1

UNDERSTANDING HISTORY FORM 1&2 STUDY PACK

ZIMBABWE JUNIOUR CERTIFICATE

C.RUSAKANIKO

N. MAPHOSA

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 Dingani Publishers

10th& 11th Avenue, Robert Mugabe, Bulawayo

Dingani Publishers: +263777896159

Cover Designed by: Dingani Publishers

Edited by: Dingani Publishers

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording or by an information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Inquiries
should be addressed to Dingani Publishers.

Printed in Bulawayo Zimbabwe, by Dingani Publishers

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
About the book

This book is a compilation of questions and answers from the Form 1&2
approved syllabus. It also consists of brief notes.

NB: This book is for content revision and not for examination
preparation.

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
Contents
About the book.................................................................................................4

QUESTION ONE ..........................................................................................19

a) What is History? (3) ........................................................................... 19

b) Why do we study history? (5) ............................................................ 19

c) Identify stages of the historical development (5) ............................... 19

d) What is the importance of the environment in the study of history? (4)

19

e) Identify three types of history (3) ...................................................... 19

QUESTION TWO .........................................................................................22

a) Identify three major sources of history (3). ....................................... 22

b) Detail the sources stated above as they are used in history? (6) ........ 22

c) Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the sources of historical

collection (11) ........................................................................................... 22

QUESTION THREE ......................................................................................28

a) Identify three types of history (3). ..................................................... 28

b) What is the significance of studying various types of history (4)? .... 28

c) What are the challenges faced by historians in collecting history in

today’s societies (5). .................................................................................. 28

d) What can be done to address the challenges faced by the historians in

collecting history in our societies today (3). ............................................. 28

QUESTION FOUR ........................................................................................31

a) Who was the first scientist to write about the theory of evolution? (1)
31

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 b) What do you understand by the term, the cradle of human kind? (2) 31

c) Identify any five sites cited by UNESCO as cradles of Human kind (5)
31

d) There are a number of archaeological sites in East Africa that are the
remnants of early human beings. Identify any of two of them (2) ............ 31

e) Why Africa has been described as the cradle of mankind (5) ........... 31

QUESTION FIVE ..........................................................................................36

a) What do you understand by the term civilization (2)? ....................... 36

b) Write brief notes on the Ancient Egyptian civilization. (8) ............... 36

c) What was the use of the Shaduf in the Egyptian agricultural system (2)?
36

d) What was the importance of the Egyptian Civilization to the World of

community (4)? ......................................................................................... 36

e) List any four animals that were kept by Egyptian farming community
(4). 36

QUESTION SIX ............................................................................................40

a) Define the following terms ................................................................ 40

Stone Age period (1) .......................................................................... 40

Iron Age period (1) ............................................................................ 40

b) The Stone Age period is divided into three periods. Identify these
periods (3) ................................................................................................. 40

c) Identify any five tools used by the people of the late Stone Age (5) . 40

d) Give the other name for the san people (2) ........................................ 40

e) State three economic activities of the san people (3) ......................... 40

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 f) Identify any three food stuffs gathered by the san women (3) .......... 40

g) What shows that, the San were intelligent people based on their way of
life? (2) ...................................................................................................... 40

QUESTION SEVEN ......................................................................................43

a) List three tools used by the later Stone Age period people (3). ......... 43

b) What were the uses of these tools used by the later Stone Age period
(3)? 43

c) Describe the impact of iron technology (5). ...................................... 43

d) What were the challenges faced by the later Iron Age period (5). .... 43

QUESTION EIGHT.......................................................................................46

a) What do you understand by the term Iron Age period? (2) ............... 46

b) Write brief notes on the changes brought by the use of the Iron Age
technology, under the following sub-headings: ........................................ 46

Political changes (4). .......................................................................... 46

Economic changes (4). ....................................................................... 46

Social changes (4). ......................................................................... 46

c) What was the importance of religion? (5).......................................... 46

d) What was the importance of the army? (4) ........................................ 46

e) What was the importance of farming? (4) ......................................... 46

QUESTION NINE .......................................................................................49

a) List any six animals kept by early Iron Age people (6). .................... 49

b) Describe the social changes during the early Iron Age. (10) ............. 49

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 c) What were the benefits of the changes to the communities of Southern
Africa? (4). ................................................................................................ 49

QUESTION TEN ...........................................................................................52

a) List the features of the San people (4). .............................................. 52

b) Describe the life of the San people under the following sub-headings
52

San social life. (5) .............................................................................. 52

San economic life (5) ......................................................................... 52

San political life (5) ........................................................................... 52

Rock paintings (5) .............................................................................. 52

c) In southern Africa where do you currently locate the san people in this
modern era (1)? ......................................................................................... 52

QUESTION ELEVEN ...................................................................................55

a) What do you understand by the term Khoikhoi (2). .......................... 55

b) Describe the Khoikhoi way of life under the following sub-headings:

55

Social organisation (4) ....................................................................... 55

Political organisation (4) .................................................................... 55

Economic organisation (4) ................................................................. 55

QUESTION TWELVE ..................................................................................59

a) Describe the origins of the Great Zimbabwe state (4) ....................... 59

b) Why Great Zimbabwe walls were built? (5). ..................................... 59

c) Identify the factors that led to the rise of Great Zimbabwe state (5). 59

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 d) Identify any five branches of the economy of the Great Zimbabwe State
(5) 59

e) What were the uses of minerals among the people of the Great
Zimbabwe State (6) ................................................................................... 59

f) List factors that led to the decline of Great Zimbabwe State (5). ...... 59

QUESTION THIRTEEN ...............................................................................65

a) Describe the history of the Great Zimbabwe State under the following
sub headings: ............................................................................................. 65

Political organisation (5) .................................................................... 65

Economic organisation (5) ................................................................. 65

Social and religious practices (5) ....................................................... 65

QUESTION FOURTEEN ..............................................................................68

a) Who was the founder of the Mutapa state. (1) ................................... 68

b) List down any six rulers of the Mutapa state (6). .............................. 68

c) What were the reasons for the rise of the Mutapa state? (5) .............. 68

d) Outline the duties of the King in the Mutapa state? (5) ..................... 68

e) What was the role of the army in the Mutapa state? (5). ................... 68

