Chemistry Revision Guide

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS AND A LEVEL
P01763
AS/A-level Chemistry
introduction
5
6
introduction
7
8
introduction
9
10
introduction
11
12
der CIE revision guide 2010
mistry fig. 1.1
uly 2010
nor Jones
Hydrogen atom Helium atom Carbon atom
6 protons
Key 6 neutrons
Electron Proton Neutron
14
content guidance
15
16
content guidance
Abundance (%) 100
79.0%
80
60
40
20
10.0% 11.0%
0
22 23 24 25 26 27
Proton number
17
18
content guidance
19
20
content guidance
21
22
content guidance
23
24
content guidance
25
Hodder CIE revision guide 2010
Chemistry fig 2.1
29 July 2010
Eleanor Jones
4p
3d
4s 4s is lower than 3d because electrons

3p are, on average, closer to the nucleus
3s
2p Put one in each, then pair up
2s
Each orbital holds two electrons
1s Spin
26
content guidance
Chemistry fig. 2.2
30 July 2010
Eleanor Jones
s-orbital p-orbital d-orbital
27
mistry fig 2.3
ly 2010
or Jones
s sub-shell s sub-shell s sub-shell

Ionisation
energy He
Ne
Filling up the
p sub-shell Ar
Filling up the
p sub-shell
H
Half-filled
p sub-shell
Li Half-filled
p sub-shell
Na K
Atomic number
28
content guidance
Chemistry fig 2B
25 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
Ionisation energy
Number of electrons removed
29
er CIE revision guide 2010
istry fig 3.1
tember 2010
or Jones
d.c. power supply
Positive lead ions attracted Negative bromide ions attracted

to the negative electrode to the positive electrode
Molten lead(II) bromide
30
content guidance
mistry fig 3.2
ly 2010
nor Jones
(a) NaCl structure (b) CsCl structure
31
Chemistry fig 3.3
30 July 2010
Eleanor Jones
Cl Cl

istry fig 3.3
y 2010
or Jones
Mg O Mg2 O2
32
Chemistry fig 3.5
30 July 2010
Eleanor Jones
content guidance
Cl
B
Cl Cl
revision guide 2010
g 3.6
0
es
Ammonia Ammonium ion Ammonium ion

H H
1 ion
H 1 ion
N H N
H H
H
H H
N
H
H
H
Tetrahedral molecular geometry
(a) (b)
H H
O O
C C
H H
33
stry fig 3.8
2010
or Jones
Total number of Electron Molecular Example

electron pairs geometry geometry
2 pairs B A B O C O
Linear Linear
3 pairs B
F
A B
F F
B B
Trigonal planar Trigonal planar
A N
O O
B B
Bent
4 pairs B H
A C
B H H
B
B H
Tetrahedral Tetrahedral
A N
B H H
B
B
H
Trigonal pyramidal
A O
B H
B
H
Bent
34
content guidance
mistry fig 3.9
g 2010
or Jones
C H
N O
H H H
H H
109.5° 107° 104.5°
H H
35
mistry fig 3.10
tember 2010
or Jones
Carbon atom
2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz,
Increasing energy 405 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
Carbon atom
2s2, 2px, 2py,
(2 413)
826 kJ/mol
2057 kJ/mol
2 (C–H) bonds
total energy change
826 kJ/mol
4 (C–H) bonds
total energy change
1652 kJ/mol
36
content guidance
sion guide 2010
.11, 13H
-bond -bond
H H
Bond formed by H H
sp2–s overlap
C C C C
H H
H H
Bond formed by
sp2–sp2 overlap
-bond -bond
H H
C C
H H

Chemistry fig 3.12, reused but modified fig 13I
3 Aug 2010
Eleanor Jones
37
Chemistry fig 3.14
9 Aug 2010
Eleanor Jones
O
H H
H H
O
O
H H
38
content guidance
Chemistry fig 3.15
9 Aug 2010
Eleanor Jones
Free electron from outer

shell of metal atom
Metal ion
39
stry fig 4.1
2010
or Jones
Solid Liquid Gas
Temperature increases
Molecular motions increase
Molecular interactions increase
40
content guidance
41
mistry fig 4.2
g 2010
nor Jones
pV/atm dm3 mol 1 40 CO

