Lecture 9:

CELL NUCLEUS
Controls cell activities
Contains the hereditary
material of the cell

Gene → Protein →Cellular function → Organismal function

 LECTURE FLOW
1. INTRODUCTION
2. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
NUCLEUS
● Nuclear Membrane
● Nucleolus
● Chromosomes
3. THE GENETIC MATERIAL
● DNA
● Genes
● Chromosomes
4. GENETIC CASES
 1. INTRODUCTION
1. Hidup tergantung pada kemampuan sel untuk
menyimpan, mengambil, dan menerjemahkan
instruksi genetik (informasi turun-temurun) yang
diperlukan untuk membuat dan memelihara
organisme hidup.
2. Informasi turun-temurun diteruskan :
●sel induk ke sel anak melalui pembelahan sel,
● dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya melalui
sel-sel reproduksi suatu organisme.
3. Instruksi ini disimpan di dalam inti setiap sel hidup
sebagai gen, informasi yang mengandung
unsur-unsur yang menentukan karakteristik suatu
spesies secara keseluruhan dan dari masing-masing
individu di dalamnya.
3. Gen dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelas yang berbeda,
yaitu gen pengatur (regulatory genes) dan gen
efektor (effector genes).
4. Gen efektor menyandi protein yang melaksanakan
beberapa tugas dalam sel yang mengubah struktur
atau metabolisme dari sel yang mengarah ke
perubahan pembangunan.
5. Banyak gen efektor mengkodekan enzim yang
diperlukan untuk jalur biokimia tertentu.
6. Gen pengatur menyandi protein yang berfungsi
untuk mengatur ekspresi gen lainnya (Fosket, 1994)
 2. NUCLEUS (INTI SEL)
1. Inti sel (nucleus) adalah control center of a
(eukaryotic) cell yang bertanggung jawab
terhadap koordinasi gen-gen dan ekspresi gen.
2. Inti sel berbentuk bulat dan umumnya terikat /
menempel pada membran setiap sel eukariotik.
3. Merupakan organel sangat khusus dan sangat
menonjol yang menyumbang sekitar 10% dari
total volume sel.
4. Inti sel dipisahkan dari organel sel yang lain dan
sitoplasma oleh membran inti.
Yellowtang.org
4. Fungsi inti sel adalah :
to store the cell's hereditary material (DNA),
to coordinate the cell's activities which include
intermediary metabolism, growth, protein
synthesis, and reproduction (cell division)
5. Umumnya, sel-sel eukariot hanya memiliki satu
inti sel.
Some eukaryotic cells are enucleate cells (without
nucleus) such as red blood cells (RBCs), and
some others are multinucleate (consists of two or more
nuclei) such as slime molds
 2.1 NUCLEUS STRUCTURE
● A cell nucleus consists of
1. nuclear membrane
(nuclear envelope)
2. Nucleolus
3. Nuclear pores
4. Chromatin
5. Chromosomes
6. Nucleoplasm
Nucleoplasm, also known
as karyoplasm, is the
matrix present inside the
nucleus.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/nucleus.html
1. Nuclear Membrane (membran inti)
● Membran inti adalah struktur berlapis ganda yang
membungkus seluruh isi inti
● Lapisan luar dari membran terhubung ke retikulum
endoplasma
● Terdapat sebuah ruang berisi cairan (perinuclear
space) diantara dua lapisan membran inti
● Inti sel berkomunikasi
dengan sitoplasma melalui
beberapa bukaan yang
disebut pori-pori inti.
● Pori-pori inti adalah situs
untuk pertukaran molekul
berukuran besar (protein
dan RNA) antara inti dan
sitoplasma.
2. Nucleolus
● Nucleolus adalah struktur yang
berbentuk padat dan bulat yang
terdapat dalam nukleus
● Nucleolus memainkan peran tidak
langsung dalam sintesis protein
dengan memproduksi ribosom.