QUESTION FIFTEEN...................................................................................73

a) Describe the Mutapa state under the following sub headings: .......... 73

Economic organization (5) ................................................................. 73

Political organisation (5) .................................................................... 73

Social organisation (5) ....................................................................... 73

Religion of the Mutapa state (5) ........................................................ 73

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 Military organisation (5) .................................................................... 73

QUESTION SIXTEEN ..................................................................................77

(a) Identify any six Portuguese nationals who visited the Mutapa state in
the 16th and 17th centuries (6) .................................................................... 77

(b) Describe the Portuguese activities in the Mutapa state (12) .......... 77

(c) List factors that contributed to the downfall of the Mutapa state 1623
– 1902(5) ................................................................................................... 77

QUESTION SEVENTEEN ...........................................................................82

a) List the aims of the Portuguese in the Mutapa state (10) ................... 82

b) What were the trade items brought by the Portuguese into the Mutapa
state? (5) .................................................................................................... 82

c) Identify crops grown in the Prazo system of the Portuguese (5). ...... 82

d) Did the Mutapa people benefited from the treaties signed with the
Portuguese and the Mutapa Kings? (5) ..................................................... 82

QUESTION EIGHTEEN ...............................................................................88

a) Who was the founder of the Rozvi state? (1) ..................................... 88

b) Describe the history of the Rozvi state under the following sub
headings:.................................................................................................... 88

Religion of the Mutapa state (5) ........................................................ 88

Economic organisation (5) ................................................................. 88

Social and religious practices (5) ....................................................... 88

Religious practices (5) ....................................................................... 88

c) List any six kings of the Rozvi state (6) ............................................ 88

QUESTION NINENTEEN ............................................................................93

10

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 a) What were the uses of cattle in the Rozvi state (6) ............................ 93

b) Outline the economic activities of the Rozvi state (6) ....................... 93

c) What were the causes of the decline of the Rozvi state? (6) ............. 93

QUESTION TWENTY................................................................................94

a) Outline the duties of the female and males in the Rozvi state (6). .... 94

b) Describe the Social organisation of the Rozvi state? (11) ................. 94

c) What is the importance of the social organisation in the political system

of the Rozvi state? (4). .............................................................................. 94

QUESTION TWENTY ONE ........................................................................98

a) Who was the founder of the Ndebele state. (1) .................................. 98

b) List the five settlements of the Ndebele state during the migration (1825
- 1829) to western Zimbabwe? (5) ............................................................ 98

c) What were the problems faced by the Ndebele during their migration
to the western part of Zimbabwe. (8) ........................................................ 98

QUESTION TWENTY TWO......................................................................100

a) State any five uses of grain in the Ndebele state (6) ........................ 100

b) Briefly describe the characteristics of social groups of the Ndebele state

(15) 100

c) Identify any five duties of Ndebele kings (5) .................................. 100

d) What were the benefits and non-benefits of social system of the

Ndebele? (6) ............................................................................................ 100

QUESTION TWENTY THREE ..................................................................107

a) List five groups of people Mzilikazi and Ndebele fought on their way
to Zimbabwe (5) ...................................................................................... 107

11

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 b) Describe the Ndebele state under the following sub –headings (12)107

Political organisation (4) .................................................................. 107

Economic organisation (4) ............................................................... 107

Military organisation (4) .................................................................. 107

c) What was the role of Amabutho among the Ndebele people? (5) ... 107

QUESTION TWENTY FOUR .................................................................112

a) Why Mzilikazi led his state for such a long period of time (6) ....... 112

b) Describe Mzilikazi and Ndebele people’s journey from the Zululand to

Zimbabwe (11) ........................................................................................ 112

c) Was the social structure of the Ndebele state beneficial to all people?
(8) 112

QUESTION TWENTY FIVE ......................................................................117

a) Identify any five kings of the Zulu state (5) .................................... 117

b) Outline the factors that led to the rise of Tshaka of Zulu state (11) 117

c) Identify the people who killed Tshaka in 1828 (3) .......................... 117

d) List the reasons for the assassination of Tshaka in 1828? (6).......... 117

QUESTION TWENTY SIX ........................................................................121

a) Identify the respective leaders and the states that emerged from the
Mfecane /Difagane period (6) ................................................................. 121

b) Outline Tshaka’s military reforms (10) ........................................... 121

c) What were the benefits of the military reforms introduced by Tshaka?

(4) 121

QUESTION TWENTY SEVEN ..................................................................123

12

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 a) Identify any five of Tshaka‘s generals (5) ....................................... 123

b) Outline methods used by Tshaka to strengthen his power (6). ........ 123

c) What were the weapons used by Tshaka armed forces? (6) ............ 123

QUESTION TWENTY EIGHT ...................................................................127

a) Define the term Mfecane (2) ............................................................ 127

b) Outline the causes of the Mfecane /Difagane (8)............................. 127

c) What were the results of the Mfecane wars? (5).............................. 127

QUESTION TWENTY NINE .....................................................................132

a) List six groups of people that were existing in Nguni land before the
emergence of the Mfecane revolution? (6) ............................................. 132

b) Describe the political organisation of the Zulu state (10) ................ 132

c) What was the importance of the army within the Zulu state? (7) .... 132

QUESTION THIRTY ..................................................................................135

a) What do you understand by term slavery? (2) ............................... 135

b) Outline the reasons behind the rise of the slave trade (4) ................ 135

c) Outline the methods used to acquire slaves in East and West Africa (4)
135

QUESTION THIRTY ONE .........................................................................139

a) List the four countries that were involved in the slave trade in Africa
(4) 139

b) What were the effects of slavery and slave trade to the African people?
(10) 139

c) Identify any five forms of slavery (5) .............................................. 139

13

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
QUESTION THIRTY TWO ........................................................................141

a) Identify people who were reasonable for the ending of the slavery trade
(5) 141

b) Outline the reasons for the abolition of the slave trade (10) ............ 141

c) What were the problems faced in trying to abolish the slave trade?(5)
141

QUESTION THIRTY THREE ....................................................................144

a) Outline the reasons for Portuguese encroachment in the Zambezi valley

(6) 144

b) What were the effects of Portuguese activities in the Zambezi valley?

