition partly meritorious.
A Petition for Review on Certiorari
under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court
is Limited to Questions of Law.
The settled rule is that the Court's jurisdiction in a petition for review oncertiorari
under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court is limited only to the review of pure questions of
law. It is not the Court's function to inquire on the veracity of the appellate court's
factual findings and conclusions; this Court is not a trier of facts. 31
A question of law arises when there is doubt as to what the law is on a certain
state of facts, while there is a question of fact when the doubt arises as to the truth or
falsity of the alleged facts. 32
These consolidated petitions before us involve mixed questions of fact and
law. As a rule, we do not resolve questions of fact. However, in determining the legal
question of whether the respondent is entitled to claim damages under Article 2176 of
the Civil Code for the petitioners' alleged medical malpractice, the determination of the
factual issues — i.e., whether the petitioning doctors were grossly negligent in
diagnosing the patient's illness, whether there is causal relation between the
petitioners' act/omission and the patient's resulting death, and whether Dr. Jaudian is
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 qualified as an expert witness — must necessarily be resolved. We resolve these factual
questions solely for the purpose of determining the legal issues raised. SDAaTC

Medical Malpractice Suit as a

Specialized Area of Tort Law
The claim for damages is based on the petitioning doctors' negligence in
diagnosing and treating the deceased Edmer, the child of the respondent. It is a
medical malpractice suit , an action available to victims to redress a wrong
committed by medical professionals who caused bodily harm to, or the death of, a
patient. 33 As the term is used, the suit is brought whenever a medical practitioner or
health care provider fails to meet the standards demanded by his profession, or
deviates from this standard, and causes injury to the patient.
To successfully pursue a medical malpractice suit, the plaintiff (in this case, the
deceased patient's heir) must prove that the doctor either failed to do what a
reasonably prudent doctor would have done, or did what a reasonably prudent doctor
would not have done; and the act or omission had caused injury to the patient. 34 The
patient's heir/s bears the burden of proving his/her cause of action.
The Elements of a Medical Malpractice Suit
The elements of medical negligence are: (1) duty; (2) breach; (3) injury; and
(4) proximate causation.
Duty refers to the standard of behavior that imposes restrictions on one's
conduct. 35 It requires proof of professional relationship between the physician and the
patient. Without the professional relationship, a physician owes no duty to the patient,
and cannot therefore incur any liability.
A physician-patient relationship is created when a patient engages the services of
a physician, 36 and the latter accepts or agrees to provide care to the patient.37 The
establishment of this relationship is consensual, 38 and the acceptance by the physician
essential. The mere fact that an individual approaches a physician and seeks diagnosis,
advice or treatment does not create the duty of care unless the physician agrees. 39
The consent needed to create the relationship does not always need to be
express. 40 In the absence of an express agreement, a physician-patient relationship
may be implied from the physician's affirmative action to diagnose and/or treat a
patient, or in his participation in such diagnosis and/or treatment. 41 The usual
illustration would be the case of a patient who goes to a hospital or a clinic, and is
examined and treated by the doctor. In this case, we can infer, based on the
established and customary practice in the medical community that a patient-physician
relationship exists.
Once a physician-patient relationship is established, the legal duty of care follows.
The doctor accordingly becomes duty-bound to use at least the same standard of care
that a reasonably competent doctor would use to treat a medical condition under
similar circumstances.
Breach of duty occurs when the doctor fails to comply with, or improperly
performs his duties under professional standards. This determination is both factual and
legal, and is specific to each individual case. 42
If the patient, as a result of the breach of duty, is injured in body or in health,
actionable malpractice is committed, entitling the patient to damages. 43
To successfully claim damages, the patient must lastly prove the causal relation
between the negligence and the injury. This connection must be direct, natural, and
should be unbroken by any intervening efficient causes. In other words, the
negligence must be the proximate cause of the injury. 44 The injury or damage is
proximately caused by the physician's negligence when it appears, based on the
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 evidence and the expert testimony, that the negligence played an integral part in
causing the injury or damage, and that the injury or damage was either a direct result,
or a reasonably probable consequence of the physician's negligence. 45 acEHCD

a. The Relationship between Dr. Casumpang and Edmer

In the present case, the physician-patient relationship between Dr. Casumpang
and Edmer was created when the latter's parents sought the medical services of Dr.
Casumpang, and the latter knowingly accepted Edmer as a patient. Dr. Casumpang's
acceptance is implied from his affirmative examination, diagnosis and treatment of
Edmer. On the other hand, Edmer's parents, on their son's behalf, manifested their
consent by availing of the benefits of their health care plan, and by accepting the
hospital's assigned doctor without objections.
b. The Relationship between Dr. Miranda and Edmer
With respect to Dr. Miranda, her professional relationship with Edmer arose when
she assumed the obligation to provide resident supervision over the latter. As second
year resident doctor tasked to do rounds and assist other physicians, Dr. Miranda is
deemed to have agreed to the creation of physician-patient relationship with the
hospital's patients when she participated in the diagnosis and prescribed a course of
treatment for Edmer.
The undisputed evidence shows that Dr. Miranda examined Edmer twice (at
around 12:00 and 3:30 in the afternoon of April 23, 1988), and in both instances, she
prescribed treatment and participated in the diagnosis of Edmer's medical condition.
Her affirmative acts amounted to her acceptance of the physician-patient relationship,
and incidentally, the legal duty of care that went with it.
In Jarcia, Jr. v. People of the Philippines, 46 the Court found the doctors who merely
passed by and were requested to attend to the patient, liable for medical malpractice. It
held that a physician-patient relationship was established when they examined the
patient, and later assured the mother that everything was fine.
In the US case of Mead v. Legacy Health System, 47 the Court also considered the
rendering of an opinion in the course of the patient's care as the doctor's assent to the
physician-patient relationship. It ruled that the relationship was formed because of the
doctor's affirmative action.
Likewise, in Wax v. Johnson , 48 the court found that a physician-patient
relationship was formed between a physician who "contracts, agrees, undertakes, or
otherwise assumes" the obligation to provide resident supervision at a teaching
hospital, and the patient with whom the doctor had no direct or indirect contract.
Standard of Care and Breach of Duty
A determination of whether or not the petitioning doctors met the required
standard of care involves a question of mixed fact and law; it is factual as medical
negligence cases are highly technical in nature, requiring the presentation of expert
witnesses to provide guidance to the court on matters clearly falling within the domain
of medical science, and legal, insofar as the Court, after evaluating the expert
testimonies, and guided by medical literature, learned treatises, and its fund of
common knowledge, ultimately determines whether breach of duty took place.
Whether or not Dr. Casumpang and Dr. Miranda committed a breach of duty is to
be measured by the yardstick of professional standards observed by the other
members of the medical profession in good standing under similar circumstances. 49 It
is in this aspect of medical malpractice that expert testimony is essential to establish
not only the professional standards observed in the medical community, but also that
the physician's conduct in the treatment of care falls below such standard. 50
In the present case, expert testimony is crucial in determining first, the standard
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 medical examinations, tests, and procedures that the attending physicians should have
undertaken in the diagnosis and treatment of dengue fever; and second, the dengue
fever signs and symptoms that the attending physicians should have noticed and
considered .
Both the RTC and the CA relied largely on Dr. Jaudian's expert testimony on
dengue diagnosis and management to support their finding that the petitioning doctors
were guilty of breach of duty of care. SDHTEC