Plot of pV versus p per CH4
35 mole of gas at 0°C H2
He
30
25
Ideal gas volume is
20 22.4 dm3 mol 1 at 0°C
15
0 200 400 600 800
p/atm
42
content guidance
odder CIE revision guide 2010
hemistry fig 4.3 (modified from fig 4.1)
Aug 2010
eanor Jones
Solid Liquid
Particles are tightly packed Particles have looser bonds
43
Chemistry fig 4.4 (modified from fig 4.1)
9 Aug 2010
Eleanor Jones
Liquid Vapour
Latent heat

Chemistry fig 4.5
12 Aug 2010
Eleanor Jones
Temperature Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas
Boiling point
Melting point
Time
44
content guidance
dder CIE revision guide 2010
mistry fig 4.6
Aug 2010
nor Jones
Textbook diagram Simple sketch in the exam
Na ion
Cl ion
45
(a) Diamond (b) Silicon (IV) oxide Silicon atom
Oxygen atom
Covalent
bond
46
content guidance
sion guide 2010
8a and 4.8b
(a) (b)
Substitutional atom Interstitial atoms
47
Chemistry fig 4.9a and b
18 Aug 2010
Eleanor Jones
(a) b.p./ C 0
PbH4
–50
SnH4
–100
GeH4
SiH4
–150
CH4
–200
(b) b.p./ C 100 H2O

80
60
40
HF
20 H2Te BiH3
0
–20 H2Se SbH3
NH3
–40 H2S AsH3 HI
–60
HCl
–80 HBr
PH3
–100
48
Chemistry fig 4.10
18 Aug 2010
Eleanor Jones
content guidance
Ice 3D structure
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen bond
vision guide 2010

4.11
10
Water
molecule
2
Anion
Cation
49
50
content guidance
51
52
content guidance
53
54
content guidance
ision guide 2010
.3
010
alpy changes of formation of sodium chloride
Standard enthalpy +800 Na (g) + e + Cl(g)

changes H o
+700
(298 K)/kJ mol 1
+600
+500 Stage 3 H3o Stage 4 H4o
+400 Na (g) + Cl (g)
+300 Na(g) + Cl(g)

+200
Na(g) + 12Cl2(g) Stage 2 H2o
+100
Stage 1 H1o Na(s) + 12Cl2(g)
0
(Initial state)
–100
Stage 6 Stage 5
–200
H6o H5o
–300
Na Cl (s)
–400
–500
55
56
content guidance
Anode Cathode
Chlorine Hydrogen
Brine in
Na
Carbon or Cl OH Steel cathode
titanium
Brine Depleted brine

Dilute sodium
hydroxide and
Porous diaphragm (asbestos sodium chloride
or polymer with metal oxides)
57
mistry fig 6.2
gust 2010
or Jones
ction of aluminium
Carbon anodes
CO2
Carbon cathode
Alumina/
cryolite
Al
58
Chemistry fig 6.3
23 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
content guidance
Purification of copper
ve ve
Cathode Anode
Copper deposited Copper eaten away

on cathode from anode
Copper sulfate
solution
Sludge
59
CIE revision guide 2010
try fig 6.4
ust 2010
Jones
d hydrogen electrode
Hydrogen gas
at 1 atm
Connecting wire
Platinum electrode coated with

finely divided platinum
(platinum black)
A solution containing
1 mol dm 3 H
Electronic voltmeter Electron flow if metal M has

a positive electrode potential
Electron flow if metal

V M has a negative
electrode potential
Metal M
Salt bridge Hydrogen
1 mol dm 3
1 mol dm 3 H (aq)
Mn (aq)
60
content guidance
Electronic voltmeter
Electron flow
V
Zinc Copper
Salt bridge
1 mol dm 3 1 mol dm 3
Zn2 (aq) Cu2 (aq)
Zn(s)/Zn2 (aq) // Cu2 (aq)/Cu(s)
61
r CIE revision guide 2010
stry fig 6.7
ust 2010
r Jones
Graphite Graphite
electrode electrode
Salt bridge
I2(aq) and Br2(aq) and

