Introduction to Data Link Layer: Link layer addressing,

Data Link Layer Design Issues.

Error detection and correction: -Block coding, cyclic codes, checksum,
forward error correction, error correcting codes, error detecting codes.
2) Data Link Control: DLC services, data link layer protocols, HDLC, Point-
to-point protocol.
Media Access Control: Random access, controlled access, channelization,
Wired LANs – Ethernet: Ethernet Protocol, standard Ethernet, fast
Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, 10 gigabit Ethernet
Wired Network: Telephone Network, Cable Network, SONET, ATM
Wireless LANs: Introduction, IEEE 802.11 project, Bluetooth, WiMAX,
Cellular telephony, Satellite networks.
Introduction to Network Layer: Network layer services, packet switching,
network layer performance, IPv4 addressing, forwarding of IP packets,
Network Layer Protocols : Internet Protocol, ICMPv4, Mobile I
 The Physical Layer
The physical layer is where the raw bitstream is physically transmitted
over a physical medium. The Layer 1 PDU is the “symbol
This includes translating bits to electricity, light, or radio signals and
controlling the rates at which they are sent over the chosen medium.
DATA LINK LAYER
The Data Link Layer
• The data link layer breaks data to be transmitted into frames for
transmission at the physical layer. It also manages connections
between two different nodes, including setting up the connection,
identifying and correcting any bit errors that occur at the physical
layer, and terminating the connection once the session is complete.
NETWORK LAYER
• The Network Layer
• At the network layer, the focus expands from a point-to-point link to
include many interconnected nodes within a network. Network-layer
devices operate on packets and are responsible for routing traffic to
its destination based on IP addresses.
TRANSPORT LAYER
• The Transport Layer
• The transport layer is the first of four “host” layers with the rest
referred to as “media” layers. The transport layer PDU is the
“segment” or “datagram”. This layer manages the transmission of
data between nodes, including ensuring that data arrives in the
correct sequence and that any errors are corrected. The Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) operates at Layer 4
Seasion layer
• The Session Layer
• The session layer manages sessions between nodes and acts on the
“data” PDU. Session management includes setup, authentication,
termination, and reconnections
Presentation layer
• The Presentation Layer
• The presentation layer is primarily responsible for translating data
from network data to the formats expected by an application. For
example, data encodings and encryption are managed at Layer 6.
Application layer
• The Application Layer
• The application layer includes protocols designed for end-users. For
example, HTTP is a Layer 7 protocol designed to transmit data
between a web server and a client.
Data link layer
• The data link layer is the protocol layer in a program that handles how
data moves in and out of a physical link in a network. The data link
layer is Layer 2 in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
architecture model for a set of telecommunication protocols.
•
• The data link layer encodes, decodes and organizes data bits in the
data link layer before it transports the data bits as frames between
two adjacent nodes on the same local area network (LAN) or wide
area network. The data link layer also determines how devices
recover from collisions that might occur when nodes attempt to send
frames at the same time.
 Data link layers are 2 type :-

• the logical link control (LLC) sublayer

and
• the media access control (MAC) sublayer.
• The IEEE 802 LAN specification dictates
• the LLC sublayer controls data flow among various applications and
services, as well as provides acknowledgement and error notification
mechanisms.
• The LLC sublayer can then talk to a number of IEEE 802 MAC
sublayers, which control access to the physical media for transport.

• It is also responsible for the physical addressing of frames.

