SYNONYMS & COLLOCATIONS

- The organization advocates for human rights.

1. Đồng ý/ ủng hộ - We would advocate selling those shares at current levels.
- Advocate doing sth (v) (C2) - She is a passionate advocate of peace.
- An advocate of/for sth (n) (Advocates of this view would argue that ...)
- In favor of - I am in favour of higher tax on cigarettes./ I am more in favor of team sports because of its wider range of
advantages.
- In preference to - There are some good reasons why people tend to choose individual sports in preference to team sports.
- Be of the opinion that - I am of the opinion that nothing is impossible.
- Be of the belief that - I incline to the view that tourism development in remote places is mostly associated with a negative
- I incline to the view that (tin) impact on both local environment and communities.

- Production has halted at all of the company’s factories because of the pay dispute.
2. Phản bác/tranh luận/ phủ nhận - They do not dispute the fact that the company is in trouble.
- Dispute (n) (v) (C2) tranh luận - Until now no one had been able to disprove the theory.
- Disprove (v) bác bỏ - She refutes any suggestion that she behaved unprofessionally.
- Refute (v) bác, bẻ lại - Failure to deliver on time will entitle the buyer to repudiate the contract. (repudiate a son/lover/ gift)
- Repudiate (v) (từ bỏ, ko nhận) - Skeptics have pointed out flaws in the researchers’ methods.
- Skeptic (sceptic) người hay hoài - (They are very skeptical of his motives. Hoài nghi về động cơ của a ta)
- Oppose (v) phản đối - The proposed tax rise has been vigorously opposed by business leaders.
- Dissent (v,n) (adamant cứng rắn/ vehement opposition)
- There was very little room for dissent or different points of views.
- Their public dissent from official party policy. (sự công khai bất đồng quan điểm với đường lối của đảng)

- Governments should not spend an exorbitant amount of money on space project.

3. Đắt tiền/ cực kì đắt đỏ - The bill for dinner at this lavish restaurant was exorbitant.
- Exorbitant - The price of books nowadays is extortionate.
- extortionate - Property in the area tends to be prohibitively expensive.
- Prohibitively expensive

9|IELTS WINWIN
 - Cutting-edge technology/ companies/ designs
4. Hiện đại - The control panel uses all the newest technology and is considered state-of-the-art.
- Cutting –edge (C1) (a,n) - Up-to-date figures/ information/ prices
- State-of-the-art (C1) - The quarterly meeting keeps staff up to date with developments in the company.
- Up-to-date
- High winds have hindered firefighters in their efforts to put out the blaze.
5. Cản trở/ ngăn cản/ kìm hãm - High winds hampered efforts to put out the fire.
- Hinder s.o (C2) - Lawyers on both sides have been barred from discussing the case in the press.
- Hamper sth - The authorities have put tanks on the streets to discourage any protest.
- Bar s.o from doing sth - High prices are deterring a lot of young couples from buying houses.
- Discourage s.o from doing sth - A hefty fine and tougher prison sentences may act as a deterrent to other would-be offenders.
- Deter s.o from doing sth - Tight regulations will cramp fresh thinking in the financial services sector.
- Act as a deterrent to sth (C2) - Worry and lack of money cramp the lives of unemployed.
- Cramp sth (chuột rút) - Interfering in other people’s relationships is always a mistake.
- Interfere with sth/ in sth