Dr. Jaudian testified that Edmer's rapid breathing, chest and stomach pain, fever,
and the presence of blood in his saliva are classic symptoms of dengue fever. According
to him, if the patient was admitted for chest pain, abdominal pain, and difficulty in
breathing coupled with fever, dengue fever should definitely be considered; 51 if the
patient spits coffee ground with the presence of blood, and the patient's platelet count
drops to 47,000, it becomes a clear case of dengue fever, and bronchopneumonia can
be reasonably ruled out. 52
Furthermore, the standard of care according to Dr. Jaudian is to administer oxygen
inhalation, analgesic, and fluid infusion or dextrose. 53 If the patient had twice vomited
fresh blood and thrombocytopenia has already occurred, the doctor should order blood
transfusion, monitoring of the patient every 30 minutes, hemostatic to stop bleeding,
and oxygen if there is difficulty in breathing. 54
We find that Dr. Casumpang, as Edmer's attending physician, did not act
according to these standards and, hence, was guilty of breach of duty. We do
not find Dr. Miranda liable for the reasons discussed below.
Dr. Casumpang's Negligence
a. Negligence in the Diagnosis
At the trial, Dr. Casumpang declared that a doctor's impression regarding a
patient's illness is 90% based on the physical examination, the information given by the
patient or the latter's parents, and the patient's medical history. 55 He testified that he
did not consider either dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever because the patient's
history showed that Edmer had low breath and voluntary submission, and that he was
up and about playing basketball. 56 He based his diagnosis of bronchopneumonia on
the following observations: "difficulty in breathing, clearing run nostril, harsh breath
sound, tight air, and sivilant sound." 57
It will be recalled that during Dr. Casumpang's first and second visits to Edmer, he
already had knowledge of Edmer's laboratory test result (CBC), medical history, and
symptoms (i.e., fever, rashes, rapid breathing, chest and stomach pain, throat irritation,
difficulty in breathing, and traces of blood in the sputum) . However, these
information did not lead Dr. Casumpang to the possibility that Edmer could
be suffering from either dengue fever, or dengue hemorrhagic fever , as he
clung to his diagnosis of broncho pneumonia. This means that given the
symptoms exhibited, Dr. Casumpang already ruled out the possibility of other diseases
like dengue.
In other words, it was lost on Dr. Casumpang that the characteristic symptoms of
dengue (as Dr. Jaudian testified) are: patient's rapid breathing; chest and stomach pain;
fever; and the presence of blood in his saliva. All these manifestations were present and
known to Dr. Casumpang at the time of his first and second visits to Edmer. While he
noted some of these symptoms in confirming bronchopneumonia, he did not seem to
have considered the patient's other manifestations in ruling out dengue fever or dengue
hemorrhagic fever. 58 To our mind, Dr. Casumpang selectively appreciated some, and
not all of the symptoms; worse, he casually ignored the pieces of information that could
have been material in detecting dengue fever. This is evident from the testimony of
Mrs. Cortejo:
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 TSN, Mrs. Cortejo, November 27, 1990
Q: Now, when Dr. Casumpang visited your son for the first time at 5:30 p.m., what
did he do, if any?
A: He examined my son by using stethoscope and after that, he confirmed to me
that my son was suffering from broncho pneumonia. AScHCD

Q: After he confirmed that your son was suffering broncho pneumonia, what did
you say if any?
A: Again, I told Dr. Casumpang, how come it was broncho pneumonia
when my son has no cough or colds .
Q: What was the answer of Dr. Casumpang to your statement?
xxx xxx xxx
A: And then, Dr. Casumpang answered "THAT'S THE USUAL BRONCHO
PNEUMONIA, NO COLDS, NO PHLEGM."
Q: How long did Dr. Casumpang stay in your son's room?
A: He stayed for a minute or 2.
xxx xxx xxx
Q: When Dr. Casumpang arrived at 9:00 o'clock a.m. on April 23, what did you tell
him, if any?
xxx xxx xxx
A: I told Dr. Casumpang. . . After examining my son using stethoscope
and nothing more, I told Dr. Casumpang about the traces of blood in
my son's sputum and I told him what is all about and he has throat
irritation.
Q: What did he tell you?
A: He just nodded his head but he did not take the initiative of looking at
the throat of my son.
Q: So what happened after that?
A: I also told Dr. Casumpang about his chest pain and also stomach pain .
Q: So what did Dr. Casumpang do after you have narrated all these
complaints of your son?
A: Nothing. He also noticed the rapid breathing of my son and my son
was almost moving because of rapid breathing and he is swaying in
the bed.
Q: Do you know what action was taken by Dr. Casumpang when you told
him that your son is experiencing a rapid breathing?
A: No action. He just asked me if my son has an asthma but I said none .
Q: So how long did Dr. Casumpang stay and attended your son on April
23?
A: More or less two (2) minutes then I followed him up to the door and I
repeated about the fever of my son.
Q: What did he tell you, if any, regarding that information you gave him
that your son had a fever?
A: He said, that is broncho pneumonia, It's only being active now .
[Emphasis supplied]
We also find it strange why Dr. Casumpang did not even bother to check Edmer's
throat despite knowing that as early as 9:00 in the morning of April 23, 1988, Edmer
had blood streaks in his sputum. Neither did Dr. Casumpang order confirmatory tests to
confirm the source of bleeding. The Physician's Progress Notes 59 stated: "Blood streaks
on phlegm can be due to bronchial irritation or congestion," which clearly showed that
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 Dr. Casumpang merely assumed, without confirmatory physical examination, that
bronchopneumonia caused the bleeding. AcICHD

