Simple Vocabulary For IELTS

1
 SYNONYMS/ A
• annual = yearly = per year
• a rise = an increase = a growth.
• a decrease = a fall = a drop = a decline = a reduction
• already = not new
• a pair of = two
• allow = enable
• avoid = keep safe from
• a great deal of = a lot of
• according to = depending on
• areas = parts
• affect = impact
• anticipate = foreshadow
• aid = help
• audience = viewer
• abnormal = unusual
• actor = performer
• attack = assault
• appearance = physiognomy
• amusing = funny = humorous
• aspects of life = existence
• alone = solely
• anxiety = fear
• assist their learning = improve their learning efficiency
• a considerable amount = a great deal = a lot
• a strong connection = a very close relationship
• assistant = apprentice
• autumn (British English) = fall (American English)
• abandoned = derelict
• a prevailing wind = against the wind
2
• average = normal
• animals = livestock
• accidentally = only by chance
• agencies = jurisdictions
• a (wide) variety of = a range of
• accept = tolerate
• actively notice = pay attention to
• a sense of duty = moral obligation
• ancient creatures = fossils
• a global team = an international working party
• at risk = vulnerable
• auditory problems = hearing loss
• achievement = success
• a psychological illness = a mental disorder
• affect = influence
• aggressive behavior = frustration and anger
• average-sized = medium-sized
• agree on = concur on
• alter = change
• a century = 100 years
• associated with = relationship
• achievement = attainment
• admit = acknowledge
• attempt = effort
• affect the environment= ruin the environment.
• a sharp decrease = a crash = a sudden serious fall in the price or value of something
• allow = grant permission
• aggressive = assertive = pushy

• aid = help = assist

• at the same time = at a time
• a few = a handful of
3
• achievable = realistic
• associated with = closely related to
• a similar way to = like
• ambitious = aspiring
• antagonize = provoke = embitter
• after = following = next
• afraid = frightened = scared
• always = forever
• apparent = obvious = evident
• accompanied by = together with
• ability = skill = aptitude
• accurate = correct = right
• awful = dreadful
• awkward = clumsy = uncoordinated
• approve = accept = ratify = endorse
• arrive = reach = come
• above = overhead
• allow = permit
• achieve = accomplish = attain
• artificial = fake = synthetic = false
• amazing = fantastic = astonishing = extraordinary = incredible = fabulous = wonderful
• angry = mad = furious
• active = energetic = animated = lively
• adequate = sufficient = enough = ample
• ask = question = inquire
• adjourn = postpone = recess
• active = energetic
• answer = reply = respond
• ask = question = request = inquire = query = examine.
• adult = grown-up
• average = ordinary = fair
• attraction = spectacular
4
• advocate = support = recommend
• arrogant = haughty
• after = behind
• awful = dreadful = terrible = bad = unpleasant

SYNONYMS/B
• businesses = companies
• beneath = under
• brief = short = concise
• broad = wide = expansive
• beautiful = gorgeous = graceful = elegant = pretty = lovely = attractive
• begin = start = open = initiate = commence
• based on = modelled on
• brave = courageous = fearless
• by = via
• busy = occupied
• build = construct
• big = enormous = huge = gigantic = vast = large = great.
• bright = intelligent = knowing = quick-witted = smart = shining = shiny = brilliant
• buy = purchase
• best = finest
• blend = combine = mix
• be put together = be composed
• be allowed = be entitled
• beautiful (view) = breathtaking = wonderful = picturesque

• beautiful (person) = attractive = gorgeous = good-looking.

• base = foundation
• brave = courageous
• be predicted to = be expected to
• be impossible = cannot
• building = construction
5
• before = prior
• because = since
• be given priority = preferential
• believe = trust = accept
• be successful =to prosper = be fortunate
• barren = unproductive = infertile
• below = under = lower
• beneficial = helpful = useful = advantageous
• become troublesome = interfere with
• before = prior to
• brain = mind
• be able = be capable = be qualified
• ban = prohibit = forbid
• before = prior = earlier
• beginning = start = initiate

• be raised = be lifted
• become aware of = realize
• boundaries = frontiers
• body language = gestures
• beautiful = pretty = attractive = lovely
• bloom = flourish
• bones = remains
• beyond the point where land is visible = out of sight of land
• birds in temperate climates = temperate-zone birds
• build = construct

SYNONYMS/C

• consumption = use
• cut = reduce
• cities = urban
6
• crops = plants which are grown for food
• components = parts
• conscientious = careful
• common = generally
• create = form
• change the direction of = re-route

• cannot be replaced = no substitute for

• complexity = intricacy
• currently = in more recent decades
• categories = types
• create = build
• consistent with = fit
• charging = pricing
• commitment to = engagement
• colleague = peer
• charming = delightful = appealing = enchanting
• chilly = cool
• conditions = factors
• copy = reproduction
• colours = hues
• certain = sure = definite
• capture = seize = arrest
• consulted = asked advice
• collect = accumulate
• contribute to = lead to
• care = concern = protection
• careful = cautious = watchful

• cold = freezing
• comprehend = understand
• confuse = misinterpret
7
• coincidental = fortuitous
• civil = municipal
• close = shut = fasten
• close = near
• conclude = draw a conclusion
• change = shift
• calm = quiet = tranquil
• complete = finish
• complex = complicated
• cooperation = support and understanding
• construction = building
• city life = urban lifestyles
• complex = complicated = intricate
• competent = capable = qualified
• collect information = establish a databank
• catastrophic = devastating
• compress = condense = squeeze
• concrete = solid

• concur = agree
• conflict = oppose = differ
• consecutive = successive = continuous
• conservative = cautious = restrained
• conscientious = scrupulous = virtuous
• careless = reckless
• conflict = fight = battle = struggle
• cease = stop = discontinue
• courageous = brave
• carefully = meticulously
• channel their feelings = emotional forces in harness
• cemetery = burial ground
• current teaching methods = modern teaching practices
8
• characteristics = traits
• citizens = residents
• cognitive = perceptual
• cut down on = reduce
• categories = types
• city = metropolitan
• conserving energy = sparing use of energy reserves
• comply with = obey

• cheerful = optimistic
• cheap = worthless
• courageous = brave = heroic
• cowardly = fearful
• contributed to = made a contribution to
• charging = pricing
• contaminate = pollute
• contented = satisfied = pleased
• comparatively = relatively
• come = approach = arrive = reach
• cool = chilly = cold = frosty = frigid
• conform = comply
• conceal = hide
• cozy = comfortable
• congested = overcrowded = stuffed
• continue = persist = persevere
• clarify = explain = simplify
• connect = join = link = attach
• conscious = aware
• courteous = polite
• considerate = thoughtful

• constantly = always = continually

9
• convenient = handy
• conventional = customary = traditional
• correct = accurate = right
• cry = shout = yell = scream
• cut = chop = reduce
• crazy = insane = mad
• cruel = heartless
• careless = negligent
• chatting on the internet = chatting online
• criminals = people who commit a crime
SYNONYMS/D
• distance = transportation
• disadvantage = drawback
• directly = straight
• decline = downfall
• dull = banal
• dominant = overbearing
• death rate = mortality rate
• domestic = home
• define = distinguish
• dense = tight

• direction = regulation
• difficult situations= challenging activities
• disobey = resist
• discovered = explored
• damage = harm = injure
• divided = split
• dissuade = deter
• disputes = disagreement
• difficulties = challenges
• depart = leave
10
• disaster = accident
• do not have = lack
• domestic = connected with the home or family
• difficulty in recognizing = hidden or obscured
• drop = discard
• different = unrelated
• discoveries = breakthroughs
• distinctive = different
• dreadful = terrible = unpleasant
• dull = blunt
• depart = leave = exit
• deposit = place
• devised = formulated
• detecting = locating
• dumb = stupid
• documentation = written accounts
• domestic =in homes
• dark = black
• doubt = mistrust
• dawn = sunrise
• dense = thick = heavy = compressed

• due primarily to = mainly because of

• depend (mainly) on = rely (heavily) on
• disclose = eliminate the secrecy
• declined by 50% = halved
• destroy = ruin
• dangerous = hazardous = risky = unsafe
• dark = shadowy = dim = dusky = black
• different = distinct = unlike
• documented evidence = data incidence = scale
11
• decreasing = decline
• doubt = distrust
• doubtful = vague
• decay = rot = spoil
• delicate = fragile
• disagree = differ = dispute
• dispute = debate = oppose
• demolish = destroy
• delightful = charming = lovely
• dissatisfied = unhappy
• discontinue = stop
• dull = boring = tiring = tiresome = uninteresting = tedious = monotonous

• different = varied
• damage = hurt = impair = harm
• dangerous = unsafe = hazardous
• deduct = subtract
• defend = protect
• detest = dislike = hate
• divide = separate = split
• docile = tame = gentle
• difficult = hard = challenging
• diverse = different = distinct
• dirty = messy
• destroy = demolish
• dishonest = untrustworthy
• dull = uneducated
• destroy = ruin = demolish
• disagreement = contrast = incompatibility
• different functions = various features.

SYNONYMS/E
12
• estimate = predict
• ecozones = areas where there is a natural community of plants and animals
• encourage = stimulate
• emotions = feelings
• experts = biologists
• enormous = immense
• eyesight = vision
• effect = impact
• economic significance = economic impact
• evidence = clue
• experiments = studies
• evidence = indication
• environmental = ecological
• extremely high = impressive
• each person = each individual
• external = outer
• extended = longer
• efficiently = in the quickest way
• extend = prolonging
• encourage = promote = support = urge

• enemy = opponent = ally

• effective = works well
• effects = consequences
• entirely = wholly
• evident = apparent = obvious = clear
• expenditure on = spent on
• each year = annual
• established = founded = started or created an organization, a system, etc.
• express large numbers = deal with large numbers
• establish targets = setting goals
• enjoy = like
13
• enlarge = expand = magnify
• earnings = pay = remuneration
• enormous = vast = immense
• early part of the process = early phases of development
• expected = predicted
• expensive = pricey = costly = dear
• exaggerate their claims = overstate their arguments
• examine = analyze
• excited = turbulent
• early = soon = premature

• easy = simple
• evil = bad = wrong = wicked
• excite = arouse = provoke = incite
• exterior = outside = outer
• effortless = easy
• energetic = lively
• end = stop = finish = terminate = conclude = close = halt = cessation
• explain = clarify = define = interpret = justify

SYNONYMS/F
• fertilisers = artificial chemicals added to the land to make crops grow bigger or more quickly
• fresh = new
• fear = be afraid
• false = incorrect
• fast = rapid = quick = swift
• food production = food chain = food supply
• feel = experience
• fix = mend = repair
• fluid = liquid
• fixed = determined
• failed to overcome = made it impossible
14
• farming = agriculture
• fertile = productive
• free = release
• first = beginning
• first stage = initial stage
• faults = flaws
• features = characteristics
• feelings = emotional responses
• format = pattern
• former = previous = earlier
• fraction = part = portion = segment
• fat = chubby
• fatal = deadly = mortal
• feedback = comments
• frivolous = trivial = unimportant
• full = packed = stuffed
• forbid = prohibit = ban
• forgive = pardon = excuse
• focus on = emphasize
• finish = end
• feasible = possible = attainable = practical

• fabulous = marvelous = amazing

• ferocious = fierce = savage
• fertile = fruitful = productive
• famous = well-known = renowned = famed = eminent.
• fear = fright = dread = scare = panic.
• face = confront = meet
• fair = impartial
• fresh = unused = new
• frigid = freezing = frosty
15
• furious = angry = enraged = infuriated
• future = tomorrow
• fixed = immobile
• failing = unsuccessful
• filled = occupied
• firm = steady
• false = fake = fraudulent = counterfeit

SYNONYMS/G
• goal = imperative
• grow = rise
• goals = the highest levels of expertise
• grades = results

• generous = giving = big-hearted

• genuine = real = authentic = sincere
• good = nice = fine = well-behaved
• great = outstanding = remarkable
• give their opinions = express their views
• good things = positive things
• give = donate = present = offer
• go around = orbit
• gain = acquire = obtain = receive
• gather = collect = accumulate = compile
• glad = happy = pleased = delighted
• glorious = splendid = magnificent = superb
• gentle = tender = mild
• gratitude = thankfulness = appreciation
• good luck = fortune
• go = move = travel
• good = excellent = fine = wonderful = helpful.

16
 SYNONYMS/H
• have a major impact on = transformed
• halt = call it quits
• happiness = joy

• happen = come about

• have not been diagnosed = undiagnosed
• hard work = effort
• how paper is recycled = the process of paper recycling
• humble = modest
• harsh = strict
• how to produce = the process of producing
• higher corresponds to threefold = three times as much/ triple
• high noise level = loud noise
• help = have a positive effect on
• heat = temperature
• hide = conceal
• happy = content
• humiliate = embarrass
• handy = useful = convenient
• hard = firm = solid
• honest = truthful = sincere = frank
• hospitable = welcoming = gracious
• hostile = aggressive
• huge = vast = immense = great
• hide = conceal

• high = tall
• harsh = rough
• happy = joyful = cheerful = glad = overjoyed = pleased = contented = satisfied = delighted
SYNONYMS/ I
• infectious diseases = diseases that can pass from one plant to another by the wind or by insects
17
• in the natural world = throughout nature
• ignore = resist
• intuitive thinking = intuition
• illnesses = ailments
• information = data
• instructed = told
• insufficient = sparse
• illogical = unreasonable
• immoral = unethical
• important = crucial
• incompetent = inept
• intense = extreme
• improve = increase the efficiency of
• increase in population = population growth
• industrial revolution = industrialisation

• immediately = nearly instant

• information = data
• imitate (imitation) = mimic
• impaired = damaged
• innocent = guiltless
• insufficient = inadequate = deficient
• in accordance with = according to
• inaccurate= incorrect
• intelligent = smart = bright
• increasing = soaring
• interior access = inner staircases
• initiate = bring about
• interesting = provocative = engrossing
• identify the problem = understand the problem
• isolated = inaccessible
• internal = inner = inside
18
• in excess of = over
• increase = expand = rise
• irrelevant = inappropriate = unrelated
• irritate = annoy
• introduction = invention

• identical = alike = duplicate

• inactive = lazy
• ignore = disregard
• important = vital = indispensable
• interesting = fascinating = engaging = attractive = intriguing = captivating = enchanting
• impossible = unachievable
• infants = very young children
• intriguing = fascinating
• in essence = essentially
• independent = self-reliant
• inappropriate = unsuitable
• increase = enlarge = amplify
• ingenious = clever = creative
• impetuous = impulsive = reckless
• important = significant = meaningful
• inappropriate = unsuitable = wrong
• ignorant = unaware
• immaculate = spotless = pure
• imperfect = defective = faulty
• imperative = compulsory = mandatory
• involved with = associated with

• idle = inactive
• immature = childish = inexperienced
• impolite = rude
• indefinite = unclear
19
• insignificant = unimportant
• immune = resistant
• impartial = neutral = unbiased = fair
• idea = thought = concept
• incident = event
• incompatible characteristics = paradox

SYNONYMS/K
• keep = save = protect =guard
• kind = considerate = tender = thoughtful
• kind = wonderful
• knowledgeable = smart

SYNONYMS/L
• launched = initiated
• lived apart = be separated at birth
• large = big = massive = huge
• last = final = end
• look like = resemble
• levels = storeys
• lethargic = tired
• lifted = raised
• leave out = omit
• life expectancy = lifetime
• lower secondary schools = middle-years education
• least = fewest = minimum = smallest
• lacking = insufficient
• long-term = sustainable
• liable to = can happen

• less time spent on exercises = shorten the practice

• learn = acquire
20
• long = lengthy
• lure = attract = seduce
• long-lost traits = ancestral features
• left = soared out of
• limit = minimize
• limited = incomplete
• local people = communities
• large city = megalopolis
• long-term = lasting/extending over a long time
• little doubt = almost certainly
• luxurious = extravagant = elegant
• lack = deficit
• love = like = fancy = cherish = adore = treasure = appreciate
• levels of unemployment = unemployment rate

SYNONYMS/M
• motifs = patterns = images
• material = commodity
• magnify = expand = enlarge = exaggerate
• misfortune = hardship

• mathematical method = statistical concept

• moved = relocation
• most people = almost every individual
• manager = boss
• mass production = print out huge numbers
• mainly = most important
• mishandling = bungling
• make payment = pay for
• movement =transport
• mean = unkind = malicious = nasty
• mend = repair = fix
21
• motorised vehicles = buses and trucks
• more than = exceed
• make the noise stop = turn the noise off
• moulded = reshaped
• man-made = synthetic
• mild = moderate
• moral = ethical = virtuous = righteous
• mature = adult
• most = maximum
• maximum = greatest

• minimum = least
• mobile = moveable
• monotonous = boring = tedious
• mysterious = secret
• manufactured = produced
• move onto = pass onto
• most of = nearly all of
• moves = gestures
• more = increased
• modified = qualified
• migrate back = return
• medical technique = treatment
• mean = cruel = inconsiderate
• movable = portable
• manufacture = produce