(15). ......................................................................................................... 144

QUESTION THIRTY FOUR ......................................................................147

a) Identify mission stations established by the following missionary

organisations (9) ...................................................................................... 147

London Missionary Society ............................................................. 147

Roman Catholic Church ................................................................... 147

Anglican Church .............................................................................. 147

Dutch Reformed Church .................................................................. 147

Berlin Missionary Society................................................................ 147

b) Outline the aims of the missionaries in Zimbabwe (11) .................. 147

c) What were the challenges faced by missionaries in their pastoral work

in Zimbabwe (5) ...................................................................................... 147

QUESTION THIRTY FIVE ........................................................................150

14

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 a) List any five skills imparted to the Africans by early missionaries in
Zimbabwe (5) .......................................................................................... 150

b) Outline the work of the missionaries in Matabeleland before 1900 (11)

150

c) In what ways did Africans benefited from the missionary work in

Matabeleland? (4) .................................................................................... 150

QUESTION THIRTY SIX ..........................................................................153

a) Identify any four countries colonized by the British in Southern Africa

(4) 153

b) Identify any two countries colonized by Portugal in Sothern Africa (2)

153

c) Why was Zimbabwe colonized by the British? (10) ........................ 153

QUESTION THIRTY SEVEN ....................................................................155

a) List the terms of the Grobbler Treaty of 1887 (5) ........................... 155

b) Outline the terms of agreement between John Smith Moffat and the
Ndebele state (4)...................................................................................... 155

c) Why were the whites more interested in colonizing the Ndebele State?
(5) 155

QUESTION THIRTY EIGHT .....................................................................159

a) Identify the three agents sent by C.J Rhodes and reasons why they were
chosen to negotiate the Rudd Concession (6) ......................................... 159

b) Outline the terms of the Rudd Concession (11) ............................... 159

c) Can Lobengula be blamed for signing the Rudd concession? (5) ... 159

QUESTION THIRTY NINE .......................................................................164

15

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 a) Outline the six steps taken by Cecil John Rhodes to colonize Zimbabwe
(12) 164

b) How important were the Pioneer column in the Colonization of

Zimbabwe? (8). ....................................................................................... 164

c) Outline the aims of the Royal Charter (1889) (5) ............................ 164

QUESTION FOURTY.................................................................................167

a) Name any six forts established by the Pioneer column in the

colonization of Zimbabwe (6) ................................................................. 167

b) Describe the causes of the Anglo –Ndebele war of 1893-1894 (10) 167

c) What were the results of the Anglo-Ndebele war? (8) .................... 167

QUESTION FOURTY ONE .......................................................................170

a) Name any five African spirit mediums who took part in the First
Chimurenga of 1896-1897. (5) ................................................................ 170

b) What is the role played by the spirit mediums in the first Chimurenga?
(10) 170

c) What were the results of the war? (5) .............................................. 170

QUESTION FOURTY TWO ......................................................................174

a) Outline the causes of the First Chimurenga of 1896-1897? (8) ...... 174

b) Why were the African defeated in the first Chimurenga? (8) .......... 174

QUESTION FOURTY THREE ...................................................................176

a) Identify any five countries that led to the scramble for Africa (5) .. 176

b) What were the economic reasons for the scramble and partition of the
Southern Africa? (8). ............................................................................... 176

c) Did Africans benefit from the colonization process? (2) ................. 176

16

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
QUESTION FOURTY FOUR .....................................................................179

a) Outline political aims of Britain in the Scramble for Southern Africa?

(5). 179

b) What were the political reasons for the Scramble for Africa? (10) . 179

c) What were the results of the partition of Africa? (5) ....................... 179

QUESTION FOURTY FIVE .......................................................................184

a) Identify three countries that formed the federation of Rhodesia (3).184

b) What are current names of the country identified above in (a) (3?) 184

c) What were the reasons for the formation of the federation? (8) ...... 184

d) Why federation came to an end (4) .................................................. 184

QUESTION FOURTY SIX .......................................................................186

a) Identify any three minerals that were produced in the Federation of

Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the territories in which each of them were
produced? (5)........................................................................................... 186

b) Outline the economic and social achievements of the Federation (10)

186

c) Why did the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland collapse in 1963?

(5) 186

QUESTION FOURTY SEVEN ...................................................................188

a) Identify any five political parties that participated in the Zimbabwe

liberation struggle (5). ............................................................................. 188

b) Outline the causes of the Second Chimurenga in Zimbabwe (1966-

1980). (4) ................................................................................................. 188

c) Why did it took too long to liberate Zimbabwe? (6) ....................... 188

17

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
QUESTION FOURTY EIGHT....................................................................191

a) Identify any five key female political figures in the Second Chimurenga
(5) 191

b) What was the role played by women in the liberation struggle in

Zimbabwe (11)? ...................................................................................... 191

c) What was the role played by the chiefs in the liberation struggle? (5).
191

QUESTION FOURTY NINE ......................................................................195

a) State any six reasons that may cause a seat of Member of Parliament to
be vacant (6) ............................................................................................ 195

b) Outline the qualifications to be a voter in the national elections in

Zimbabwe (10) ........................................................................................ 195

c) To what extent did the Zimbabweans managed to exercise their right to

vote since 1980. (9) ................................................................................. 195

QUESTION FIFTY .....................................................................................198

a) Identify any six fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual as

guaranteed in the Constitution of Zimbabwe (6). ................................... 198

b) What are the indications that there is protection of human rights in

Zimbabwe? (10) ...................................................................................... 198

c) Identify any five institutions mandated to promote human rights in

Zimbabwe (5) .......................................................................................... 198

18

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
WHAT IS HISTORY
History is the study and documentation of the past, people’s behaviors and the
activities they used to do. We study history in order to understand the past and
be able to link it with the present so as to shape the future. Historical
development refers to a social concept of change, pertaining to resource
ownership and utilization. It happens in stages namely primitive accumulation,
slave trade, feudalism, capitalism and socialism. The environment in the study
of history is of utmost importance, since it is the foundation that influences the
findings of history for example; surroundings such as forests, open plains,
mountains, rivers and deserts affects people behavior, actions, what they
produce, wear or consume. The study of history comes in three types that is
economic, social and political.

