Introduction: Precision and accuracy are of utmost importance in the field of measurement and

instrumentation. This study investigates how measurement techniques are actually implemented
and sensors are integrated in a classroom setting. Using a range of sensors, this project intends to
collect accurate and up-to-date information on important factors, including occupancy, room
temperature, and lighting conditions. The project utilizes a PIR (passive infrared) sensor to detect
occupancy, a thermistor to monitor temperature, and an LDR (light dependent resistor) to
analyze light intensity. We precisely calibrate the sensors, along with additional components like
a buzzer, an LCD display, and a fan, to ensure optimal performance and accurate data. We utilize
the PIR sensor to detect human presence, thereby enhancing security and streamlining attendance
tracking. The thermistor aids in the measurement of ambient temperature, allowing for precise
adjustments to classroom conditions. Additionally, the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is used
to monitor and regulate ambient light levels in order to effectively control lighting systems. This
project report will thoroughly explain the design and engineering principles of each sensor and
component, emphasizing their roles and calibration procedures. Additionally, it will provide
insight into the methods used for gathering and analyzing data, with a focus on the significance
of meticulousness and exactness in measurement scenarios. This project demonstrates the actual
use of measurement and instrumentation in real-life situations, making it highly relevant in the
context of a measurement course.

Equipment Description:
Arduino Uno: The Arduino Uno, a microcontroller board, is powered by an ATmega328P
which acts as its central processing unit. Users transfer code over USB when utilizing the
Arduino IDE for programming purposes. The microcontroller effectively handles inputs and
outputs through its digital and analog connections, all while working at a frequency of 16 MHz.
The device is equipped with an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for translating analog
signals, timers for generating Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals and accurate timing, and
serial interface for transmitting data. The Arduino platform provides a library-rich environment
that simplifies complex tasks. Due to its versatility, this platform is commonly used in various
applications such as robotics, home automation, and IoT, making it suitable for embedded
computing projects.
 Fig: 01: Arduino UNO
LDR: A photoresistor, also known as a light-dependent resistor or CdS cell, is a type of resistor
that decreases its resistance as the intensity of incident light increases. It can also be referred to
as a photoconductor. A photoresistor is composed of a highly resistive semiconductor material. If
the light incident on the device has a sufficiently high frequency, the semiconductor absorbs
photons, providing enough energy to the bound electrons to transition into the conduction band.
The subsequent liberated electron (along with its accompanying partner) conducts electricity,
hence reducing resistance. A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), also known as a photoconductor
or photocell, is a device that exhibits varying resistance in response to the intensity of light
incident on its surface. In complete darkness, they will experience a resistance of 1 megaohm,
whereas in bright light, their resistance will be in the range of 1 to 10 kiloohms. A photoelectric
device can be either inherent or external.

Fig:02: LDR

Buzzer: A buzzer is an audio device that turns an audio waveform into a sound signal. An audio
signaling device, such as a beeper or buzzer, can be classified as electromechanical,
piezoelectric, or mechanical. The primary purpose of the device is to transform the audio signal
into audible sound.

Fig; 03: Buzzer

TMP36 Temperature Sensor: The TMP36 is a centigrade temperature sensor

produced by Analog Devices that operates at low voltage and has high
precision. The chip generates a voltage output that is directly
proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius, making it highly
compatible with an Arduino and simple to utilize. The TMP36
temperature sensor has a high level of precision, enduring longevity,
and operates effectively in a wide range of environmental situations.
Furthermore, it functions autonomously without the need for any
other components. Furthermore, the TMP36 sensor does not
necessitate calibration and offers a standard accuracy of ±1°C at
+25°C and ±2°C for the −40°C to +125°C temperature range. The sensor
may be operated with a power source ranging from 2.7V to 5.5V and has
a power consumption of only 50µA during active temperature
conversions. This results in minimal self-heating, with an increase
in temperature of less than 0.1°C in stagnant air. Furthermore, a
shutdown option is available to decrease the supply current to a
level below 0.5µA.