Dr. Jaudian likewise opined that Dr. Casumpang's medical examination was not
comprehensive enough to reasonably lead to a correct diagnosis. 60 Dr. Casumpang
only used a stethoscope in coming up with the diagnosis that Edmer was suffering from
bronchopneumonia; he never confirmed this finding with the use of a bronchoscope.
Furthermore, Dr. Casumpang based his diagnosis largely on the chest x-ray result that
is generally inconclusive. 61
Significantly, it was only at around 5:00 in the afternoon of April 23, 1988 (after
Edmer's third episode of bleeding) that Dr. Casumpang ordered the conduct of
hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood typing, blood transfusion and tourniquet tests. These
tests came too late, as proven by: (1) the blood test results that came at about 6:00 in
the evening, confirming that Edmer's illness had developed to "Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever;" and (2) Dr. Jaudian's testimony that "dengue fever could have been detected
earlier than 7:30 in the evening of April 23, 1988 because the symptoms were already
evident." 62
In Spouses Flores v. Spouses Pineda, 63 a case involving a medical malpractice
suit, the Court ruled that the petitioner doctors were negligent because they failed to
immediately order tests to confirm the patient's illness. Despite the doctors' suspicion
that the patient could be suffering from diabetes, the former still proceeded to the D&C
operation. In that case, expert testimony showed that tests should have been ordered
immediately on admission to the hospital in view of the symptoms presented. The Court
held:
When a patient exhibits symptoms typical of a particular disease, these
symptoms should, at the very least, alert the physician of the possibility that the
patient may be afflicted with the suspected disease.
The Court also ruled that reasonable prudence would have shown that diabetes
and its complications were foreseeable harm. However, the petitioner doctors failed to
take this into consideration and proceeded with the D&C operation. Thus, the Court
ruled that they failed to comply with their duty to observe the standard of care to be
given to hyperglycemic/diabetic patients.
Similarly, in Jarcia, 64 involving the negligence of the doctors in failing to exercise
reasonable prudence in ascertaining the extent of the patient's injuries, this Court
declared that: caITAC

In failing to perform an extensive medical examination to

determine the extent of Roy, Jr.'s injuries, Dr. Jarcia and Dr. Bastan
were remiss of their duties as members of the medical profession.
Assuming for the sake of argument that they did not have the capacity to make
such thorough evaluation at that stage, they should have referred the patient to
another doctor with sufficient training and experience instead of assuring him
and his mother that everything was all right. [Emphasis supplied]
Even assuming that Edmer's symptoms completely coincided with the diagnosis of
bronchopneumonia (so that this diagnosis could not be considered "wrong"), we still
find Dr. Casumpang guilty of negligence.
First, we emphasize that we do not decide the correctness of a doctor's
diagnosis, or the accuracy of the medical findings and treatment. Our duty in
medical malpractice cases is to decide — based on the evidence adduced and expert
opinion presented — whether a breach of duty took place.
Second, we clarify that a wrong diagnosis is not by itself medical
malpractice. 65 Physicians are generally not liable for damages resulting from a bona
fide error of judgment. Nonetheless, when the physician's erroneous diagnosis was the
result of negligent conduct (e.g., neglect of medical history, failure to order the
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 appropriate tests, failure to recognize symptoms), it becomes an evidence of medical
malpractice.
Third, we also note that medicine is not an exact science;66 and doctors, or even
specialists, are not expected to give a 100% accurate diagnosis in treating patients who
come to their clinic for consultations. Error is possible as the exercise of judgment is
called for in considering and reading the exhibited symptoms, the results of tests, and
in arriving at definitive conclusions. But in doing all these, the doctor must have acted
according to acceptable medical practice standards.
In the present case, evidence on record established that in confirming the
diagnosis of bronchopneumonia, Dr. Casumpang selectively appreciated some and not
all of the symptoms presented, and failed to promptly conduct the appropriate tests to
confirm his findings. In sum, Dr. Casumpang failed to timely detect dengue fever, which
failure, especially when reasonable prudence would have shown that indications of
dengue were evident and/or foreseeable, constitutes negligence.
a. Negligence in the Treatment and Management of Dengue
Apart from failing to promptly detect dengue fever, Dr. Casumpang also failed
to promptly undertake the proper medical management needed for this disease.
As Dr. Jaudian opined, the standard medical procedure once the patient had
exhibited the classic symptoms of dengue fever should have been: oxygen inhalation,
use of analgesic, and infusion of fluids or dextrose; 67 and once the patient had twice
vomited fresh blood, the doctor should have ordered: blood transfusion, monitoring of
the patient every 30 minutes, hemostatic to stop bleeding, and oxygen if there is
difficulty in breathing. 68
Dr. Casumpang failed to measure up to these standards. The evidence strongly
suggests that he ordered a transfusion of platelet concentrate instead of blood
transfusion. The tourniquet test was only conducted after Edmer's second episode of
bleeding, and the medical management (as reflected in the records) did not include
antibiotic therapy and complete physical examination.
Dr. Casumpang's testimony states:
Q: Now, after entertaining — After considering that the patient Edmer Cortero was
already suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever, what did you do, if any? ICHDca

A: We ordered close monitoring of the blood pressure, the cardiac rate

and respiratory rate of the patient.
Q: Now, was your instructions carried on?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: What was the blood pressure of the patient?
A: During those times, the blood pressure of the patient was even normal during
those times.
Q: How about the respiratory rate?
A: The respiratory rate was fast because the patient in the beginning since
admission had difficulty in breathing.
Q: Then, after that, what did you do with the patient? Doctor?
A: We transfused platelet concentrate and at the same time, we monitor
[sic] the patient.
Q: Then, who monitor [sic] the patient?
A: The pediatric resident on duty at that time .
Q: Now, what happened after that?
Q: While monitoring the patient, all his vital signs were _____; his blood pressure
was normal so we continued with the supportive management at that time.
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 Q: Now, after that?
A: In the evening of April 23, 1988, I stayed in the hospital and I was informed by
the pediatric resident on duty at around 11:15 in the evening that the blood
pressure of the patient went down to .60 palpatory.
Q: What did you do upon receipt of that information?
A: I immediately went up to the room of the patient and we changed the
IV fluid from the present fluid which was D5 0.3 sodium chloride to
lactated ringers solution.
Q: You mean to say you increased the dengue [sic] of the intervenus [sic]
fluid?
A: We changed the IV fluid because lactated ringers was necessary to
resume the volume and to bring back the blood pressure, to
increase the blood pressure. [Emphasis supplied]
Although Dr. Casumpang presented the testimonies of Dr. Rodolfo Jagonap and
Dr. Ellewelyn Pasion ( Dr. Pasion ), Personnel Officer and Medical Director of SJDH,
respectively as well as the testimonies of Dr. Livelo and Dr. Reyes (the radiologist who
read Edmer's chest x-ray result), these witnesses failed to dispute the standard of
action that Dr. Jaudian established in his expert opinion. We cannot consider them
expert witnesses either for the sole reason that they did not testify on the standard of
care in dengue cases. 69
On the whole, after examining the totality of the adduced evidence, we find that
the lower courts correctly did not rely on Dr. Casumpang's claim that he exercised
prudence and due diligence in handling Edmer's case. Aside from being self-serving, his
claim is not supported by competent evidence. As the lower courts did, we rely on the
uncontroverted fact that he failed, as a medical professional, to observe the most
prudent medical procedure under the circumstances in diagnosing and treating Edmer.
Dr. Miranda is Not Liable for Negligence
In considering the case of Dr. Miranda, the junior resident physician who was on-
duty at the time of Edmer's confinement, we see the need to draw distinctions between
the responsibilities and corresponding liability of Dr. Casumpang, as the attending
physician, and that of Dr. Miranda. TCAScE