QUESTION ONE
a) What is History? (3)
b) Why do we study history? (5)
c) Identify stages of the historical development (5)
d) What is the importance of the environment in the study of
history? (4)
e) Identify three types of history (3)

(a) What is History? (3).

 History is the study of the past events.

 It is the study of how people lived in the past
 It is the study of people’s lives behavior and activities, their glories,
achievements, failures, kindness and cruelties.

19

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  In studying history , we learn how , why and when events occurred

b) Why do we study history? (5)

 We study history in order to help understand our past.

 To learn and understand how we came to be what we are.
 To identify our national friends, enemies, heroes and traitors.
 We also study history in order to develop the critical skills of research
and analysis.
 Knowledge, skills and experience of the past assist us to create a better
and conducive social, political and economic environment.
 It is important to study history because it helps in planning the future.
 To understand the problems of the past and hence history helps us to
understand and come up with solutions to today challenges in our
society.

c) Identify stages of the historical development (5).

There are five stages of the historical development. Among them they include:

 Primitive accumulation, where property was owned equally by the

community.
 Slave trade and slavery, that is when stronger families oppressed and
enslaved the weaker ones in their community.
 Feudalism, it was the period when the few owned land and the rest
worked for the land lords as serfs or tenants paying rentals for using
the land.
 Capitalism, is a process whereby the few owned the means of
production such as land, capital and labour.

20

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  Socialism, it is the highest stage of historical development, where the
wealth is shared equally and equitable among all the people.

d) What is the importance of the environment in the study of history? (4)

 Environment simply defined refers to the surroundings in which a

person or animals live.
 The environment regulates the people behavior and actions.
 It also controls the course of history.
 Surroundings such as forests, open plains, mountains, rivers and
deserts affects people behavior, actions, what they produce, wear or
consume.
 The environment determines the economic activities taking place in a
given area.
 It also determines the political activities of a given area.
 It also indicates cultural activities of the past.
 It also helps in the preservation of our culture.
 The environment provides traditional medicines.
 It reminds us of cultural norms, values and beliefs, for example some
birds or animals resemble presence of ancestral spirits or bad luck.
 Environment reminds people of the presence of God and our ancestors.

e) Identify three types of history (3)

The three types of history are:

 political history -
 economic history
 social history

21

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
CIVILISATION

Civilization is defined as the society’s level of cultural and scientific

development. It describes a complex way of life that came about as people
began to develop networks of urban settlements. The earliest civilizations
developed between 4000 and 3000 B.C. when the rise of agriculture and trade
allowed people to have surplus food and economic stability. Many people no
longer had to practice farming, allowing a diverse array of professions and
interests to flourish in a relatively confined area. Civilizations first appeared
in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq) and later in Egypt. They thrived in the
Indus Valley by about 2500 B.C.E., in China by about 1500 B.C.E. and in
Central America (what is now Mexico) by about 1200 B.C.E.

The ancient Egyptian civilization, famous for its pyramids, pharaohs,

mummies, and tombs, flourished for thousands of years. The civilization of
Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest in world history. It is usually held to
have begun around 3000 BCE, when the lower Nile Valley became unified
under a single ruler. At this date the only other people in the world to have a
literate, urban civilization were in Mesopotamia.

The Army

Soldiers of ancient Egyptian armies were armed with bows and arrows, spears,
and round-topped shields made from stretched animal skin over wooden
frames. Weapons and armor continued to improve after the adoption of
bronze: shields were now made from solid wood with a bronze buckle; spears
were tipped with a bronze point.

34

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
Religion

The ancient Egyptians worshipped many gods and goddesses. These included
Ra, the sun god; Isis, the goddess of nature and magic; Horus, the god of war;
and Osiris, the god of the dead. The pantheon of gods and goddesses gradually
changed over time, as new gods became more important, and some less so.
The rise and fall of gods and goddesses seems to have mirrored the political
fortunes of the different temples and priesthoods. Gods were worshipped in
temples run by priests. These were not apparently places of public worship:
the place where the god’s image was located was usually sealed off from the
outside world. Only on occasions was the god brought out and shown to the
public

Ancient Egyptian Writing and Literature

The first hieroglyphic writing that has come down to us dates from c. 3000
BCE. A hieroglyph can represent a word, a sound, or a silent determinative;
and the same symbol can serve different purposes in different contexts.
Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is composed of hundreds of symbols, which
could be read in rows or columns, and in either direction (though in the
majority of cases, written from right to left)

Ancient Egyptian Art

Much of the art of Ancient Egypt which has come down to us is funerary art
– art designed for the tomb. The Ancient Egyptians believed that life could
continue into the afterlife, and so the dead were accompanied in their graves
by every day and luxury goods – including art objects – to help them enjoy
their new life. Ancient Egyptian art emphasized a rigid style which changed
remarkably little over the millennia.

35

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
QUESTION FIVE
a) What do you understand by the term civilization (2)?
b) Write brief notes on the Ancient Egyptian civilization. (8)
c) What was the use of the Shaduf in the Egyptian agricultural
system (2)?
d) What was the importance of the Egyptian Civilization to the
World of community (4)?
e) List any four animals that were kept by Egyptian farming
community (4).

a) What do you understand by the term civilization (2)?

Civilization refers to a society‘s level of cultural and scientific development

b) Write brief notes on the Ancient Egyptian civilization.

1. Medical Science (2)

The Egyptian people possessed vast skills, knowledge and experience of how
to cure various diseases. They also understand about surgery

2. Religion (2)

The Egyptian civilization was based on polytheism. It left a legacy of the belief
in life after death. They also believed in many gods .they believed in about
2200 gods and goddesses. The gods could be informing of humans, animals
and national forces.eg Ra-the son of God, one of the most famous gods.

36

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 3. Writing system (2)

The ancient Egyptians developed a form of writing called hieroglyphics.it

combined pictures and symbols so that they could express themselves and
communities. Hieroglyphics were also known as the sacred writing because
priests used to write on stone

4. The Egyptian calendar (2)

The Egyptian calendar created the World‘s first calendar .They did this by
observing the movement of the planets, change of the seasons and the flooding
of the Nile River

c) What was the use of the Shaduf in the Egyptian agricultural system
(2)?