K I(aq) KBr(aq)
Electron flow
V
0.00 V 0.77 V
H2(g)
1 atm or 101 kPa Salt bridge
[Fe2 ] = [Fe3 ]
[H ] = 1 mol dm 3 3
= 1 mol dm
25ºC
Platinum 298 K Platinum
H2(g) 2H (aq) 2e Fe3 (aq) e Fe2 (aq)
62
content guidance
63
Chemistry fig 6.9
24 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
Dry cell battery
Anode (zinc inner case)
Paste of MnO2, NH4Cl and carbon
Cathode (graphite rod)
64
content guidance
revision guide 2010
g 6.10
010
es
l cell
Electric current
Hydrogen in Oxygen in
H2 O2
OH
H2O Alkaline solution
Water and
heat out
Anode Electrolyte Cathode
65
66
content guidance
67
68
ry fig 7.1
ust 2010
content guidance
Jones
Energy
Activation energy
Activation energy
Key
Uncatalysed reaction
Catalysed reaction
Time
69
70
content guidance
71
72
content guidance
73
74
E revision guide 2010 Hodder CIE revision guide 2010
fig 7.2a Chemistry fig 7.2b
content guidance
2010 24 August 2010
nes Eleanor Jones
pH 14 pH 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 Chemistry fig 7.2d 0
0 10 20 30 40
24 August 2010 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Volume of 0.1 mol dm NaOH added Volume of 0.1 mol dm NaOH added to
to 25.0 cm of Eleanor
0.1 mol dmJones
HCl/cm 25.0 cm of 0.1 mol dm CH3CO2H/cm
pH 14 pH 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Volume of 0.1 mol dm NH3 added Volume of 0.1 mol dm NH3 added to
to 25.0 cm of 0.1 mol dm HCl/cm 25.0 cm of 0.1 mol dm CH3CO2H/cm
75
76
content guidance
77
78
content guidance
Number of molecules
with a given energy Most probable energy
Ea = activation energy
of the reaction
0
0 Ea
Energy
79
Chemistry fig 8.2
25 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
Number of molecules
Most probable energy
with a given energy
T2
T1
Ea
Energy

Chemistry fig 8.3
25 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
Enthalpy/kJ mol
Ea
Ecat
Enthalpy of reactants
H
Enthalpy of products
Progress of reaction
80
content guidance
mistry fig 8.4
ugust 2010
nor Jones
Number of molecules
with a given energy
Ecat Ea
Energy
81
82
revision guide 2010
fig 8.5a, b
2010
content guidance
es
(a) (b)
Concentration/ Concentration/
mol dm–3 mol dm–3
E revision guide 2010

fig 8.6a, b Time/s Time/s
2010
nes
(a) (b)
Rate Rate
The rate is proportional
to the concentration
Concentration/mol dm–3 Concentration/mol dm–3
83
84
content guidance
Chemistry fig 8.7
25 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
This bond weakened
H H
e e New bonds formed
with metal atoms
M M M M
85
stry fig 8.8
gust 2010
or Jones
Energy
Intermediate (no catalyst)
Ea uncatalysed
Intermediate step 1
Intermediate step 2
Ea
catalysed
S2O8 I (intermediate) Fe
SO4 Fe I (reactants)
SO4 I2 (products) Fe
Progress of reaction
86
content guidance
ry fig 9.1
st 2010
Jones
Atomic volume/ 80
cm3 mol–1 Cs
60 Rb
K
Xe
40 Ba
He Kr Sr
Ca
Na Ar Br I
20
Li
H Mg
Al
Be
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Atomic number
Atoms: Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Ions: Na Mg2 Al3 Si4 P3 S2 Cl
87
stry fig 9.3
ust 2010
r Jones
Temperature/K 3000 Key

