International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science

ISSN: 2582-0745
Vol. 7, No. 02; 2024

EXPLORING PRONOUN USAGE ERRORS IN ENGLISH WRITING: A CASE STUDY

OF THAI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Nisanad Ingadapa and Knavoot Jiamwattanapong
Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, School of Liberal Arts Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom,
Thailand

ABSTRACT
This paper takes the 1263 CSSCI articles from the core journals of translation studies included in
the CNKI database from January to December (2022 ) as the data source. The author analyzes
high-impact research institutions, authors, and keywords. The aim is to comprehensively
understand the research hotspots and trends in the field of translation in 2022 and provide
reference for future translation research and the development of related disciplines.

Keywords: Translation; CiteSpace; Quantitative analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION
The “2022 China Translation and Language Service Industry Development Report”published by
the China Translation Association indicates that China’s translation and language service
industry is set to continue growing in the current year. It predicts a diversified trend in the
translation market and highlights the synergy between machine and human translation, which
will influence the development and popularization of the translation industry. Overall, the rapid
development of the translation field in China in 2022 shows that the translation industry has
become an important bridge and link for international communication and cultural
communication.The development of translation research has been rapid in 2022, yet there is a
lack of quantitative research on translation studies for this year. This paper aims to utilize the
China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) as the data platform and draw from 1263
journals from the Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) as the data source. The
objective is to conduct a quantitative analysis of these publications, summarize the overview of
translation research in China in 2022, and forecast the development trends of translation studies.

2.RESEARCH APPROACH
2.1 Data source
The data uses for analysis in this study comes from the Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index,
which is called “Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index” in English and abbreviated as CSSCI.
The database developes by the Chinese Social Science Research Evaluation Center of Nanjing
University is used to search for the collection of papers and citations of documents in the field of
Chinese social sciences. It is a landmark project in the field of evaluation of humanities and
social sciences. The author uses China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) as the data
source to conduct search of the full text with “Translation” as the subject, retrieving a total of
1,263 documents from CSSCI.The data is exported in Refworks format as Download_XXX.txt
and then analyzes using CiteSpace (Version 6.2.R4) to examine authors, institutions, and
keywords.

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2.2 Research Methods
This thesis uses CiteSpace, an information visualization software developed by Professor Chen
Chaomei. It is programmed in the Java language and incorporates dynamic citations,
scientometrics, data analysis, and information visualization technology.The version utilized in
this study is CiteSpace 6.2.R4. The specific method involves installing CiteSpace by
downloading and installing the Java operating environment and the CiteSpace from the official
website. Upon opening CiteSpace, the author configures parameters based on requirements,
including the time range and node size. The prepared data file is then imported into CiteSpace,
and clicking “Go” initiates the analysis. After completion, CiteSpace generates a network graph
and corresponding statistical data. The user can view the number of articles, publishing
institutions, authors, keywords, etc. in the graph to generate a visual representationC:\item\
%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6\137482?
fromModule=lemma_inlinkC:\item\%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A
%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6\10708177?fromModule=lemma_inlink