Functions of data link LAYERS
The data link layer has three main functions:
It handles problems that occur as a result of bit transmission errors.
It ensures data flows at a pace that doesn’t overwhelm devices that
send and receive data.
It permits the transmission of data to Layer 3, the network layer,
where it is addressed and routed.
Data correction and data detection
 Checksum
If the data unit to be transmitted is 10101001 00111001,
the following procedure is used at Sender site and
Receiver site.
Reciver end
• Data Link Control is the service provided by the Data
Link Layer to provide reliable data transfer over the
physical medium. For example, In the half-duplex
transmission mode, one device can only transmit the
data at a time. If both the devices at the end of the
links transmit the data simultaneously, they will collide
and leads to the loss of the information. The Data link
layer provides the coordination among the devices so
that no collision occurs
It provides controlsi
Discipline
• Line Discipline is a functionality of the Data link layer
• that provides the coordination among the link systems.
• It determines which device can send, and when it
can send the data.
• It provides
• ENQ
• ACK
• END/ACK stands for Enquiry/Acknowledgement is used
when there is no wrong receiver available on the link
and having a dedicated path between the two devices
so that the device capable of receiving the transmission
is the intended one.
• END/ACK coordinates which device will start the
transmission and whether the recipient is ready or not.
• If the response is neither negative nor positive, the
sender assumes that the ENQ frame was lost during the
transmission and makes three attempts to establish a
link before giving up.
• The select mode is used when the primary device has something
to send.
• When the primary device wants to send some data, then it alerts
the secondary device for the upcoming transmission by
transmitting a Select (SEL) frame, one field of the frame includes
the address of the intended secondary device.
• When the secondary device receives the SEL frame, it sends an
acknowledgement that indicates the secondary ready status.
• If the secondary device is ready to accept the data, then the
primary device sends two or more data frames to the intended
secondary device. Once the data has been transmitted, the
secondary sends an acknowledgement specifies that the data has
been received.
Error correction
• Stop-and-wait ARQ
• Stop-and-wait ARQ is a technique used to retransmit the data in case of damaged
or lost frames.
• Two possibilities of the retransmission:
• Damaged Frame: When the receiver receives a damaged frame, i.e.,
the frame contains an error, then it returns the NAK frame. For
example, when the data 0 frame is sent, and then the receiver
sends the ACK 1 frame means that the data 0 has arrived
correctly, and transmits the data 1 frame. The sender transmits
the next frame: data 1. It reaches undamaged, and the receiver
returns ACK 0. The sender transmits the next frame: data 0. The
receiver reports an error and returns the NAK frame. The sender
retransmits the data 0 frame.
• Sliding Window ARQ
• SlidingWindow ARQ is a technique used for continuous
transmission error control.
Lost Frame
• Lost Frame: Sender is equipped with the timer and starts
when the frame is transmitted. Sometimes the frame
has not arrived at the receiving end so that it can be
acknowledged neither positively nor negatively. The
sender waits for acknowledgement until the timer goes
off. If the timer goes off, it retransmits the last
transmitted frame.
Hdlc and ppp
• The main difference between High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) and
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is that High-level Data Link Control is the
bit-oriented protocol, on the other hand, Point-to-Point Protocol is
the byte-oriented protocol. Another difference between HDLC and
PPP is that HDLC is implemented by Point-to-point configuration and
also multi-point configurations on the other hand While PPP is
implemented by Point-to-Point configuration only.
•Error detection and correction: HDLC uses error detection and correction
mechanisms such as CRCs and acknowledgments to ensure the integrity of the
transmitted data.
•Full-duplex communication: HDLC supports full-duplex communication, which allows
data to be transmitted in both directions simultaneously.
•Multiplexing: HDLC supports multiplexing, which enables multiple data streams to be
transmitted over a single communication channel.
•Efficiency: HDLC uses efficient bandwidth utilization techniques, such as sliding
windows, to optimize data transmission.
•Authentication: PPP includes authentication mechanisms such as Password Authentication
Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) to ensure secure
communication.
•Error detection and correction: PPP uses error detection and correction mechanisms such as
CRCs and acknowledgments to ensure the integrity of the transmitted data.
•Network layer protocol independence: PPP is independent of the network layer protocol being
used, making it compatible with various network protocols.