Boiling point
2500
Melting point
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
88
y fig 9.4
st 2010
content guidance
ones
First ionisation 1600

energy/kJ mol 1
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
89
90
content guidance
Oxidation VII Key
number VI Oxidation numbers
V in oxides
IV Oxidation numbers
III in chlorides
II Oxidation numbers
I in both oxides and
chlorides
0
I Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
II
III
IV
V
VI
91
92
content guidance
93
94
content guidance
95
96
content guidance
Chemistry fig 10.1
25 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
Diamond structure

Chemistry fig 10.2
25 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
Graphite structure
335 pm
142 pm
97
(a) (b) Coordinate bond
O C O C O
98
Chemistry fig 10.4
25 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
content guidance
Silicon dioxide structure
Silicon atom
Oxygen atom
99
100
content guidance
101
102
content guidance
103
emistry fig 11.1
August 2010
anor Jones
odic table
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac
Transition metals
104
content guidance
sion guide 2010
1.2
Element Ion
Element Argon 3d-orbitals 4s Argon 3d-orbitals Examples and some
core core typical colours
Sc 21 [Ar] [Ar] Sc3 colourless
(not transitional)
Ti 22 [Ar] [Ar] Ti3 violet
V 23 [Ar] [Ar] V3 blue-green
Cr 24 [Ar] [Ar] Cr3 green, V2 violet
Mn 25 [Ar] [Ar] Cr2 blue, Mn3 violet
Fe 26 [Ar] [Ar] Mn2 pale pink,

Fe3 yellow-brown
Co 27 [Ar] [Ar] Fe2 pale green
Ni 28 [Ar] [Ar] Co2 pink
Cu 29 [Ar] [Ar] Ni2 green
Zn 30 [Ar] [Ar] Cu2 blue
[Ar] Cu colourless, Zn2 colour-

less (not transitional)
105
106
content guidance
emistry fig 11.3
August 2010
eanor Jones
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Oxidation state 8
7 Unstable
6
Stable
5
4
3
2
1
0
21 25 30
Proton number
107
108
content guidance
109
stry fig 11.4a
g 2010
r Jones
3dxy z 3dyz z 3dxz z
x x x
y y y

Chemistry fig 11.4b
26 Aug 2010
Eleanor Jones
3dx2–y2 z 3dz2 z
x x
y y

stry fig 11.5
guest 2010
or Jones
Free gas phase atom

Tetrahedral Octahedral
110
content guidance
hemistry fig 11.6
6 Auguest 2010
leanor Jones
E 180 kJ mol
111
Chemistry fig 11.7
26 Auguest 2010
Eleanor Jones
dz2 dx2–y2
dz2 dx2–y2
E E
dxy dyz dxz

dxy dyz dxz
2
[Cu(H2O)6]
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2
112
content guidance
Chemistry fig 12.1
26 Aug 2010
Eleanor Jones
N N
113
Chemistry fig. 12.2
26 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
N
H H
H 107°

Chemistry fig 12.3
26 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
N
H H
H
114
content guidance
Chemistry fig 12.4
26 August 2010
Eleanor Jones
N2(g) 3H2(g)
Compressor
Unreacted
N2(g) and H2(g)
Catalyst
Condenser
NH3(l)
Reactor
storage
(400 ºC, 200 atm)
115
116
mistry fig 12.5
August 2010
nor Jones
content guidance
s of sulfuric acid
Chemicals
Petroleum
including
refining
(NH4)2SO4
20%
16%
‘Pickling’
steel 10.6%
Storage
batteries Fertiliser
10.2% manufacture
30%
Pigments, textiles 4.6%
Explosives 2.7%
Other uses 5.9%
S(l) Exhaust
stack
SO2 inlet Air inlet
Sulfur
burner Concentrated
sulfuric acid
Air
Cooling SO2 recycled
SO2 SO3 Absorption