3. ANNUAL TRANSLATION RESEARCH ANALYSIS STATISTICS

3.1 Distribution of authors
“By studying high-influence authors, we can understand the current active authors in the field of
international translation studies and their scientific research practices, which will help us grasp
the new trends and development trends of international translation studies, and at the same time
promote research in the field of translation studies in my country.” [1]To accomplish this, the
author utilized the CiteSpace function by setting the Node Type to Author and adjusting the time
slice. A Threshold value of 2 was set to display authors who have published 2 or more articles.
By clicking the green “Go” , the analysis was initiated, resulting in the knowledge graph of
research author distribution (referred to as Figure 1).In this graph, each node represents an
author, and the size of the node corresponds to the number of articles published by that author—
larger nodes represent authors with more publications. Lines connecting the nodes indicate
cooperative relationships between research authors.
The size of the author nodes in the graph correlates positively with the number of articles they
publish. As information provided by CiteSpace, it can be observed that authors such as Zhou
Lingshun, Wu Yun, Feng Quangong, Lan Hongjun, and Ren Dongsheng publish a significant
number of articles in the field of Chinese translation research in 2022. Among them, Zhou
Lingshun stands out with 8 published articles, mainly focusing on the study of translator
behavior and criticism. Wu Yun, Feng Quangong, Lan Hongjun, and Ren Dongsheng each
contribute around 7 CSSCI articles.
Zhou Lingshun is the director of the Translation Behavior Research Center of Yangzhou
University. His research interests include linguistics and translation studies. In the field of
linguistic research, his research focuses on the study of English-Chinese “transfer words” and
frame semantics. In 2022, he will mainly study translator behavior and translation, such as
“Analysis of Translator‘s Intra-Translation Rewriting Behavior Process”, “Criticism of
Translator Behavior “Behavior-Social Perspective”, “Evaluation System of the Formal Meaning
of Original Text and Translation” “The Manifestation of Pragmatic Behavior”[2], he can be
regarded as a core member of research in this field.

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Wu Yun is a professor and doctoral supervisor at Shanghai International Studies University. In
2013, he was selected into the “New Century Excellent Talent Support Program“ of the Ministry
of Education. His main research areas include translation studies and film studies. In 2022, he
published two articles, namely “Translation Directionality and Research Aspects of Chinese
Culture’s Foreign Translation”[3]and “Translation and Communication: Correlation, Difference
and Development under Media Integration”. [4]
Based on the historical reality of Chinese culture’s foreign translation, these articles propose a
dual demand-driven foreign translation practice model, audience-based translation effect
research, and technology-empowered multi-modal and multi-media translation research, etc.,
providing more insights for translation research. Many ideas.
Feng Quangong is an associate professor and master's tutor at the School of Foreign Languages,
Culture and International Exchange at Zhejiang University. He is also the scientific backbone of
research, a foreign language academic research network. In 2022, he published two core journal
articles, namely “Translation is a semiotic transformation activity— —Some Thoughts on the
Definition of Translation” and “Research on Translated Manuscripts: Current Situation,
Problems and Trends”.[5, 6]In these articles, he proposed that translation is a semiotic
transformation activity, and semiotic transformation is its only attribute, which is worthy of
further thinking and exploration. In addition, he focuses on a relatively emerging field, namely,
translation manuscript research, and proposes future Research trends include translation
generation research, quantitative research on translation revision, and how to make full use of
related paratexts such as translation manuscripts and translator correspondence, and organically
combine translator studies, text studies, and cultural studies.
Lan Hongjun is a professor with a doctorate in translation. He serves as the school-level
academic backbone of the “Thousands and Hundreds” Project of Guangdong Province. He is
also the deputy secretary-general of the Guangdong Translation Association and a director of the
Translation Research Society of the Chinese Comparative Literature Society. He mainly studies
translation theory and translation criticism. In 2022, he focused on the study of translation
criticism and translation practice, and proposed that translators need to add new connotations to
adapt to the development of the times while adhering to tradition. [7]
Ren Dongsheng is a professor in the English Department of the School of Foreign Languages,
Ocean University of China, and a master’s tutor in translation studies. His research fields include
translation theory, Bible translation and biblical culture. In 2022, he combined management and
translation related theories to analyze the main characteristics, basic elements and general
processes of the national translation project, aiming to promote the national translation practice
project management .The construction of the knowledge system provides a reference for
promoting the standardized and institutionalized development of the national translation practice
project management, as well as strengthening the innovation of the national translation practice
project management system and mechanism. [8] His research provided strong support for the
systematic construction of national translation and provided reference for subsequent
researchers.
Furthermore, it is noticeable that there are limited connections between authors in the figure,
indicating a relatively low core author co-occurrence network density in the field of Chinese
translation studies. The level of cooperation among authors is restricted, and only a few
influential collaboration teams emerge, such as Feng Quangong’s team and the Huang Zhonglian

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team. Among them, Feng Quangong’s team is the largest, with members including Liu Yunhong
and Li Wei. However, it is worth noting that the most prolific authors in this field adopt a single-
core development model. Dual-core or multi-core models do not yet emerge. This reliance on a
single-core teamwork model may hinder the solidification of the network and is not conducive to
the advancement of the discipline; it may even lead to research stagnation.

