Name :DIVINE E.

COQUIA
Student No. :235-12542M
Course :BSOA 1-C

Subject Code :GEMATHMW

Subject Teacher :EDWIN E. JAMBRE

RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT NO.1

CHAPTER 1-Mathematics in our World

1.What is Mathematics

a.Define mathematics

-Mathematics is the study of relationships among numbers, quantities

and shapes. It includes arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, geometry,
statistics and calculus. Mathematics nurtures human characteristics
like power of creativity, reasoning, critical thinking, spatial thinking ang
others. It provides the opportunity to solve both simple and complex
problems in many real-world contexts using a variety of strategies.
Mathematics is a universal way to make sense of the world and to
communicate understanding of concepts and rules using the
mathematical symbols, signs, proofs, language and conventions.

b.Mathematics can help?

- Mathematics being a science of patterns helps students to utilize,

recognize and generalize patterns that exists in numbers, in shapes,
and in the world around them. Students with such skills are
better problems solvers and have a better sense and appreciation
of nature and the world. Hence, they should have opportunities to
analyze, synthesize and create a variety of patterns and use pattern-
based thinking to understand and represent mathematical and other
real-world phenomena.These explorations present unlimited
opportunities for problem solving, verifying generalizations and
building mathematical and scientific competence

c.Mathematics in our daily life

• Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in our

world.

• Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and

phenomena in the world.

• Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in the world

for our own ends.

• Mathematics has numerous applications in the world making it

indispensable.

d.Use of mathematics

- Some of the most common applications of mathematical expertise in

the modern world are in business, finance, and engineering. In
business, mathematical expertise can be used to calculate financial
ratios and statements, to analyse data, and to make predict future
financial trends.
2. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

- Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural

world and can also be seen in the universe.

Nature patterns which are not just to be admired, they are vital clues
to the rules that govern natural processes.

1. Patterns can be observed even in stars which move in circles

across the sky each day.

2. The weather season cycle each year. All snowflakes contains

sixfold symmetry which no two are exactly the same.

3. Patterns can be seen in fish patterns like spotted trunkfish,

spotted puffer, blue spotted stingray, spotted moral eel, coral grouper,
redlion fish, yellow boxfish and angel fish. These animals and fish
stripes and spots attest to mathematical regularities in biological
growth and form.
4. Zebras, tigers, cats and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes;
leopards and hyenas are covered in pattern of spots and giraffes are
covered in pattern of blotches.

5. Natural patterns like the intricate waves across the oceans; sand
dunes on deserts; formation of typhoon; water drop with ripple and
others. These serves as clues to the rules that govern the flow of
water, sand and air.

6. Other patterns in nature can also be seen in the ball of mackerel,

the v-formation of geese in the sky and the tornado formation of
starlings.
TYPES OF PATTERNS

1. SYMMETRY – a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of

balance or an object is invariant to any various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling.)

a.) Bilateral Symmetry: a symmetry in which the left and right sides of
the organism can be divided into approximately mirror image of each
other along the midline. Symmetry exists in living things such as in
insects, animals, plants, flowers and others. Animals have mainly
bilateral or vertical symmetry, even leaves of plants and some flowers
such as orchids.

b.) Radial Symmetry ( or

rotational symmetry ): a symmetry around a fixed point known as the
center and it can be classified as either cyclic or dihedral. Plants often
have radial or rotational symmetry, as to flowers and some group of
animals. A five-fold symmetry is found in the echinoderms, the group
in which includes starfish (dihedral-D5 symmetry), sea urchins and sea
lilies. Radial symmetry suits organism like sea anemones whose adults
do not move and jellyfish(dihedral-D4 symmetry). Radial symmetry is
also evident in different kinds of flowers.
2.FRACTALS – a curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the
same statistical character as the whole. A fractal is a never-ending
pattern found in nature. The exact same shape is replicated in a process
called “self similarity.” The pattern repeats itself over and over again at
different scales. For example, a tree grows by repetitive branching. This
same kind of branching can be seen in lightning bolts and the veins in
your body. Examine a single fern or an aerial view of an entire river
system and you’ll see fractal patterns.