In his testimony, Dr. Pasion declared that resident applicants are generally
doctors of medicine licensed to practice in the Philippines and who would like to pursue
a particular specialty. 70 They are usually the front line doctors responsible for the first
contact with the patient. During the scope of the residency program, 71 resident
physicians (or "residents") 72 function under the supervision of attending physicians 73
or of the hospital's teaching staff. Under this arrangement, residents operate merely as
subordinates who usually defer to the attending physician on the decision to be made
and on the action to be taken.
The attending physician, on the other hand, is primarily responsible for managing
the resident's exercise of duties. While attending and resident physicians share the
collective responsibility to deliver safe and appropriate care to the patients, 74 it is the
attending physician who assumes the principal responsibility of patient care. 75 Because
he/she exercises a supervisory role over the resident, and is ultimately responsible for
the diagnosis and treatment of the patient, the standards applicable to and the liability
of the resident for medical malpractice is theoretically less than that of the attending
physician. These relative burdens and distinctions, however, do not translate to
immunity from the legal duty of care for residents, 76 or from the responsibility arising
from their own negligent act.
In Jenkins v. Clark, 77 the Ohio Court of Appeals held that the applicable standard
of care in medical malpractice cases involving first-year residents was that of a
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 reasonably prudent physician and not that of interns. According to Jenkins:
It is clear that the standard of care required of physicians is not an
individualized one but of physicians in general in the community. In order to
establish medical malpractice, it must be shown by a preponderance of the
evidence that a physician did some particular thing or things that a physician or
surgeon of ordinary skill, care and diligence would not have done under like or
similar conditions or circumstances, or that he failed or omitted to do some
particular thing or things that a physician or surgeon of ordinary skill, care and
diligence would have done under like or similar conditions or circumstances, and
that the inquiry complained of was the direct result of such doing or failing to do
such thing or things.
We note that the standard of instruction given by the court was indeed a
proper one. It clearly informed the jury that the medical care required is
that of reasonably careful physicians or hospital emergency room
operators, not of interns or residents. [Emphasis supplied]
A decade later, Centman v. Cobb, 78 affirmed the Jenkins ruling and held that
interns and first-year residents are "practitioners of medicine required to exercise the
same standard of care applicable to physicians with unlimited licenses to practice." The
Indiana Court held that although a first-year resident practices under a temporary
medical permit, he/she impliedly contracts that he/she has the reasonable and ordinary
qualifications of her profession and that he/she will exercise reasonable skill, diligence,
and care in treating the patient.
We find that Dr. Miranda was not independently negligent . Although she
had greater patient exposure, and was subject to the same standard of care applicable
to attending physicians, we believe that a finding of negligence should also depend on
several competing factors, among them, her authority to make her own diagnosis, the
degree of supervision of the attending physician over her, and the shared responsibility
between her and the attending physicians.
In this case, before Dr. Miranda attended to Edmer, both Dr. Livelo and Dr.
Casumpang had diagnosed Edmer with bronchopneumonia. In her testimony, Dr.
Miranda admitted that she had been briefed about Edmer's condition, his medical
history, and initial diagnosis; 79 and based on these pieces of information, she
confirmed the finding of bronchopneumonia. cTDaEH

Dr. Miranda likewise duly reported to Dr. Casumpang, who admitted receiving
updates regarding Edmer's condition. 80 There is also evidence supporting Dr. Miranda's
claim that she extended diligent care to Edmer. In fact, when she suspected — during
Edmer's second episode of bleeding — that Edmer could be suffering from dengue
fever, she wasted no time in conducting the necessary tests, and promptly notified Dr.
Casumpang about the incident. Indubitably, her medical assistance led to the finding of
dengue fever.
We note however, that during Edmer's second episode of bleeding, 81 Dr. Miranda
failed to immediately examine and note the cause of the blood specimen. Like Dr.
Casumpang, she merely assumed that the blood in Edmer's phlegm was caused by
bronchopneumonia. Her testimony states:
TSN, June 8, 1993:
Q: Let us get this clear, you said that the father told you the patient cocked [sic]
out phlegm.
A: With blood streak.
Q: Now, you stated specimen, were you not able to examine the
specimen?
A: No, sir, I did not because according to the father he wash [sic] his
hands.
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 xxx xxx xxx
Q: Now, from you knowledge, what does that indicate if the patient expels a
phlegm and blood streak?
A: If a patient cocked [sic] out phlegm then the specimen could have come from
the lung alone. 82 [Emphasis supplied]
xxx xxx xxx
TSN, June 17, 1993:
Q: Now, in the first meeting you had, when that was relayed to you by the father
that Edmer Cortejo had coughed out blood, what medical action did you
take?
A: I examined the patient and I thought that, that coughed out phlegm was a
product of broncho pneumonia.
xxx xxx xxx
Q: So what examination did you specifically conduct to see that there was no
internal bleeding?
A: At that time I did not do anything to determine the cause of coughing
of the blood because I presumed that it was a mucous (sic)
produced by broncho pneumonia, And besides the patient did not
even show any signs of any other illness at that time. 83
Based on her statements we find that Dr. Miranda was not entirely faultless.
Nevertheless, her failure to discern the import of Edmer's second bleeding
does not necessarily amount to negligence as the respondent himself admitted
that Dr. Miranda failed to examine the blood specimen because he washed it away. In
addition, considering the diagnosis previously made by two doctors, and the
uncontroverted fact that the burden of final diagnosis pertains to the attending
physician (in this case, Dr. Casumpang), we believe that Dr. Miranda's error was merely
an honest mistake of judgment influenced in no small measure by her status in the
hospital hierarchy; hence, she should not be held liable for medical negligence. cSaATC