 It was used for the irrigating of the crops.it was used to get the water
from the river to canals.

Figure 5. A picture of a Shaduf. Picture from the internet

37

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
d) What was the importance of the Egyptian Civilization to the World of
community (4)?

 It developed medical science

 They developed mummification that is the preservation of the dead
body.
 They also developed mathematics
 They developed an ancient writing system known as hieroglyphics.
 They developed architecture such as built pyramids, palaces, temples
of gods.
 They developed a calendar system.
 They developed an irrigation system that improved agricultural
production
 They developed astrology

e) List any four animals that were kept by Egyptian farming community
(4).

 Cattle
 Donkeys
 Pigs
 Sheep
 Goats
 Goats
 Horses
 Camels

38

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
THE KHOIKHOI

Khoikhoi were people who looked much

like the San people but they were a bit
taller than them and they arrived much
later then the San. Their families
consisted of intermediate members that
made up a village or a clan, they live in
camp shelters built of reeds around their
kraals, just like the San people marriage
occurred at puberty when the boys and
girls were still in their early teens. They
also believed in many deities, the good
and d evil deities. The Khoikhoi mainly depended on economic activities like
hunting, gathering, herding, pottery and livestock rearing. These people had
no centralized system of government, they had chiefs as their political leaders
who helped them solve their societal matters.

QUESTION ELEVEN
a) What do you understand by the term Khoikhoi (2).
b) Describe the Khoikhoi way of life under the following sub-
headings:
 Social organisation (4)
 Political organisation (4)
 Economic organisation (4)

55

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
a) What do you understand by the term Khoikhoi (2).

The Khoikhoi people were more concerned with crop production and livestock
production.

They were similar to the san but were bit taller.

b) Describe the Khoikhoi way of life under the following sub-headings:

1. Social organisation (4).

 Unlike the san, the Khoikhoi lived in larger groups that averaged 50
members.
 They lived in camp shelters made of reeds around their kraals.
 Like the san they were nomadic. They moved from one place to
another for greener pastures and richer hunting grounds.
 They did not have permanent settlements
 They arranged marriage for their children
 They practiced payment of lobola
 The society was patriarchal
 They believed in one God, known as Tsui-Goab.
 They believed in ancestral spirits who were appeased through
sacrifices.

2. Political organisation (4)

 The Khoikhoi had chiefs and headman as their leaders.
 Elders assisted the Chiefs to perform their duties.
 The leaders were responsible for coordinating raids
 Leaders were responsible for enforcing the laws.
 The leaders also organised ritual ceremonies.

56

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  The leaders had the mandate in defending their hunting grounds and
pastures.
 The Khoikhoi believed that, the leaders had divine powers.

3. Economic organisation (4)

 The Khoikhoi mainly depended on three main activities that is hunting,
gathering and herding and farming emerged.
 Hunting weapons included knobkerries, hand axes and knives all made
from stones or bones.
 They used pit traps for big game like elephants, buffalos and Zebra.
 The Khoikhoi also used dogs for hunting and protection against wild
animals that raided their shelters.
 The Khoikhoi also caught fish using trapping baskets.
 They poisoned aquatic life in the targeted body water.
 They practiced domestication of animals like goats, sheep and cattle.
 They also kept dogs for protection

57

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
THE GREAT ZIMBABWE

Great Zimbabwe’s capital was situated in Masvingo where the Shona people
used to stay. The walls of Great Zimbabwe have been a symbolic show of
authority, designed to preserve the privacy of royal families and set them apart
from and above commoners. The walls were built for protection against
enemies moreover it was a way of showing their art skills. Great Zimbabwe
came into existence because of wealth that was obtained from East African
gold trade, the wealth that was gained from the trading activities was used to
strengthen the Great Zimbabwe State.

Natural resources also led to

the rise of this state for
example they had fertile soils
good for farming activities,
moreover there minerals like
gold and ivory which was
good for trade. The state had
Figure 11 The walls of Great Zimbabwe. A picture from the
internet good climatic conditions as
well however there are factors that led to the fall of the Great Zimbabwe such
as population growth, scarcity of resources, salt shortage, and shift of trade
routes, invasions and expansion of the state. The economic organization of the
state was based on mining, crop production livestock keeping, trade, tribute
collection and hunting. The people of great Zimbabwe also had minerals such
as iron, gold and copper; these were then use to make hoes, axes, spears,
bangles, ceremonial spears and hand axes. Gold was mainly for trading
purposes.

58

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
QUESTION TWELVE
a) Describe the origins of the Great Zimbabwe state (4)
b) Why Great Zimbabwe walls were built? (5).
c) Identify the factors that led to the rise of Great Zimbabwe state
(5).
d) Identify any five branches of the economy of the Great
Zimbabwe State (5)
e) What were the uses of minerals among the people of the Great
Zimbabwe State (6)
f) List factors that led to the decline of Great Zimbabwe State (5).

a) Describe the origins of the Great Zimbabwe state (4)

It is believed that, the Karanga people of the Shona tribe are the ones who
built Great Zimbabwe. Archaeology believed that, the state have been built
around 1200 AD. Oral traditions noted that, there was mass movement of the
Shona families which resulted in some sort of the state formation.

b) Why Great Zimbabwe walls were built? (5).

 For defense and security to withstand attacks or siege from the
enemies.
 For royal residence which meant to separate the ruling class from the
ordinary people.
 As a symbol of power and wealth
 It housed the first wife of the King in the Great House.
 For protection and for privacy purposes
 To show unity of the Shona

59

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  It was used as conference Centre where all lesser chiefs assembled with
the King.
 It was used for religious purposes.
 It was used as a military Centre
 It acted as a courtroom where cases were tried and resolved.
 For receiving and entertaining visitors and foreigners
 For grain and mineral storage.
 To show architecture of the Shona

c) Identify the factors that led to the rise of Great Zimbabwe state
(5).
 Availability of minerals.
 Availability of the ivory
 Good climatic conditions
 Availability of good and fertile land for crop production
 Availability of the livestock production
 The rise of powerful leaders
 Availability of the salt.
 The influence the religion led to the rise of Great Zimbabwe.
 Availability of a strong army.

d) Identify any five branches of the economy of the Great Zimbabwe

State (5)

There are several branches of economy among the people of Great Zimbabwe.
These branches of the economy include the following:

 Mining

60

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  Agricultural production
 Blacksmithing
 Trade
 Tribute
 Livestock production

e) What were the uses of minerals among the people of the Great
Zimbabwe State (6)?
 The minerals were used for trading.
 Jewellery making
 Making weapons
 Making snares
 Paying tribute
 Rewarding subjects by the king
 Symbol of wealth
 It was a store of value.
f) List factors that led to the decline of Great Zimbabwe State (5).