SYNONYMS/N
• need = require
• non-fossil-based fuels = renewable energy
• needed = required
• nature = essence
22
• not traditional = new

• natural forests = primary forests

• not limit = transcend
• neat = clean, tidy, well-organized.
• new = fresh = original = current
• noisy = rowdy
• noise = disturbance
• normal = ordinary = typical, usual
• negligent = careless = inattentive
• naughty = bad = disobedient
• neat = clean = orderly = tidy
• neglectful = careless
• no limit = never reach maximum
• not charged = not have to pay
• new = recent
• nervous energy = psychic tension
• new technologies = modern technologies
• not natural = artificial
• not appreciated = undervalued
• now = current
• need = requirement

SYNONYMS/O

• observe = see
• omit = strip out = leave out
• ordinary = conventional
• over the counter = in the shops
23
• officials = authorities
• overcome = deal with
• open = begin
• occur frequently = are common
• only = solely
• overdirect = too much guidance
• overcome shyness = learn to be more outgoing
• one explanation = another possibility
• ordinary = commonplace
• old = antique
• obsolete = dated = antiquated
• optimistic = hopeful = confident
• odours = smell
• overcome = getting rid of
• occur more than once = repeated
• obey = comply

• old people = people who are retired

• offend = displease = disgust
• outstanding = extraordinary
• odd = weird = strange
• obey = comply

SYNONYMS/P
• plant = grow
• place = locate
• paintings = works
• precious metals = gold, silver
• premature = early
• pretty = lovely = beautiful = attractive
• pleasing = appealing
• perform = carry out
24
• pioneered = first suggested
• persuasive = powerful
• play it safe = avoid risk
• personality = character
• potential = possibilities
• promptly = immediately
• profit = gain = earnings = benefit
• prohibit = forbid = restrict
• policy initiative = strategy
• previous events = past experience
• plants = stations
• provide a view of = overlook

• private transport = car

• principles = laws
• put together = assembled
• place = deposit
• prompt = punctual = timely
• prosperous = thriving = successful = flourishing
• prevent = prohibit = hinder
• permit = allow
• prior to = beforehand
• pictures = images
• problem = difficulty
• permit = allow
• promotion = advancement
• prominent = distinguished = eminent
• personal values = individual properties
• pessimistic view = seems to be getting worse
• prevail upon = have influence in = persuade
• principles = essential features
• publicity = press
25
• program cost = program fee
• physical changes = hormonal changes

• processes = stages
• perfect = flawless
• precious = valuable
• plausible = believable = reasonable = logical
• polite = gracious = courteous
• place = area = plot = region = location = situation
• proportion = percentage = rate
• poverty rate = level of poverty = poverty level = the percentage of people who live in poverty
• production = manufacture = be produced = be made = be manufactured
• per person = per capita
• people who use cars = car users = car commuters = people who commute by car = people who travel
by car
• people who cycle to work = cycling commuters
• public = individuals
• produce accurate work = make fewer errors
• problems = difficulties
• present beliefs = contemporary perceptions
• picked out = chose
• pesticides = potent chemicals
• pagoda = temple building
• prehistoric = ancient

• patience = perseverance
• permanent = enduring = lasting
• prevent misunderstanding = resolve any confusion
• peace = harmony
• persuade = convince = influence
• peace = quiet
• preceding = previous
26
 SYNONYMS/Q
• quickly = rapidly
• question = interrogate = inquire = ask
• quiet = silent = tranquil
• quick = speedy
• quit = cease = stop = withdraw

SYNONYMS/R
• rely on = be dependent on
• rules = laws
• restrict = curb
• really successful = achieve at a higher level
• rainfall = precipitation
• rotate = turn

• recording of events = documentation of history

• replication = reproducing
• regarded as =considered
• researchers with differing attitudes = sceptics and advocates
• remove = extract
• react = respond
• reason = caused
• remedy = repair
• rude = unfriendly
• replaced = upgrade
• rational thinking = judgment
• reversible = run backwards
• responsibility = moral obligation
• reticence = shyness
• remains = fragments
• re-emerge = reappear
27
• respond = reply
• resemble = look like
• regular = continual
• referring to = talk about
• response = reply

• run their own business = open their own business/ company

• regulations = standards
• relies on = draw on
• reliable = predictable
• relationships with other people = social experience
• reflection = movements in the mirror
• reveal = tell
• recognize = distinguish
• remember = recall
• retain = learn
• raise = lift
• recognize = certify = admit officially (usually in writing)
• restricted = limited
• recognise the difference = distinguish
• rise = growing = increased
• release = punctured
• recommence = continue
• real = authentic
• reluctant = unwilling = hesitant
• remote = secluded = isolated = distant
• rarely = seldom

• reduce = shrink
• remarkable = outstanding
• rough = harsh
• release = discharge
28
• rude = discourteous
• rich = wealthy
• risky = hazardous
• reputable = honorable
• resist = oppose = withstand
• recreation = amusement = pleasure
• reduce = lessen = decrease = diminish
• reliable = trustworthy
• reveal = show = disclose
• ridiculous = nonsensical = foolish
• remove = eliminate = get rid of

SYNONYMS/S
• shut out water = seal off from water
• sea = ocean
• support = back up
• satisfying = rewarding
• suffers = experiences

• supplementary = extra
• silence = absence of a sound
• shade = shelter from the heat
• steps = measures
• strengthen = deepen
• share = interchange
• socially disadvantaged = deprived
• self-reliance = independence
• support = backup
• significance = importance
• show statistically = provide precise, valid or reliable data
• seem to contradict = sound paradoxical
• significant = important
29
• several times = on more than one occasion
• signals = radio waves
• site = station
• seeking = looking for
• searching for = looking for
• stop = quit = cease = terminate
• strenuous = vigorous = laborious
• suitable = appropriate

• small = minor
• stop = halt
• sea life = fish and other creatures
• saw the importance = understood the need
• success rate = hit-rate
• surprising = unexpectedly
• similar to = not unusual
• severe weather conditions = typhoons
• stop = constrain
• send = deliver
• stop = close down = put a halt to = bring a halt to
• separate from = independent of
• staff = employees
• sleep disorders = sleep disturbance
• shy = timid
• separate = disconnect
• sparse = empty
• stable = steady = unchanging
• stimulate = motivate
• same = similar
• sharp = bright

• strict = severe
30
• strong = powerful = mighty
• stupid = dense = foolish
• smart = intelligent = clever
• sadness = depression
• scatter = disperse
• show = present = reveal = demonstrate = display = exhibit
• slow = gradual = leisurely
• selfish = stingy
• sad = unhappy
• subsequent = following = succeeding
• small = tiny
• sensible = rational
• separate = disconnect = detach
• small = little
• swift = fast = speedy = hasty
• synthetic = man-made = artificial
• sloppy = disorderly
• sick = ill
• slim = slender = thin
• small = little

• sociable = friendly
• successful = thriving = prosperous = triumphant
• surplus = excess = additional = extra
• strange = odd = weird, outlandish, curious, unique, exclusive, irregular
• sales = turnover = how much money is made = income = revenue
• spending = expenditure
• sort = classify
• start a business = own a business/ company
• shopping on the internet = online shopping = buying/purchasing online
• sales of fast food = turnover from fast food

31
 SYNONYMS/T
• taken out = removed
• the folklore = the local belief
• the most important step = key step
• time limit = deadline
• trend of the period = fashion of the time
• tradesmen = merchants
• the rapid growth = the spectacular growth
• transport methods = transport modes
• technological developments = information technologies
• take gambles = take chances
• techniques = methods = practices
• transport mode = means of transport
• test = examination
• test = experiment
• to investigate = to analyse
• the most important = major
• to give up = to abandon
• 2 decades = 20 years
• the most vividly coloured red = the reddest
• took = carried

• tools = facilities
• the question = the puzzle
• transmission = pass along communication channels
• transmitted = sent back
• transmit = sent out
• thin = skinny
• tragic = sorrowful
• take = receive
• terrible = awful = bad
• threat = endangered
32
• today = current
• today = now
• teaching activities = methods
• three different types= three separate ways
• to copy = to replicate = to reproduce
• the world economy = the global economy
• to be sure = to ensure
• to proceed = to continue
• total = whole = entire = complete
• tell = inform = notify
• take = pick = choose = select

• the level of income = the rate of income = the income rate = the income level = the level of revenue =
the revenue rate = the revenue level
• the elderly = elderly people = senior citizens
• the amount of time spent = the time spent
• the majority of people = most of the people = most people
• transport = deliver = carry
• to rise = to increase = to grow = to go up
• to decrease = to fall = to reduce = to go down = to drop = to decline

SYNONYMS/U
• uncover = reveal
• underestimate = overlook
• universal = just about everybody
• unjust = unfair
• unemployment = out of work
• unlike = a fundamental difference
• unpredictably = erratically
• understand = recognize
• upset = find painful, distressing
• unnecessary = superfluous = redundant
33
• unpleasant = offensive
• uncommon = unusual

• unknown = not renowned

• unwanted material = waste
• upgrade = improve
• unsuccessful = fruitless
• unfit = unsuited
• unexpectedly = without warning = unpredictable
• unusual = exceptional
• uncertain = unsure
• unbiased = impartial = unprejudiced = fair
• unite = join
• unaware = unconscious
• unnecessary = optional
• unimportant = meaningless
• untruthful = insincere
• uninteresting = dull
• usual = ordinary
• unpleasant = unacceptable

SYNONYMS/V
• view = vision
• valuable = precious
• views = convictions

• views = attitudes
• vibrate = shake
• vacant = unoccupied = empty
• vague = unclear = indistinct = obscure
• vague = ambiguous
34
 SYNONYMS/W
• world = international
• working together = coordination
• worldwide = international
• wider = greater
• water consumption = the amount of water consumed
• ways of learning = techniques for learning = approaches to learning
• waste = trash = rubbish
• well known = famous
• wholehearted = sincere
• wise = knowing = smart
• water is pumped = pumped with the water
• wild = stubborn
• weak = frail
• work = labor
• wasteful = extravagant

• wealth = prosperity = assets

• weary = tired = fatigued = lethargic
• wonderful = incredible = splendid = marvelous
• waste output = the amounts of waste
• work for an employer = work for other people

• wrong = incorrect
• waste paper = paper that has been thrown away
• works of art = pieces

35
 Informal & Formal Vocabulary for IELTS

Informal (Avoid) Neutral (Speaking) Formal (Writing)

Stuff Things Items, Possessions

Folks Family Relatives

Kids (younger) Babies, Children Infants, Offspring

Kids (older) Teenagers Adolescents, Youths

Guy Man Male

Old people Elderly people Senior citizens, Retirees

– Boss, Manager Supervisor, Superior

Cops Police Law enforcement

Crooks Criminals Offenders, Lawbreakers

OK, Alright Fine Acceptable, Satisfactory

Great, Awesome Good Preferable, Desirable

Rubbish, Useless Bad, Poor Unsatisfactory, Unacceptable

36
– Nice, Polite Considerate, Agreeable

– Kind, Friendly Sociable, Neighbourly

Nasty, Rude, Impolite Abusive, Disagreeable

Cheeky (person)

Stupid, Crazy,Dumb – Misguided, Questionable

(idea)

Stupid, Crazy, Dumb – Misguided, Mistaken

(person)

– Happy (person) Satisfied, Delighted

– Happy (situation) Satisfying, Delightful

– Sad (person) Regretful, Distressed

– Sad (situation) Regrettable, Distressing

Sick of, Fed up with Tired of Dissatisfied with

– Poor (country) Developing, Poverty-stricken

– Poor (person) In poverty, Underprivileged

– Rich (country) Wealthy, Developed

– Rich (person) Wealthy, Privileged

37
 Writing Task 1 Vocabulary

Vocabulary for the Introduction Part:

Starting Presentation Type Verb Description

The/ the given / diagram / table / shows / represents / the comparison of…
thesupplied / the figure / illustration / depicts / enumerates the differences…
presented / the graph / chart / flow /illustrates / presents/ the changes...
shown / the chart / picture/ gives / provides / the number of…
provided presentation/ pie delineates/ outlines/ information on…
chart / bar graph/ describes / data on…
column graph / line delineates/expresses/ the proportion of…
graph / table data/ denotes/ compares/ the amount of…
data / information / shows contrast / information on...
pictorial/ process indicates / figures / data about...
diagram/ map/ pie gives data on comparative
chart and table/ bar / gives information data...the trend
graph and pie chart on/presents of...
... information about/ the percentages
shows data about/ of...the ratio of...
demonstrates/ sketch how the...
out/
summarises...

Vocabulary for the General Trend Part:

38
 In general Overall As a general trend
In common It is obvious As can be seen
Generally speaking As is observed As an overall trend
As is presented It can be clearly seen that At the first glance
it is clear At the onset A glance at the graphs reveals
that...

Vocabulary to Start the Report Body:

1. As is presented in the diagram(s)/ graph(s)/ pie chart(s)/ table...

2. As (is) shown in the illustration...
3. As can be seen in the...
4. As the diagrams suggest...
5. According to the...
6. Categorically speaking...
7. Getting back to the details...
8. Now, turning to the details...
9. The table data clearly shows that...
10. The diagram reveals that...

39
11. The data suggest that...
12. The graph gives the figure...
13. It is interesting to note that...
14. It is apparently seen that...
15. It is conspicuous that...
16. It is explicitly observed that...
17. It is obvious...
18. It is clear from the data...
19. It is worth noticing that...
20. It is crystal clear/ lucid that...
21. It can be clearly observed that...
22. It could be plainly viewed that...
23. It could be noticed that...
24. We can see that...

Vocabulary to show the changes:

Trends Verb form Noun Form

Increase rise / increase / go up / uplift / a rise / an increase / an upward trend

rocket(ed) / climb / upsurge / soar/ / a growth / a leap / a jump /
shotup/ improve/ jump/ leap/ move animprovement/ a climb.
upward/skyrocket/ soar/ surge.

Decrease fall / decrease / decline / plummet / a fall / a decrease / a reduction / a

plunge / drop / reduce / collapse / downward trends /a downward
deteriorate/ dip / dive / go down / tendency / a decline/ a drop / a
take anosedive / slum / slide / go into slide
free- fall. / a collapse / a downfall.

Steadiness unchanged / level out / remain constant a steadiness/ a plateau / a stability/

/ remain steady / plateau / remain astatic

40
 thesame / remain stable / remain
static

Gradual increase ------------ an upward trend / an

upwardtendency / a ceiling
trend

Gradual decrease ------------ a downward trend / a

downwardtendency / a
descending trend

Flat level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant /

No change, a flat, a plateau.
remain(ed) unchanged / remain(ed)
stable / prevail(ed) consistency /
plateaued / reach(ed) a plateau /
stay(ed) uniform /immutable /
level(ed)
out/ stabilise/ remain(ed) the same.

41
 Vocabulary to represent changes in graphs:

Vocabulary to represent frequent changes in graphs:

Type of Change Verb form Noun form

Rapid ups and wave / fluctuate / oscillate / vacillate waves / fluctuations /

downs / palpitate oscillations / vacillations
/ palpitations

Percentage, Portion and Numbers:

Percentages:

42
 10% increase one-fourth
Type
25 of Change
percent decrease Adverb form three-quarters Adjective form

increased by 15%, half

Rapid change dramatically / rapidly / sharply / dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick /
dropped by 10 per cent double
quickly / hurriedly / speedily / fold
hurried / speedy / swift / significant /
fall at 50% swiftly / significantly/ considerable
stood exactly at 43%. / substantial /
considerably / substantially / noticeable.
reached to 75% noticeably. 5 times higher
tripled
Moderate change moderately / gradually / 3 timers lower moderate / gradual / progressive
doubled progressively / sequentially.declined to/ about
sequential.
49%,

Steady change steadily/ ceaselessly. steady/ ceaseless.

Fractions:
Slight change slightly / slowly / mildly / slight / slow / mild / tedious.
4% = A tiny fraction. tediously. 50% =Exactly a half.
24% = Almost a quarter. 51% = Just over a half.
25% =Exactly a quarter. 73% = Nearly three quarters.
26% = Roughly one quarter. 77% = Approximately three quarter,
32% =Nearly one-third, nearly a third. morethan three-quarter.
49% = Around a half, just under a half. 79% = Well over three quarters.

43
Proportions:
2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.
4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.
16% = A small minority, a small portion.
70% = A large proportion.
72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.
89% = A very large proportion.

Words/ Phrases of Approximation - Vocabulary:

» Approximately
» Nearly
» Roughly
» Almost
» About
» Around
» More or less
» Just over
» Just under
» Just around
» Just about
» Just below
» A little more than
» A little less than.