Fig: 04: TMP36 Temperature Sensor

Passive Infrared Sensor(PIR): A passive infrared sensor is an electrical device that detects and
measures the infrared radiation emitted by objects. PIR sensors are primarily utilized in motion
detectors that are based on PIR technology. Additionally, it finds application in the realm of
security alarms and automatic lighting systems. In general, a PIR sensor is capable of detecting
the movement of animals or humans within a specified range. The PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor
consists of a pyroelectric sensor that is capable of detecting varying intensities of infrared light.
The detector does not actively emit any energy, but instead passively collects infrared light from
the surrounding environment. When the human body emits infrared radiation due to its
temperature, the optical system focuses this radiation onto the pyroelectric device, which then
generates an abrupt electrical signal. Essentially, when a human body or any animal comes into
proximity, it triggers the first slot of the PIR sensor. This results in a favorable disparity in
change between the two bisects. When a human body exits the sensing area, the sensor produces
a negative difference in change between the two halves.
 Fig: 05: Passive Infrared Sensor(PIR)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): An LCD, short for Liquid Crystal Display, is an electronic
module used for displaying information and is utilized in several fields. The 16x2 LCD display is
a fundamental module that is widely utilized in a variety of devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD
has the capacity to exhibit 16 characters on each line, with a total of 2 lines available for display.
Each character in this LCD is presented using a matrix of pixels measuring 5x7. The 16 x 2
intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix display has the capability to show 224 distinct characters and
symbols. This LCD is equipped with two registers, specifically the Command register and the
Data register. The command registers hold a variety of commands that are provided to the
display. The data register is used to store information that will be shown on a display. The
method of managing the display is placing the data that constitute the image of the desired
display into the data registers, followed by inserting instructions into the instruction register. The
Liquid Crystal Library in your Arduino project streamlines this process for you, eliminating the
need for you to have knowledge of the intricate low-level instructions. The contrast of the
display can be modified by setting the potentiometer that is attached to the VEE pin.

Fig: 06: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

Relay SPDT: SPDT is an abbreviation for single pole double throw. Its internal arrangements
make it advantageous in contemporary applications. The system comprises five control
terminals. The setup consists of two electromagnetic relay coils, with one terminal designated as
the common terminal (CM), another terminal as the usually closed terminal (N/C), and the other
terminal as the normally open terminal (N/O). These terminals can always be referred to as
contacts. Based on these characteristics, it can be determined that the spdt relay coil possesses
two distinct configurations, setting it apart from other control relays. When a constant electrical
current is supplied to the coil of wire wound around the solenoid, the normally open and standard
terminals become energized. When the coil current is absent, the magnetic circuit becomes
relaxed, resulting in the assignment of the common terminal and the normally closed terminal.
 Fig: 07: Relay SPDT
9V battery: The 9V battery is a widely used battery that was initially employed in transistor
radios. The battery has a rectangular prism shape and is equipped with a pair of snap connections
positioned at the top. Various battery manufacturers, ranging from major corporations to smaller
companies, create several variations of the 9V battery. The primary (non-rechargeable) 9V
batteries can have several chemistries, such as Alkaline, Carbon-Zinc (Heavy Duty), and
Lithium. The potential chemical compositions of secondary (rechargeable) 9V batteries consist
of nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium ion. The performance and
application of batteries can significantly differ among various chemistries, indicating that certain
chemistries are more suitable for specific applications than others.

Fig:08: 9V Battery

DC Motor: A DC motor is an electric device that transforms electrical energy into mechanical
energy. DC motors utilize direct current to convert electrical power into mechanical rotation. DC
motors utilize magnetic fields created by electrical currents to drive the rotation of a rotor located
within the output shaft. The output torque and speed are contingent upon both the electrical input
and the motor's design.
 Fig: 09: DC Motor

Circuit Diagram:
Discussion: The purpose of this lab was to develop a versatile smart room automation system
that showcases the various applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). The inclusion of a
counter and motion sensors in the smart entry system enhances security and provides valuable
occupancy data for effective space management. Utilizing closed-loop temperature sensors and
an air conditioning unit improves user comfort and optimizes energy consumption to achieve
global sustainability goals. Advanced technology such as light sensor-controlled daylight
harvesting helps save energy by utilizing natural resources. The successful integration of these
components suggests the broader implications of smart room automation. In addition to its
applications in the laboratory, this technology enhances security, energy efficiency, and
sustainability. Furthermore, the smart room automation system offers scalability and
adaptability, making it suitable for diverse environments beyond the laboratory setting. With its
modular design, the system can be customized to meet the specific needs of residential,
commercial, and industrial spaces. Its compatibility with various IoT protocols and platforms
enables seamless integration with existing infrastructure and future upgrades, ensuring long-term
viability and flexibility. Moreover, the real-time data analytics capabilities embedded within the
system provide actionable insights for continuous improvement and optimization. By leveraging
machine learning algorithms, the system can anticipate user preferences, anticipate maintenance
needs, and dynamically adjust settings to maximize efficiency and user experience. The
simulation tool provided by the Tinkercad platform allows for easy experimentation with IoT,
facilitating the creation of innovative solutions that integrate comfort, efficiency, and
environmental awareness.