There are several factors that led to the decline of Great Zimbabwe state; these
include political, economic as well as the social factors.

Social factors

 There was overpopulation which caused the decline of the state. The
population growth is estimated to have been around 18000 people or
more at one point which was a big number to sustain a city during those
times.
 There was outbreak of diseases which contributed to the decline of the
state.

61

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  The Mwari spiritual cult has also moved to the north and it undermined
the state.
 The failure of the waste management methods also contributed to the
decline of the state.
 The presence of famine and severe droughts also contributed to the
decline of the state.

Economic factors

 There was depletion of the minerals which caused decline of the state.
 There was decline in trade which contributed to decline of the state.
The international trade that was vital to the people of Great
Zimbabwe’s economic security diminished.
 There was also exhaustion of the fertile land for agriculture. The
exhaustion of soil led to the falling of agricultural productivity
resulting in many people struggling because of some food shortages.
 There was the shortage of pastures for grazing
 There were also shortages of salt, firewood contributed to the decline.
 There was shifting of trade routes from Great Zimbabwe to Zambezi
valley. The trade route from the coastal areas shifted to the states that
were near the Zambezi valley.
 There was rise of the ingombe illede as a trading Centre in the north.

62

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
Political factors

 There was succession disputes and civil wars which contributed to

decline of the state.
 Attacks by the neighbors such as the Sotho and Tswana also
contributed to the decline of the state. There were raids and small-scale
invasions by other neighboring states such as the Sotho-Tswana groups
who posed a serious threat to the stability of Great Zimbabwe State
 There was the rise of the powerful and ambitious leaders like
Nyatsimba Mutota who had their own goals different from maintaining
the state as it was led.

63

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
QUESTION TWENTY FOUR
a) Why Mzilikazi led his state for such a long period of time (6)
b) Describe Mzilikazi and Ndebele people’s journey from the
Zululand to Zimbabwe (11)
Ȍ Was the social •–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡„‡Ž‡•–ƒ–‡„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ–‘ƒŽŽ
’‡‘’Ž‡ǫȋͺȌ


a) Why Mzilikazi led his state for such a long period of time (6)

 Superior military tactics.

 Military leadership of Mzilikazi
 A strong military set up that emphasized loyalty and allegiance to
Mzilikazi
 Defeated groups were incorporated into the Ndebele society.
 Had superior weapons
 Had friendly relations with Robert Moffat
 Trusted by his people whom he led for many years and experienced
problems together.
 Threats from the enemies kept them together
b) Describe Mzilikazi and Ndebele people’s journey from the Zululand
to Zimbabwe (11)

Mzilikazi was a chief of the Khumalo people under the leadership of Tshaka
of the Zulu state. He fled the Zulu state after, he was frequently attacked by
the Zulu warriors, for failing to submit the booty to the King.

112

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
In 1822, Mzilikazi crossed the Drakensburg Mountains with about 300 people
men and women. On their way they established settlements and fought various
groups of people. They established the place known as resting place
(Ekhupumelani). In 1826 they left this place because of the attacks from the
Pedi. They also left because it was near the Zulu state and droughts.

They also established emahlandela in thev Kwena territory, they raided the
Sotho for people and domestic animals.

They also raided the Tswana. At this point, they met Robert Moffat of the
London Missionary Society and the two became friends. They left
emahlandela because of the external threats from Dingane, Kora, Khoisan,
Griqua and Rolong and settled around the Marico River in about 1832. In
1837, Mzilikazi capital, Mosega was attacked by many groups of people such
as the Griquas, Kora and the Boers.

This forced the Ndebele to move north wards across the Limpopo, after
dividing into two groups. The main group was led by senior induna Gundwane
Ndiweni, together with Mzilikazi’s son, Nkulumane. The smaller group was
led by Mzilikazi, travelled westwards via the Tswana land. The main group
crossed the Limpopo River and settled in the Rozvi country at Danangombe
(dhlodhlo) after a little resistance.

In 1840, the two groups reunited, when the senior indunas had decided to
install Nkulumane as their new king. Mzilikazi regarded this as an act of
treason and killed those involved. Mzilikazi was a no- nonsense bloody leader.
Mzilikazi established his new capital at Inyathi and absorbed the Shona
people.

113

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
c) Was the social structure of the Ndebele state beneficial to all people?
(8)

Benefits

 Ukugalisa-forged unity and allegiance.

 Language and intermarriage promoted unity
 Ndebele adopted Shona religion, some Shona adopted Ndebele names,
customs and language and this promoted harmony in the state.
 Age sets also promoted unity within the state.
 Inxwala ceremony promoted harmony in the state
 Ritualization of the kingship stabilized the nation.
Non-benefits

 Caste system was divisive

 Raiding was divisive
 The Shona and hole were denied chance to rise in the military ranks
 Hole men prohibited to marry Zansi and Enhla women.

114

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
 THE ZULU STATE

The Zulu Kingdom sometimes

referred to as the Zulu Empire or
the Kingdom of Zululand, was a
monarchy in Southern Africa that
extended along the coast of the
Indian Ocean from the Tugela
River in the south to Pongola
River in the north. The kingdom
grew to dominate much of what is
today KwaZulu-Natal and
Southern Africa. In 1879, a
British force invaded Zululand,
beginning the Anglo-Zulu War.

Figure 17 Tshaka the Zulu. Picture extracted from the

After an initial Zulu victory at the
internet
Battle of Isandlwana in January,
the British regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July during the Battle of
Ulundi, ending the war. The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and
later became part of the Union of South Africa.

Shaka Zulu was born in 1787, the illegitimate son of Senzangakona, chief of
the Zulu clan. An outcast as a child, Shaka was brought up among a number
of neighboring groups, finally ending with the Mthethwa where he
distinguished himself as a skilled warrior in Dingiswayo's army.