Graph Writing Vocabulary Index:

Vocabulary to represent the highest and lowest points in graphs:

44
 Type Verb Noun

Highest peaked / culminated / climaxed / a (/the) peak / a (/the) pinnacle / a (/the) vertex
Point reach the peak / hit the peak / touch / the highest point/ an (/the) apex / a (/the)
the highest point / reach the vertex/ summit, a (/the) top, a (/the) pinnacle, a
reach the apex (/the)acme, a (/the) zenith,

Lowest touch the lowest point / get the lowest point / the lowest mark /
Point thelowest point / reached the bottommost point / rock bottom point/
nadir bottommost mark / nadir/ the all-time low/
thelowest level/ the bottom/ rock-bottom

45
 Vocabulary to represent comparison in graphs:
Type Word(s) should be used

Similar about / almost / nearly / roughly / approximately / around / just about /

verynearly /

Just over just above / just over / just bigger / just beyond / just across

Just short just below / just beneath / just sort / just under / just a little

Much more well above / well above / well beyond / well across / well over

Much less well below / well under / well short / well beneath

Vocabulary to show how much changed...

» Halved

» Equaled

» Doubled

» Trebled / tripled

» Quadrupled (fourfold /four times)

» Pentadrupled (fivefold /five times)

» Hexadrupled (sixfold /six times)

» Septupled (sevenfold /seven times)

» Octupled (Eightfold/eight times)

» Nonupled (Ninefold/ nine times)

.................

Centupled (hundredfold/ hundred times)

46
 Useful linking words and phrases

Sequencing the first Adding supporting Adding a contrasting Making general

idea ideas idea statements
The main reason is Another reason is… On the other hand, As a general rule,

The most Furthermore, However, Generally,

important
consideration is…
Moreover, Nevertheless, In most cases,
First of all,
In the same vein, Although,
In the first place,
Giving examples Giving an explanation Clarifying an opinion Drawing a
conclusion
For example, The reason for this is… To be more precise… As a consequence,

For instance, This is because… More specifically… Therefore,

In particular, This is due to… By this I mean… As a result,

A clear example of In other words,

thisis…
Stating your opinion Partially correct Other Making a concession
statements people's
opinions
From my perspective, somewhat From a political point It is sometimes
agree/disagree of view, arguedthat…
From my point of view, to a certain degree,
From the point of Admittedly,

47
In my opinion to some extent, viewof the economy,
However,
Some people
believe…
To give advantages To give disadvantages To express cause to express effect
A major advantage of One major drawback Owing to… Therefore,
thisis… is…
Another Due to the fact that… As a consequence,
disadvantageis…
Another important
meritis…
The final limitation For the reason that… As a result…
The final benefit is…
isthat…

48
 Writing Task 2 Vocabulary

Useful vocabulary/phrases to open/start the essay:

Many/some people claim/opine/believe

that...There is no denying that...
It is often said that...
These days.../ Nowadays.../ In this day and
age...It goes without saying that...
It is universally accepted that...
We live in an age when many of us are...
People are divided in their opinion
regarding...
.... is one of the most important issues...

Useful vocabulary/phrases to end the Introduction part:

Whether .... or .... is a controversial
issue...
Let us examine both views before reaching a concrete decision.
The following paragraphs discuss whether ...... or ...... and reach a reasonable conclusion.
The following essay takes a look at both sides of the argument.
My two cents go for...
However, I strongly believe that...
I oppose the view and my reasons will be explained in the following paragraphs.
I will support this view with arguments in the following paragraphs.
I personally believe that...

49
Thus the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages...
I wholeheartedly believe that this trend should be changed.
Vocabulary for the opinion part:
In my opinion... I believe... To my mind...
I strongly opine that... Apparently... My own view on the
I strongly agree with Personally speaking... matter is...
theidea that... According to me... It appears
I strongly disagree with As far as I am concerned... that...I feel
thegiven topic... From my perspective... that...
I think... I realize... I understand...
My opinion is that... To my way of thinking... I suppose...
Personally speaking... It seems to me that... From my point of
Vocabulary
In my view... for the 2nd paragraph
ToPart:
me... view... (Not 'In my point of
view'

First... To start with... Many people think

First of all... Let us take a look at... that...According to
Firstly... It is worth considering... many...
First and In the first place... Some people believe
foremost... Though it is true that... that...Many support the
Initially... Some people believe view that...
To begin with... that... On the one hand...

50
Vocabulary for the 3rd, 4th ......... paragraph Part:
Second(ly)... (Not 'Second Also... Other people think that...
of all') Besides... Other people believe
Third(ly)... Likewise... In that...On the other hand...
Then... addition... Apart from that...
Next... Consequently... Finally...
After What’s more... Last but not (the) least...
that... Furthermore...
And... Moreover...
Again...

Vocabulary to show the comparison:

In the same Similar to...
way...Likewise... Also...
Similarly... At the same
Like the previous point... time...Just as...

Vocabulary to show contrast:

On the other Alternatively... Alternatively...
hand...On the Unlike... In contrast to
contrary... While... this...Then again...
However... Whilst... On the other hand...
Nevertheless... Although... Despite the fact
/Nonetheless... Though... that...Even so...
But... Even though... Yet...
Nonetheless/ Despite... / In spite of... Meanwhile...
Nevertheless.. In spite of the fact
. that...
Oppositely...

Vocabulary to show an example:

51
As an example... Regarding... As an evidence...
For instance... In particular... To illustrate...
For example... Namely... To
Like... With respect to... paraphrase...An
As... As far .... is concerned... example is...
Among others... To show an example... ...could be a
Such as... To give an example... good/idealexample
Particularly... To cite an example... here
When it comes A case...
to...

Always use a comma (,) after 'For example', 'for instance' etc.

Vocabulary to present an idea:

When it comes
to...
With respect to...
Not only... but also...
In terms of...
Phrases to introduce more ideas/ examples:
Furthermore... What is more...
In addition... Another point worth noting
On top of is...Another factor to consider
that...Besides... is... Furthermore...

52
Not only .... but also... Also...
Vocabulary to show consequence, effects or result:
As a result... Because of...
Consequently... Hence...
As a Eventually...
consequent...As For this/that
an effect... reason...Thereby...
Thus... Due to...
So... Owing to...
The reason why...
Therefore...
On account of...

Vocabulary to show result & reason:

As a result... ... has led to/ ... has resulted in...
As a result of... Consequently...
Due to... Therefore...
One reason behind this
is...

Vocabulary to sum up at the end of a paragraph:

To sum up... That is to say...
In short... To repeat in short....
In a word... To summarize...
To put it simply...

Vocabulary to make a point stronger/ Adding emphasis:

Obviously... Nonetheless...Nevertheless...Thus.....
Needless to say...
There is little doubt
that...Although...
Thought...

53
Still... After all...
Yet... Even if...
Must .... After Therefore...

Vocabulary for clarifying or rephrasing:

To put it simply...
To put in another
way...
That is to say...
In other words...
Other transitional words/connective words:
Then...
Else...
Otherwise..
.Besides...
As soon as...
As much as.....
Some correct and incorrect expressions:
Correct Incorrect

In my opinion… From my opinion…

54
 From my point of view... In my point of view…
Second/ Secondly… Second of all
On the other hand… On the other hand
Last but not the least… Last but not least…
In conclusion/ To conclude... In a nutshell.

Vocabulary for the conclusion part:

In conclusion... Overall...
In summary... On the whole...
To conclude... To draw the conclusion...
To conclude with... In a nutshell...
To sum up... To elucidate...('To elucidate' means -
In general... 'makesomething clear' or 'to explain'.)
To summarise... All things considered...
In short...
All in all...
very rich - wealthy, affluent. very sharp - keen, well-
honed.very shiny - gleaming.
very poor - destitute,
impoverished.very simple - basic, very open - transparent,

primary. translucent.very scary - chilling.

very often - frequently, very scared - petrified, terrified.

regularly.very shy - timid, very painful - excruciating, agonizing.

withdrawn. very noisy - very rainy - pouring.
deafening. very pale - ashen.
very old - ancient.
very perfect - flawless, impeccable.
very short - brief, concise. very powerful - compelling.
very sad - sorrowful, grieved. very pretty - beautiful.
very old-fashioned - archaic.
very quick - rapid.
very serious - grave.
very quiet - hushed.

55
 Vocabulary for better writing
» And: In addition to, besides, additionally, likewise, plus, furthermore, moreover, next,
additionally.
» Or: Else, otherwise, alternatively, instead, as a substitute.

» But: On the other hand, then again, on the contrary, in contrast, however, then again, in spite
ofthat, nonetheless, instead, even so, alternatively.
» Because: Given that, as, since, for the reason that.

» Hence: Thus, so, likewise, therefore, consequently, that is why, for this reason, above and
beyond.
» Then: Next, after that, it follows that, followed by, subsequently,
afterward/afterwards,therefore.
» In fact: As a matter of fact, actually, in reality, essentially, in truth, indeed, in effect, in
operation.
» Begin: Start, initiate, commence, originate, create, instigate, activate, launch, open.

» Conclude: To sum up, wrap up, deduce, to draw a conclusion.

» Exemplify: Illustrate, demonstrate, represent, embody, epitomize, show.

» Agree: Consent, approve, concur, harmonies, be in accord, endorse, support, back up.

» Disagree: Deny, refute, reject, repudiate, renounce, abjure, contradict, disapprove, oppose.

» Rise: Increase, grow, go up, mount, ascend, upsurge, spread, intensify, develop, climb, get
higher.
» Arise: Develop, evolve, happen, occur, take place, appear.

» Decline: Reject, decrease, diminish, refuse, minimize, fall, lessen, turn down.

» Vary: Differ, fluctuate, diverge, show a discrepancy, change, alter, and contrast.

» Do: Carry out, accomplish, perform, act, take action, take steps, play a part, execute, act
upon,produce a result.
» Utilize: Make use of, draw on, benefit from, amplify, take advantages of, make the most
of,capitalize on, maximize.
56
» Achieve: Accomplish, attain, complete, bring out, get, reach, do.

» Fail: Be unsuccessful, abort, end, terminate.

» Compete: Rivalry, antagonism, contest, fight, battle, resist, thrash about, retaliate, brawl, and
stand up for.

57
» Help: Aid, assist, support, lend a hand, abet.

» Need: Demand, want, require, necessitate, requirement, requisite, fundamental, destitution.

» Good: Fine, superior, excellent, decent, high quality, first class, moral, upright, noble, worthy,
pleasant, delightful, advantageous, useful, fair, benefit.
» Bad: Terrible, awful, dreadful, ghastly, evil, wicked, poor, inferior, flawed, troublesome,
mischievous, regretful, guilty, injurious, harmful, adverse, rotten, rancid.
» Beautiful: Lovely, pretty, gorgeous, splendid, magnificent, attractive, good-looking, attractive,
charming, exquisite, cute, appealing, nice looking, sweet, elegant, striking, stunning, dazzling,
grand, superb, wonderful, astounding, superb, fabulous.

Better choice of words:

» Instead of using “actually”, you can use – As a matter of fact, Indeed, Absolutely, Certainly, In
reality, In fact.
» Instead of using “amazing”, you can use – Astonishing, Incredible, Marvelous, Wonderful,
Stunning, Fabulous.
» Instead of using “interesting”, you can use – Engaging, Intriguing, Alluring, Amusing,
Captivating, Compelling, Enchanting,
» Instead of using “awesome”, you can use – Splendid, Remarkable, Impressive, Extraordinary,
awe-inspiring, Fantastic, Magnificent, Mind-blowing.
» Instead of using “great”, you can use – Astounding, Incredible, Phenomenal, Exemplary,
Fantastic, Legendary.
» Instead of using “beautiful”, you can use – Elegant, Glamorous, Stunning, Striking, Exquisite,
Lovely

58
 WRITING TASK 2 TOPIC WORDS

Lesson 1: Urbanisation – Writing Band 8

Lesson 1: Urbanisation
1. challenge – something needing great mental or physical effort in order to be
donesuccessfully
2. compromise – an agreement between two sides

3. dilemma – a difficult choice between two things

4. megacity – a very large city

5. migrant – a person that travels to a different country or place, often in order to find work

6. overpopulation – when there are too many people living in a particular place

7. poverty – the state of being poor

8. setback – a problem that delays or prevents progress, or makes things worse than
theywere
9. slum – a very poor and crowded area, especially of a city

10. adequate – as much as is needed; fully sufficient

11. booming – increasing; having a rapid economic growth

12. catastrophic – extremely harmful; causing financial or physical ruin

13. decent – socially acceptable or good

14. double-edged – something that acts in two ways, often with one negative and one
positiveeffect
15. one-sided – not balanced or fair

16. long-sighted – able to see things clearly that are far away but not things that are near you

17. overpriced – too expensive

18. overworked – having to work too much

59
19. short-sighted – (1) a person who can only clearly see objects that are close to them.
(2)not thinking enough about how an action will affect the future.
20. staggering – shocking because of being extremely large

21. address – to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem

22. aggravate – to make (an injury, problem, etc.) more serious or severe.

23. deteriorate – get gradually worse

60
24. exacerbate – to make worse

25. exclude – to keep out or omit (something or someone)

26. flourish – to grow or develop successfully

27. linger – to stay somewhere longer than expected

28. raise – (here) to begin to talk or write about a subject that you want to be considered

29. remedy – to do something to correct or improve something that is wrong

30. resolve – to solve or end a problem or difficulty

31. worsen – to become worse

32. amend – to change for the better; to correct

33. exclusion – the act of not allowing someone or something to take part in an activity or
toenter a place
34. inclusion – the act of including someone or something as part of a group, list, etc.

35. rag – a torn piece of old cloth

36. mount – to gradually increase, rise, or get bigger

37. scarce – not easy to find or get

38. cast-offs – things, usually clothes, that you no longer want

39. ubiquitous – found or existing everywhere

40. apparel – clothes, esp. of a special type

41. tradesman – a man who buys and sells goods, especially someone who owns a store

42. pawnbroker – someone whose business is to lend people money in exchange for
valuableobjects. If the money is not paid back, the pawnbroker can sell the object.
43. nascent – in the earliest stages of development

44. wholly – completely

45. chronically – in a long-lasting or habitual and problematic way.

61
46. disposal – the act of getting rid of something, especially by throwing it away

47. sewage – waste and liquid from toilets

48. neglected – not receiving enough care or attention

49. dust-yard – an example system of organised, municipal-wide solid waste management

50. immortalize – to cause someone to be remembered for a very long time

51. spring up – to start to exist suddenly filth – disgusting dirt

52. merchant – a person whose business is buying and selling goods for profit

62
53. bug – (1) a very small insect. (2) a mistake or problem in a computer program

54. cinder – a very small piece of burnt wood, coal etc

55. notorious – famous for something bad

56. hereditary – a quality or illness that is passed from a parent to a child

57. of the first order – very important; considerable of its kind

58. in the eyes of somebody – in another person’s opinion

59. incinerator – a device for burning waste material

Lesson 2: Travel – Writing Band 8

Lesson 2: Travel
1. countryside – the land and scenery of a rural area.

2. destination – the place that someone or something is going to

3. effect – a change that is caused by an event, action etc

4. inhabitant – a person or an animal that lives in a particular place

5. itinerary – a detailed plan or route of a journey

6. journey – a trip, esp. over a long period or a great distance

7. landscape – everything you can see when you look across a large area of land

8. luggage – the cases, bags etc that you carry when you are travelling

9. peak – the highest, strongest, or best point, value, or level of skill

10. trend – general tendency or direction

11. village – a group of houses and other buildings that is smaller than a town, usually in
thecountryside
12. adventurous – willing to take risks or to try out new methods, ideas, or experiences

63
13. budget – estimate of the amount of money that can be spent for different purposes
in agiven time
14. breath-taking – very exciting, impressive or surprising

15. coastal – near the coast

16. cosmopolitan – containing people and things from many different parts of the world

17. diverse – including many different types of people or things

18. luxurious – very comfortable and expensive

19. mountainous – having a lot of mountains

64
20. picturesque – (esp. of a place) attractive in appearance

21. quaint – attractive because of being unusual and especially old-fashioned

22. remote – far away in distance or time

23. rough – approximate, bumpy

24. rural – happening in or relating to the countryside, not the city

25. scenic – surrounded by views of beautiful countryside

26. stunning – extremely beautiful or attractive

27. tough – strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated

28. unspoilt – a beautiful place which has not changed for a long time and does not have a
lotof new buildings
29. urban – of or in a city or town

30. affect – to have an influence on someone or something

31. fluctuate – to change or vary frequently between one level or thing and another

32. Lesson 16: Media – Writing Band 8

33. Lesson 16: Media

34. author – the writer of a book, article, play, etc.

35. bias – the fact of preferring someone or something

36. censorship – the act of censoring books, films, etc.