Figure 1: Distribution of Research Authors

3.2 Distribution of research institutions

The author runs Citesapce, selects Author and Institute as the node type, and sets the time slice to
1 year, extracting nodes with a frequency ≥ 3 to generate a map of the main publishing
institutions and authors from January to mid-December 2022. The names in the graph are
institutions (authors) with more publications, and the lines represent cooperative relationships.
(Figure 2). During the statistical process, it finds that some research institutions publish articles
as secondary units, so it combines and sorts the number of publications by secondary units
belonging to the same research institution.
Relatively productive institutions include Beijing Foreign Studies University (52 articles),
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies (46 articles), Shanghai International Studies
University (61 articles), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (46 articles), and Sun Yat-sen University
(27 articles). Combined with Figure 2, it is found that the cooperation between Lan Hongjun and
Feng Lixia [9]of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies and others, and Huang Zhonglian and
Liu Lifen [10] of Shanghai International Studies University are relatively close.

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The cooperative relationships between research institutions and authors mainly involve
collaboration across different colleges, colleagues within the same college, as well as interaction
between teachers and students. This pattern aligns with the prevalent cooperation model in the
academic research field. Moreover, there is a noticeable scarcity of cross-regional cooperation
among research institutions. Notably, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies exhibits
relatively higher levels of cooperation, and their research output is diverse. High-producing
research institutions are somewhat reflected by high-producing researchers. For instance, Lan
Hongjun is affiliated with Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. The university's publication
output is comparable to that of the individual researcher, indicating a concentration of translation
research around specific scholars or institutions. This suggests that research groups and
institutions are non-uniformly distributed.

Figure 2. Distribution of Institutions

3.3 Research institutions and author distribution

Analyzing the core group of authors in the field of translation cognition is benifit to clarify the
research status in this field, and also to grasp the research trend in this field.[11] The main author
and the partner institution selected the author and institution nodes respectively, and set the time
slice for 1 year. Nodes with frequency ≥ 3 were extracted to generate a map of the main
publishing institutions and authors of the study from January to December 2022, with the names
in the figure being institutions (authors) with more publications, and the connection represents
the cooperative relationship. See Figure 4. Beijing University of Foreign Chinese (52),
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies (46), Shanghai University of Foreign Chinese Studies

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(61), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (46), Zhongshan (27) and other institutions have achieved
fruitful results in recent years.Chinese As shown in Figure 3, the prolific authors Zhou Lingshun,
Wu Yun, Feng Quangong, Lan Hongjun and Ren Dongsheng and others. Combining the two
figures, the cooperative relationship is mainly cross-college, colleagues in the same college,
teachers and students, etc. These data reflect the research hotspots and trends of foreign language
disciplines in recent years.
In terms of the cooperation between different research institutions and authors, it can be seen that
they are mainly cross-faculty, colleagues in the same college, teachers and students, etc. This is
also in line with the common model of collaboration in academic research. In addition, it can
also be found that the cooperation between Lan Hongjun and Feng Lixia and others of
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, and Huang Zhonglian and Liu Lifen of Shanghai
Overseas Chinese University are relatively close, which also reflects the importance of
cooperation in improving the quality and quantity of academic achievements in academic
research.