Dingiswayo was so impressed by Shaka that in 1816 he helped him become

chief of the Zulu upon the death of Senzangakona. Among the Zulu, Shaka
consolidated a number of military innovations, some developed by

115

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
Dingiswayo, some dating back to the eighteenth century to produce a powerful
military machine. All young men were incorporated into age regiments and
given military training. A short stabbing spear was introduced in addition to
the traditional long throwing spears, giving Shaka's army an advantage in close
combat. Military strategies, such as the "horn" formation by which Zulu
regiments encircled their enemies, were perfected.

When Dingiswayo was killed, Shaka with his military machine avenged his
mentor's death; destroying the Ndwandwe in battle (two of Zwide's generals,
Shoshangane and Zwangendaba, fled north and established kingdoms in
present-day Mozambique and southern Tanzania, respectively).

Shaka then incorporated the Mthethwa under his rule, and established the Zulu
state as the dominant power among the northern Nguni. By the mid-1820s,
Shaka ruled a kingdom of more than 100,000 people with a standing army of
40,000 men. He centralized power in the person of the king and his court,
collected tribute from regional chiefs, and placed regiments throughout his
state to ensure compliance with his orders.

During the 1820s, Shaka consolidated his power through a series of wars
against neighboring peoples. His armies raided for cattle and food; they
attacked anyone who challenged the authority of the Zulu monarch; and they
extended the limits of Shaka's realm north to the borders of present-day
Mozambique, west across the Drakensberg Mountains, and south to the
margins of the area that would later become the Transkei homeland.

When Shaka's mother, Nandi, died in October 1827, his grief led to erratic and
deadly behavior. He required everyone else to grieve with him and executed
anyone he decided was not grieving sufficiently, as many as 7,000 people. He
ordered that no crops be planted and no milk could be used, two orders sure to

116

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
induce famine. Any pregnant woman would be executed, as would her
husband. Shaka's two half-brothers tried more than once to assassinate him.
Their successful attempt came when most of the Zulu troops had been sent
north and security was lax at the royal kraal, he was assassinated at the height
of his powers in 1828 and was succeeded by Dingane, his half-brother and one
of the assassins.

QUESTION TWENTY FIVE

a) Identify any five kings of the Zulu state (5)
b) Outline the factors that led to the rise of Tshaka of Zulu state (11)
c) Identify the people who killed Tshaka in 1828 (3)
d) List the reasons for the assassination of Tshaka in 1828? (6)

a) Identify any five kings of the Zulu state (5)

 Senzangakona
 Sigujana
 Tshaka
 Dingani
 Mpande
 Cesthawayo

b) Outline the factors that led to the rise of Tshaka of Zulu state (11)

 Tshaka was a charismatic leader and it played an important role in his

rise to power
 Tshaka benefited immensely from Dingiswayo military skills,
knowledge and experience and this helped him to rise to power easily.

117

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
COLONISATION

With colonialism, which began in South Africa in 1652, came the Slavery and
Forced Labour Model. This was the original model of colonialism brought by
the Dutch in 1652, and subsequently exported from the Western Cape to the
Afrikaner Republics of the Orange Free State and the Zuid-Afrikaansche
Republiek. The changes brought on African societies by the imposition of
European colonial rule occurred in quick succession. In fact, it was the speed
with which change occurred that set the colonial era apart from earlier periods
in South Africa. Of course, not all societies were equally transformed. Some
resisted the forces of colonial intrusion, slavery and forced labour for extended
periods. Others, however, such as the Khoikhoi communities of the south-
western Cape, disintegrated within a matter of decades.

Initially, a colonial contact was a two-way process. However, Africans were

far from helpless victims in the initial encounter. Colonial contact was not
simply a matter of Europeans imposing themselves upon African societies. For
their part, African rulers saw many benefits from maintaining relations with
Europeans, and for a considerable period of time they engaged with Europeans
voluntarily and on their own terms. Britain colonized many countries in
Africa; the major ones are South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, and Kenya. The
earliest one is Sierra Leone. Portugal's colonies in Africa include Angola,
Mozambique, Guinea, and the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of Mauritania-
Senegal, and Sao Tome and Principe, islands in the Gulf of Guinea. In the
1500s, Portugal colonized the present-day West African country of Guinea-
Bissau and the two southern African countries of Angola and Mozambique.

152

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
QUESTION THIRTY-SIX
a) Identify any four countries colonized by the British in Southern
Africa (4)
b) Identify any two countries colonized by Portugal in Sothern
Africa (2)
Ȍ Why was Zimbabwe colonized „›–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǫȋͳͲȌ

a) Identify any four countries colonized by the British in Southern

Africa (4)

 Zimbabwe
 South Africa
 Zambia
 Malawi
 Lesotho
 Swaziland
 Botswana

b) Identify any two countries colonized by Portugal in Sothern Africa

(2)

 Mozambique
 Angola

c) Why was Zimbabwe colonized by the British (10)

 To fulfill Rhodes the Cape to Cairo dream.

 Availability of gold

153

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  Availability of raw materials
 Availability of fertile soils
 Availability of cheap labour
 Good climatic conditions in Zimbabwe
 Good markets for Europeans goods and services
 Weakness of African leaders in resisting colonization process

THE GROBBLER TREATY

A treaty is an international agreement concluded in written form between two

or more States (or international organisations) and is governed by international
law. A treaty gives rise to international legal rights and obligations

Terms of the Grobbler treaty

 There was to be eternal peace between the boers and Lobengula

 Lobengula was to be recognized by the boers as a paramount/important
chief and ally
 Lobengula was to catch and return all who escaped from south African
republic
 Boer hunters and traders were to move freely in the Ndebele state
 The boers promised to protect Lobengula from his enemies
 Lobengula was supposed to allow into his kingdom people holding
passports of boer republic

154

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
THE FEDERATION OF RHODESIA

The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, also known as the Central African
Federation or CAF, was a colonial federation that consisted of three southern
African territories: the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia
and the British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

It existed between 1953 and 1963. The Federation was established on 1 August
1953, with a Governor-General as the Queen's representative at the center. The
constitutional status of the three territories a self-governing Colony and two
Protectorates was not affected, though certain enactments applied to the
Federation as a whole as if it were part of Her Majesty's dominions and a
Colony.