Cooling converter tower
Oleum
storage for
Cooling dilution to
H2SO4
117
stry fig 12.7
ember 2010
or Jones
ain
Oxidation in clouds produces Acid polluted air Water droplets

sulfuric acid and nitric acid blown by the wind become polluted
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

Wet deposition acid rain
Power stations,
industries and vehicles
release gases into Trees and
the atmosphere vegetation affected
Rivers and lakes polluted

affecting water life
Soils polluted and acid rain
leaches aluminium from soils
118
content guidance
Chemistry fig 13A
6 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
Ethanoic acid structural formula
H
O
H C C
O H
H

Chemistry fig 13B
6 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
Butan-2-ol skeletal formula
OH
119
Chemistry fig 13B
6 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
Partial skeletal formula
H3C CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3 H
H H
HO

Chemistry fig 13D
6 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
CH3 CH3
C C
HO H H OH
CO2H CO2H
Mirror plane
120
content guidance
121
122
content guidance
Chemistry fig 13E, 13F
7 Sep 2010
Eleanor Jones
H H H
H C Cl H C Cl H C Cl
H H H
H H H
H C Cl H C Cl H C Cl
H H H
123
124
content guidance
125
istry fig 13G
2010
or Jones
Hydrogen nucleus embedded Sigma ( ) bond

in new molecular orbital
-bond -bond
H H
Bond formed by H H
sp2–s overlap
C C C C
H H
H H
Bond formed by
sp2–sp2 overlap
-bond -bond
H H
C C
H H
126
content guidance
sion guide 2010
3I, modified from fig 3.12
H H
H H
H H H
H H H
H H H
H H H
Sigma bonds
sp2 hybridized orbitals 6 pz-orbitals Delocalised system
127
istry fig 13J
tember 2010
or Jones
O CH3
CH3 CH2 C C O CH2 CH CH2 OH

H CH3
Propanal Propanone 2-propen-1-ol
128
content guidance
Chemistry fig 13K (modified from fig 13D)
6 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
CH2CH3 CH3CH2
C C
H3C H H CH3
OH OH
Mirror plane
(a) H H (b) COOH group

attached incorrectly H
C C to the central
H3C COOH HOOC CH3 carbon atom
C
NH2 NH2 COOH CH3
Mirror plane NH2

Chemistry fig 13L
7 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
2 3 4
129
Chemistry fig 13.2
7 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
Synthetic testosterone
OH
H H
130
content guidance
Hodder CIE Chem Revision 10
14.1 fractional distillation.ai
131
132
content guidance
133
134
Chemistry fig 14A, 14B
7 September 2010
content guidance
Hodder CIEJones
Eleanor revision guide 2010
Chemistry fig 14A, 14B
7 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Br Br Br
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Induced dipole
Br
Br Br Br
Induced dipole
Br
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Br Br Br Br
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Br Br Br Br
135
136
content guidance
137
138
content guidance
139
140
content guidance
141
142
content guidance
Overlap between lone pair Lone pair now delocalised to some

and the ring electrons extent with the ring electrons
Cl Cl
143
144
content guidance
145
146
content guidance
147
148
content guidance
149
150
content guidance
151
152
content guidance
153
154
content guidance
155
156
content guidance
157
emistry fig 15E, 15F and 17C
ep 2010
anor Jones
nzene orbitals
Overlap between lone pair Lone pair now delocalised to some

and the ring electrons extent with the ring electrons
Cl Cl
158
content guidance
159
160
content guidance
161
162
content guidance
163
164
content guidance
165
166
content guidance
167
168
content guidance
169
170
content guidance
171
172
content guidance
173
174
content guidance
175
176
revision guide 2010
fig 20.2
0
nes
content guidance
HH O H R O H R O H R
C N
C C N C C N C C N C
R N C C N C C N C C
O R
H H R O H R O H R O
C C
N O H O R H O R H O R H
H C C N C C N C C N
R N C N C C N C C N C C
C O H O H O H O
R R R
H
177
mistry fig 20.4
August 2010
nor Jones
Energy
Ea
Ecat
Reactants
Key
Uncatalysed reaction
Products
Catalysed reaction
Time
178
content guidance
179
180
content guidance
181
182
content guidance
183
T A
C G Sugar–phosphate backbone
A T
Adenine Nitrogenous base
A T
Thymine Base pair
C G
Guanine T A
G C
Cytosine
A T
A AT
C G
T A
C G
A T
184
content guidance
185
A
T
Chemistry fig 20.14
20 Oct 2010
Eleanor Jones
Gly Phe Leu