Figure 4: Knowledge Graph of Author and Institution Collaborative Research

3.4 Keyword clustering knowledge graph

Keywords are the essence of an academic paper. By exploring the word frequency of keywords
in each period and combining with cluster analysis, the research hotspots and frontiers in this
field can be discovered. [12]After setting the threshold of Citespace to 3, it forms the keyword
co-occurrence network knowledge graph of Chinese translation research. The circular nodes

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represent the keywords that appear in the paper, and the circle area represents the frequency of
the keyword appearing in the paper. The higher the frequency, the larger the circle area. The
connections between nodes represent the co-occurrence intensity between these keywords. The
thicker the connection, the stronger the co-occurrence degree between these keywords. In
addition, it provides a table that summarizes high-frequency keywords that appear six times or
more in translation research in the past ten years.
Next, the author clusters the keywords. By automatically clustering calculations on keyword
networks, CiteSpace divides translation research’s “ intricate and symbiotic huge theoretical
network into several territories, each territory representing a research field” .[13]The criteria for
clustering depend on the co-occurrence relationship and intensity of keywords in documents.
Documents with close co-occurrence relationships are automatically classified into a cluster, and
each cluster has a clear theme. After K-clustering the keywords, the keyword clustering result
map in Figure 5 can be obtained.
Based on the network structure and the clarity of clustering, CiteSpace provides two indicators as
the basis for evaluating the rendering effect, namely the module value (Modularity, referred to as
the Q value) and the average silhouette value (Silhouette, referred to as the S value). The Q value
is generally in the interval [0,1). The Q value is greater than 0.3, which indicates that the
clustering is significant; the S value is greater than 0.7, which indicates that the clustering is
efficient and convincing. If S is greater than 0.5, clustering is generally considered reasonable.
[14] By reading and organizing the data on the keyword cluster map generated by CiteSpace
software, the original 10 clusters can be reduced to 7 main research areas, namely world
literature, translation and introduction, translation teaching, and methodology. Among them, the
smaller the value, the larger the cluster size. These clusters reflect different aspects of the field of
translation studies, including literary translation, translated manuscripts, terminology, translation
quality management, and translation education.
The keyword cluster analysis chart and high-frequency keyword table indicate that the
translation hotspots in 2022 are derived from the comprehensive analysis. The research hotspots
for translation in 2022 mainly focus on general translation research, translation teaching, literary
translation research, communication, and E-C translation.
However, there has been relatively less emphasis on domains like oral interpretation and audio-
visual translation. Moreover, there appears to be some overlap between these keyword clusters,
suggesting that the research fields are interconnected. With existing needs, there is an urgent
requirement for enhancements across various aspects, including translation standards, oral
interpretation, and audio-visual translation. Therefore, in addition to ongoing research on
translation hotspots, it is crucial to align with the research priorities of the domestic and
international translation environment and to diversify research endeavors.

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Figure 5: Knowledge Graph of Keyword Clusters

4. RESULTS
This analysis aims to further reveal the hotspots in translation. In Table 1, the term “translation”
occurs 82 times, and keywords like “translation strategy”, “translation communication”, “E-C
translation”, and “translation standards” all appear around 20 times. Conversely, keywords that
occur less frequently, such as talent training, translation publishing, and translation process
appear fewer than 10 times. This suggests that the discussion of these related topics in this
document lacks depth.

Table 1: High-Frequency Keywords in Translation Research

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4.1 General translation research

4.1.1 Discipline construction
In the field of translation studies in 2022, disciplinary development is gaining
prominence. Based on scholarly articles, significant accomplishments in China’s translation
discipline over the past three decades have been recognized. Fu Yonglin, Hu Yun, and Xu Yiwen
propose that translation should encompass ideological, temporal, transformational, and practical
aspects, marking a new developmental phase. They stress the importance of promoting strategic
conceptual reform in translation studies, encapsulating the concepts of “embracing the
motherland with a global vision” and “applying the ancient to the present, and the Western to the
Chinese.” They highlight that such reform can positively contribute to the comprehensive
construction of a modern socialist country and the establishment of a “community of common
destiny for mankind”.[15]