Dr. Jaudian's Professional Competence and Credibility

One of the critical issues the petitioners raised in the proceedings before the
lower court and before this Court was Dr. Jaudian's competence and credibility as an
expert witness. The petitioners tried to discredit his expert testimony on the ground
that he lacked the proper training and fellowship status in pediatrics.
• Criteria in Qualifying as an Expert Witness
The competence of an expert witness is a matter for the trial court to decide upon
in the exercise of its discretion. The test of qualification is necessarily a relative one,
depending upon the subject matter of the investigation, and the fitness of the expert
witness. 84 In our jurisdiction, the criterion remains to be the expert witness' special
knowledge experience and practical training that qualify him/her to explain
highly technical medical matters to the Court.
In Ramos v. Court of Appeals, 85 the Court found the expert witness, who is a
pulmonologist, not qualified to testify on the field of anesthesiology. Similarly, in Cereno
v. Court of Appeals , 86 a 2012 case involving medical negligence, the Court excluded
the testimony of an expert witness whose specialty was anesthesiology, and concluded
that an anesthesiologist cannot be considered an expert in the field of surgery or even
in surgical practices and diagnosis.
Interestingly in this case, Dr. Jaudian, the expert witness was admittedly not a
pediatrician but a practicing physician who specializes in pathology. 87 He likewise does
not possess any formal residency training in pediatrics. Nonetheless, both the lower
courts found his knowledge acquired through study and practical experience sufficient
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 to advance an expert opinion on dengue-related cases.
We agree with the lower courts.
A close scrutiny of Ramos and Cereno reveals that the Court primarily based the
witnesses' disqualification to testify as an expert on their incapacity to shed light on the
standard of care that must be observed by the defendant physicians. That the expert
witnesses' specialties do not match the physicians' practice area only constituted, at
most, one of the considerations that should not be taken out of context. After all, the
sole function of a medical expert witness, regardless of his/her specialty, is to afford
assistance to the courts on medical matters, and to explain the medical facts in issue. CHTAIc

Furthermore, there was no reasonable indication in Ramos and Cereno that the
expert witnesses possess a sufficient familiarity with the standard of care applicable to
the physicians' specialties.
US jurisprudence on medical malpractice demonstrated the trial courts' wide
latitude of discretion in allowing a specialist from another field to testify against a
defendant specialist.
In Brown v. Sims, 88 a neurosurgeon was found competent to give expert
testimony regarding a gynecologist's standard of pre-surgical care. In that case, the
court held that since negligence was not predicated on the gynecologist's negligent
performance of the operation, but primarily on the claim that the pre-operative histories
and physicals were inadequate, the neurosurgeon was competent to testify as an
expert.
Frost v. Mayo Clinic 89 also allowed an orthopedic surgeon to testify against a
neurologist in a medical malpractice action. The court considered that the orthopedic
surgeon's opinion on the "immediate need for decompression" need not come from a
specialist in neurosurgery. The court held that:
It is well established that "the testimony of a qualified medical doctor cannot be
excluded simply because he is not a specialist . . . ." The matter of ". . . training
and specialization of the witness goes to the weight rather than admissibility . . .
."
xxx xxx xxx
It did not appear to the court that a medical doctor had to be a specialist in
neurosurgery to express the opinions permitted to be expressed by plaintiffs'
doctors, e.g., the immediate need for a decompression in the light of certain
neurological deficits in a post-laminectomy patient. As stated above, there was
no issue as to the proper execution of the neurosurgery. The medical testimony
supported plaintiffs' theory of negligence and causation. (Citations omitted)
In another case, 90 the court declared that it is the specialist's knowledge of
the requisite subject matter, rather than his/her specialty that determines
his/her qualification to testify.
Also in Evans v. Ohanesian, 91 the court set a guideline in qualifying an expert
witness:
To qualify a witness as a medical expert, it must be shown that the witness
(1) has the required professional knowledge, learning and skill of the
subject under inquiry sufficient to qualify him to speak with authority
on the subject; and (2) is familiar with the standard required of a
physician under similar circumstances; where a witness has disclosed
sufficient knowledge of the subject to entitle his opinion to go to the jury, the
question of the degree of his knowledge goes more to the weight of the evidence
than to its admissibility.
xxx xxx xxx
Nor is it critical whether a medical expert is a general practitioner or a
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 specialist so long as he exhibits knowledge of the subject. Where a duly
licensed and practicing physician has gained knowledge of the standard
of care applicable to a specialty in which he is not directly engaged but
as to which he has an opinion based on education, experience,
observation, or association wit that specialty, his opinion is competent.
(Emphasis supplied) EATCcI

Finally, Brown v. Mladineo 92 adhered to the principle that the witness' familiarity,
and not the classification by title or specialty, which should control issues regarding the
expert witness' qualifications:
The general rule as to expert testimony in medical malpractice actions is
that "a specialist in a particular branch within a profession will not be required."
Most courts allow a doctor to testify if they are satisfied of his familiarity with the
standards of a specialty, though he may not practice the specialty himself. One
court explained that "it is the scope of the witness' knowledge and not the
artificial classification by title that should govern the threshold question of
admissibility. (Citations omitted)
• Application to the Present Case
In the case and the facts before us, we find that Dr. Jaudian is competent to testify
on the standard of care in dengue fever cases.
Although he specializes in pathology, it was established during trial that he had
attended not less than 30 seminars held by the Pediatric Society, had exposure in
pediatrics, had been practicing medicine for 16 years, and had handled not less than 50
dengue related cases.
As a licensed medical practitioner specializing in pathology, who had practical and
relevant exposure in pediatrics and dengue related cases, we are convinced that Dr.
Jaudian demonstrated sufficient familiarity with the standard of care to be applied in
dengue fever cases. Furthermore, we agree that he possesses knowledge and
experience sufficient to qualify him to speak with authority on the subject.
The Causation between Dr. Casumpang's
Negligent Act/Omission, and the Patient's
Resulting Death was Adequately Proven
Dr. Jaudian's testimony strongly suggests that due to Dr. Casumpang's failure to
timely diagnose Edmer with dengue, the latter was not immediately given the proper
treatment. In fact, even after Dr. Casumpang had discovered Edmer's real illness, he
still failed to promptly perform the standard medical procedure. We agree with these
findings.
As the respondent had pointed out, dengue fever, if left untreated, could be a life
threatening disease. As in any fatal diseases, it requires immediate medical attention.
93 With the correct and timely diagnosis, coupled with the proper medical management,
dengue fever is not a life-threatening disease and could easily be cured. 94
Furthermore, as Dr. Jaudian testified, with adequate intensive care, the mortality
rate of dengue fever should fall to less than 2%. Hence, the survival of the patient is
directly related to early and proper management of the illness. 95
To reiterate, Dr. Casumpang failed to timely diagnose Edmer with dengue fever
despite the presence of its characteristic symptoms; and as a consequence of the
delayed diagnosis, he also failed to promptly manage Edmer's illness. Had he
immediately conducted confirmatory tests, (i.e., tourniquet tests and series of blood
tests) and promptly administered the proper care and management needed for dengue
fever, the risk of complications or even death, could have been substantially reduced.
Furthermore, medical literature on dengue shows that early diagnosis and
management of dengue is critical in reducing the risk of complications and avoiding
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 further spread of the virus. 96 That Edmer later died of "Hypovolemic
Shock/hemorrhagic shock," "Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Stage IV," a severe and fatal
form of dengue fever, established the causal link between Dr. Casumpang's negligence
and the injury.
Based on these considerations, we rule that the respondent successfully proved
the element of causation.
Liability of SJDH
We now discuss the liability of the hospital.
The respondent submits that SJDH should not only be held vicariously liable for
the petitioning doctors' negligence but also for its own negligence. He claims that SJDH
fell short of its duty of providing its patients with the necessary facilities and equipment
as shown by the following circumstances: DHITCc