Glu
Ser
Asp U C A G U C AG
AG UC
A
C Tyr
Ala GU G
A U
G U C Stop
C A A
U C G Cys
G C A U
Val A C
C U G U G A Stop
U G Trp
G G U
Arg A A C U C
C A A Leu
Ser U C G
G C A U
A U G C
Lys C A
U G Pro
Asn GA ACU
CU
G A C U G A CU G His
Thr
Gln
Met Ile Arg
186
content guidance
Chemistry fig 20.15 translation
20 Oct 2010
Geoff Jones
187
188
content guidance
189
190
content guidance
sion guide 2010
0.19
Substrate
Apoenzyme Cofactor Whole enzyme

(protein portion) (non-protein portion) (protein portion)
191
192
content guidance
evision guide 2010
g 20.20
D.C. power supply
Glass slides Electrolyte
Filter paper soaked

in buffer solution
Amino acid mixture
Spot of mixture applied here
Glutamic acid Glycine Lysine
193
emistry fig 20.22
September 2010
eanor Jones
Electrode Samples
Buffer
Gel
Larger fragments
Electrode
Smaller fragments
Plastic frame
194
de 2010
trophoresis fingerprinting
Victim
Suspect 1
Suspect 2
Crime scene
Crime scene
195
content guidance
Chemistry fig 20.24
14 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
196
content guidance
197
198
content guidance
199
Chemistry fig 20.27
14 September 2010
Eleanor Jones
Start to solvent front Start to centre of spot

mistry fig 20.28
eptember 2010
nor Jones
Start Intermediate Finish
Water level
Paper strip
Water level
Ink spot
Water level
200
content guidance
Before spraying After spraying
with ninhydrin with ninhydrin
M 1 2 3 4 5 M 1 2 3 4 5
Solute molecules dissolved Solute molecules adsorbed on

in the stationary liquid phase the surface of the stationary phase
Stationary liquid phase Solid support Polar solid surface
201
202
vision guide 2010
20.31
content guidance
Ionisation Acceleration Electromagnet
To vacuum pump
Vaporised
sample
Deflection
Detection
Amplifier
Chart recorder
203
204
content guidance
205
206
content guidance
207
figs 20.33 a, b
10
nes
(a) O O (b) O O
NH NH
N H O N H O
O O
CH3 (b) CH3
O O
H3C CH2 H3C CH2

(R)-( )-carvone from spearmint oil (R)-( )-carvone from caraway seed oil
208
content guidance
mistry fig 20.35
Oct 2010
nor Jones
O
H3C NH O
OH
O
O
H
OH
HO
O O O
O
O O
Phospholipid Liposome
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
209
210
sion guide 2010
20.37 a, b
content guidance
(a) (b)
211
Chemistry fig 20.38
20 Oct 2010
Eleanor Jones
Buckminsterfullerene

Chemistry figs 20.39
20 Oct 2010
Eleanor Jones
212
content guidance
213
214
content guidance
215
216
content guidance
217
y fig 20.41
10
ones
terfullerene
218
experimental skills & investigations
219
220
Chemistry fig ES B
25 Oct 2010
Eleanor Jones
23
23.45 cm3
(not 24.55)
24
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
230
questions & answers
231
e
e
e
e
Ionisation 2400 He Ionisation energies of