● Ribosom adalah organel sel terdiri dari RNA dan protein,

mereka diangkut ke sitoplasma, yang kemudian melekat
pada retikulum endoplasma.
● Ribosom adalah organel penghasil protein sel.
● Nucleolus menghilang ketika sel mengalami pembelahan
dan direformasi setelah selesainya pembelahan sel.
2. Chromosomes
● Kromosom yang hadir dalam
bentuk untaian DNA dan histon
(molekul protein) yang disebut
kromatin.
● Kromatin lebih lanjut
diklasifikasikan menjadi
heterochromatin dan euchromatin
berdasarkan fungsi.
● Heterochromatin is a highly
condensed, transcriptionally
inactive form, mostly present in
adjacent to the nuclear
membrane.
● Euchromatin is a delicate, less
condensed organization of
chromatin, which is found
abundantly in a transcribing cell.
 2.2 NUCLEUS FUNCTIONS
Inti sel mengontrol karakteristik keturunan dari
suatu organisme dan juga bertanggung jawab
untuk sintesis protein, pembelahan sel,
pertumbuhan, dan diferensiasi.
1. Storage of hereditary material, the genes in the form
of long and thin DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) strands,
referred to as chromatins.
2. Storage of proteins and RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the
nucleolus.
3. Nucleus is a site for transcription in which messenger
RNA (mRNA) are produced for the protein synthesis.
4. Exchange of hereditary molecules (DNA and RNA)
between the nucleus and rest of the cell.
5. Organization of chromatins into chromosomes to
allow cell division
6. Production of ribosomes (protein factories) in the
nucleolus.
7. Selective transportation of regulatory factors and
energy molecules through nuclear pores.
8. As the nucleus regulates the integrity of genes and
gene expression, it is also referred to as the control
center of a cell
 3. THE GENETIC MATERIAL
● Fungsi inti sel sebagai pusat kendali dari
sel eukariotik berhubungan dengan materi
genetik (DNA) bertempat di inti dalam
organisme eukariotik seperti tanaman
● Materi genetik ini yang membuat inti sel
bertanggung jawab untuk pengaturan
semua aktivitas sel di samping koordinasi
gen dan ekspresi gen.
 What is the genetic material in the cell nucleus?

● DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic

material stored in the cell nucleus

● DNA is an alpha
double helix of two
polynucleotide
strands.

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna
DNA
- Directs RNA
synthesis
- Directs protein
synthesis through
RNA
● DNA is made up of four bases (abbreviated A, T,
C, and G) that are repeated over and over in
pairs.
● The sugar group forms the backbone of DNA.
● The phosphate groups are responsible for linking
one nucleotide to another.
● The nitrogenous
bases of nucleotides
face each other and
form Hydrogen
bonds with their
complimentary
bases.
● Double stranded
DNA formed by
complementary
Base Pairing
G≡C
A=T

A G≡C bond
is thermally
more stable
than an A=T
bond.
● Nucleic acids exist as polymers called polynucleotides

● Each
polynucleotide
consists of
monomers called
nucleotides
connected to each
other by a
phosphodiester
linkages
What are Genes?
● Genes are the tiny, basic units
of inheritance found in DNA
(short regions of the DNA) that
hold the information needed to
build and maintain the body.
- Genes have fixed locations: each
gene is in a particular place on a
particular chromosome
- Genes determine color, size, and make-up for every living
species.
- Each equine species receives half of their genes from their
sire (father) and half from their dam (mother).
- Physically, genes are linked together like a strand of pearls to
form a chromosome.
● The genetic code is the sequence of bases on one
of the strands.
● A gene is a specific
sequence of bases
which has the
information for a
particular protein.
● Genes, a long strand of DNA (RNA in some
viruses), contains a promoter which
controls the activity of a gene, and a
coding sequence which determines what
the gene produces.
● In most eukaryotic genes, coding regions
(exons) are interrupted by noncoding
regions (introns)
● During transcription, the entire gene is
copied into a pre-mRNA, which includes
exons and introns.
• During the process of RNA splicing, introns
are removed and exons joined to form a
contiguous coding sequence. This "mature"
mRNA is ready for translation
 Stop Codon Stop Codon
+ AT TAA, TAG, AT TAA, TAG,
DNA Regulatory 1 G TGA G TGA
Elements Coding Sequence= Coding Sequence=
ORF ORF

Promoter Protein Protein Terminato

& Operator A B r
sequence
Cistron Cistron
1 2
Regulatory Structural or Coding
Sequences Sequences

Regulatory and Coding Sequence Unit = Operon

Gene Expression
DNA

Functioning of proteins within living

cells influences an organism’s traits.
 What are Chromosomes?
● Chromosomes are long
pieces of DNA with
supporting proteins, and
made up of genes.
Setiap kromosom
awalnya diciptakan
melalui proses fertilisasi,
di mana informasi genetik
dari ayah telah bersatu
dengan informasi genetik
dari ibu.
 duplicated
chromosome

chromati
n
Cell Division
Cell Division
 Number of Chromosomes
Organism 2n Notes
Adders-tongue (Ophioglossum 1200 or This fern has the highest known
reticulatum) 1260 chromosome number.

Human (Homo sapiens) 46 44 autosomal and 2 sex

Maize (Zea mays) 20
Mango (Mangifera indica) 40
The 2n=6 chromosome number is
conserved in the entire family
Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) 6 Culicidae, except in Chagasia
bathana which has 2n=8.
Rice (Oryza sativa) 24
Soybean (Glyne Max L.) 40
2 for females, males are haploid and
Jack jumper ant (Myrmecia thus have 1; smallest number
2 possible. Other ant species have
pilosula)
more chromosomes.[18]
THANK YOU
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