(a) SJDH was not equipped with proper paging system;

(b) the number of its doctors is not proportionate to the number of patients;
(c) SJDH was not equipped with a bronchoscope;
(d) when Edmer's oxygen was removed, the medical staff did not immediately
provide him with portable oxygen;
(e) when Edmer was about to be transferred to another hospital, SJDH's was not
ready and had no driver; and
(f) despite Edmer's critical condition, there was no doctor attending to him from
5:30 p.m. of April 22, to 9:00 a.m. of April 23, 1988.
SJDH on the other hand disclaims liability by claiming that the petitioning doctors
are not its employees but are mere consultants and independent contractors.
We affirm the hospital's liability not on the basis of Article 2180 of the Civil Code,
but on the basis of the doctrine of apparent authority or agency by estoppel.
There is No Employer-Employee Relationship
between SJDH and the Petitioning Doctors
In determining whether an employer-employee relationship exists between the
parties, the following elements must be present: (1) selection and engagement of
services; (2) payment of wages; (3) the power to hire and fire; and (4) the power to
control not only the end to be achieved, but the means to be used in reaching such an
end. 97
Control, which is the most crucial among the elements, is not present in this case.
Based on the records, no evidence exists showing that SJDH exercised any degree
of control over the means, methods of procedure and manner by which the petitioning
doctors conducted and performed their medical profession. SJDH did not control their
diagnosis and treatment. Likewise, no evidence was presented to show that SJDH
monitored, supervised, or directed the petitioning doctors in the treatment and
management of Edmer's case. In these lights, the petitioning doctors were not
employees of SJDH, but were mere independent contractors.
SJDH is Solidarily Liable Based
on the Principle of Agency or Doctrine
of Apparent Authority
Despite the absence of employer-employee relationship between SJDH and the
petitioning doctors, SJDH is not free from liability. 98
As a rule, hospitals are not liable for the negligence of its independent
contractors. However, it may be found liable if the physician or independent contractor

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 acts as an ostensible agent of the hospital. This exception is also known as the
"doctrine of apparent authority." 99
The US case of Gilbert v. Sycamore Municipal Hospital 100 abrogated the hospitals'
immunity to vicarious liability of independent contractor physicians. In that case, the
Illinois Supreme Court held that under the doctrine of apparent authority, hospitals
could be found vicariously liable for the negligence of an independent contractor: cEaSHC

Therefore, we hold that, under the doctrine of apparent authority, a

hospital can be held vicariously liable for the negligent acts of a physician
providing care at the hospital, regardless of whether the physician is an
independent contractor, unless the patient knows, or should have known, that
the physician is an independent contractor. The elements of the action have been
set out as follows:
For a hospital to be liable under the doctrine of apparent authority, a
plaintiff must show that: (1) the hospital, or its agent, acted in a
manner that would lead a reasonable person to conclude that
the individual who was alleged to be negligent was an
employee or agent of the hospital; (2) where the acts of the
agent create the appearance of authority, the plaintiff must
also prove that the hospital had knowledge of and acquiesced
in them; and (3) the plaintiff acted in reliance upon the
conduct of the hospital or its agent, consistent with ordinary
care and prudence. (Emphasis supplied)
The doctrine was applied in Nogales v. Capitol Medical Center 101 where this
Court, through the ponencia of Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio, discussed the two
factors in determining hospital liability as follows:
The first factor focuses on the hospital's manifestations and is sometimes
described as an inquiry whether the hospital acted in a manner which would lead
a reasonable person to conclude that the individual who was alleged to be
negligent was an employee or agent of the hospital. In this regard, the hospital
need not make express representations to the patient that the treating physician
is an employee of the hospital; rather a representation may be general and
implied.
xxx xxx xxx
The second factor focuses on the patient's reliance. It is sometimes
characterized as an inquiry on whether the plaintiff acted in reliance upon the
conduct of the hospital or its agent, consistent with ordinary care and prudence.
(Citation omitted)
In sum, a hospital can be held vicariously liable for the negligent acts of a
physician (or an independent contractor) providing care at the hospital if the plaintiff
can prove these two factors: first , the hospital's manifestations; and second, the
patient's reliance.
a. Hospital's manifestations
It involves an inquiry on whether the hospital acted in a manner that would lead a
reasonable person to conclude that the individual alleged to be negligent was an
employee or agent of the hospital. As pointed out in Nogales, the hospital need not
make express representations to the patient that the physician or independent
contractor is an employee of the hospital; representation may be general and implied.
102

In Pamperin v. Trinity Memorial Hospital , 103 questions were raised on "what acts
by the hospital or its agent are sufficient to lead a reasonable person to conclude that
the individual was an agent of the hospital." In ruling that the hospital's manifestations
can be proven without the express representation by the hospital, the court relied on
several cases from other jurisdictions, and held that:

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 (1) the hospital, by providing emergency room care and by failing to advise
patients that they were being treated by the hospital's agent and not its
employee, has created the appearance of agency; and
(2) patients entering the hospital through the emergency room, could properly
assume that the treating doctors and staff of the hospital were acting on its
behalf.
In this case, the court considered the act of the hospital of holding itself out as
provider of complete medical care, and considered the hospital to have impliedly
created the appearance of authority.
b. Patient's reliance
It involves an inquiry on whether the plaintiff acted in reliance on the conduct of
the hospital or its agent, consistent with ordinary care and prudence. 104
In Pamperin , the court held that the important consideration in determining the
patient's reliance is: whether the plaintiff is seeking care from the hospital itself or
whether the plaintiff is looking to the hospital merely as a place for his/her personal
physician to provide medical care. 105
Thus, this requirement is deemed satisfied if the plaintiff can prove that he/she
relied upon the hospital to provide care and treatment, rather than upon a specific
physician. In this case, we shall limit the determination of the hospital's apparent
authority to Dr. Casumpang, in view of our finding that Dr. Miranda is not liable for
negligence. CTIEac

