Two children, A and B, are sitting on a see-saw, as shown in the figure below.

1
The see-saw is balanced.

(a) Use the following equation to calculate the moment of child B about the pivot of the
see-saw.

moment of a force = force × distance

Give your answer in newton-metres

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment = __________________________ Nm
(2)

(b) Use the idea of moments to explain what happens when child B moves closer to the pivot.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

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 A drum is hit by a beater attached to a drumstick lever. The drumstick lever is attached to a
4 foot-pedal by a chain, as shown in the Figure 1.

Figure 1

(a) When the toe is pushed down the force creates a moment on the foot-pedal.

(i) State what is meant by the moment of a force.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The foot-pedal is pushed halfway down and held stationary. The toe and the chain
both exert a force on the foot-pedal.

Compare the sizes and directions of the moments caused by the force of the toe and
the force of the chain on the foot-pedal.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

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(iii) The drummer’s toe pushes with a 1.5 N force on the foot-pedal.
The perpendicular distance from the pivot to the force is 0.12 m.
The perpendicular distance from the pivot to the chain is 0.20 m.

Calculate the force of the chain acting on the foot-pedal.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Force = __________ N
(3)

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 In a balancing game, wooden blocks are used to build a tower. The shape of the tower at the
5 start of the game is shown in Figure 1. During the game, some of the blocks are taken out and
put on top of the tower as shown in Figure 2. This causes the centre of mass of the tower to
change.

Figure 1 Figure 2

(a) (i) State what is meant by the term ‘centre of mass’.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Give two reasons why the tower in Figure 2 is less stable than the tower in Figure 1.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

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 (b) Figure 3 shows a different arrangement for the wooden blocks.

Figure 3

A block was placed in position A and an identical block was placed in position B at the
same time.

Explain why the tower did not fall over. You should include reference to moments in your
answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
6
balancing stretching turning

A moment is the __________________ effect of a force.

(1)

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(b) Figure 1 shows how a lever can be used to lift a heavy rock.

Calculate the moment of the weight of the rock about point P.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment = _______________________ newton metres

(2)

(c) Figure 2 shows three positions on the lever, A, B and C, where the person could have
applied a force to lift the rock.

Which position, A, B or C, needs the smallest force to lift the rock?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

A B C

Give the reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

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 Levers and hydraulic systems can act as force multipliers.
7
(a) Figure 1 shows a girl trying to lift a large rock using a long rod as a lever.

Figure 1

The girl is pushing down on the rod but is just unable to lift the rock.

Which of the following changes would allow her to lift the rock?

Tick ( ) two boxes.

Change Tick ( )

Move the pivot away from the rock

Make the rod longer

Push the rod upwards

Push down on the rod with a greater force

(2)

(b) Liquids are used in hydraulic systems because they are virtually incompressible.

Explain how the spacing of particles in a liquid cause it to be virtually incompressible.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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 Figure 1 shows a girl standing on a diving board.
8
Figure 1

(a) Calculate the moment of the girl’s weight about Point A.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment = _________________________ newton metres

(2)

(b) Figure 2 shows the girl standing at a different place on the diving board.

The support provides an upward force F to keep the diving board balanced.

Figure 2

Complete the following sentence.

The diving board is not turning. The total clockwise moment is balanced

by the total _________________________________________________ .

(1)

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(c) Figure 3 shows how the upward force F varies with the distance of the girl from Point A.

Figure 3

Distance of girl from Point A in metres

(i) Use Figure 3 to determine the upward force F when the girl is standing at a distance
of 3 metres from point A.

Upward force F = _________________________ newtons

(1)

(ii) What conclusion should be made from Figure 3?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

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