The 7 QC (Quality Control)

tools are simple graphical

and statistical tools that are
used for:
• Problem Solving
• Process Improvement

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https://techqualitypedia.com/7-qc-tools/
 We need 7 QC Tools for :
 Analysing & Solving Quality Problems -
making decisions & judgments
 Process Improvement
 Identifying real root cause of the problem
 Monitoring & Controlling Process Variations
 Continual improvement in products,
processes, and services.
 To improve Quality, Productivity, and to
enhance Customer Satisfaction.
Kaoru Ishikawa
“95% of quality related problems in the
organization can be solved by using seven
fundamental quantitative tools.”
The 7 QC tools are widely applied by many
industries for product and process
improvements, and to solve critical quality
problems.

 8D Problem Solving Methodology.

 Various phases of Six Sigma to reduce

process variations.

 Lean Manufacturing Tools for Waste

elimination from processes.

 Deming’s PDCA cycle for continuous

improvement in product & processes.
 The check sheet is used for
collecting, recording, and analyzing
the data. Data collection is an
important activity in the problem-
solving process as it provides a basis
for further action. Data may be
numerical, observations and
opinions, etc.

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https://techqualitypedia.com/check-sheet-tally-sheet/
 Fishbone diagram is also called
as Cause and Effect
diagram and Ishikawa diagram. It
helps to Identify all possible potential
causes and select the real/best
potential cause which contributes to
the problem/effect. The brainstorming
technique is used for potential cause
identification.
In a brainstorming session, all 4M or
6M factors are taken into
consideration to identify the
potential causes.
4M or 6M factors are – Man, Machine,
Method, Material, Measurement, and
Mother nature also called
Environment.
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A Histogram is a pictorial representation of a set of data, and the most
commonly used bar graph for showing frequency distributions of
data/values.
It is created by grouping the measurements into “cells” or “class ” or “bins”.
It is similar to the bar chart, but it groups data points into classes and plot
frequencies. Click link to explore:
https://techqualitypedia.com/histogram/
 The Pareto chart helps to Narrow
the problem area or prioritize the
significant problems for corrective
measures. Pareto principle based on
the 80-20 rule.

It means that 80 percent of the

problems/failures are caused by 20
percent of the few major
causes/factors which are often
referred to as Vital Few.
And the remaining 20 percent of the
problems are caused by 80 percent
of many minor causes which are
referred to as Trivial Many. Hence,
it gives us information about Vital
few from Trivial many.
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 A control chart is also known as
the SPC chart or Shewhart chart.
It is a graphical representation of
the collected information/data and
it helps to monitor the process
centering or process behavior
against the specified/set control
limits.
A control chart is a very powerful
tool to Investigate/disclose the
source of Process Variations present
in the manufacturing processes. Tells
when to take necessary action to
eliminate the Common or Random or
Chance variations and Special cause
of variations.
The control chart helps to measure and analyze the process capability and
performance (Cp and Cpk ) of the production process.
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 Scatter diagram is also known as
Correlation Chart, Scatter Plot, and
Scatter Graph.
A Scatter graph is used to find out
the relationship between two
variables. In other words, it shows
the relationship between two sets
of numerical data.
Scatter graph shows Positive or
Negative correlation between two
variables.
Independent variable data and
dependent Variable data are
customarily plotted along the
horizontal X-axis and Vertical Y-axis
respectively. Independent variable
is also called controlled
parameters.
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In this diagram, the independent
variable is Speed and the
dependent variable is Accident.
As the speed of the motorcycle
increases on the highway, the
accident rate also increases
accordingly.

In this diagram, As the value of X

increases, the value of Y slightly
increases but does not resemble a
straight line
 A technique used to analyze and
divide a universe of data into
homogeneous groups called -
Strata.
It involves observing data,
splitting them into distinct classes
or categories to see a different
process for better analysis.
Stratification tools are used when
the data come from different
sources or conditions, such as data
collected from different shifts,
machines, people, days, suppliers,
and population groups, etc.

Some lists replace stratification

with Flowchart.
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https://techqualitypedia.com/stratification-meaning/
In this diagram, the independent
variable is Temperature and the
dependent variable is an Hardness. As
the temperature increases, the hardness
increases accordingly.

In this diagram, As the value of X

increases, the value of Y slightly
decreases but does not resemble a
straight line

In this diagram, Pattern is not clear

 Process Flow Chart (PFC)
Also known as:
• Flow Chart
• Process flow diagram (PFD)
• Process Map
Definition: A Process Flow Chart (PFC) is a
diagram of the separate steps of a
operations/process in sequential order.
PFC is a process analysis tool that can be
used to describe various processes, such as:
• Manufacturing process,
• Project planning, and
• Service sectors etc.

When to Use a Process Flow Chart

• For defining or analyzing new process.
• For standardize or redesign of a existing process.
• To find opportunity for improvement in a process such as unnecessary
steps/activities, bottlenecks, and gaps etc.
 Process Flow Chart
SYMBOLS COMMONLY USED IN MAKING PROCESS FLOW CHART ARE:

Meaning Symbol Description

Start or
An oval circle represents the start or end of a process.
End
Step/ Represents direction of flow/process from one step to
Flowline another.
Process/
Rectangle/square box shows instructions/actions/activity.
Operation

Decision Diamond box represents decision on particular activity.

Storage Represents storage of material/parts.

Delay/Wait Shows delay in operation/process/activity.

Document Represents supportive documents required.

Start or Alternate of elongated circle that also used to represents

End the start or end of a process.
 Flow Chart Types
There are mainly two types of process flow charts that are
commonly used for quality improvement activities/projects.

1. High level Process Flow Chart

2. Detailed Process Flow Chart

Simple High Level Flow Chart

RM RM
RM Productio Despatc
Storag Packaging
receipt n h
Inspection e

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 Process Flow Chart
RM receipt
Detailed Flow Chart

Receiving BOP /Packing

Inspection Material receipt
Insp. report

Not OK
Material
Quality Send to OK or techqualitypedia.com
Alert Note supplier Not ?

OK

Despatch
Material
Storage
OK
Not OK
(for disposal decision) OK or
Production Not ?

Rework
Are the OK Pre-
Packaging &
parts
Labelling
Dispatch
ok? Inspection
Scrap Note
Scrap
Yard Reject as per
PDI Report
packing std
• To analyze and solve quality problems effectively.
• Improve product and process quality.
• Enhance customer satisfaction.
• Reduce cost due to poor quality.
• Helps in investigating the potential causes and real root
cause of the problem for taking effective countermeasures.
• Check sheet helps in data collection and recording for quality
problem analysis.
• Identify and reduce the process variation using the SPC
quality tool.
• Pareto QC tool helps to narrow down the quality problem
using the 80/20 rule.
• Helps in identifying the various sources of variations present
in the process.
• Improve the employee’s analytical and problem-solving skills.
Topics links
Six Sigma Methodology | Tools https://techqualitypedia.com/six-sigma/
Voice of customer https://techqualitypedia.com/voice-of-customer-voc/
Key Performance Indicators | KPIs https://techqualitypedia.com/kpis/
Statistical Process Control | SPC https://techqualitypedia.com/what-is-spc/
Five Quality Core Tools https://techqualitypedia.com/quality-core-tools/
ISO 9001:2015 | QMS https://techqualitypedia.com/iso-9001/