SJDH Clothed Dr. Casumpang with Apparent Authority

SJDH impliedly held out and clothed Dr. Casumpang with apparent authority
leading the respondent to believe that he is an employee or agent of the hospital.
Based on the records, the respondent relied on SJDH rather than upon Dr.
Casumpang, to care and treat his son Edmer. His testimony during trial showed that he
and his wife did not know any doctors at SJDH; they also did not know that Dr.
Casumpang was an independent contractor. They brought their son to SJDH for
diagnosis because of their family doctor's referral. The referral did not specifically point
to Dr. Casumpang or even to Dr. Miranda, but to SJDH.
Significantly, the respondent had relied on SJDH's representation of Dr.
Casumpang's authority. To recall, when Mrs. Cortejo presented her Fortune Care card,
she was initially referred to the Fortune Care coordinator, who was then out of town.
She was thereafter referred to Dr. Casumpang, who is also accredited with Fortune
Care. In both instances, SJDH through its agent failed to advise Mrs. Cortejo that Dr.
Casumpang is an independent contractor.
Mrs. Cortejo accepted Dr. Casumpang's services on the reasonable belief that
such were being provided by SJDH or its employees, agents, or servants. By referring
Dr. Casumpang to care and treat for Edmer, SJDH impliedly held out Dr.
Casumpang, not only as an accredited member of Fortune Care, but also as a
member of its medical staff. SJDH cannot now disclaim liability since there is no
showing that Mrs. Cortejo or the respondent knew, or should have known, that Dr.
Casumpang is only an independent contractor of the hospital. In this case, estoppel has
already set in.
We also stress that Mrs. Cortejo's use of health care plan (Fortune Care ) did not
affect SJDH's liability. The only effect of the availment of her Fortune Care card benefits
is that her choice of physician is limited only to physicians who are accredited with
Fortune Care. Thus, her use of health care plan in this case only limited the choice of
doctors (or coverage of services, amount, etc.) and not the liability of doctors or the
hospital.
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 WHEREFORE, premises considered, this Court PARTLY GRANTS the
consolidated petitions. The Court finds Dr. Noel Casumpang and San Juan de Dios
Hospital solidarily liable for negligent medical practice. We SET ASIDE the finding of
liability as to Dr. Ruby Sanga-Miranda. The amounts of P45,000.00 as actual damages
and P500,000.00 as moral damages should each earn legal interest at the rate of six
percent (6%) per annum computed from the date of the judgment of the trial court. The
Court AFFIRMS the rest of the Decision dated October 29, 2004 and the Resolution
dated January 12, 2006 in CA-G.R. CV No. 56400.
SO ORDERED.
Carpio, Villarama, Jr., * Mendoza and Leonen, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
* Designated as additional member in lieu of Associate Justice Mariano C. Del Castillo per raffle
dated February 9, 2015.
1. Under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
2. Rollo , (G.R. No. 171127) pp. 19-32, penned by Associate Justice Vicente Q. Roxas and
concurred in by Associate Justice Salvador J. Valdez, Jr. and Associate Justice Juan Q.
Enriquez, Jr.
3. Id. at 34-38.
4. TSN, Jesusa Cortejo, November 27, 1990, pp. 2-3; TSN, Ramoncito Livelo, February 16,
1993, pp. 5-6. (per rollo, G.R. No. 171228, pp. 106-107)
5. TSN, May 2, 1991, pp. 12-16.
6. TSN, Dr. Ramoncito Livelo, February 16, 1993, pp. 5-6.
7. Id.
8. TSN, Jesusa Cortejo, November 27, 1990, pp. 5-7.

9. Id. at 7.
10. Id. at 4-5.
11. Id. at 14.
12. Id. at 8.
13. Id.
14. Id. at 5-7.
15. More of coffee ground material.
16. TSN, Nelson Cortejo, July 16, 1991, pp. 6-8. Nelson Cortejo testified that his son vomited a
brown liquid and particles that look like dead blood.
17. Id. at 10.
18. TSN, Ruby Sanga-Miranda, June 8, 1988, pp. 13-19.

19. TSN, Nelson Cortejo, July 16, 1991, p. 12.

20. Id. at 11-13.
21. Id.
22. TSN, Ruby Sanga-Miranda, June 10, 1993, pp. 35-36.
23. TSN, Nelson Cortejo, July 16, 1991, p. 20.
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 24. RTC Records, p. 211.
25. CA rollo, pp. 535-551.

26. "[If] the patient is admitted for chest pain, abdominal pain, and difficulty of breathing,
dengue fever will definitely be considered;" "if the patient expectorated coffee ground,
and with the presence of bleeding, it is a clear case of dengue fever, broncho pneumonia
could be reasonably ruled out;" "if the patient complained of rapid breathing, chest and
stomach pain, the management should be oxygen inhalation, analgesic, and infuse
liquids or dextrose;" "if the patient had expectorated fresh blood twice already and
thrombocytopenia has occurred, management should be blood transfusion, monitoring
every 30 minutes, give hemostatic to stop bleeding, and oxygen if there is difficulty in
breathing;" "where the platelet count drops to 47,000, dengue fever is foremost in
physician's mind, and the management should be fresh blood infusion and supportive
measures like oxygen and inhalation;" "that if presented with symptoms, tourniquet test
and management is the proper treatment of this disease, and that it is possible that
dengue fever could be detected earlier than 7:30 P.M. of April 23, 1988 because the
symptoms were physically noted even by the parents and hospital personnel due to
bleeding coupled with history of fever."
27. As to Dr. Casumpang: i. Certification of Residency in Pediatrics; ii. Certificate of Award
certifying that he was considered to be the Most Outstanding Resident Physician in the
Department of Pediatrics; and iii. Certificate of recognition as a Diplomate issued by the
Philippine Pediatrics Society.
As to Dr. Miranda: i. Board Examination Certificate showing that she passed the board
examination; ii. Certification of Completion of Residency Training; and iii. Certificate of
recognition as a Diplomate in Pediatrics. (per rollo, G.R. No. 171228, pp. 42-43)
28. As stated by Dr. Miranda, and as SJDH claims, dengue manifests as a high grade fever that
is continuous for two (2) to seven (7) days. In this case, the petitioner doctors were
presented with a patient with a clinical history of one day fever. (per rollo, G.R. No.
171228, pp. 56-57).
29. In its petition, SJDH claimed that as opposed to Edmer's white blood cell (WBC) profile
indicating a bacterial infection, dengue fever is caused not by a bacterium, but by a
virus. (per rollo, G.R. No. 171228, pp. 56-57).
30. SJDH substantiated its claim that there were no indications of dengue fever yet at the time
of Edmer's admission by claiming that the latter was not hemoconcentrated and did not
have thrombocytopenia. It also claimed that Edmer had no hemorrhagic manifestations
at the time of his admission and until the following day. (per rollo, G.R. No. 171228, pp.
56-58).
31. First Metro Investment Corporation v. Este Del Sol Mountain Reserve, Inc., et al., 420 Phil.
902, 914 (2001).
32. Land Bank of the Philippines v. Yatco Agricultural Enterprises, G.R. No. 172551, January 15,
2014, 713 SCRA 370, 379.
33. Spouses Flores v. Spouses Pineda , 591 Phil. 699, 706 (2008).
34. Garcia-Rueda v. Pascasio , 344 Phil. 323, 331 (1997).