6. Thúc đẩy, phát triển/ sinh sôi - They use special chemicals to accelerate the growth of crops.
- Accelerate (C1) - Inflation is likely to accelerate this year, adding further upward pressure on interest rates.
- Bolster - More money is needed to bolster the industry.
- Multiply - The viruses multiply within the body.
- Augment - He augmented his income by taking a second job.
- Proliferate - Small businesses have proliferated in the last ten years.
- The proliferation of technology
- The government should act to curb tax evasion. (trốn)
7. Làm giảm/ giảm nhẹ/ loại bỏ - You’ve got to learn to curb your temper.
- Curb (C2) - Residents should use public transport to mitigate the amount of carbon footprint.
- Mitigate - Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to minimize the impact of the oil spill.
- Minimize (C1) - The drugs did nothing to alleviate her pain.
- Alleviate - They tried to palliate the hardship of their lives.
- Palliate - Criticism just undermines their confidence.
- Undermine (C2) - Dilute the juice (with water) before you drink it.
- Dilute - Governments should take actions to eradicate poverty in the regions.
- Eradicate (C2) (xóa bỏ) - We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident.
- Eliminate (C1)
10 | I E L T S W I N W I N
8. Làm tệ hơn/ xấu hơn
- Exacerbate - The attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the 2 communities.
- Aggravate - Road repair work has aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.
- Worsen (C1) - As the company’s financial problems worsened, several directors resigned.
- Deteriorate (C1) - She went into the hospital when her condition began to deteriorate.
- Degrade - Every day the environement is further degraded by toxic wastes.
- Environmental degradation
- A hazardous journey/ occupation/ sport/ job/
9. Nguy hiểm/hại - Hazardous waste/ chemicals/ environmentally hazardous substances
- Hazardous (C2) - Are you sure that I can follow this diet without detriment to my health?
- Detriment - It’s risky to buy a car without some good advice
- Risky - The country roads are quite perilous.
- Perilous - The civil war has put thousands of lives in jeopardy.
- Jeopardy (n)
- Tourists are more vulnerable to attack because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid.
10. Yếu ớt/ dễ tổn thương - He was a feeble, helpless old man. / the little lamp gave only a feeble light.
- Vulnerable (C2)
- Be careful with that vase- it’s very fragile.
- Feeble (C2) yếu, ko năngl
- Fragile (C2) - She isn’t very susceptible to flattery. / These plants are particularly susceptible to frost (tuyết lạnh)
- Susceptible - Low-lying farmland may be at risk from flooding this weekend.
- Be at risk
- New technology has rendered my old computer obsolete (C1)./ his rudeness rendered me speechless.
11. Khiến cho/ bắt ép - (she is rendering the book into English from French.)
- Render sth + adj (C2) - As a student he was compelled to wear uniform to school.
- Compel s.o to do sth - He claims he was coerced into admitting his guilt.
- Coerce so to do sth (ép buộc) - Greenhouse gases are widely believed to be causing the Earth’s atmosphere to heat up.
- Cause so to do sth

12. Tiền đề, nền tảng, cốt lõi - Biological research has often acted as a precursor to medical breakthroughs.
- Act as a precursor to - The essence of his argument was that education should continue throughout life.
- Essence (C2) - In most countries, the family unit is still the cornerstone of society.
- Cornerstone - Drug abuse poses a major threat to the fabric of society.
- Fabric of (cơ cấu) society

11 | I E L T S W I N W I N
 - What are the implications (positive effects) of the new regulations?
13. Hệ quả, hậu quả, dư âm - Adverse/detrimental consequences on/ implications for/ Undesired implications/
- Implication (C2) - Many more people died in the aftermath of the explosion.
- Aftermath (hậu quả-xấu) - President Kennedy’s assassination had far-reaching repercussions. Hậu quả sâu rộng, ảnh hưởng nhiều
- Repercussion người
- Reverberations
- Unless the oil spill is contained, irreparable damage will be done to the coastline.
14. thiệt hại ko sửa chữa được - Smoking has caused irreversible damage to his lungs
- Cause irreparable damage
- Irreversible (C2)
- A society without the strictures imposed by legislation will allow huge disparities and injustices to exist.
15. Luật/ ban hành luật - Stringent safety regulations were introduced after the accident.
- Legislation (C2) - Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.
- Strict/ stringent/ tougher laws - For the second year, national lawmakers failed to enact environment legislation.
- Introduce/impose (sth on)/ - There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.
enact/enforce/ inflict - Competitors must abide by the judge’s decision.
- comply with (C1)/ abide by sth/ - Soldiers are trained to obey without question.
obey/ adhere to sth/ - The bank adheres to all rules regarding the opening and closing of accounts.
- the absence of the law - The world will be thrown into disarray/anarchy in the absence of the law. (loạn lạc)

