MODAL VERBS

 SHOULD-OUGHT TO

Rules

1. Should

It is a modal verb, don’t use particle to, no auxiliary verbs.

We don’t use the particle to when there is a verb after: I should todo (X)
EXAMPLE:

You should go home now; it is really late.

Should doesn’t have any tense forms.

That means, it never changes its form with the different tenses.

No auxiliary verb in questions and negations (do)

Should we go home now or stay?

2. Ought to
It is a semimodal verb
You need to use it with the particle to
No auxiliary verb in questions and negations
No need the ending S in present simple

We ought to go home now

Ought we to go home now?

She ought to help him

3. Should and ought to: obligations and recommendations

You should finish your work before you go home/ you ought to finish your work before
you go home

The tiny difference here, is when you use should, you presuppose that is your opinion (personal
opinion.
When you use ought to it is more neutral, that means to talk about general obligations, the
circumstances make us do something.

4. Should-ought to: probability

Here ought to it is not common

She should be ready by now. Wonder where she is. (I think she is but I’m not sure.

More example with ought to:

We ought to do more exercise

You oughtn’t to speak to your father like this
Ought she to call the police

Fact to know:

Ought to is mostly used in statements, it is not that common in question and negative sentences,
it a little of bit formal.

5. Should: recommendations from outside authorities

The sign says:

You should kill (apagar) the motor before you fill up the tank

6. Should would: advice + I

I should leave early tomorrow If I were you.

I would leave early tomorrow if I were you.

7. Should, ought to + perfect infinitive to talk about the past, something that didn’t happen
in the pass and we are sorry that it didn’t

Have + past participle

Example:

You should have done something / ought to.

Everyone knows that this is a very busy restaurant. We should have made a reservation

You should have come; she was so angry / you shouldn’t .

8. Somebody gives you a gift.

You shouldn’t have!

9. Expectation: something happened, has happened, or will happen

If the flight was on time he should have arrived in London early this morning/ she ought to.

EXTRA:

KNOW AND MEET

1. TO MEET: conocer alguine por primeraa vez, o queda con alguien

2. To know: mas profundo, conocer mucho tiempo antes, no la primera vez.

Examples

1. Lo conocí durante tres años anates q muriera: I knwe him for three years before he died.
2. Lo conoci ahace tres años: I met him three years a go.
3. Lo conozco desde hace tres años: I’ve knon him for three years
4. Concocez a mi madre: do you know my omther?, Have you met my mother?

Exercises

1. I have ---------------------- your cousin once! Her dog bit me (met)

a. Meet
b. Know
c. Knew
d. Met

2. They –––––––––––––––––– six years go. She hated him at first! (met)
a. Knew
b. Know
c. Met
 d. Meet

3. We ––––––––––––––– in 2007 so we have –––––––––––––––––– each other for may years

(c)

a. Knew/met
b. Knew/meet
c. Met/known
d. Met/knew

4. I want to---------------------––––––––––––––– your parents.

a. Met
b. Know
c. Meet
5. I–––––––––––––––––– who you are talking about but I haven’t -––––––––––––––––––

a. Know/met
b. Knew-meet

6. I –––––––––––––––––– a doctor who can help you with your problem (a)

a. Know
b. B. meet
  Should and Shall

Rules:

1. Shall
Hacer ofrecimientos especialmente en ingles britanico
Shall I help you with your bags, madam?
Shall I hold the door for you?
Shall I take your coat?
Shall I call you a taxi?

Hacer sugerencias
Shall we make some more tea?
Shall we make a sandwich?

Pedir a alguien su opinion: pero si estamos seguros de los que queremos, solo buscamos
una sugerencia como confirmación
Shall I wear these earrings?
What shall I do with my hair?, shall I do it up?
What lipstick shall I put on?
Shall I wear these shoes?

Shall para el futuro (will): but is not appropriate in every occasion

What sounds more natural?
I will send you a postcard from England- shall.

Shall is too formal and archaic, and is used in formal contexts.

Yes, I shall arrange a pheasant for Christmas lunch at Windsor Castle, Your Majesty

Ejemplos demasiado formal:

I shall text you later (weird)/ I will text you later.

Con las questions tags (let’s)

Let’s wrap this lesson up, Shall we?
Shall we make a meat lasagna? : no estas seguro de que sea una Buena idea y pides la opinión de
alguien más.

Shall we make a meat lasagna?: crees que es una Buena idea hacerla, es un ofrecimiento o
sugerencia

Caso: should and Shall:

Estas en una fiesta, y quieres pedir otra copa de vino, mañana es jueves y entras a trabajar
a las 5 am: que uso should or Shall.

Should we order another glass of wine?

Mañana es domingo y no tienes nada que hacer:

Shall we order another glass of wine?

8 should: dar y pedir consejos

The class should start at 9:00 am and you shouldn’t arrive late to class
You should cut down on chocolate, darling.
You shouldn’t put so much sugar in my tea.
How often should I feed your dog while you’re away?