37. current affairs – political news about events happening now

38. exposé – a public report of the facts about a situation, especially one that is shocking
orhas been kept secret 6.
39. exposure – the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc

40. free press – a press having the freedom to operate without interference or censorship

41. ideology – the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party.
65
42. mass media – newspapers, television, radio, and the internet

43. newsstand – a small structure where newspapers and magazines are sold

44. paparazzi – photographers who follow famous people in order to take photographs
theycan sell to newspapers
45. publicity – notice or attention given to someone or something by the media

46. relevance – the degree to which something is related or useful to what is happening
orbeing talked about

66
47. safeguard – a rule, agreement etc that is intended to protect someone or something
frompossible dangers or problems
48. tabloid – a type of newspaper that has smaller pages, many pictures, and short reports

49. attention–grabbing – attracting people’s notice; striking

50. biased – unfairly preferring one person or group over another

51. celebrity – someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment business

52. distorted – changed from the usual, original, natural, or intended form

53. entertaining – funny and enjoyable

54. factual – based on facts

55. informative – providing a lot of useful information

56. intrusive – affecting someone in a way that annoys them and makes them
feeluncomfortable
57. investigative – intended to examine a situation in order to discover the truth

58. mainstream – (of beliefs or behaviour) common and shared by most people

59. sensationalist – a person who presents stories in a way that is intended to provoke
publicinterest or excitement, at the expense of accuracy.
60. superficial – (of a person) never thinking about things that are serious or important

61. unbiased – able to judge fairly because you are not influenced by your own opinions

62. well-informed – having a lot of knowledge

63. exploit – to use something in a way that helps you

64. invade – to enter a place by force, often in large numbers

65. publicize – to make information about something generally available

66. corruption – illegal, bad, or dishonest behaviour, especially by people in positions

ofpower
67. pride oneself on – be especially proud of a particular quality or skill
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68. reveal – to make known or show something usually secret or hidden

69. ill-informed – knowing less than you should about a particular subject

70. comply – to act according to an order, set of rules or request

71. alarming – causing worry and fear

72. underreport – fail to report (something) fully

73. relegate – to put someone or something into a lower or less important rank or position

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74. media hype – publicity

75. impartial – not supporting any of the sides involved in an argument

76. invasive – (especially of an action or sensation) tending to intrude on a person’s

thoughtsor privacy; spreading
77. reality TV – television programs in which real people are continuously filmed, designed
to be entertaining rather than informative.
78. glamorous – attractive in an exciting and special way

79. rectify – to correct something or make something right

Lesson 3: Arts – Writing Band 8

Lesson 3: Arts
1. art appreciation – understanding the qualities of great art

2. appealing – attractive or interesting

3. aesthetics – the formal study of the principles of art and beauty

4. artefact – an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration, especially

onethat is of historical interest
5. ballerina – a female ballet dancer

6. ballet – a type of dancing where carefully organized movements tell a story or express
anidea
7. carving – a shape or pattern cut into wood or stone or the skill of doing this

8. conception – an idea about what something is like, or a general understanding

ofsomething
9. concert – a performance of music by one or more musicians

10. crafts – skill and experience, especially in relation to making objects

11. emotion – a strong feeling such as love or anger

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12. exhibition – a collection of things shown publicly

13. expression – the act of saying what you think or showing how you feel using words
oractions
14. festival – an organized set of special events, such as musical performances or plays

15. inspiration – someone or something that gives your ideas for doing something

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16. intimacy – a situation in which you have a close friendship or sexual relationship
withsomeone
17. literature – writing that has lasting value as art performing

18. arts – acting, singing, dancing, and other forms of public entertainment

19. portrait – a painting, photograph, or drawing of a person

20. venue – the place where a public event or meeting happens

21. abstract – paintings, designs etc consist of shapes and patterns that do not look like
realpeople or things
22. accomplished – skilled

23. burgeoning – developing quickly

24. classical – traditional in style or form

25. distracting – preventing concentration or diverting attention; disturbing

26. eclectic – consisting of different types, methods, styles, etc.

27. electric – very exciting

28. fundamental – basic; primary; essential

29. literary – connected with literature

30. mundane – very ordinary and therefore not interesting

31. passionate – full of emotion

32. vivid – brightly coloured or (of descriptions or memories) producing clear, powerful,
anddetailed images in the mind
33. choreograph – to arrange how dancers should move during a performance

34. depict – to represent or show something in a picture, story, movie, etc.; portray

35. provoke – to cause a reaction, especially a negative one

36. transcendent – going beyond ordinary limits

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37. impulse – a sudden strong wish to do something

38. neurological – relating to nerves

39. hardwired – the way of behaving etc that is a natural part of a person’s character push

40. through – to make a plan or suggestion

41. throng – a crowd or large group of people

42. behold – to see or look at someone or something

43. enigmatic – mysterious and impossible to understand completely

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44. tingle – to have a slight stinging feeling

45. thrill – a sudden feeling of excitement

46. glimpse – a short, quick view

47. curvaceous – having an attractively curved body

48. shape – used about women

49. deft – skilful and quick

50. showcase – to show the best qualities or parts of something dine – to eat dinner

51. scenery – the general appearance of natural surroundings

52. intricate – complex; containing many small parts or details that all work or fit together

53. justifiable – understandable

54. consensus – general agreement; opinion reached by a group

55. explicit – clear and exact

56. comparison – the act of comparing two or more people or things

57. institutionalize – to send someone, especially someone who is not able to

liveindependently, to live in an institution rote
58. learning – learning something in order to be able to repeat it from memory, rather than
inorder to understand it

Lesson 4: Space – Writing Band 8

Lesson 4: Space
1. asteroid – one of many large rocks that circle the sun

2. cosmos – the whole universe, especially when you think of it as a system

3. crater – a large hole in the top of a volcano

4. debris – broken or torn pieces of something larger

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5. exploration – the activity of searching and finding out about something

6. galaxy – large isolated system of stars, such as the Milky Way

7. horizon – the place in the distance where the earth and sky seem to meet

8. launch – an occasion when a ship is put into water, or a spacecraft is sent into space,
forthe first time
9. meteor – a piece of rock or other matter from space that produces a bright light
as ittravels through the atmosphere

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10. outer space – the universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere (= the air surrounding
theearth).
11. simulator – a piece of equipment that is designed to represent real conditions,
forexample in an aircraft or spacecraft
12. solar system – the sun and the group of planets that move around it

13. spacecraft – a vehicle used for travel in space

14. space shuttle – a vehicle that takes people into space and comes back to Earth again

15. cosmic – pertaining to the universe; vast

16. gravitational – involving gravity

17. lunar – of or relating to the moon

18. meteoric – relating to or caused by a meteor

19. outer – at a greater distance from the centre

20. terrestrial – relating to the earth

21. uninhabitable – not habitable (= suitable to live in)

22. unmanned – does not have a person inside it

23. acclimatize – to (cause to) change to suit different conditions of life, weather, etc.

24. colonize – to send people to live in and govern another country

25. propel – to cause something to move forward

26. sustain – to keep something in operation; maintain

27. undergo – experience or be subjected to (something, typically something unpleasant

orarduous)
28. acrophobia – fear of heights

29. feasible – able to be made, done, or achieved

30. in terms of – used to describe which particular area of a subject you are discussing

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31. thunderstorm – a storm with thunder and lightening

32. barely – only just

33. scramble – to climb up, down, or over something quickly and with difficulty

34. fellow – a member of an official organization for a particular subject or job

35. eventuality – a possible happening or result

36. contemplate – to spend time considering a possible future action

37. cathedral – a very large, usually stone, building for Christian worship

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38. foresee – to know about something before it happens

39. shield – something or someone used as protection or providing protection

40. realm – an area of interest or activity

41. faith – complete trust or confidence.

42. frontier – an area that is being explored

Lesson 5: School Life – Writing Band 8

Lesson 5: School Life
1. assignment – a piece of work that is given to someone as a part of their job

2. controversy – a disagreement, often a public one

3. curriculum – all the courses given in a school, college, etc.

4. dissertation – a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done
inorder to receive a degree at college or university
5. findings – information that has been discovered esp. by detailed study

6. funding – money given by a government or organization for an event or activity

7. graduation – finishing a degree or other course of study at a university or school

8. grant – a sum of money given by the government, a university, or a private

organizationto another organization or person for a special purpose
9. junior school – a school in the UK for children who are seven to eleven years old

10. kindergarten – a nursery school; a school for children between the ages of about two
andfive
11. learning disorder – a disorder found in children of normal intelligence who have
difficulties in learning specific skills
12. lecturer – someone who teaches at a college or university

13. nursery – a place where small children are cared for while their parents are at work

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14. resource – something that can be used to help you

15. scholarship – money given to someone to help pay for that person’s education.

16. scope – the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc.

17. syllabus – a plan showing the subjects or books to be studied in a particular course

18. tutor – a teacher paid to work privately with one student or a small group

19. eligible – being able or allowed to do it mixed – including both sexes

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20. relevant – connected with what is happening or being discussed

21. seniors – older people, usually retired

22. studious – someone who enjoys studying or spends a lot of time studying

23. adopt – to accept or begin to use something

24. conduct – to organize and perform a particular activity

25. consider – to think about something carefully overcome – to control or defeat something

26. review – to consider something in order to make changes in it, study it, or give an
opinionabout it
27. struggle – to work hard to do something

28. distraction – something that prevents someone from giving their attention to
somethingelse protractor – a device for measuring and drawing angles, usually
shaped in a half circle
29. dyslexia – word blindness; learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to read

30. knit – to join together

31. artefact – an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration, especially
onethat is of historical interest
32. internship – on-the-job training

33. placement – a temporary position or job in an organization

34. daunting – making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your ability to
achievesomething
35. specialization – the limiting of one’s study or work to one particular area, or a
particulararea of knowledge

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 Lesson 6: Modern Times – Writing Band 8
Lesson 6: Modern Times
1. brand – a type of product made by a particular company

2. demographics – statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

3. globalization – the development of closer economic, cultural, and political relations

among all the countries of the world
4. hindsight – understanding the nature of an event after it has actually happened

5. icon – a person or thing regarded as a representative symbol or as worthy of veneration.

6. identity – who or what somebody/something is

7. implication – a likely consequence of something

8. joint venture – a business or business activity that two or more people or companies
workon together
9. monopoly – the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity
orservice.
10. modernization – the process of adapting something to modern needs or habits.

11. multiculturalism – the belief that different cultures within a society should all be
givenimportance
12. projection – a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have

13. proportion – the number or amount of a group or part of something when compared to
thewhole
14. ethnic – relating to a particular race of people

15. exotic – exciting and unusual because it is connected with foreign countries

16. long–term – continuing a long time into the future

17. sceptical – doubting that something is true or useful

18. subsequent – later; following; coming after

19. wealthy – rich

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20. contribute – give (something, especially money) in order to help achieve or
providesomething.
21. dwindle – become smaller and smaller; shrink

22. urbanization – the process by which more and more people leave the countryside to
livein cities

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23. ethnicity – a large group of people who have the same national, racial, or cultural
origins,or the state of belonging to such a group
24. astounding – very surprising or shocking

25. ridiculous – stupid or unreasonable

26. commentator – a person on radio or television who describes and discusses news
events,sports, books, or other subjects
27. bug – (1) a very small insect. (2) a mistake or problem in a computer program

28. flatten off/out – to stop rising or falling, and stay at the same level

29. meddle – to try to change or have an influence on things that are not your responsibility

30. unfold – to happen as time passes.

31. factor in – take into account

32. project – to calculate an amount or number expected in the future from

informationalready known
33. GDP – Gross Domestic Product: the total value of goods and services produced by a
country in a year
34. embrace – to accept something enthusiastically

35. compound – to make a problem or difficult situation worse

Lesson 7: Mental & Physical Development – Writing Band 8 VocabularyLesson

7: Mental & Physical Development
1. adolescent – Characteristic of a teenager; not fully grown up

2. concept – a principle or idea

3. consequence – a result of a particular action or situation

4. imagination – the ability to create pictures in your mind

5. infancy – the time when someone is a baby or a very young child

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6. milestone – an important event in the development or history of something or
insomeone’s life
7. peer – [usually plural] a person of the same age, status, or ability as another
specifiedperson.
8. social skills – skills required for successful social interaction.

9. toddler – a young child who has just learnt to walk

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10. cognitive – connected with mental processes of understanding

11. clumsy – awkward in movement or manner

12. fond – to like someone or something very much

13. full–grown – completely grown

14. rebellious – somebody who breaks the rules

15. acquire – to obtain or begin to have something

16. imitate – to copy the speech or behaviour, etc. of someone or something

17. look back (on) – to think about what happened in the past

18. master – to learn or understand something completely

19. reminisce – to talk or write about past experiences that you remember with pleasure

20. throw a fit/tantrum – to experience and show a strong feeling of anger,

especiallysuddenly
21. visualise – to imagine or remember someone or something by forming a picture in
yourmind
22. bear in mind – to remember someone or something

23. broaden the mind – to increase a person’s knowledge, experience, or interests. widen.

24. have something on your mind – to be worrying about something

25. it slipped my mind – to forget something that you had to do

26. keep an open mind – to wait until you know all the facts before forming an opinion
ormaking a judgment
27. my mind went blank – cannot remember anything

28. make a choice – to select; to separate and take in preference.

29. shoelace – a thin string or strip of leather used to fasten shoes

30. mimic – copy, imitate

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31. overly – too; very

32. unparalleled – having no equal; better or greater than any other

33. spurt – to flow out suddenly

34. infinity – time or space that has no end

35. grasp – to understand something, especially something difficult

36. overindulge – to allow yourself or someone else to have too much of

somethingenjoyable, especially food or drink

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37. displeased – annoyed or unhappy

38. overdue – late; not done or happening when expected or when needed

39. enquire – to ask for information

40. unassisted – unsupported by other people

41. momentarily – for a very short time

42. tantrum – a sudden period of extreme anger

43. spontaneous – happening naturally, without planning or encouragement

44. obstacle – something that makes it difficult for you to achieve something

Lesson 8: Information Technology – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary

Lesson 8: Information Technology
1. the latest – the most recent news or technical development

2. patent – the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number
ofyears
3. prototype – the first one made of a machine or system

4. silicon chip – a small piece of silicon that is used in computers, calculators, and
otherelectronic devices
5. telecommunications – the sending and receiving of messages over distance, especially
byphone, radio, and television
6. vision – an idea or mental image of something

7. cutting edge – the most recent stage in the development of something

8. cyber – involving, using, or relating to computers, especially the internet

9. dated – old-fashioned; out-of-date.

10. labour-saving – a device or method that saves a lot of effort and time.

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11. portable – light and small enough to be easily carried or moved

12. virtual – made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer, rather than in the
realworld
13. access – to get information, esp. when using a computer

14. revolutionize – to completely change something so that it is much better

15. scroll – to move text or other information on a computer screen in order to see a
differentpart of it

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16. surpass – do better than; be greater than; excel

17. live up to something – to be as good as something

18. takeover – to begin to have control of something

19. awash – there is a large amount of something

20. be a tribute to – to be a clear sign of the good qualities of

21. redundant – unnecessary

22. guise – the appearance of someone or something

23. date – to say how long something has existed or when it was made

24. dump – deposit or dispose of (rubbish, waste, or unwanted material)

25. tricky – difficult to do or deal with

26. awkward – clumsy; not well-suited to use; not easily managed; embarrassing

Lesson 9: History – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary

Lesson 9: History
1. archaeologist – someone who studies the buildings, graves, tools, and other objects
ofpeople who lived in the past
2. era – a period of time known for particular events or developments

3. excavate – to remove earth from a place in order to find old objects buried there

4. the Middle Ages – a period in European history, between about AD 1000 and AD 1500,
when the power of kings, people of high rank, and the Christian Church was strong
5. millennium – a period of 1,000 years

6. pioneer – a person who is one of the first people to do something

7. timeline – a line showing the order in which events happened

8. chronological – in order of time from the earliest to the latest

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9. consecutive – following each other continuously.

10. imminent – (esp. of something unpleasant) likely to happen very soon

11. middle-aged – in middle age; too careful and not showing the enthusiasm, energy,
orstyle of someone young
12. nostalgic – feeling happy and also slightly sad when you think about things that
happenedin the past
13. prior – coming before in time, order, or importance

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14. time–consuming – taking a lot of time to do or complete

15. erode – to rub or be rubbed away gradually

16. inter – to bury a dead body

17. predate – to have existed or happened before another thing

18. span – extend over; to exist or continue for a particular length of time

19. in time – early enough

20. lose track of time – to be unaware of what time it is

21. on time – at the correct time or the time that was arranged

22. take so long – to spend a lot of time to do something

23. at the right time – at the proper time, at the right moment

24. formerly – in the past

25. Stonehenge – a circle of very large stones built in ancient times in southern England

26. pole – a long, thin stick of wood or metal, often used standing straight up in the ground
tosupport things
27. ice age – a time in the past when the temperature was very cold

28. frenzy – a state or period of uncontrolled excitement

29. awe – a feeling of great respect, usually mixed with fear or surprise

30. sketch something out – to give some details about something

31. posthole – a hole dug in the ground to hold a fence post.