•Multilink support: PPP supports multilink connections, which allow multiple physical connections
to be combined to increase the data transmission rate.
• DIFFRENCE BETWEEN HDLC AND PPP
ETHERNET
• Ethernet is defined as a networking technology that includes the
protocol, port, cable, and computer chip needed to plug a desktop or
laptop into a local area network (LAN) for speedy data transmission
via coaxial or fiber optic cables. This article explains the meaning of
Ethernet and how it works, along with its key uses.
•
• Ethernet is a communication technology developed in the
1970s by Xerox that links computers in a network via a wired
connection.
• It connects local area network (LAN) and wide area
network (WAN)
• systems (WAN). With LAN and WAN, several devices, such
as printers and laptops, may be connected across buildings,
residences, and even small communities.
How it is work
The Ethernet protocol employs a star topology or linear bus, which is
the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard. In the OSI network structure, this
protocol works bot.h the physical layer and data link layer, the first two
levels. Ethernet divides the data connection layer into two distinct
layers:
1) the logical link control tier
2) also the medium access control (MAC) tier.
• The data connection layer in a network system is primarily concerned
with transmitting data packets from one node to the other. Ethernet
employs an access mechanism known as CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense
Multiple Access/Collision Detection) to enable each computer to
listen to the connection before delivering data across the network.
• Ethernet also transmits data using two components: packets and
frames. The frame contains the sent data payload as well as the
following:
•
• Both the MAC and physical addresses of the sender and recipient
• Error correction data for identifying transmission faults
• Information on Virtual LAN (VLAN) tagging, as well as the
• quality of service (QoS)
Key components of an Ethernet connection
• 1) The Ethernet protocol:
• 2)Ethernet network adapter: An Ethernet adapter is a chip or card
that fits into a slot on the motherboard and allows a computer to
connect to a local area network (LAN). In the past, these were always
used with desktop computers. Ethernet is now integrated into the
chipsets of laptop and desktop motherboards.
• An Ethernet cable: Ethernet cable, often known as a network cable, links
your computer to a modem, router, or
• network switch.
• The Ethernet cable consists of the RJ45 connection, the internal cabling,
and a plastic jacket.
Fast ethernet
• Fast Ethernet
• It is an Ethernet network capable of 100 Mbit/s data
transmission. It may use twisted pairs or fiber optic cables. (The
earlier 10 Mbit/s Ethernet is still deployed and utilized but lacks
the bandwidth required for specific network video scenarios.)
• Most network-connected devices, like laptops and network
cameras, include a 100BASE-TX/10BASE-T Ethernet interface,
often referred to as a 10/100 interface, that supports both 10
Mbit/s and Fast Ethernet. Cat-5 cable is the type of twisted pair
cable which enables Fast Ethernet.
Gigabit ethernet
• Gigabit Ethernet
• Gigabit Ethernet, which might alternatively be based on twisted pair
or fiber optic cable, provides a data transfer rate of one gigabit per
second (1 Gbit/s) and is gaining in popularity. It is anticipated to
supersede Fast Ethernet as the de facto norm in the near future.
• Cat-5e is the kind of twisted pair cable which enables Gigabit
Ethernet, in which all four types of twisted wires are used to
accomplish high data speeds. Cat-5e cables or higher are
suggested for networked video systems. Most interfaces are
interoperable with 10 and 100 Mbit/s Ethernet and therefore are
frequently referred to as 10/100/1000 interfaces.
10Gigabit ethernet
• The newest iteration of Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, offers a
data throughput of 10 Gbit/s (10,000 Mbit/s) via an optic fiber
or twisted pair connection. 10GBASE-LX4, 10GBASE-ER, or
10GBASE-SR built on an optical fiber connection could reach up
to 10,000 meters in distance (6.2 miles). The twisted pair option
requires a cable of exceptional quality (Cat-6a or Cat-7).
Ethernet 10 Gbit/s is mainly utilized for backbone networks in
high-end operations that demand significant data speeds.
Wired network
• Wired Network: As we all know, “wired” refers to any physical
medium made up of cables. Copper wire, twisted pair, or fiber optic
cables are all options. A wired network employs wires to link devices
to the Internet or another network, such as laptops or desktop PCs.
• Telephone
• Wireless Network: “Wireless” means without wire, media that is
made up of electromagnetic waves (EM Waves) or infrared waves.
Antennas or sensors will be present on all wireless devices. Cellular
phones, wireless sensors, TV remotes, satellite disc receivers, and
laptops with WLAN cards are all examples of wireless devices. For
data or voice communication, a wireless network uses radiofrequency
waves rather than wires.
• Wi-Fi
• Cloud
• Bluetooth