4.1.2 Translation research

The study of translation is closely linked to the research paradigm of a discipline. In
current general translation research, several researchers have discussed and proposed paradigms
in translation studies that can be used as reference for the translation academic community. For
instance, Zhang Rong emphasized the need for translators to draw insights from Murray’s
“Methods and Approaches of Translation Studies” to analyze translation and discuss the
approaches and significance of constructing a methodology system for translation studies.[16]
Feng Quangong analyzed three translation methods for philosophical terms in Feng Youlan’s “A
Brief History of Chinese Philosophy”, namely transliteration, literal meaning, and translation,
proposing that these methods complement each other and achieve common goals.
[17]Furthermore, Ma Jingjing and Mu Lei introduce the concept of “triple evidence” (or even
“quadruple evidence”) as an expandable methodological resource in translation research, with
potential applications in the study of translation history, mythology classics, Chinese classics,
and the translation of minority classics. [18]
In terms of research objects, scholars have presented their views based on the
characteristics and issues surrounding the development of translation studies. Lan Hongjun
defines translation as “knowledge processing, reconstruction and re-dissemination”, introducing
a new perspective to the understanding of translation.[19] Viewing translation as an activity of
knowledge will prompt further deliberation on the relationship between translation and human
ideological existence. The primary focus of translation research will be on the internal
contradictions, the external environment, and the technical means of translation. Tan Xiaoli
analyzes the application of the “holistic method” in the translation of philosophical classics in
Lin Lizhang’s English translation of “The Book of Changes”, highlighting its intent to guide
readers in comprehending the philosophical meaning in the original work as a whole and
reproducing the stylistic essence of the original work in detail. [20]This endeavor aims to
provide inspiration and reference in the English translation of Chinese ideological classics.

4.1.3 Translation Specifications

Wang Junping and Ma Gang analyze the reasons for the evolution of the concept of
translation norms, based on the descriptive concept of translation norms. They propose that

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future research on translation norms should explore the relationship between prescriptiveness
and descriptiveness more deeply, to provide new directions for the development of translation
norms.[21]
Tian Xujun applies the corpus method and studies the English translation operating
norms of modal verbs in the “Government Work Report” from 2000 to 2020, based on the theory
of translation norms. He finds that translators typically use the “explicit” strategy to translate
Chinese modal verbs into multiple English modal verbs and structures, achieving multiple
translations of one word. [22]
In “Foreign Language Teaching”, Zhang Xu applies modern translation theory to the
study of Ma Junwuo’s translated poems, focusing on the modernization transformation of
Chinese poetic language and the characteristics of the pedigree of Chinese translated poetry. His
study addresses the poetic norms and innovative measures followed by Ma Junwu in translation,
while presenting his own reflections.[23]
Yu Xudong and Fu Jingmin discuss the essential attributes of translation norms based on
the results of research on Western translation norms and using the Chinese cognitive
construction of image thinking of “the mutual interaction of Tao and image” as a guide.
[24]They aim to clarify the overall connotation of translation norms and regard translation norms
as the concepts of “mutuality of Tao and image” and “mutual interpretation of Tao and image”,
to deepen the understanding of translation norms and provide conceptual tools for translation
practice, teaching, and criticism. This is expected to promote a more comprehensive and
profound understanding and application of norms in the field of translation in the context of
Chinese characteristics.

4.2.Applied Translation Research

4.2.1Translation education and teaching
Zhang Xiaotian and Xu Jun proposes a novel concept in the Journal of Shanxi University
of Finance and Economics (Issue S2), which is to introduce the concept of ecological
translatology into the translation classroom teaching in MTI colleges. With the help of three
theories, including ecological rationality, translation community and ecological aesthetics, they
designed a “dual-mode teaching of MTI talent training based on translation community”.
[25]This model emphasizes the core role of the translator in the translation ecological
environment, as well as the impact on the translation ecological environment. positive
interactions and experiences. Shan Wenbo mentiones how to make full use of parallel texts to
assist translation teaching, so as to better cultivate students’ translation abilities.[26]
Liu Hongwei and Wang Xiangling introduces a theoretical framework of subject teaching
knowledge integrating technology, namely TPACK. [27]Based on this framework, they initially
established a theoretical model of translation teacher teaching capabilities integrating technology
(TPACC), which includes information technology application capabilities, translation subject
capabilities, general teaching capabilities, translation subject teaching capabilities, translation
technology application capabilities, and technology integration capabilities. Translation teaching
ability and other six factors. The research results show that this model has high reliability and
validity and is suitable for studying the teaching ability development of university translation
teachers. Dai Zhengli conductes an in-depth discussion on college English translation teaching
based on the “Chinese Translation Ability Assessment Grade Standards”. He proposes that