32. post – a vertical stick or pole stuck into the ground, usually to support something or
showa position
33. ditch – a narrow channel dug at the side of a road or field, to hold or carry away water.

34. carve – to cut out

35. chalk – a type of soft white rock

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36. pasture – land covered with grass or similar plants suitable for animals, such as cows and
sheep, to eat:
37. henge – a prehistoric circle of large stones or wooden objects

38. astronomy – the scientific study of the universe

39. infer – to form an opinion or decide that something is true from the information you have

40. nevertheless – despite what has just been said or referred to

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41. hunter–gatherer – a member of a society that lives by hunting and collecting wild
food,rather than by farming
42. wear away – to become thin and disappear after repeated use or rubbing

43. the arrival of something – the time when a new idea, product etc is first used
ordiscovered
44. antiquated – old-fashioned or unsuitable for modern society

45. consecutive – events, numbers, etc. follow one after another without an interruption

46. engrossed – absorbed

47. plait – to join three or more pieces of hair

48. bride – a woman who is about to get married

49. obsess – to think about something or someone all the time

50. skull – the bone of your head

51. oral diseases – diseases of the mouth

52. by no means – not at all

53. plague – to cause pain or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time

54. acupuncture – a treatment for pain and illness in which special needles are put into
theskin at particular positions
55. therapeutic – having a healing effect

56. undertake – to do or begin to do something

57. forefront – the most important or leading position

58. treatise – a formal piece of writing that deals with a particular subject

Lesson 10: Health & Fitness – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary

Lesson 10: Health & Fitness
1. allergy – a medical condition that causes you to react badly or feel sick when you eat

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 ortouch a particular substance
2. anxiety – an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something

3. appetite – the feeling that you want to eat food

4. artery – one of the larger tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body

5. asset – a valuable thing to have

6. craving – a strong or uncontrollable desire

7. depression – the state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the future

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8. diagnosis – the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by
examinationof the symptoms.
9. dietitian – a person who scientifically studies and gives advice about food and eating

10. eating disorder – Any of a range of psychological disorders characterized by abnormal

ordisturbed eating habits
11. heart attack – a serious medical condition in which the heart does not get enough
blood,causing great pain and often leading to death
12. ingredient – one of the things from which something is made

13. insomnia – the condition of being unable to sleep, over a period of time

14. intake – the amount of something such as food, breath, or a liquid that is taken in
bysomeone or something
15. junk food – food that is unhealthy but is quick and easy to eat

16. nutrient – any substance that plants or animals need in order to live and grow

17. obesity – extreme fatness

18. onset – the moment at which something unpleasant begins

19. portion – (1) a part or share of something larger. (2) the amount of a particular food
thatis served to one person.
20. serving – the amount of one type of food given to one person

21. stroke – a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can result in
aloss of some mental or physical abilities, or death.
22. acute – very serious, extreme, or severe

23. alternate – every second, or every other

24. brisk – quick, energetic, and active

25. chronic – (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time

26. infectious – (of a disease) able to be passed one person, animal, or plant to another

27. obese – excessively overweight

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28. persistent – determined to do something despite difficulties.

29. vital – essential, important

30. counteract – to reduce or remove the effect of something by producing an opposite effect

31. curb – to control or limit something that is not wanted

32. diminish – to reduce or be reduced in size or importance

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33. disrupt – to prevent something, esp. a system, process, or event, from continuing as
usualor as expected
34. overdo – to do something in a way that is too extreme

35. overeat – to eat more food than your body needs

36. trigger – to cause something bad to start

37. tempt – to encourage someone to want to have or do something, esp. something wrong

38. miss out on – to lose an opportunity

39. excess – an amount that is more than acceptable, expected, or reasonable

40. mouth – to move the lips as if speaking a word

41. teethe – (of a baby or small child) to grow teeth

42. writhe – to make large twisting movements with the body

43. bathe – to wash something with water, esp. a part of your body

44. agony – extreme physical or mental pain or suffering

45. tablet – a small, solid piece of medicine

46. notion – belief or idea

47. staple – main or important, especially in terms of consumption

48. swap – exchange; to give something and be given something else instead

49. more or less – approximately

50. apt – suitable; appropriate

51. cope – to deal successfully with a difficult situation

52. wording – the exact choice of words

53. build-up – an increase, especially one that is gradual

54. debilitating – causing weakness

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55. pace – the speed at which somebody/something walks, runs or moves

56. aspect – a particular part or feature of a situation or a problem

57. attitude – the way you feel about something or someone

58. creativity – the ability to produce original and unusual ideas

59. daily routine – typical or everyday activity

60. desire – a strong feeling that you want something

61. fulfilment – a feeling of happiness because you are doing what you intended to do in life

62. hobby – an activity that someone does for pleasure when they are not working

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63. insight – the capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone
orsomething.
64. leisure – the time when you are not working or doing other duties

65. lifestyle – the way that you live

66. optimist – someone who always believes that good things will happen

67. outlook – the likely future situation

68. opportunity – a chance to do something

69. personality – the type of person you are, shown by the way you behave, feel, and think

70. pessimist – someone who feels that bad things are more likely to happen than good things

71. priority – something that is very important and must be dealt with before other things

72. realist – a person who tends to accept and deal with people and situations as they are

73. risk taker – someone who often takes risks

74. self-expression – expression of your personality, emotions, or ideas, especially

throughart, music, or acting
75. sense – the ability to make reasonable judgments

76. intense – extreme

77. materialistic – believing that having money and possessions is the most important
thingin life
78. outdoor – existing, happening, or done outside a building

79. recreational – relating to or denoting activity done for enjoyment when one is
notworking.
80. appeal – to make a serious or formal request

81. fulfil – to do something that is expected

82. motivate – to cause someone to behave in a particular way

83. regret – to feel sad about a lost opportunity

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84. lead a happy life – having a purpose each day and achieving that goal.

85. live life on the edge – to have an adventurous or perilous lifestyle live

86. life to its fullest – often said to encourage people who are feeling down, a bit
depressed,lonely or self-pitying.
87. make a choice – to select; to separate and take in preference.

88. make a decision – decide

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89. make a living – to earn enough money to buy the things you need

90. meet a need – to do something that someone wants, needs, or expects you to do

91. take part – involve

92. do something for a living – to do something as your job or a way of making money

93. walks of life – various levels of social position or achievement

94. cost of living – the amount of money that a person needs to live

95. lifelong ambition – very strong desire

96. once in a lifetime – only likely to happen once in a person’s life

97. standard of living – the degree of comfort that people in a particular social class,
country,etc. have
98. way of life – the manner in which a person lives

99. inevitable – unavoidable

100. arcade – a covered passageway usually lined with shops

101. quilt – a decorative cover for a bed

102. be spoilt for choice – to be unable to choose because there are so many
possiblegood choices
103. ahead of time – sooner than was expected

104. upcoming – happening soon

105. delighted – very pleased

106. babysit – to take care of other people’s children in your own home as a job

Lesson 11: Fuels & Energy – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary

Lesson 11: Fuels & Energy
1. biofuel – a fuel that is made from living things or their waste

2. crisis – a time of great disagreement, confusion, or suffering

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3. fossil fuel – a fuel such as gas, coal, and oil that has been produced in the earth
fromplants and animals
4. hybrid – a vehicle with an engine that uses both petrol and another type of
energy,usually electricity
5. petrol – a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for cars and
othervehicles
6. resource – something that can be used to help you

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7. turbine – a type of machine through which liquid or gas flows and turns a special
wheelwith blades in order to produce power
8. disposable – intended to be thrown away after use

9. drastic – (of a change) severe and sudden; extreme

10. rechargeable – able to be recharged

11. unleaded – (of gasoline (= a fuel)) not containing lead (= a metal)

12. conserve – to keep and protect something from damage, change, or waste

13. counter – to do something in order to prevent something bad from happening or to

reduceits bad effects
14. deplete – to reduce something in size or amount, especially supplies of energy,
money,etc.
15. emit – to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas

16. expend – to use or spend time, effort, or money

17. outweigh – to be greater or more important than something else

18. offset – counteract (something) by having an equal and opposite force or effect.

19. make up for something – to compensate for something bad with something good

20. tidy up – to clean and put things in a room in their proper place

21. forth – going out from a place or point, and moving forwards or outwards

22. clutter – a state of being untidy

23. needlessly – in a way that is not necessary

24. zap – to cook or heat something in a microwave

25. tumble dryer – a machine that uses hot air to dry clothes after they have been washed

26. round trip – a trip from one place to another and back to where you started

27. myth – a commonly believed but false idea

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28. flick something on/off – to move a switch in order to make electrical equipment
start/stopworking
29. windmill – a structure with parts that turn around in the wind, used for
producingelectrical power or crushing grain
30. supplies – food and other ordinary goods needed by people every day

31. commonplace – ordinary; happening or seen frequently

32. diesel – a type of heavy oil used as fuel

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33. lexical – relating to words

34. abuzz – filled with noise and activity

35. hurdle – a problem that you have to deal with before you can make progress

36. derivative – having qualities taken from something else

37. ponder – to think carefully about something

38. advocate – someone who publicly supports something

39. premise – to base an argument or theory on

40. appraisal – an act of assessing something or someone

41. derived – coming from or caused by something else

42. rapeseed – canola; a plant with yellow flowers from which oil and animal food
areproduced
43. burden – a load, typically a heavy one

44. disruption – an interruption in the usual way that a system, process, or event works

45. immense – extremely large in size or degree

46. sobering – making you feel serious

47. wean – (1) to accustom (a child or young animal) to food other than its mother’s milk. (2)
to withdraw a person from some object or habit.
48. ongoing – continuing to exist, happen, or develop

49. destruction – the process of causing so much damage to something

50. conservationist – someone who works to protect animals, plants etc

51. dire – very serious or extreme

52. prospect – (1) possibility (2) a good view of a large land area

53. fleet – a number of buses, aircraft, etc. under the control of one person or organization

54. algae – very simple, usually small plants that grow in or near water and do not
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 haveordinary leaves or roots
55. order of magnitude – the approximate size of something, especially a number

56. entrepreneur – someone who makes money by starting their own business

57. scheme – a plan or system for doing or organizing something

58. feat – achievement

59. dim – not bright, lacking light, being weak.

60. not go anywhere – to make no progress at all

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 Lesson 12: Environment – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary
Lesson 12: Environment
1. biodiversity – the variety of plants and animals in a particular place

2. deforestation – the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests
bypeople
3. ecosystem – all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and
theenvironment
4. emission – the act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.

5. erosion – the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the
waves,rain, or wind
6. exhaust – the waste gas from an engine, especially a car’s, or the pipe the gas
flowsthrough
7. food chain – a series of living things in which each group eats organisms from the
grouplower than itself in the series
8. fumes – strong, unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous gas or smoke

9. impact – the effect or influence

10. pollutant – a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the atmosphere

11. refuse – rubbish; matter thrown away or rejected as worthless;

12. achievable – a task, ambition, etc. that is one that is possible to achieve

13. advantageous – useful

14. at risk – in a dangerous situation

15. chronic – (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time

16. conceivable – possible to imagine or to believe

17. devastating – causing a lot of damage or destruction

18. environmentally friendly – not harmful to the environment

19. fruitless – unsuccessful or not productive

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20. futile – achieving no result; not effective

21. immune – unaffected; protected from or unable to be influenced by something.

22. impracticable – (of a course of action) impossible in practice to do or carry out.

23. improbable – not likely to happen or be true

24. irreparable – impossible to repair or make right again

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25. irreplaceable – too special, valuable, or unusual to be replaced by anything else

26. irreversible – not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition

27. liable – legally responsible for the cost of something

28. pervasive – present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place

29. pointless – having no useful purpose

30. pristine – original and pure; not spoiled or worn from use

31. questionable – not certain, or wrong in some way

32. sustainable – causing little or no damage to the environment

33. taxing – challenging; needing too much effort

34. unattainable – not able to be achieved

35. unlikely – not probable or likely to happen

36. unprecedented – never having happened or existed in the past

37. worthwhile – useful, important, or good enough to be a suitable reward for the money
ortime spent or the effort made
38. confront – to face, meet, or deal with a difficult situation or person

39. contaminate – to make something less pure or make it poisonous

40. dispose of something – to get rid of something; throw out or destroy

41. inexorable – a process that cannot be stopped

42. inevitable – certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented

43. toll – suffering, deaths, or damage

44. quest – a long search for something that is difficult to find

45. insurmountable – (especially of a problem or a difficulty) so great that it cannot be

dealtwith successfully
46. insoluble – (of a problem) so difficult that it is impossible to solve
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47. omnipresent – present or having an effect everywhere at the same time

48. shred – to cut or tear something roughly into thin strips – burrow – a hole dug in
theground that an animal, such as a rabbit, lives in
49. den – the home of particular types of wild animal

50. ecology – the relationship of living things to their environment

51. evolution – the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years

52. extinction – a situation in which something no longer exists

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53. fauna – all the animals of a particular area or period of time

54. flora – all the plants of a particular place or from a particular time in history

55. habitat – the place where a plant or animal lives

56. human nature – the behaviour and feelings common to most people

57. Mother Nature – the nature, esp. when it is thought of as a force that affects people
andthe world
58. predator – an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals

59. prey – an animal that is hunted by another animal

60. repercussion – negative effect

61. scent – a pleasant natural smell

62. vegetation – plants in general, or the plants that are found in a particular area

63. vermin – small animals and insects that can be harmful

64. disastrous – extremely bad or unsuccessful

65. domesticated – brought under human control

66. endangered – at risk or in danger of dying out completely

67. extinct – not now existing

68. vulnerable – able to be easily hurt, influenced, or attacked

69. adapt – to change something in order to make it suitable for a new use or situation

70. combat – to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful

71. eradicate – to get rid of completely or destroy something bad

72. hibernate – to spend the winter sleeping

73. tolerate – to bear something unpleasant or annoying

74. twig – a small, thin branch of a tree or bush, esp. one removed from the tree or bush
andwithout any leaves
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75. coat – the hair, wool, or fur covering an animal

76. beak – the hard, pointed part of a bird’s mouth

77. hide – the strong, thick skin of an animal, used for making leather

78. scales – one of the many very small, flat pieces that cover the skin of fish, snakes, etc.

79. paw – the foot of an animal that has claws or nails, such as a cat, dog, or bear

80. claw – one of the sharp, curved nails at the end of each of the toes of some animals
andbirds

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81. thorn – a small, sharp pointed growth on the stem of a plant

82. petal – one of the thin soft coloured parts of a flower

83. horn – a hard, pointed part, usually one of a pair, on the head of cows, goats, and
otheranimals
84. vegan – a person who does not eat or use any animal products, such as meat, fish,
eggs,cheese, or leather
85. human being – a person

86. meerkat – a small, grey Southern African animal that sometimes sits up on its back legs

87. endemic – belonging to a particular area; inherent

88. prickly pear – type of cactus (= desert plant) that has oval fruit

89. paddock – a field of any size that is used for farming

90. render – to cause something to change in a certain way, make.

91. larva – the active immature form of an insect

92. cane – the long, hollow stems of particular plants such as bamboo

93. toad – a small animal, similar to a frog, that has dry, brown skin and lives mostly on land

94. controversial – causing disagreement or discussion

95. caterpillar – a small creature like a worm with many legs that eats leaves and
thatdevelops into a butterfly or other flying insect
96. hedgehog – small animal with spikes on its back

97. executive – director, someone in a high position

98. slug – a small animal with a soft body like a snail without a shell

99. forage – to go searching, esp. for food

100. saliva – the natural, watery liquid in the mouth that keeps it wet and helps
preparefood for digestion
101. lineage – all the living things that are related directly to the same living thing
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 thatexisted long ago
102. marsupials – have pouch and teat, mainly in Australia

103. trace – to find the origin of something

104. foetus – a young human being or animal before birth, after the organs have
startedto develop

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105. equator – an imaginary line around the earth or another planet at an equal
distancefrom the North Pole and the South Pole
106. proximity – the state of being near in space or time

107. scrap – to have a fight or an argument

108. primarily – mainly

109. litter – a group of animals that are born at the same time and have the
samemother
110. rodent – a type of small mammal with sharp front teeth

Lesson 13: Crime & Punishment – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary

Lesson 13: Crime & Punishment
1. appreciate – to recognize how good someone or something is and to value him, her, or it

2. arson – the crime of intentionally starting a fire in order to damage or destroy

something,especially a building
3. authority – the official power to make decisions for other people

4. convict – someone who is in prison because they are guilty of a crime

5. criminal – someone who commits a crime

6. deterrent – a thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from

doingsomething
7. fine – an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule
orlaw
8. fraud – the crime of getting money by deceiving people

9. imprisonment – the state of being in prison, or the time someone spends there

10. inequality – an unfair situation, in which some groups in society have more
money,opportunities, power etc than others
11. intent – the fact that you want and plan to do something
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12. intrusion – an occasion when someone goes into a place or situation where they are
notwanted or expected to be
13. kidnap – to take someone somewhere illegally by force, often in order to get money
forreturning them; ransom
14. motive – a reason for doing something

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15. offense – a specific act that breaks the law

16. pickpocketing – the crime of stealing things out of people’s pockets or bags, especially in
a crowd
17. prosecutor – a person, especially a public official, who institutes legal
proceedingsagainst someone.
18. recklessness – lack of regard for the danger or consequences of one’s actions

19. smuggling – the crime of taking goods or people into or out of a country illegally

20. swearing – rude or offensive language that someone uses, especially when they are angry

21. the accused – the person who is on trial in a law court

22. vandalism – the crime of intentionally damaging property belonging to other people

23. violation – an action that breaks a law, agreement, rule, etc.