35. Martin, C.R.A., Law Relating to Medical Malpractice (2nd Ed.), p. 361.
36. Lucas v. Tuaño , 604 Phil. 98, 121 (2009).
37. 61 Am Jur 2d § 130 p. 247.
38. Findlay v. Board of Supervisors of Mohave County, 72 Ariz 58, 230 P2.d 526, 24 A.L.R.2d.
39. Basic Elements of the Legal System of Physician Liability for Negligent Patient Injury in the
United States with Comparisons to England and Canada. Frank G. Feeley, Wendy K.
Mariner, 4 February 2000,
http://dcc2.bumc.bu.edu/RussianLegalHealthReform/ProjectDocuments/n740.IIG.Bkgd.pdf.
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 40. Problems in Health Care Law, Robert Miller, Rebecca C. Hutton, 8th Edition.
41. Kelley v. Middle Tennessee Emergency Physicians , 133 SW3d 587, 596 (Tenn 2004).
42. Basic Elements of the Legal System of Physician Liability for Negligent Patient Injury in the
United States with Comparisons to England and Canada. Frank G. Feeley, Wendy K.
Mariner, 4 February 2000,
http://dcc2.bumc.bu.edu/RussianLegalHealthReform/ProjectDocuments/n740.IIG.Bkgd.pdf.
43. Supra note 33.
44. Jarcia, Jr. v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 187926, February 15, 2012, 666 SCRA 336,
351-359.
45. Dissecting Philippine Law and Jurisprudence on Medical Malpractice, Darwin P. Angeles, A
Framework of Philippine Medical Malpractice Law, 85 PHIL. L.J. 895, (2011).
46. Supra note 44.
47. 231, Or App 451, 220 P3d 118 (Or 2009).
48. 42 SW3d 168 (Tex App-Houston 1st Dist 2001).
49. Cruz v. Court of Appeals, 346 Phil. 872, 883 (1997).
50. Solidum v. People , G.R. No. 192123, March 10, 2014.
51. TSN, January 30, 1992, p. 11.
52. Id.
53. Id. at 15.
54. Id.
55. Id. at 10.
56. Id.

57. Id. at 8.
58. Id. at 11-13.
59. Rollo , (G.R. No. 171228) pp. 263-265.
60. Rollo , (G.R. No. 171127) p. 62.
61. Id. at 64-65.
62. TSN, February 27, 1992, p. 8.
63. Supra note 33.
64. Supra note 44. This is a criminal case for reckless imprudence resulting to serious physical
injuries filed against Dr. Jarcia, Dr. Bastan, and Dr. Pamittan.
65. 61 Am Jur 2d, 190; The question in professional malpractice suits is not whether a
physician had made a mistake but whether he or she used ordinary care.
66. 22A Am Jur 2d, 570.
67. TSN, January 30, 1992, p. 15 (per rollo, G.R. No. 171228, p. 82).
68. Id.
69. These witnesses were presented as ordinary witnesses.
70. TSN, January 26, 1993, p. 6.
71. Residency is a period of advanced medical training and education that normally follows
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 graduation from medical school and licensing to practice medicine and that consists of a
specialty in a hospital and in its outpatient department and instruction from specialists
on the hospital staff. Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, p. 648.
72. A physician serving a residency; Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, p. 648.
73. A physician or surgeon on the staff of a hospital, regularly visiting and treating patients
and often supervising students, fellows, and the house staff; Merriam-Webster's Medical
Dictionary, p. 58.
74. Professional Liability Issues in Graduate Medical Institution,
www.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339896.
75. 755 ILCS 35/2(a); Illinois Jurisprudence, Health Law.
76. Mercil v. Mathers , No. C3-93-140, 1994 WL 1114 (Minn Ct App Jan. 4, 1994).
77. 7 Ohio App. 3d 93, 101 (1982).
78. 581 N.E.2d 1286 (Ind Ct App 1991).
79. TSN, June 8, 1993, pp. 11-13.
80. TSN, March 2, 1993, pp. 23, 31-33; April 1, 1993, p. 6.
81. At 11:30 in the morning of April 23, 1988.
82. TSN, June 8, 1993, p. 16.
83. TSN, June 17, 1993, pp. 27-28.
84. Tomasa vda. De Jacob v. Court of Appeals, 371 Phil. 693, 709 (1999).

85. 378 Phil. 1198 (1999).

86. G.R. No. 167366, September 26, 2012, 682 SCRA 18.
87. Pathology is the study of diseases, their essential nature, causes, and development, and
the structural and functional changes produced by them. (Webster's Third New
International Dictionary, p. 1655).
88. 538 So. 2d 901 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989).

89. 304 F. Supp. 285 (1969).

90. McLean v. Hunter, 495 So. 2d 1298 (1986).
91. 39 Cal. App. 3d 121, 112 Cal. Rptr. 236 (1974). This is a dental medical malpractice suit
brought against a practitioner of general dentistry.
92. 504 So. 2d. 1201 (1987). The issue involved in this case is whether the testimony of a
pathologist-general surgeon may be admitted as expert testimony on the medical
negligence of an OB-gynecologist.
93. Rollo , (G.R. No. 171127) p. 128.
94. Id. at 62.
95. TSN, February 27, 1992, p. 12.
96. WHO, Dengue and Severe Dengue; http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/.
97. Ramos v. Court of Appeals, supra note 85.
98. Nogales v. Capitol Medical Center, 540 Phil. 225, 245-247 (2006).
99. Id.
100. 156 Ill. 2d 511, 622 N.E. 2d 788 (1993).

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 101. Supra note 98, at 246.
102. Id.
103. 144 Wis. 2d 188, 207, 423 N.W. 2d. 848, 855 (1988).
104. PSI v. CA , 568 Phil. 158, 166-167 (2008), citing Diggs v. Novant Health, Inc., 628 S.E.2d
851 (2006) and Hylton v. Koontz, 138 N.C. App. 629 (2000).
105. Supra note 103.

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