16. Người phạm luật/ tuân thủ

- Criminal/ lawbreaker/ offenders/
convict (C2) (N; V) - A hefty fine would act as a deterrent to potential offenders.
- He committed the crime but there wasn’t sufficient evidence to convict him
- Commit a crime
- He has twice been convicted of arson.
- Break the law - Drinking alcohol while on duty is a sackable offence.
- Offend (v)/ offence (n)
- Engage in unlawful activities - Law makers should be law abiders at the same time.
- Law abider / law-abiding citizens

- A lenient sentence/ punishment/ fine (hình phạt nhẹ)

17. Khoan hồng/ ko nghiêm trọng
- The judge was too lenient with him.
- Lenient
- He received the mild sentence of a year’s probation.
- Light/ mild punishment
- Brain injuries ranging from mild to severe.

12 | I E L T S W I N W I N
 - The disease has continued to perplex doctors.
18. Gây hoang mang/ khó hiểu - You’re confusing him! Tell him slowly and one thing at a time.
- Perplex (v) - Scientists have been trying to solve this puzzle for years.
- Confuse (v) - She was completely baffled by his strange behavior.
- Confusion (n)
- Puzzle (v) (C2)
- Baffle (v) / baffling (a)
- Incontrovertible evidence/proof (chứng cớ rành rành)
19. Ko thể phủ nhận, chắc chắn - Her logic is utterly inconvertible. (lập luận của cô ấy hoàn toàn đúng/ ko thể chối cải được)
đúng - An indisputable fact
- Incontrovertible - She is a woman of undeniable brilliance
- Indisputable (C2) - They managed to come up with a number of irrefutable arguments.
- Undeniable (C1)
- Certain
- Irrefutable
- The TV station has received a barrage of complaints about the amount of violence in the series.
20. Nhiều, rất nhiều - The city has a multitude of problems, from homelessness to drugs and murder.
- A barrage of sth (usually -) - There was an abundance of food at the wedding.
- A multitude of - These differences can be productive, representing a wealth of knowledge and experience.
- An abundance of - An influx of immigrants/labour/worker/tourists/ investment/ money
- A wealth of - A flood of words/tears (nói thao thao bất tuyệt/ nước mắt giàn giụa)
- Influx (C2) (n) chảy vào, tràn - There are several schools of thought about how the universe began.
- A flood of
- A school of thought/fish
- In the center of the hall stood a colossal wooden statue, decorated in ivory and gold.
21. To lớn, rất nhiều, vượt quá - They spent an immense amount of time getting the engine into perfect condition.
- Colossal (adj) - He inherited an immense fortune./ country music is immensely popular.
- Immense (C1) a - Some property owners complained that they were being charged excessive fees.
- Excessive (C1) a - There is abundant evidence that cars have a harmful effect on the environment.
Abundant (a)
- There is a scarcity of skilled workers in the building sector. / a scarcity of resources.
22. Thiếu hụt - Food and clean water were becoming scarce.
- Scarcity (C2) - I was scarcely able to move my arm after the accident. (adv: chỉ vừa mới, vừa vặn, chắc chắn ko)
- Deficiency (C1) (n) - Pregnant women often suffer from iron deficiency.
13 | I E L T S W I N W I N
 - Deficient (a) - A diet that is deficient in protein is harmful to children.
- Shortage (n) - There’s a shortage of food and shelter in the refugee camps.
- Shortfall (n) - The drought caused serious shortfalls in the food supply.
- Devoid of (a) - Their apartment is devoid of all comforts. (thiếu tiện nghi)
- Insufficient (C1) - There was insufficient evidence, so we had to find him not guilty.
- Insufficiently (adv) - Many of the students got low grades because they were insufficiently prepared.
- Inadequate (C1) kém, ko đủ - This work is woefully (extremely) inadequate- you’ll have to do it again.
- Inadequately (adv) - The research is inadequately funded.