24. evil – morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant

25. harsh – unpleasant, unkind, cruel, or more severe than is necessary

26. intentional – planned or intended; done on purpose; deliberate

27. law-abiding – someone who obeys the law

28. offensive – very rude or insulting and likely to upset people

29. petty – not important and not worth giving attention to

30. punishable – (of an act) subject to a judicial punishment

31. strict – limiting people’s freedom to behave as they wish beyond what is usual

32. victimless – (of a crime) lacking a victim, or thought not to involve a victim

33. abide – accept and follow out; remain faithful to; dwell; endure

34. abolish – to put an end to something, such as an organization, rule, or custom

35. combat – to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful

36. deter – to prevent or discourage someone from doing something

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37. enforce – to make people obey a rule or law

38. imprison – to put someone in prison

39. offend – to make someone upset or angry

40. perpetrate – to commit a crime or a violent or harmful act

41. resent – to dislike or be angry at something or someone because you have been hurt
ornot treated fairly

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42. sanction – a strong action taken in order to make people obey a law or rule, or
apunishment given when they do not obey
43. on behalf of – for somebody; instead of somebody

44. insane – mentally ill

45. elusive – difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember

46. deem – to consider or judge

47. bully – a person who threatens to hurt someone, often forcing that person to do something

Lesson 14: Communication – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary

Lesson 14: Communication
1. accuracy – the fact of being exact or correct

2. communication – the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing,

orusing some other medium.
3. conjecture – a guess; an opinion or judgment that is not based on proof

4. dialect – regional language

5. fluent – able to speak or write a particular foreign language easily and accurately.

6. hesitation – the act of pausing before saying or doing something.

7. language barrier – absence of communication between people who speak

differentlanguages
8. linguist – someone who studies foreign languages or can speak them very well

9. linguistics – the scientific study of the structure and development of language in general

10. means – a method or way of doing something

11. sign language – a system of communication for people who cannot hear that uses
handand finger movements
12. vocabulary – all the words that exist in a particular language or subject

13. incoherent – expressing yourself in a way that is not clear

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14. inherent – existing as a natural or basic part of something

15. clarify – to make something clear or easier to understand by giving more details.

16. comprehend – to understand something completely

17. converse – to have a conversation with someone

18. define – to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is

19. demonstrate – to show or make something clear

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20. emerge – to become known or develop as a result of something

21. evolve – to develop gradually; to rise to a higher level

22. gesture – to use movement to express a thought or a feeling

23. illustrate – make clear or explain by stories, examples, comparisons, or other means

24. imply – to suggest something in an indirect way or without actually saying it

25. signify – to be a sign of something

26. stutter – to speak or say part of a word with difficulty, esp. by repeating it several
timesor by pausing before it
27. there’s something to be said for – said to mean that something has advantages

28. needless to say – of course

29. have the say – to be involved in making a decision about something

30. when all is said and done – when everything is finished and settled; when everything
isconsidered.
31. having said that – despite what has just been said

32. to say the least – to not describe something in the strongest way you could, often in
orderto be polite
33. you can say that again – I completely agree with you

34. that is to say – used when explaining more clearly what you have just said

35. marine – related to the sea or sea transport

36. odd – strange or unexpected

37. devastating – causing a lot of damage or destruction

38. recap – to repeat the main points of an explanation or description

39. connotation – suggested or implied meaning of an expression; V. connote

40. intimate – to make clear what you think or want without saying it directly

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41. narrate – to tell a story, often by reading aloud from a text, or to describe events as
theyhappen
42. profound – very great or intense

43. youngster – a young person or a child

44. merely – only; just

45. intrigue – fascinate; to interest someone, often because of an unusual or

unexpectedquality

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46. pinpoint – to discover or establish something exactly

47. idle speculation – speculation that is unlikely to be true

48. ancestor – a person related to you who lived a long time ago

49. wander – to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose
ordirection
50. chit-chat – informal conversation about matters that are not important

51. Homo sapiens – modern humans considered together as a species

52. string together – to arrange a group of things into a series

53. grunt – to make a short, low sound instead of speaking, usually because of anger or pain

54. archaic – ancient

55. hyoid – a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

56. larynx – an organ in the throat which contains the vocal cords (= tissue that moves
toproduce the voice)
57. ritual – a set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed regularly, especially as part
of a ceremony
58. burial – the act of putting a dead body into the ground, or the ceremony connected
withthis
59. hearth – the area in front of a fireplace.

60. groom – to clean an animal, often by brushing its fur

61. social grooming – is an activity in which individuals in a group clean or maintain one
another’s body or appearance.
62. alliance – a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between
countriesor organizations.
63. opiate – a drug with morphinelike effects, derived from opium.

64. banter – conversation that is not serious and is often playful

65. smattering – a slight knowledge of something, or a small amount

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66. gurgle – (of babies) to make a happy sound with the back of the throat

67. cling – to hold on tightly to somebody/something

68. soothe – to make someone more calm and more relaxed

69. primate – any member of the group of animals that includes human beings, apes,
andmonkeys.

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70. nomadic – a person who does not stay long in the same place; a wanderer

71. maiden – a girl or young unmarried woman;

Lesson 15: Childhood – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary

Lesson 15: Childhood
1. adolescence – the period of time in a person’s life when they are developing into an adult

2. adulthood – the part of someone’s life when they are an adult

3. bond – a close connection joining two or more people

4. brotherhood – friendship and loyalty

5. character – the particular combination of qualities in a person or place that makes

themdifferent from others
6. childhood – the time when someone is a child

7. conflict – an active disagreement, as between opposing opinions or needs

8. fatherhood – the state or time of being a father

9. instinct – the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think
orlearn about it
10. interaction – an occasion when two or more people or things communicate with or
reactto each other
11. motherhood – the state or time of being a mother

12. nature – the type or main characteristic of something

13. resemblance – a way in which two or more things are alike

14. rivalry – a situation in which people, businesses, etc. compete with each other for
thesame thing
15. sibling – a brother or sister

16. temperament – a person’s or animal’s nature, especially as it permanently affects

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 theirbehaviour
17. ties – the friendly feelings that people have for other people, or special connections
withplaces
18. upbringing – the way in which someone is treated and trained as a child

19. extended family – a family unit that includes grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts,
anduncles, etc. in addition to parents and children

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20. family gathering – when family members meeting together

21. immediate family – closest relations, such as your parents, children, husband, or wife

22. maternal instinct – the natural tendency that a mother has to behave or react
in aparticular way around her child or children
23. sibling rivalry – competition and arguments among brothers and sisters

24. stable upbringing – having a safe and secure family in your childhood

25. striking resemblance – impressive similarity

26. close-knit – involving groups of people in which everyone supports each other

27. maternal – behaving or feeling as a mother does toward her child

28. parental – relating to parents or to being a parent

29. rewarding – satisfying or beneficial

30. accommodate – to provide someone with a room or place to sleep, live, or sit

31. adopt – to take somebody else’s child into your family and become its legal parent(s)

32. break down – of a relationship, agreement, or process) cease to continue; collapse

33. endure – last; keep on; undergo; bear; stand

34. establish – to start having a relationship with, or communicating with another

person,company, country, or organization
35. have something in common – to share interests, experiences, or other characteristics
withsomeone or something
36. inherit – derive (a quality, characteristic, or predisposition) genetically from one’s
parentsor ancestors
37. chaotic – disorganized

38. nurture – to feed and care for a child, or to help someone or something develop
byencouraging that person or thing
39. alike – similar to each other

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40. play a role – to be involved in something, especially in a way that is important

41. relate to somebody – to understand someone and be able to have a friendly

relationshipwith them
42. paddling pool – a pool that is not deep that small children can play in

43. sophisticated – (1) Having a thorough knowledge of the ways of society. (2) Highly
complex or developed.

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44. tone – the general character or attitude of a person, situation, etc.

45. competency – an important skill that is needed to do a job

46. coordinate – to make various, separate things work together

47. recruitment – the process of employing new people to work for a company
ororganization
48. hand down something – to give something to a younger member of your family when
youno longer need it, or to arrange for someone younger to get it after you have died
49. enrol – officially register as a member of an institution or a student on a course

Lesson 16: Business – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary

Lesson 16: Business
1. boss – manager; the person who is in charge of an organization and who tells others
whatto do
2. campaign – a plan consisting of a number of activities directed toward the achievement
ofan aim
3. career – the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life

4. clerk – a person who works in an office, dealing with records or performing

generaloffice duties
5. colleague – someone you work with

6. credibility – the fact that someone can be believed or trusted

7. employee – someone who is paid to work for someone else

8. goods – things for sale, or the things that you own

9. job satisfaction – the feeling of pleasure and achievement which you experience in
yourjob when you know that your work is worth doing
10. labourer – a person who does physical work, especially outdoors

11. manual worker – a worker who does physical work

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12. manual work – work involving the hands, as opposed to an office job, for example

13. niche – a job, position, or place that is very suitable for someone

14. occupation – a person’s job

15. overtime – time worked in addition to your usual job hours

16. perk – an advantage

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17. profession – any type of work, esp. one that needs a high level of education or
aparticular skill
18. prospects – the possibility of being successful, especially at work

19. qualification – an ability, characteristic, or experience that makes you suitable for
aparticular job or activity
20. retirement – the act of leaving your job and stopping working, usually because you
areold
21. share – one of the equal parts that the ownership of a company is divided into, and
thatcan be bought by members of the public
22. shift work – a system in which different groups of workers work somewhere at
differenttimes of the day and night
23. supervisor – a person whose job is to supervise someone or something

24. takeover – a situation in which a company gets control of another company by

buyingenough of its shares
25. wages – the money earned by an employee, esp. when paid for the hours worked

26. casual – not regular or fixed

27. demanding – needing a lot of time, attention, or energy

28. hospitality – the act of being friendly and welcoming to guests and visitors:

29. monotonous – not changing and therefore boring

30. retail – the activity of selling goods to the public, usually in shops

31. endorse – to state publicly that you approve of or support someone or something

32. invest (in) – to spend money on something which you believe will make a profit

33. shelf stacker – shelf filler; someone whose job is to put goods on the shelves in
asupermarket
34. redundant – having lost your job because your employer no longer needs you

35. next to nothing – very little; hardly anything; almost nothing

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36. workplace – a building or room where people perform their jobs, or these
placesgenerally
37. cosmetics – substances that you put on your face or body that are intended to
improveyour appearance
38. skincare – things that you do and use to keep your skin healthy and attractive

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39. dermatologist – a doctor who studies and treats skin diseases

40. invaluable – extremely useful

41. work ethic – the belief that work is morally good

Lesson 17: Accommodation – Writing Band 8 Vocabulary

Lesson 17: Accommodation
1. Balcony – an area with a wall or bars around it that is joined to the outside wall of
abuilding on an upper level
2. Brick – a rectangular block of hard material used for building walls and houses

3. ceiling – the upper surface of a room that you see when you look above you

4. concrete – a very hard building material made by mixing together cement, sand,
smallstones, and water
5. cottage – a small house, usually in the countryside

6. gadget – a small device or machine with a particular purpose

7. housing – buildings for people to live in

8. landmark – a building or place that is easily recognized

9. lift shaft – a vertical shaft in a building through which a lift moves to different levels.

10. occupant – a person who lives or works in a room or building

11. platform – a flat raised area or structure

12. quarry – a large artificial hole in the ground where stone, sand, etc. is dug for use
asbuilding material
13. residence – a home; the place where someone lives

14. steel – a strong metal that is a mixture of iron and carbon

15. timber – wood that is prepared for use in building, etc

16. airy – with a lot of light and space

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17. conventional – traditional and ordinary

18. cosy – comfortable and pleasant, especially (of a building) because of being small
andwarm
19. cramped – not having enough space or time.

20. disposable – used once then thrown away

21. exterior – outer; on or from the outside

22. futuristic – relating to the future, or very modern or advanced

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23. high-rise – a tall modern building with many floors

24. mass-produced – produced in large numbers using machinery

25. multi-storey – a building that has several floors

26. ornate – having a lot of decoration

27. prefabricated – built from parts that have been made in a factory and can be put
togetherquickly
28. spacious – large and with a lot of space

29. state-of-the-art – very modern and using the most recent ideas and methods

30. ultra-modern – extremely modern; advanced

31. automate – to change a factory, office, or process so that machines do the work instead
ofpeople
32. condemn – to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral reasons

33. demolish – knock down, destroy thoroughly

34. devise – to invent something, esp. with intelligence or imagination

35. haul – to pull something heavy slowly and with difficulty

36. hoist – to lift something heavy, often with special equipment

37. renovate – to repair and improve something, especially a building

38. skyward – in the direction of the sky

39. warehouse – a large building for storing things before they are sold, used, or sent out
toshops
40. tough – strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated

41. spring system – is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy.

42. mesh – to join together in the correct position

43. ratchet – a part of a machine that allows movement in one direction only.

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44. unveil – to show or make something known for the first time

45. slack – not tight; loose

46. contraption – device

47. tenant – a person who rents a room, a building, or land

48. screw – a thin pointed piece of metal like a nail with a raised spiral line

49. heading – words written or printed at the top of a text as a title

50. obsession – something or someone that you think about all the time

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51. consolidate – to combine into a single unit; to group together or join.

52. indebted – grateful because of help given

53. depict – to represent or show something in a picture, story, movie, etc.; portray

54. mixed success – successful only on few issues not on all of them

55. appliance – a device, machine, or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that
isused in the house
56. team up – to join another person, or form a group with other people, in order to
dosomething together
57. surround – to be around something on all sides

58. combustion – the process of burning

59. self-propelled – able to move by its own power

60. stack – to arrange things in an ordered pile

61. marvel – a wonderful and surprising person or thing

62. apparent – easily seen or perceived, easily understood

63. hose – a long plastic or rubber pipe, used to direct water onto fires, gardens, etc.

64. drapery – cloth arranged in folds

65. blast – a sudden strong blow of air

66. overriding – more important

67. acquisition – the process of getting something

68. incorporation – the act of including something

69. turmoil – a state of confusion, excitement, or anxiety

70. masculine – of man; male

71. rough and ready – produced quickly, with little preparation

72. stark – extreme

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73. pejorative – insulting, disapproving

74. cherished – bringing the pleasure of love

75. utopian – romantic

76. blur – to make something hard to see

77. deployment – the use of something or someone in an effective way

78. rosy – optimistic, bright, happy

79. exhort – to strongly encourage or persuade someone to do something

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 80. self-indulgent – allowing yourself to have or do anything that you enjoy

81. free rein – the freedom to do, say, or feel what you want

82. spa – a town where water comes out of the ground and people come to drink it or lie in
itbecause they think it will improve their health
83. discotheque – disco

84. ebb – to becomes less strong or disappear

85. hectic – full of busy activity

86. imperative – extremely important or urgent

87. envisage – to have a mental picture of; visualize.

88. consumerism – the state of an advanced industrial society in which a lot of goods
arebought and sold

Linking Words for IELTS Writing and Speaking

• To list points
o Firstly, the government must revise the out-of-date environmental laws whichwere
written twenty years ago.
o In the first place, the government must revise the out-of-date environmentallaws which
were written twenty years ago.
o To start with, the government must revise the out-of-date environmental
laws which were written twenty years ago.
o Secondly, the government must revise the out-of-date environmental lawswhich
were written twenty years ago.
o Thirdly, the government must revise the out-of-date environmental lawswhich
were written twenty years ago.
o Finally, the government must revise the out-of-date environmental laws
which were written twenty years ago.
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• To add more points on a topic
o What is more, the city should conduct inspections of zoos.
o The city should also conduct inspections of zoos.
o Apart from this/that / In addition to this, the city should conduct
inspections of zoos.
o Moreover, the city should conduct inspections of zoos.
o Besides, the city should conduct inspections of zoos.
o The city should conduct inspections of zoos too.
o ... not to mention the fact that the city should conduct inspections of zoos.