Exercises

FIND THE MISTAKE

1. Shall they bring any drinks to the party?: sugerencia o ofrecimiento en pregunta usamos I,
we
2. They left a dead rat on you doormat? You shall call your lawyer.
(should).
3. The Prime Minister will meet the Queen at the House of Lords this afternoon/ shall.
4.
MUST AND HAVE TO

 Must:

Obligación propia,algo que sabes que debes hacer:

I must clean the House.

norms and laws:

the stewardess or flight attendant said all electronic devices must be turned off during
takeoff and landing.

Students must wear blue socks

Dogs must be kept on a lead
Passengers must wear seatbelts

recommendation / obligation

you should go to the optician and get your eyes checked, but If your friend is as blind as a
bat, you would say, you must go to the optician, if you don’t, you’re gonna have an
accident, it is a must (mandatory).

You must read this book is fantastic, it changed my life, is a must-read (you shouldn’t this
book pass)

possibilities, certainty: high probability something happens

She must be shopping…

He must be rolling in it (rich)

You must be kidding

It must have rained last night

Let’s practice:

I ––––––––––––––– get up early tomorrow, I have a business meeting with my bus. (have
to)
Judging by her accent, she ––––––––––––––– be Spanish. (must)
Yesterday I ––––––––––––––––– go to the dentist because my wisdom tooth was hurting
(had to)
You --–––––––––––––––– come and visit me this year! (must)
I got caught speeding and now I --–––––––––––––––– to pain a fine
Students ––––––––––––– arrive on time for class (must)
You ––––––––––––– see our other videos (must)

 Have
- Alguien te pide que hagas algo, la abligación es externa, y en caso de no cumplir con esa
obligación va haber consecuencias

My mom told me I have to clean this House today since we’re having guests at home

Other examples:

I must visit my grandmother this week (you want)

I have to visit my grandmother this week (she asked you to go with her)

Exception:

 We have to tell him/ we must tell him (your teacher is wearing his shirt inside out)
JUST AND ONLY

In some cases both of them are interchangeable, but in other cases, they have different uses.

If you want to say solo o solamente:

 Only/just: I just/only had one slice of pizza

 He is only/just five years old

You can only use ONLY, when you wanna say Unicamente/unico:

 This is the only photograph I have of my grandma

Only can mean BUT in some cases:

 I would eat the cake only I am on a diet

JUST:

When you are giving an order, to add emphasis.

 Just do what I tell you, just shut up

When you have done something recently:

 I’ve just bought a new car

 I’ve just crashed my new car

Can mean EXACTLY:

 This is just what I needed

Exercise:

1. There are ***** two pieces of bread left

 Just
 Only/just.
 Only

2. This holiday is*** what I needed

 Only
 Just.

3. The pink bike is the *** bike I can afford

 Just
 Only.

4. *** because you ***did it once, doesn’t mean it’s not a problem.
 Just/ only.
 Only/only
 Only/just
 Just/just

5. Be careful, I *** washed the floor and it’s wet.

 Only
 Just.

6. We *** finished the kitchen renovations and it *** cost a small fortune!
 Only/just
 Just/jus
 Only/only
 Just/only.

7. Please *** go away and leave me in peace!

 Only
 Just.

8. I would love to help you *** I don’t have time today

 Only.
 Just

9. I went to the shop*** now, I don’t want to go all the way back again**** for some milk

 Only/only
 Just/just.
 Just/only
 Only/just

10. *** one person can win. Who will it be?

 Just
 Only
 Just/only.
  CAN/COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT

PEDIR PERMISO

1. Can we start now? I’ve waiting for twenty minutes

2. Can I drive
3. Could I speak to your father?
4. May I go to the toilet?
5. Might I have a word with you in private?

To speculate:
Certainty: must
Possibility: Could May, Might.
Impossibility: Can’t.

- She got an A in the End-of-term exam, You must be mistaken Isabel Can’t be the best
student in the school. That’s impossible, there are a lot of Isabel at the school, you might
be talking about Isabel Jones.

1. Pasado, sobre lo que pudo haber ocurrido:

- I think we may have given her the wrong exam.

- She can’t have scored 100% that’s impossible!

2. Futuro: especular lo que podría ocurrir en el futuro.

- Isabel, bad news. I may cancel our class tomorrow, the weather man said it might snow
tomorrow, so it may be too dangerous to travel, student could get stuck in the snow.

Can / could: abilities

Present / past

1. I can play The Beatles on my guitar but I can’t play ACDC.

2. I can’t cook paella very well but I can make eggs on toast.
 3. I could speak a little bit of French when I was a teenager but I can’t remember any of it
now.

Activities

1. Ella de be haber perdido el vuelo:

She must have missed her flight.

2. Esas chicas son identicas, deben de ser gemelas:

Those girls are identical, they must be twins.

3. No puede haber visto a la reina en el bus esta mañana:

You can’t have seen The Qeen on the bus this morning.

Extra:

MISS AND LOSE

MISS

‘1. TRANPORTATION OR EVENTS

I missed my train

Lose

Pertenencias materiales y no materiales

1. I lost my keys
2. I lost my patience

Ejemplos:

I lost my passport, so I missed my flight.

I missed my class

I’ve missed y opportunity

I have lost contact with all my friend from university

I lost my temper

She lost her mind

I am always losing my umbrella and, pocket

I missed my parents