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university education should pay attention to cultivating talents and focusing on the cultivation of
morals and values, highlighting the important role of college English translation teaching. In
addition, he emphasizes that students should be the center of teaching, cultivating their abilities
and equipping them with communication skills, while also cultivating international vision and
feelings for home and country.[28] Yang Yanwei pointes out that China’s corpus construction
faces a series of problems, such as inconsistencies in standards and coding, lack of international
large-scale corpora, insufficient interdisciplinary integration, and lagging software development.
She also offers suggestions for resolving these issues.[29]
In addition, scholars also pay attention to the education of international students. In the
era of big data, Luo Qin discusses the application of new media technology in translation
teaching to promote innovation in college English translation teaching.[30]

4.2.2Translation Strategy
“Translation strategy” has become a prominent term in discussions about translation in
2022. Fang Mengzhi discusses the prevalence of “translation” as the primary topic in Chinese
translation research. He observes that “translation strategy” has become the most frequently used
phrase in Chinese translation research, featuring in thousands of article titles, surpassing other
topics. Most articles on translation strategy are published in knowledge-oriented foreign
language journals, general humanities and social science, and technology journals, which
generally have a lower academic level. Despite this, these articles represent the mainstream of
contemporary translation strategy research and have a significant impact on the field of
translation studies.[31]
Wu Yun and Mou Yiwu discusses the innovative application of multimodal translation
to introduce Chinese stories to the world, based on an analysis of the current state of national
translation of Chinese stories. Their work provides a reference for using multimodal translation
to introduce Chinese stories to the world and enhance the dissemination power of Chinese stories
in national translation.[32]
Sun Xiaorong discusses the new requirements for talent development in the context of the
new era of global integration. She emphasizes the importance of enhancing students’translation
strategy abilities as a crucial element in improving the quality of talent development and pointed
out the deficiencies in BTI (Bachelor of Translation and Interpreting) teaching in China. Sun
Xiaorong explores corresponding solutions and proposed a “five-step” translation strategy ability
development model and a “four-step” translation norm awareness cultivation model.[33]
Li Jing and Ren Junhua emphasizes the importance of employing multi-dimensional
strategies in translating central documents that contain a wealth of information about Chinese
politics, economics, culture, diplomacy, livelihood, and customs.[34] They argue that translators
should utilize language, cultural, and process strategies to help the world better understand
China’s path, enhance the nation’s soft power, shape the country’s image, and increase its
international discourse power.
Liu Zequan and Ding Li conductes a comparative study on the 18th chapter of “Ulysses”,
analyzing the original text and two Chinese translations by Xiao Qian, Wen Jie, and Jin Di
creates a small-scale Chinese-English parallel corpus based on discourse markers and applies
systemic functional linguistics’engagement theory to analyze variations in cohesion in the
original text and the two translations.[35]

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Zhao Huijun and Lin Guobin summarizes linguistic strategies to address omissions in
machine translation, using a context-cross-confirmation strategy based on local language corpora
and machine translation data to identify omitted words.[36] They also employes word vector
context-related collocation strategies to reduce the number of omissions in machine translation,
showing a significant reduction in omission rates after considering linguistic intervention
through corpora and word vector context factors, reducing mistranslations of words and errors in
word order.