• To list advantages/disadvantages
o One of the greatest advantages of regular exercise is that it leads to ahealthier
lifestyle.
o Another great advantage of regular exercise is that it leads to a healthierlifestyle.
o One other advantage of regular exercise is that it leads to a healthier lifestyle.
o A further advantage of regular exercise is that it leads to a healthier lifestyle.
o The main advantage of regular exercise is that it leads to a healthier lifestyle.
o The first/greatest advantage of regular exercise is that it leads to a healthierlifestyle.

• To express effect/phrases for a result

o Lots of factories have closed down; therefore, many people have lost theirjobs.
o Lots of factories have closed down; thus, many people have lost their jobs.
o Lots of factories have closed down; consequently, many people have losttheir jobs.
o Lots of factories have closed down so many people have lost their jobs.
o Lots of factories have closed down; as a consequence, many people have losttheir jobs.
o As a result, ... / Eventually, ...

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• To make contrasting points
o Killing endangered species is illegal; nevertheless, people will not stophunting
them.
o In spite of the fact that killing endangered species is illegal, people will notstop
hunting them.
o Killing endangered species is illegal, but people will not stop hunting them.
o While killing endangered species is illegal, people will not stop hunting them.
o Even if killing endangered species is illegal, people will not stop hunting them.
o Even though killing endangered species is illegal, people will not stophunting
them.
o Although killing endangered species is illegal, people will not stop huntingthem.
o Killing endangered species is illegal; at the same time, people will not stophunting
them.

• To emphasise what you say

o Clearly, research has proved that eating healthy foods and exercisingregularly
reduces the risk of heart disease.
o Obviously, research has proved that eating healthy foods and exercisingregularly
reduces the risk of heart disease.
o Of course, research has proved that eating healthy foods and exercisingregularly
reduces the risk of heart disease.
o In particular, researchers have proved that eating healthy foods and
exercising regularly reduces the risk of heart disease.

• To express reality
o Actually, the report states that most college graduates are interested inpursuing
a masters' degree in the future.
o As a matter of fact, the report states that most college graduates are
interested in pursuing a masters' degree in the future.
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o In practice, the report states that most college graduates are interested inpursuing
a masters' degree in the future.
o The fact of the matter is the report states that most college graduates areinterested
in pursuing a masters' degree in the future.

141
• To express the difference between appearance and reality
o On the face of it, the building looked safe, but after a detailed inspection, itwas
reported to be in need of major structural repairs.
o Apparently, the building looked safe, but after a detailed inspection, it wasreported
to be in need of major structural repairs.

• To state an argument against your opinion

o It is popularly believed that the teaching profession needs more qualifiededucators.
o People often claim that the teaching profession needs more qualified
educators.
o It is often alleged that the teaching profession needs more qualified
educators.
o It is fact that the teaching profession needs more qualified educators.

• To state other people's opinions

o Some people argue that the mayor's proposal to raise local taxes is unfair.
o A lot of people think/believe that the mayor's proposal to raise local taxesis unfair.

• To introduce the other side of the argument

o However, there are people who believe that increasing the school year willonly
overwork students.
o Those who oppose increasing the school year claim that it will only overworkstudents.

• To express balance
o On the one hand, working for a large company is prestigious, but it can bevery
stressful.
o Working for a large company is prestigious, but on the other hand, it can be
very stressful.
o John is a hard-working person, whereas Ann isn't.

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• To give examples
o For example, in the past six months retailers have reported a 25% drop insales of
electronic equipment.
o For instance, ... / In particular, ... / To illustrate, ...

• To refer to what actually happens

o In effect, consumers spend more money on luxury items.

• To make general statements

o Generally, girls get better exam results than boys.
o In general, girls get better exam results than boys.
o As a general rule, girls get better exam results than boys.
o On the whole, girls get better exam results than boys.

• To make partly correct statements

o Considering the high rate of unemployment, some companies have, up to apoint,
tried to create more positions.
o Considering the high rate of unemployment, some companies have, to acertain
extent, tried to create more positions.
o Considering the high rate of unemployment, some companies have, in away,
tried to create more positions.
o Considering the high rate of unemployment, some companies have, in asense,
tried to create more positions.

• To express limit of knowledge

o To the best of my knowledge, residents were opposed to the city's plan tobuild a
nuclear power plant in their area.
o For all I know residents were opposed to the city's plan to build a nuclearpower
plant in the area.

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• To rephrase
o That is to say, they disagree with the manager's decision.

144
• To bring up other points or aspects
o Regarding the community, the area is in need of a new elementary school.
o With regards to the community, the area is in need of a new elementaryschool.
o As for the community, the area is in need of a new elementary school.

• To express a personal opinion

o To my mind/way of thinking, department stores offer a greater selection ofclothes
than small boutiques.
o I personally believe department stores offer a greater selection of clothesthan small
boutiques.
o It strikes me that department stores offer a greater selection of clothes thansmall
boutiques.
o I feel very strongly that department stores offer a greater selection ofclothes
than small boutiques.
o I am inclined to believe that department stores offer a greater selection ofclothes
than small boutiques.
o It seems to me that department stores offer a greater selection of clothesthan small
boutiques.
o As far as I am concerned department stores offer a greater selection ofclothes
than small boutiques.

• To refer to other sources

o With reference to, this report, that brand of sun cream causes irritation tosensitive
skin.

• To express cause
o Because of the harsh winter, many crops were destroyed.
o Owing to the harsh winter, many crops were destroyed.
o For this reason, many crops were destroyed.

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• To imply that nothing else needs to be said
o Anyway, a new community centre will greatly benefit the people of the town.
o In any case, a new community centre will greatly benefit the people of thetown.

146
• Accepting the situation
o As it is, the situation cannot be improved.
o Things being as they are, the situation cannot be improved.

• To conclude
o Finally, the university offers a wide range of courses and provides modernfacilities.
o Lastly, the university offers a wide range of courses and provides modernfacilities.
o Above all, the university offers a wide range of courses and provides modern
facilities.
o All in all, the university offers a wide range of courses and provides modernfacilities.
o Taking everything into account, the university offers a wide range ofcourses
and provides modern facilities.
o On the whole, the university offers a wide range of courses and provides
modern facilities.
o All things considered, the university offers a wide range of courses andprovides
modern facilities.
o In conclusion, the university offers a wide range of courses and providesmodern
facilities.
o As I have said, the university offers a wide range of courses and provides
modern facilities.
o As was previously stated, the university offers a wide range of courses andprovides
modern facilities.
o To sum up, the university offers a wide range of courses and providesmodern
facilities.

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 List of top 99 Common Synonyms in the IELTS T

1. important = crucial (extremely important), significant(amount or effects large enough to

be important)
2. common = universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be every where)
3. abundant = ample (enough and usually extra), plentiful (enough for people’s needs and

wants)
4. stick = adhere, cling (hold on something tightly)
5. neglect = ignore. (difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to
something; ignore means no attention.)
6. near = adjacent (two things next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)
7. accurate = precise (precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact (correct in every
detail)
8. vague = obscure (unknown or known by only a few people)
9. top = peak, summit

10. competitor = rival, opponent (especially in sports and politics)

11. blame = condemn (if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)

12. opinion = perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular

way)
13. fame = prestige (describe those who are admired), reputation

14. build = erect (you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish
15. insult = humiliate (do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or
stupid)
16. complain = grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)

17. primary = radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental

18. relieve = alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)

19. force = coerce into (coerce means you make someone do something she/he does not
want to), compel
20. enlarge = magnify (magnify means make something larger than it really is)

148
21. complex = intricate (if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)

22. Lonely = solitary (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her)
23. small = minuscule (very small), minute,
24. praise = extol (stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)

25. hard-working = assiduous (someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very
thoroughly)
26. difficult = arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of
efforts)

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27. poor (soil) = barren, infertile (used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be
planted on it)
28. fragile = brittle, vulnerable (someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or
physically)
29. show = demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.)
30. big = massive (large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal (use this word, you emphasize

something’s large), tremendous (informal)

31. avoid = shun (if someone shuns something, she/he deliberately avoid that something or
keep away from it.)
32. fair = impartial (someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on

something.)

33. attack = assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently)

34. dislike = abhor (abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral
reasons), loathe (dislike very much)
35. ruin = devastate (it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.)

36. always = invariably (the same as always, but better than always)
37. forever = perpetual (a perpetual state never changes), immutable (something
immutable will never change or be changed)
38. surprise = startle (it means surprise you slightly), astound (surprise you to a large

degree), astonish(the same as astound)

39. enthusiasm = zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency (sincere and enthusiasm)

40. quiet = tranquil (calm and peaceful), serene (calm and quiet)
41. expensive = exorbitant (it means too expensive that it should be)

42. luxurious = lavish (impressive and very expensive), sumptuous (grand and very
expensive)
43. boring = tedious (if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and
frustrating)
44. respect = esteem (if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. FORMAL)

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45. worry = fret (if you fret about something, you worry about it)
46. cold = chilly (unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)

47. hot = boiling (very hot)

48. dangerous = perilous (very dangerous, hazardous) (dangerous, especially to people’s

safety and health)

49. only = unique (the only one of its kind), distinctive;

50. stop = cease (if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)

51. part = component (the components of something are the parts that it is made of)

52. result = consequence (the results or effects of something)

53. obvious = apparent, manifest

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54. based on = derived from (can see or notice them very easily)
55. quite = fairly

56. pathetic = lamentable (very uncomfortable and disappointing)

57. field = domain (a particular field of thought, activities or interest)

58. appear = emerge (come into existence)

59. whole = entire (the whole of something)

60. wet = moist (slightly wet), damp (slightly wet), humid (very damp and hot)
61. wrong = erroneous (incorrect or partly correct)

62. difficult = formidable

63. change = convert (change into another form)

64. typical = quintessential (this word means represent a typical example of something)
65. careful = cautious (very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)

66. ability = capacity, capability (the same as ability)

67. strange = eccentric (if some one is eccentric, she/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her
opinion is different from most people)
68. rich= affluent (if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)
69. use = utilize (the same as use)

70. dubious = skeptical (if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)
71. satisfy = gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)

72. short = fleeting, ephemeral (if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)
73. Scholarship = fellowship

74. smelly = malodorous (used to describe an unpleasant smell)

75. ugly = hideous (if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)

76. attractive = appealing (pleasing and attractive), absorbing (something absorbing can
attract you a great deal)
77. diverse = miscellaneous (a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of
things)
78. disorder = disarray, chaos
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79. crazily = frantically (used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled
way)
80. rapid = meteoric (ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves
success quickly)
81. ordinary = mundane (very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)
82. despite = notwithstanding (FORMAL)

83. best = optimal (used to describe the best level something can achieve)
84. sharp = acute (severe and intense)

85. unbelievable = inconceivable (if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very
unlike to happen )

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86. puzzle = perplex (something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her
because he/she does not understand it)
87. method = avenue (a way of getting something done)
88. famous = distinguished (used to describe people who are successful in their career)

89. ancient = archaic (extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)

90. decorate = embellish (embellish means make something look more attractive via
decorating it with something else)
91. possible = feasible (if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)

92. so = consequently, accordingly

93. rare = infrequent (doesn’t happen often)

94. greedy = rapacious (greedy and selfish)

95. individuals, characters, folks = people, persons

96. nowadays = currently

97. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill = be less impressive
98. reap huge fruits = get many benefits

99. for my part, from my own perspective = in my opinion

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1200 Commonly Repeated Words –IELTS Listening Spelling List for a top score.
List of Words in Listening Test

• Days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday,
weekdays, weekend
• Months of the year: January, February, March, April, May, June, July August,
September, October, November, December
• Hobbies: gardening, stamp collection, orienteering, caving, spelunking, scuba diving,
snorkeling, skateboarding, bowls, archery, ice skating, darts, golf, billiards, photography,
painting, embroidery, climbing, chess, parachute, pottery, woodcarving.
• Subjects: science, politics, architecture, law, geography, history, biology, archaeology,
literature, statistics, mathematics, performing arts, visual arts, logic, physics, psychology,
anthropology, economics, philosophy, chemistry, humanities, business management,
agriculture.
• Marketing: catalogue, interview, research method, entertainment industry, TV program,
strategies, leadership, management, customer, special offer, collecting data, display,
products, questionnaire, survey, mass media, poll, business card, training, trainee,
statistic, profit margin, newsletter, competition, merchandise, manufacture,
recruitment.
• Studying at college/university: course outline, group discussion, handout, research,
Proofreading, experiment, written work, report writing, experience, reference,
textbook, student advisor, teamwork, module, topic, dictionary, laptop, printer,
assessment, library, department, computer centre, classroom, attendance, deadline,
give a talk, speech,

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 lecture, tutor, main hall, computer laboratory, certificate, diploma, placement test,
facilities, college, dining room, specialist, knowledge, international, accommodation,
overseas students, full-time, homestay, primary, secondary, intermediate, media room,
commencement, dissertation, leaflet, school reunion, feedback, tasks, outcomes,
advanced, introductory, extra background, resources room, staff, higher education,
guidelines, post-secondary, faculty, pupils, pencil, supervisor, bachelor’s degree,
compound, foreign students, schedule, vocabulary, student support services, student
retention, publication, registrar’s office, stationery.
• Works and jobs: designer, occupation, profession, decorator, architect, engineer, waiter,
teacher, vacancy, professor, specialist, manager, waitress, psychologist، volunteer,
craftsman, work experience, curriculum vitae, freelance, secretary, mail address,
receptionist, pilot, lecturer, office assistant, clerk, accountant, guard, flight attendant,
cashier, captain
• Health: yoga, tai-chi, keep-fit, salad bar, vegetarian, outdoor activities, leisure time,
disease, meal, protein, balanced diet, food pyramid, vitamin, carbohydrates, rice, pasta,
potatoes, pizza, tomatoes, bread, cereals, minerals, zinc, meat, seafood, eggs, beans,
milk, cheese, yoghurt, fruit, vegetables, citrus fruits, green pepper, blackcurrant, nuts,
eggyolk, liver, medicine، treatment, remedy, nursing care, nursery, regular exercise.
• Nature: field, footbridge, river, mountain, forest, village, environment, waterfall, coast,
reef, lake, valley, peninsula, earthquake, avalanche, tornado, typhoon, hill, cliff, island,
desertification, volcano, disaster, landslides, storm, flood, hurricane, pond, catastrophe,
erosion, jungle, oasis, dam, canyon
• The environment: coal, fossil fuels, acid rain, global warming, carbon dioxide,
greenhouse effect, burning fossil, exhaust fumes, smog, climate, pollution, temperature,
power plants, deforestation, nitrogen oxide, landfill, cattle, wind turbine, renewable,
source of energy, reliable, solar panels, solar power, hydroelectric power,
environmentally

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 friendly, oxygen, chemical-free, vegetation, sea level, ocean currents, soil conditioner,
firewood, desert, degradation, drought, contaminated.
• Continents: Australia, Africa, South America, North America, Asia, Europe, Antarctica

• Countries: Switzerland, Turkey, England, Egypt, Mexico, Germany, Greece, Brazil, India,
North Korea, the Dominican Republic, France, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, New
Zealand, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore, the Philippines,
Denmark.
• Languages: Japanese, German, linguistics, bilingual, trilingual, polyglot, Portuguese,
Mandarin, Bengali, Chinese, Hindi, Russian, Punjabi, Thai, Persian, Filipino, French,
Italian, Greek, French
• Architecture and buildings: dome, palace, fort, castle, glasshouse, pyramid, log cabin,

lighthouse, hut, skyscraper, sculpture

• Homes: chimney, bedroom, semi-detached house, duplex, townhouse, row house,

bungalow, thatched cottage, mobile home, houseboat, a block of flats, apartment
building, condominium, basement, landlord, terraced house, tenant, rent, lease,
neighborhood, suburb, dormitory, story, kitchen, refrigerator, microwave, sofa, coffee
table, ground floor,oven, hallway, insurance
• In the city: central station, cities, street, lane, city centre, car park, department store,
bridge, temple, hospital, garden, avenue, embassy, road system
• Transportations: boat, lifeboat, cargo plane, shipment, container ship, ferry, liner, canal
boat, narrowboat, dinghy sailing, hovercraft, hydrofoil, sailboat, paddle steamer, cabin
cruiser, kayak, canoe, punt, gondola, aircraft, rowing boat, rowboat, helicopter,
seaplane, airship, hot-air balloon, airport, platform, hire a car, automobile, crew,
passenger.
• Workplaces: staff selection, clinic, dentist, reception, appointment, colleague,
workshop, employer, employment, unemployed, technical cooperation, team leaders,
showroom, information desk, stress, ability, vision, employee, internship, confidence.
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• Places: parliament, accommodation, local library, swimming pool, cafeteria, cottage,
restaurant, bookshop, sports centre, city council, canteen, cafe, dance studio, park,
conversation club, kindergarten
• Money matters: cash, debit, low-risk investment, credit card, cheque, annual fee, monthly
membership, tuition fees, poverty, bank statement, money management, current
account, interest rate, deposit, student account, withdraw, mortgage, grace period, in
advance, budget deficit, retail voucher, coupon، counterfeit money, debt, interest-
free credit, purchase, partial refund, annuity, public money, taxpayers’ money, income,
non- refundable, MasterCard, VISA, duty-free store, distribution costs, finance
department, family finances.
• Rating and qualities: expensive, cheap, reasonable, satisfactory, dangerous, poor
quality, satisfied, disappointed, efficient, luxurious, safe, strongly recommended,
coloured, spotted, striped
• Touring: souvenir, trip, tourist guided tour, ticket office, guest, reservation, view, culture,

single double-bedded room, picnic, tourist attraction, hostel, suite,

memorable, aquarium.
• Adjectives: energetic, social, ancient, necessary, fantastic, exciting, fabulous, dull,
comfortable, convenient, suitable, affordable, voluntary، mandatory, compulsory,
temporary, permanent, Immense, vast, salty, extinct, vulnerable, pessimistic,
optimistic,realistic, practical, knowledgeable, flexible, confident, Western, intensive,
tranquil, spectacular, intact, various
• Verbs: train, develop, collect, supervise, mark, edit, revise, exhibit, donate, surpass,
register, support, hunt, persuade, concentrate, discuss, suggest, arrange, borrow,
immigrate, review, learn, touch.
• Sports: jet-skiing, bodyboarding, snowboarding, cricket, baseball, basketball, rugby,
hang-gliding, skydiving, soccer, American football, hockey, swimming, tennis, squash,