energy/ Ne the first 20 elements
kJ mol–1
2000
F
Ar
1600 N
Cl
1200 H C O
P
Be
Mg Si
800 S
B Ca
400 Li Al
Na K
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Nuclear charge Z
232
questions & answers
233
e
e
e
234
questions & answers
235
e
e
e
236
questions & answers
237
e
e
e
e
e
238
questions & answers
239
e
e
e
240
questions & answers
241
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
242
questions & answers
243
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
Ammeter
H2(g), 1 atm, 298 K
Salt bridge
Pt electrode Pb electrode
HCl(aq) Pb2 (aq)
e
244
questions & answers
e
Voltmeter
H2(g),
1 atm, 298 K
Pb electrode
Pt electrode
1.0 mol dm 3
H (aq) 1.0 mol dm 3 Pb2 (aq)
245
e
246
questions & answers
247
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
248
questions & answers
249
e
e
e
e
e
e
250
questions & answers
251
e
e
e
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e
252
questions & answers
253
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
254
questions & answers
255
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
256
questions & answers
257
e
e
e
e
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e
258
questions & answers
259
e
e
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e
260
questions & answers
261
e
e
e
262
questions & answers
263
e
264
questions & answers
265
e
e
e
266
questions & answers
revision guide 2010
Q&A fig 37
es
Liposome Phospholipid
Phosphate head
A B C Lipid tails
267
e
e
e
268
questions & answers
Chemistry Try this yourself figs 1-5
25 Oct 2010
Eleanor Jones
H H
1 2
H H O
H H
H H
O C O
269
O C O
H
O C O
H C H H
O C O
H H C H
Li F
Li F
Li F
270
questions & answers
271
272

Chemistry Revision Guide

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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS AND A LEVEL

Hydrogen atom Helium atom Carbon atom

4s 4s is lower than 3d because electrons

s-orbital p-orbital d-orbital

s sub-shell s sub-shell s sub-shell

Number of electrons removed

d.c. power supply

Positive lead ions attracted Negative bromide ions attracted

Molten lead(II) bromide

(a) NaCl structure (b) CsCl structure

er CIE revision guide 2010

Ammonia Ammonium ion Ammonium ion

Total number of Electron Molecular Example

Hodder CIE revision guide 2010

Free electron from outer

Solid Liquid Gas

Molecular motions increase

Molecular interactions increase

pV/atm dm3 mol 1 40 CO

Particles are tightly packed Particles have looser bonds

Hodder CIE revision guide 2010

Temperature Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas

Textbook diagram Simple sketch in the exam

Substitutional atom Interstitial atoms

(b) b.p./ C 100 H2O

vision guide 2010

alpy changes of formation of sodium chloride

Standard enthalpy +800 Na (g) + e + Cl(g)

+400 Na (g) + Cl (g)

+300 Na(g) + Cl(g)

Brine Depleted brine

Copper deposited Copper eaten away

Platinum electrode coated with

Electronic voltmeter Electron flow if metal M has

Electron flow if metal

Zn2 (aq) Cu2 (aq)

Zn(s)/Zn2 (aq) // Cu2 (aq)/Cu(s)

I2(aq) and Br2(aq) and

H2(g) 2H (aq) 2e Fe3 (aq) e Fe2 (aq)

Anode (zinc inner case)

Paste of MnO2, NH4Cl and carbon

Cathode (graphite rod)

H2O Alkaline solution

Anode Electrolyte Cathode

Hodder CIE revision guide 2010

E revision guide 2010

Concentration/mol dm–3 Concentration/mol dm–3

This bond weakened

Ions: Na Mg2 Al3 Si4 P3 S2 Cl

Temperature/K 3000 Key

First ionisation 1600

Hodder CIE revision guide 2010

V 23 [Ar] [Ar] V3 blue-green

Cr 24 [Ar] [Ar] Cr3 green, V2 violet

Mn 25 [Ar] [Ar] Cr2 blue, Mn3 violet

Fe 26 [Ar] [Ar] Mn2 pale pink,

Ni 28 [Ar] [Ar] Co2 pink

Cu 29 [Ar] [Ar] Ni2 green

Zn 30 [Ar] [Ar] Cu2 blue