4.2.3 Translation criticism

In 2022, translation criticism encompasses research on multiple levels of translation,
translation theory, and translators, with a primary focus on literary translation. Wang Yiduo
proposes a multi-level translation system containing three different levels of translation criticism
standards, named “how to evaluate”. [37]However, this system lacks specificity and clear
differentiation, and thus does not provide clear guidance for evaluators.
Lan Hongjun addresses the need to establish the critical nature of Chinese translation
criticism in the new era, emphasizing the necessity for a deeper understanding of the nature of
translation, historical changes in translation criticism, and the establishment of new theoretical
connotations. [38]It raises important questions about the history and characteristics of translation
criticism in China, and the establishment of criticality in the new era.
Liu Yunhong and Xu Jun mentione that although translation criticism has made
significant progress in practice and theory in the new era, it remains relatively marginalized, with
its legitimacy and value not fully demonstrated. [39]They call for more attention to be given to
the field of translation to promote the practice of translation criticism and to understand its
modern characteristics, trends, and future development possibilities.
Wang Shuhuai proposes an “interdisciplinary comprehensive model of translation
criticism” that spans multiple fields of translation criticism and emphasizes various categories of
translation criticism. [40]This model brings attention to research methods and interdisciplinary
fields, advocating for a holistic approach that focuses on the translation, the translator, and the
receiver, thereby broadening the scope of translation criticism.Finally, Li Jinshu provides a
methodological reference for the study of the history of translation criticism, broadening the
horizons of research in this field.[41]
Overall, these studies and perspectives underscore the importance and diversity of
translation criticism, encouraging researchers to delve deeper and promote the development of
translation criticism to meet evolving translation needs and cultural challenges.

4.2.4 Literary Translation Research

In 2022, literary translation continues to hold a prominent position in translation studies,
particularly in the context of presenting Chinese literature to a global audience. Sun Yifeng
examines several key aspects of literary translation and poetics.[42] It is emphasized that despite
the nature of rewriting, literary translation fundamentally embodies cross-cultural behavior.
Overcoming obstacles in cross-border, cross-ethnic, and cross-cultural communication is vital for
the success of literary translation. Theoretical challenges and coping strategies in translation
poetics pose significant hurdles, encompassing the translator’s identity in a cross-cultural

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context, the reception and reading experience of the translated text, and the form and nature of
rewriting and manipulation.
Song Xuezhi and Zhao Binbin further expound on the essential similarities between the
two theories based on Fu Lei’s “spiritual similarity” and Qian Zhongshu’s “Hua Jing”. Fu Lei
underscores the aspirational goal of “transformation” in his belief that his translation is “too
little, not enough, and not good enough”.[43] The translator’s subjectivity is pivotal to literary
translation, as addressed by Liu Yunhong in the fourth issue of “Foreign Language and Foreign
Language Research”. [44]This exploration aims to deepen the understanding of the translator’s
subjectivity and expand comprehension of their role in the production process of literary
translation.
The English translation of contemporary Chinese novels serves as a significant means for
integrating Chinese literature into the global landscape and enabling foreign audiences to
comprehend and embrace Chinese culture. Xu Jun highlights the writing characteristics of
“Research on the English Translation of Contemporary Chinese Novels Since Reform and
Opening Up”, advertising its critical academic contributions in advancing the Chinese translation
discipline and promoting the characteristics of translation history. [45]This research significantly
contributes to constructing narrative discourse and enhancing the theoretical consciousness of
literary foreign translation research.
Additionally, research underscores the importance of accuracy in literary translation,
particularly mentioned by Huang Zhonglian and Yang Li in “Russian Literature and Art”.
[46]They note that full literary translation sometimes overemphasizes literariness at the expense
of accuracy. However, accuracy remains integral to all translations, especially full literary
translation. Achieving accuracy in the translation process includes precise definition, word
selection, coloring, conveying of literary connotations, and the use of punctuation to reflect the
literary value of the original work.
In conclusion, these studies and discussions underscore the crucial role of literary
translation in cross-cultural communication and cultural dissemination, while also revealing the
challenges and opportunities within the field of translation. Literary translation not only strives to
preserve the literary value and emotion of the original work but also facilitates understanding and
communication between diverse cultures.