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 the javelin, badminton, ping-pong, field, court, pitch, stadium, team, the discus, the
hammer, the high jump, horse racing, show jumping, polo, cycling, canoeing,
refreshment, gymnasium, extreme sports, paragliding, abseiling, athlete, gym, bungee
jumping, white-water rafting, surfing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, mountain biking, push-
up,judo, recreation, jogging, press-up, snooker, walking, barbell, treadmill,
championship.
• Shapes: Oval, Square, rectangular, triangular, polygon, spherical, circular, curved,
cylindrical, three dimensions, Measurement width, length, altitude, imperial
system,metric system, spiral, Mass, depth, breadth, height, frequency
• Weather: humid, hot, sticky, breeze, chilly, cold, cool, dry, dusty, freezing, hot,
warm,wet, weather forecast, antenna, moisture,
• Equipment and tools: helmet, light, musical instrument, cassette, silicon chip, digital

monitor, gadget, device, screen, breaks, wheels, mechanical pencil, disk, backpack,

• The arts and media: Opera, Orchestra, concert, symphony, the press, conductor,
vocalist, audience, festival, carnival, exhibition, classical music, theatre, cinemas, art
gallery, museum, ballet, television, radio, graphics, newspaper
• The animal kingdom: lion, penguin, seabirds, poultry and game, birds of prey,
mammals, genus, species, cetacean, whale, primates, rodents, reptile, insects, octopus,
phylum, fish, amphibian, class, order, family, livestock, creature, plants: mushroom,
fungus, stem, roots, cluster, fertilizer, leaves, seed, core, bark, trunk, twig, branch,
flower.
• Vehicles: camper, double-decker bus, single-decker, minibus, forklift truck, school bus,
coach, truck, tanker, van, lorry, transporter, tow truck, breakdown truck, pickup, jeep,
taxi, cab, tram, underground, subway, caravan, tractor, stream train, freight train, a
goods train
• Expressions and time: midday, three times, three times per week, millennium, a gap
year, fulltime, part-time, midnight, century, decade, fortnight.

159
 • Materials: aluminum, copper, fur, metal, steel, rubber, plastic, ceramics, cement, stone,
textile, cotton, fabric, wool, glass, leather, bone, paper, lumber/wood, glue, concrete,
wax, paper, wood, silver, composite, fiberglass, gold, feather
• Colour: blue, white, orange, green, grey, black, red, yellow, purple, brown, pink

• Other: sufficient, dialogue, passport photo, state, variety, private sector, practice,
gender, creativity, government, individual, original inhabitant, indigenous,
demonstration,circuit, guarantee, commerce, carriage, narrative, strike, entrance,
chocolate, satellite, decision, prototype, attitude, activity, recipient, ultrasound,
pedestrian safety, daily routine, personal fulfilment, traffic jams, procedures, creation,
senior, opportunity, drivinglicense, prize, junior, process, literary, man-made,
republicans, waiting list, sewer systems, liberal democracy, democrats, umbrella,
frequently updated, lunar calendar, libertarian, burger, videos, fund-raising event,
magnet, dialect, ramification, straight, nature conservation, life expectancy, farewell,
welfare, encyclopedia, illiteracy, robot, proficiency, evolution, revolution.

378 High Frequency Words in IELTS Listening

School

a. Library 7. Copier

1. Shelf 9. Reading room

8. Overdue

2. Librarian 10. Reference room

3. The stacks 11. Periodical room

4. Return 12. Study lounge

5. Fine 13. Catalogue

6. Magazine 14. Index

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15. Keyword

16. Volume 17. Library card

18. Book reservation

19. Periodical

20. Quarterly

21. Back issue

22. Current issue

23. Latest number

24. Writing
permission

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25. Check out 26. Put on reserve

b. Student

1. Freshman 4. Senior student 7. Doctoral candidate

2. Sophomore 5. Bachelor 8. Alumni/alumnus

3. Junior student 6. Master 9. Post doctorate

c. Teacher

1. Lecturer 3. Supervisor 5. Dean

2. Associate professor 4. Professor 6. Teaching assistant

d. Courses

1. Take the course 8. Syllabus 14. Makeup exam

2. Credit 9. Curriculum 15. Psychology course

3. Register 10. Seminar 16. Physics

4. Drop the course 11. Elective/optional 17. Computer course

course
5. Introductory course 18. Computer science
12. Compulsory course
6. Advanced course
13. Drop-out
7. Rank

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e. Reading & Books

1. Book review 6. Biography 11. Read selectively

2. Novel 7. Editorial 12. Get through a novel

3. Press 8. Extra copy 13. Be addicted to the

book
4. Publisher 9. Paperback edition
14. Plough through
5. Publication 10. Out of print
15. Read extensively

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f. After Class

1. Devote to 6. Election campaign 11. Speech contest

2. Run for 7. Campaign manager 12. Enroll in

3. Candidate 8. Participant 13. Sign up for

4. Vote 9. The student’s union

5. Conflict 10. Chairman

Daily Life

a. Shopping

1. Convenience store 10. On sale 19. Closing time

2. Department store 11. Sell out 20. Balance

3. Mall 12. Grocery store 21. Luxurious items

4. Chain store 13. Out of stock 22. Electronic product

5. Shopping list 14. In stock 23. Stationery

6. Supermarket 15. Customer 24. Digital video

camera
7. Family size 16. Complaint
25. Past the prime
8. Receipt 17. Deliver

9. Outlet 18. Counter

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b. Living in a house

1. Housework 6. Housemaid 11. Keep down the cost

2. Electric cooker 7. Housekeeper 12. Fix the dinner

3. Laundry 8. Housewife 13. Budget

4. Iron 9. Keep an eye on 14. In a mess

5. Vacuum cleaner 10. Household 15. Economical

expenses

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c. Daily Interaction

1. Leisure time 5. Call on sb. 9. Keep contact

2. Telephone booth 6. Long-distance call 10. Hold on

3. Date 7. Take a message 11. Hospitable

4. Pay phone 8. Hang up

Business

a. Looking for a job

1. Job hunting 11. Inquiry 21. Interviewee

2. Inexperienced 12. Do odd jobs 22. Take over

3. Opportunity 13. Consult 23. Interviewer

4. Want ads 14. Resume 24. Appointment

5. Unemployment 15. Application letter 25. Impression

6. Position 16. Fire 26. Confident

7. Wage 17. Hire 27. Turn down

8. Opening/vacancy 18. Recruit 28. Have no match for…

9. Full-time job 19. Interview

10. Part-time job 20. Job-hopping

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b. Working in a business

1. On business 6. Compromise 11. Cooperation

2. Be involved in 7. Get along with 12. Transaction

3. Appointment 8. Proposal 13. Bid

4. In charge of 9. Assistance 14. Transfer

5. Client 10. Branch

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c. Business Attitude

1. Attitude 6. Diligent 11. Workload

2. Personality 7. Wear out 12. Struggle

3. Overwork 8. Perseverance 13. Continuous

exploration
4. Determined 9. Hang on
14. Hard-working
5. Forgetful 10. Workaholic

d. Work Performance
7. Symbol
1. Recognition 4. Pioneer
8. Legend
2. Tribute 5. Contribution

3. Achievement 6. Blaze a trail

2. Pork Entertainment

a. Art & Culture 3. Beef steak

6. TV channels
1. Napkin 4. Menu
7. Horror movie
2. Beverage 5. Raw
8. Broadcast
3. Gardening 6. Medium
9. Live broadcast
4. Excursion 7. Done
10. Documentary
5. Performance

b. Eating Out 8. Dessert

1. Waiter/waitress 9. Snack
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10. Join sb. for
dinner

11. Appetizer

12. Make a 11. Violence movie

reservation
12. Co
13. Cutlery mmerci
al
14. Loaf
adverti
sement

13. Entert
ainment
industry

14. TV theater

15. Buffet

16. Staple

17. Go dutch

18. Regular dinner

19. Mutton

20. Change

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 Personal Well-being

a. Illness

1. Epidemic 7. Infectious illness 13. Diabetes

2. Sore throat 8. Toothache 14. Have a temperature

3. Bird flu 9. Symptom 15. Dental decay

4. Runny nose 10. Allergy

5. SARS 11. Sneeze

6. Stomachache 12. Fracture

b. Hospital & Doctors

1. Attending/chief 2. Infirmary 5. Clinic

doctor；physician；
3. Physician 6. Anaesthetist
consultant
4. Surgeon

c. Exercise

1. Put on weight
4. On diet
2. Watch your diet
5. Lose weight
3. Overweight
6. Physical exercise

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d. Personal Health

1. In good shape 4. Fit as a fiddle 6. Feel under the

weather
2. In a fit state 5. In poor shape

3. Out of shape

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Traveling

1. Travel agency 9. Conductor 17. Shuttle

2. Flight number 10. Skiing 18. Ferry

3. Check in 11. Mineral bath 19. Tube/underground

4. Motel 12. Streetcar 20.

Expressway/freeway
5. Book the ticket 13. Resort

21. Roundtrip
6. Platform 14. Visa

7. Hiking 15. Express train

8. Hitch-hike 16. High-speed train

Trending Topics

1. Prosperous 7. Monetary 13. Economic crisis

2. Decline 8. Circulation 14. Potential

3. Depression 9. Financier 15. Cyberspace

4. Recession 10. Surplus 16. Multimedia

5. Collapse 11. Inflation 17. Hacker

6. Bankrupt 12. Deflation 18. Server

Weather 2. Renewable energy 4. Recyclable

1. Recycled water 3. Sewage treatment 5. Deforestation rate

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6. Water and soil
erosion
8. Muggy 15. Climate-sensitive
7. Temperature
activity
9. Humidity
16. Climatic anomaly
10. Breeze
17. Conservation area
11. Climate trend
18. Forecast
12. Climate variation
19. Downpour
13. Climate warming
20. Gust
14. Climate watch

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 Housing & Moving

Housing

1. Landlord/landlady 7. Residence 13. Burglar

2. Ventilation 8. Downtown 14. Transportation

3. Tenant 9. Hallway 15. House-warming

party
4. Accommodate 10. Suburb
16. Subway entrance
5. Apartment/flat 11. Spare room

6. Dwell 12. Neighborhood

Decoration & Repair 10. Washing machine

1. Furnished 11. Cupboard

2. Crack

3. Unfurnished

4. Install

5. Baby crib

6. Maintenance

7. Decoration

8. Plumber

9. Multiple glazing
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12. Refrigerator/fridge

13. Sideboard

14. Light bulb

15. Sink

16. Heater

17. Pipe

18. Furnace

19. Leak

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 Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 1 : People

1. Adolescent - teenager 6. Sibling - brother or sister

2. Characteristic typical 7. Responsibility - duty

feature 8. Resemble - look like
3. Individual - person 9. Bond - close tie or link
4. Reliable - can be trusted 10. Inherent - natural or instinctive
5. Conscious - aware

Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 2 : Health & Fitness

1. Allergic - react badly to 6. Recovery - getting better ( from illness)

2. Harmful - unsafe 7. Hunger - need for food

3. Appetite - desire for food 8. Treatment - medical care

4. Lifestyle - the way you live 9. Nutritious - full of Vitamins

5. Ingredients - contents of 10. Suffer - feel pain

food

Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 3 : Science

1. Elementary - basic 6. Side effects - unwanted reaction

2. Combine - mix together 7. Basis - the principal idea

3. Analyze - examine in 8. Toxic - poisonous

detail 9. Fertilizer - plant food
4. Exposure - in contact 10. Contaminated - polluted
with
5. Detergent - soap

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 Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 4 : Community

1. Antisocial - against 6. Shun - avoid

society 7. Conventional - traditional
2. Conform - follow the 8. Interaction - communication
rules 9. Pressure - stress
3. Cooperate - work 10. Conduct - behavior
together
4. Mindset - attitude

5. Minority - small
percentage

Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 5 : Study

1. Theoretical - academic or not 6. Determine - discover or find out

proven 7. Establish - prove
2. Educational - academic / 8. Significant - important
educative 9. Review - check or go over
3. Acquire - gain or get 10. Concentrate - think very hard
4. Compulsory - must be done
5. Valid - reasonable

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 Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 6 : Advertising

1. Persuade - get to agree 6. Ploy - trick or gimmick

2. Convinced - assure 7. Visualize - mentally picture

3. Unavoidable - certain to happen 8. Intrusive - not welcome

4. Commercialized - focused on 9. Promote - advertise
profit 10. Exaggerate - magnify the truth
5. Effective - achieving its aims

Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 7 : Travel & Places

1. Memorable - unforgettable 6. Spectacular - amazing

2. Inhabitants - people living in a 7. Landscape - large area of countryside
place 8. Outweigh - be more important than

3. Custom - local tradition 9. Basic - simple/ not luxurious

4. Attract - act like a magnet 10. Barren - without plants
5. Remote - distant/ far away

Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 8 : Government

1. Blame - accuse 6. Depend - need help support

2. Childcare - care for children 7. Entitlement - right or privilege

3. Govern - control a place 8. Healthcare - care for the sick

4. Provide - give/ make/ 9. Oppose - be against
available 10. Assistance - help / aid
5. Regulation - official rule

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 Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 9 : Animals

1. Endangered - dying out 7. Nocturnal - active at night

2. Venomous - poisonous 8. Dwindle - become smaller or fewer

3. Domesticates - tame / not wild 9. Habitat - A natural environment

4. Thrive - grow/ be successful 10. Prey - hunt / catch

5. Predator - animals that hunt

another
6. Vulnerable - easily hurt

Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 10 : Space

1. Explode - break up violently 6. Infinite - without end

2. Explore - search for a new area 7. Acclimatize - adjust / adapt / get used to
3. Risky - dangerous 8. Fascinating - extremely interesting

4. Debris - large broken pieces of 9. Surface - top layer

satellite orspace craft 10. Astronauts - working in space
5. Frightening - makes you afraid

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 Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 11 : Technology & Computer

1. Virtual - not real 6. Secure - safe

2. Digital - computerized 7. Cutting-edge - the very latest

3. Embrace - accept 8. Cyber-bullying - attacking online

eagerly 9. Technological - relate to tech
4. Online - via the 10. Dated - old-fashioned
internet
5. Addicted - obsessed

Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 12 : Fashion

1. Consumer - user of goods 6. Consumerism - buying and owning goods

2. Passing - short-lived 7. Purchase - something bought

3. Trendy - fashionable 8. Impractical - unsuitable for a situation

4. Lasting - long-term 9. Discard - through away

5. Impulsive - acts without 10. Mass-produced - made on large scale

thinking

Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 13 : City

1. Inadequate - not good 6. Overpopulated - having too many people

enough 7. Slums - poor quality housing
2. Transportation - means of 8. Infrastructure - service in an area
travel 9. Outskirts - edge of the city
3. Pedestrian - person walking 10. Isolated - alone / separate
4. Commute - journey to work
5. Pavement - service in an area
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 Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 14 : Environment

6. Vital - very important

1. Cultivate - make something 7. Irrigation - watering system
grow 8. Impact - effect
2. Disaster - terrible event or 9. Pesticide - insect killer
accident
3. Erosion - loss of soil

4. Environmental - circumambient
5. Logging - cutting down trees

Vocabulary for IELTS Topic 15 : Energy

1. Generate - produce 4. Mining - digging up coal etc.

2. Alternative - not traditional 5. Renewable - can be made again

3. Harness - capture and use 6. Sustainable - will not run out

7. Maximize - make the most 10. Emission - gases released

of
8. Consumption - use /
utilization
9. Curb - limit the use of

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