- The weekly rent is the same irrespective of whether there are 3 or 4 occupants.
23. Ko kể đến, bất kể, thay vì - We consider all qualified job applicants, irrespective of sex or age.
- Irrespective of (C2) - There must be equality of rights for all citizens, regardless of nationality.
- Regardless of - The company is allowing workers to receive cash in lieu of vacation time.
- In lieu of = instead of
- What are the reasons for the discrepancy between girls’ and boys’ performance in school?
24. Khoảng cách, cách biệt, khác biệt - The company makes no distinction between the sexes.
- Discrepancy (n) - She’s got a very distinctive voice. (khác biệt, nổi bật)
- Distinction - The growing disparity between rich and poor.
- Distinctive (a) (C1) - Their political views diverged so considerably that it was impossible to be of the same mind.
- Disparity (ko bằng, ch lệch) (they walked along the road together until they reached the village, but then their paths diverged.)
- Diverge (v) quan điểm, rẽ ra - You say that you’re good friends and yet you don’t trust him? isn’t that a contradiction?
- Contradiction (ngược, mâu t) (C2 - Her testimony contradicted the policeman’s testimony, and the jury had to decide who was telling the
- Contradict (v) (C2) truth.

- The girls are of comparable ages.

25. Giống - These forgeries are so good that they are more or less indistinguishable from the originals. (giấy tờ giả
- Comparable (a) (C1) mạo, chữ ký)
- Indistinguishable - Surely men and women doing equivalent jobs should be paid the same amount?
- Equivalent (C1)
- The movie perpetuate stereotypes of small-town life./ to perpetuate the memory of a hero.
26. Tiếp tục,duy trì, kéo dài - Increasing the supply of weapons will only perpetuate the violence and anarchy. (hỗn loạn)
- Perpetuate (v,n) - We were having such a good time that we decided to prolong our stay by another week.
- Prolong (C1) - Grasslands were damaged by the prolonged drought.

14 | I E L T S W I N W I N
 -
27. Thuyết phục, dụ dỗ, khuyến khích - The thought of failing the exams spurred me into action.
- Spur (n) (C2) happen faster - The huge new factory spurred economic growth in the entire region. (thúc đẩy nhanh hơn)
- Spur so to do sth (v) - The team’s win on Saturday will be a spur to even greater effort this season. (Khuyến khích, cỗ vũ)
- Entice (v) - A smell of coffee in the doorway enticed people to enter the shop.
- Induce so to do sth (v) - They induced her to take the job by offering her a bonus.
- An inducement (n) - They offered him a large pay increase as an inducement for him to stay.
- Persuade (v) (B1) - He is trying to persuade local and foreign businesses to invest in the project.
- Persuasive (C1) - His argument are very persuasive.
- Persuasion (C2) - It took a lot of persuasion to convince the committee of the advantages of the new plan. Sự th phục
- Incentive (C, U) (C2) động cơ - There is little incentive for people to leave their cars at home when public transport remains so expensive.
- Incentivize sb to do sth (v) / (material incentives: khuyến khích bằng vật chất)
- Lure into (n,v) (C2) - We need to incentivize our sales managers to achieve these targets.
- The lure of (fame, wealth) - Supermarket chains try to lure customers with price discounts.
- She succumbed to the lure/ temptation of life of luxury. (ko chống nỗi sự cám dỗ của cuộc sống xa hoa)

- The inclination towards famous brand names stems from the desire for social acceptance.
28. Xu thế, xu hướng - The young are inclined to live in cities rather than rural areas.
- Inclination to do sth (C2) - He showed a propensity for violence
- Be inclined to do sth (C2) - His tendency to exaggerate is well known
- Propensity for sth (n) h xấu
- Tendency to do sth (C1)
-
- There is no viable alternative.
29. Khả thi, triển vọng, hứa hẹn - It is financially feasible to use coal as an energy source.
- Viable (C2) - Plausible / workable solutions/ measurements
- Feasible (C1) - This is not an auspicious time to be opening a new factory.
- Plausible (C2) - With the economy in recession, it was not a propitious time to start a company.
- Workable
- Auspicious (triển vọng)
- Propitious

15 | I E L T S W I N W I N