4.2.5 Medio-translatology
Cultural soft power plays a crucial role in representing a nation’s image and strength and
has become fundamental for international competitiveness. The term “Medio-translatology”
emerged in some comparative literature textbooks in the early 1980s, but it was not until the
publication of Tianzhen Xie’s monograph on “Medio-translatology” in 1999 that this term
gradually gained recognition, solidifying its content and scope. Liu Yunhong analyzes the works
of Nobel Prize winner Mo Yan, examining the translation and introduction of Mo Yan’s works in
France to understand the factors that influence the overseas acceptance and dissemination of
Chinese literature. [47]Drawing from the theories of translatology and communication studies,
Dai Fangfang investigates the current situation and challenges of overseas translation and
dissemination of classical literature in News Lovers, proposing suggestions to promote Chinese
classical literature in the information age. [48]These initiatives involve establishing the main
body of translation and introduction for Sino-foreign cooperation, innovating the selection of

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content, fully utilizing scientific and technological methods, and addressing the needs and
feedback of the audience for translation and introduction.
In order to encourage Chinese literature to gain international traction, researchers are
making persistent efforts. Xiao Di conductes a systematic analysis of the translation
characteristics of contemporary Chinese novels by overseas translators from a canonization
perspective. This combined with evaluation feedback from Western media, led to an analysis of
the novels’ language, sentence structure, rhetorical techniques, and narrative style. He suggested
communication strategies, including identifying and processing regional characteristics, fostering
critical analysis from domestic academic circles, and leveraging the linguistic and cultural
advantages of sinologists.[49]
Moreover, some scholars actively promote the overseas dissemination of “A Dream of
Red Mansions” . For instance, Ji Shufeng’s study examines Gan Lin’s evaluation and
opinions,as well as the translation methods and characteristics, that provided historical materials
for the early English translation of “A Dream of Red Mansions”. [50]Similarly, Gao Yuan’s
discussion in the Journal of Hunan University highlighted the Icelandic translation of “A Dream
of Red Mansions”, shedding light on the spread of Sinology in Europe. These studies and efforts
contribute to the international dissemination and internationalization of Chinese literature.[51]

5. CONCLUSION
Amidst the rapid advance of globalization and the increasing cross-border exchanges,
translation has assumed an even more pivotal role as a crucial tool for cultural communication.
This thesis utilizes CiteSpace to unveil the key trends in the field of translation research. These
studies underscore the importance of achieving a balance between translation theory and
practice. They emphasize the incorporation of both classical and innovative approaches and
place particular emphasis on aspects such as translation criticism, translation introduction, and
talent development. Additionally, they venture into emerging areas such as the study of
translated manuscripts and related paratexts. However, the field of translation studies encounters
several challenges, including a shortage of core authors, insufficient institutional cooperation,
and a lack of diversity in research directions.
To address these issues, several strategies are proposed. Firstly, scholars are encouraged
to engage in interdisciplinary integration and multidisciplinary research. This entails spanning
across various fields such as translation studies, management, sociology, political science,
communication, and diplomacy. This approach aims to establish cross-institutional and cross-
regional cooperation platforms, fostering multidisciplinary collaboration and facilitating
disciplinary exchanges to advance the development of the field.
Secondly, there is a need to intensify research in interpretation and corpora, with a
particular focus on the synergy between technology and translation. This includes studying
engineering tools, equipment, platforms, systems, and technical applications in translation
practice, such as computer-assisted translation, corpora, knowledge bases, and terminology
bases. Future research should place greater emphasis on the creation and investigation of
interpreting corpora, translator style, semantic prosody, and other related areas. This
interdisciplinary research should draw from sociology, cognitive linguistics, psychology, and
related fields, providing profound analysis and interpretation. The insights derived from corpora
can significantly enhance our understanding of translation practice.

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Furthermore, it is essential to allocate more attention to audiovisual translation research
to achieve a balanced integration of theory and practice. The expectation is that as the field of
translation continues to evolve, China’s translation research will yield fresh results and
breakthroughs. This will be particularly notable in the development of translation systems and in
research pertaining to translation education. These advancements will contribute significantly to
the advancement of the national language strategy

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