3.SPIRALS - A logarithmic
spiral or growth spiral is a self-similar spiral curve which often appears
in nature. It was first describe by Rene Descartes and was later
investigated by Jacob Bernoulli. A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses
on a center point and a series of circular shapes that revolve around it.
Examples of spirals are pine cones, pineapples, hurricanes. The reason
for why plants use a spiral form is because they are constantly trying to
grow but stay secure.
3.THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

- The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where a number is

found by adding up the two numbers before it. Starting with 0 and 1,
the sequence goes 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and so forth. Written as
a rule, the expression is

X_n=X_(n-1)+X_(n-2)

Named after Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo

Pisano, Fibonacci numbers were first introduced in his Liber Abbaci
(Book of Calculation) in 1202. The son of a Pisan merchant, Fibonacci
traveled widely and traded extensively. Mathematics was incredibly
important to those in the trading industry, and his passion for numbers
was cultivated in his youth.

THE HABBIT RABBIT

One of the book’s exercises which is written like this “A man put a
pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall. How many
pairs of rabbits are produced from that pair in a year, if it supposed that
every month each pair produces a new pair, which from the second
month onwards becomes productive?” This is best understood in this
diagram:

GOLDEN RECTANGLE

Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci discovered a sequence

of numbers that created an interesting numbers that created an
interesting pattern the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34… each
number is obtained by adding the last two numbers of the sequence
forms what is known as golden rectangle a perfect rectangle. A golden
rectangle can be broken down into squares the size of the next
Fibonacci number down and below. If we were to take a golden
rectangle, break it down to smaller squares based from Fibonacci
sequence and divide each with an arc, the pattern begin to take shapes,
we begin with Fibonacci spiral in which we can see in nature.

FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN NATURE

Flower petals exhibit the Fibonacci number, white calla lily

contains 1 petal, euphorbia contains 2 petals, trillium contains 3 petals,
columbine contains 5 petals, bloodroot contains 8 petals, black-eyed
susan contains 13 petals, shasta daisies 21 petals, field daisies contains
34 petals and other types of daisies contain 55 and 89 petals.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN NATURE

The sunflower seed conveys the Fibonacci sequence. The pattern

of two spirals goes in opposing directions (clockwise and counter-
clockwise ). The number of clockwise spirals and counter clockwise
spirals are consecutive Fibonacci numbers and usually contains 34 and
55 seeds.

The Fibonacci sequence can also be seen in the way tree branches form
or split. A main trunk will grow until it produces a branch, which creates
two growth points. Then, one of the new stems branches into two,
while the other one lies dormant. This pattern of branching is repeated
for each of the new stems. A good example is the sneezewort. Root
systems and even algae exhibit this pattern.
GOLDEN RATIO

Fibonacci discovery of Fibonacci sequence happened to approach

the ratio asymptotically. He found the interesting and mysterious
properties of the Fibonacci sequence that the series has a deep
relationship with the golden ratio.

The golden ratio was first called as the Divine Proportion in the
early 1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s work which was explored by Luca
Pacioli entitled “De Divina Proportione” in 1509. This contains the
drawings of the five platonic solids and it was probably da Vinci who
first called it “section aurea” which is Latin for Golden Secion.

In mathematics, two quantities are in the Golden ratio if their

ratio is the same of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The
Golden Ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci
sequence where plotting the relationships on scales results in a spiral
shape. In simple terms, golden ratio is expressed as an equation, where
a is larger than b, (a+b) divided by a is equal to a divided by b, which is
equal to 1.618033987…and represented by φ (phi).
 4.How Mathematics helps
organize patterns and
regularities

-Mathematics helps
organize patterns and regularities in nature. Mathematics has been
bound to our nature. Mathematics exist because our nature shows
mathematical characters, the patterns and regularities. The Fibonacci
Sequence has been essential in determining/organizing the patterns
objects possessed. Our world has its natural foundation, and math
became its perfect tool for identifying the best measures and
recognizing the existence of such characters. Take for an example, in
building an infrastructure. Architects will plan and draw the floor plan,
using patterns and calculations. They are sometimes symmetricaland
sometimes asymmetrical depending on how they wanted it to be. So,
using mathematics, we can see how a building will turn out and
engineer can easily identify what's going first and how many materials
are needed. Another is the wave. They do have natural patterns. We
can find the distance of a wave to another by using calculation. These
were not produced by the advantage of mathematics, but we can
visualize the existing patterns through theconcept of it.Therefore, it is
essential to commemorate and define the significance of mathematics
in all aspects of life.