A novel feature was the African Affairs Board, set up to safeguard the interests
of Africans and endowed with statutory powers for that purpose, particularly
in regard to discriminatory legislation. The economic advantages to the
Federation were never seriously called into question, and the causes of the
Federation's failure were purely political: the strong and growing opposition
of the African inhabitants.

The rulers of the new black African states were united in wanting to end
colonialism in Africa. With most of the world moving away from colonialism
during the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United Kingdom was subjected to
pressure to de-colonise from both the United Nations and the Organisation of
African Unity (OAU).

The federation officially ended on 31 December 1963. In 1964, shortly after

the dissolution, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland became independent under
the names Zambia and Malawi, respectively. In November 1965, Southern
181

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom as the
state of Rhodesia.

Origins of the Federation (1953-1963x)

White European settlers in the region were perturbed about the increasing
Black African population but had been stopped during the first half of the
twentieth century from introducing more draconian rules and laws by the
British Colonial Office. The end of World War II led to increased white
immigration, especially in Southern Rhodesia, and there was a worldwide
need for copper which existed in quantity in Northern Rhodesia. White settler
leaders and industrialists once again called for a union of the three colonies to
increase their potential and harness the Black workforce.

Operation of the Federation

The British government planned for the Federation to eventually become a

British dominion, and it was overseen from the start by a British assigned
governor-general. The federation was an economic success, at least at the start,
and there was an investment in a few expensive engineering projects, such as
the Kariba hydro-electric dam on the Zambezi. In addition, in comparison to
South Africa, the political landscape was more liberal.

Black Africans worked as junior ministers and there was an income/property-

owning basis to the franchise which allowed some Black Africans to vote.
There was still, however, an effective white minority rule to the government
of the federation, and just as the rest of Africa was expressing a desire for
majority rule, nationalist movements in the federation were growing.

Breakup of the Federation

182

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
In 1959 Nyasaland nationalists called for action, and the resultant disturbances
led to the authorities declaring a state of emergency. Nationalist leaders,
including Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, were detained, many without a trial.
After his release in 1960, Banda decamped to London, where with Kenneth
Kaunda and Joshua Nkomo he continued to campaign for an end to the
federation.

The British had already decided in 1962 that Nyasaland should be allowed to
secede from the federation. A conference held in early '63 at Victoria Falls
was seen as a last-ditch attempt to maintain the federation. It failed. It was
announced on February 1, 1963, that the Federation of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland would be broken up. Nyasaland achieved independence, within the
Commonwealth, as Malawi on July 6, 1964. Northern Rhodesia became
independent as Zambia on October 24th that year.

In 1953, Southern Rhodesia joined two other Central African countries,

Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Nyasaland (Malawi), in a three-nation
political and economic unit known as the Central Federation (CAF). Also
known as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland it collapsed in 1963
because of the impending independence of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland
in 1964, as well as because of mounting African hostility to it in all three
territories.

Only two prime ministers led the federation before its collapse, the first one
being the hitherto long serving prime minister of southern Rhodesia, Godfrey
Huggins, from 1953 to 1956.

The second and last prime minister was Northern Rhodesian political leader
Roy Welensky who presided over the union from 1956 until its dissolution.
The federation was a product of geopolitical, economic, and political
183

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
considerations on the part of both the white inhabitants of the three territories
and the colonial power, Britain, which encourage political and economic
amalgamation of its central African territories for reasons that had to do with
the opportunity a large economic and political entity would provide in terms
of markets as well as its role as a buffer against possible Apartheid South
Africa’s influence in the region.

QUESTION FOURTY FIVE

a) Identify three countries that formed the federation of Rhodesia
(3).
b) What are current names of the country identified above in (a) (3?)
c) What were the reasons for the formation of the federation? (8)
d) Why federation came to an end (4)

a) Identify three countries that formed the federation of Rhodesia (3).

 Southern Rhodesia
 Northern Rhodesia
 Nyasaland.

b) What are current names of the country identified above in (a)? (3)

Southern Rhodesia – Zimbabwe

Northern Rhodesia –Zambia.

Nyasaland – Malawi

c) What were the reasons for the formation of the federation? (8)

184

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  Fear of the African nationalism.
 The need to share profits.
 The need to share electricity.
 The need to exploit for Zambian copper.
 The need for common services such as education, health and
communication.
 To form a partnership with blacks.

c) Why federation came to an end (4)

 The rise of African nationalism.

 Resistance of whites in Zambia and Nyasaland
 Southern Rhodesia was benefiting at the expense of the other two
nations.
 The independence of Zambia and Nyasaland contributed to the decline
of federation.

185

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
QUESTION FOURTY SIX
a) Identify any three minerals that were produced in the Federation
of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the territories in which each of
them were produced? (5)
b) Outline the economic and social achievements of the Federation
(10)
c) Why did the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland collapse in
1963? (5)

a) Identify any three minerals that were produced in the Federation of

Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the territories in which each of them were
produced?

Mineral Territory producing the mineral

Asbestos, Chrome Zvishavane, Zimbabwe

Copper Copper belt, Zambia

Gold Queque, Zimbabwe

Coal Wankie, Zimbabwe

186

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
b) Outline the economic and social achievements of the Federation (10)

 Coal production mined was supplied to the railway system in the whole
of Central Africa.
 Development of manufacturing industries in Bulawayo
 Development of transportation and communication system from Beira
to Salisbury, Bulawayo t Lusaka railway.
 Kariba dam was built and produced hydro-electricity for Zambia and
Zimbabwe.
 Wheat production was boosted.
 Irrigation was boosted and it led to success of the agricultural sector
 The construction and development of the infrastructures such as
bridges, hospitals and the university of Rhodesia, Gwelo Teachers
College
 Development of the health sector through training of the medical
doctors and nurses as well as hospitals.eg Andrew Fleming Hospital
now Prirenyatwa. David Parirenytwa senior was also trained under the
Federation in 1961.

c) Why did the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland collapse in 1963?

(5)

 Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia complained that, most significant

projects were taking place in Southern Rhodesia. E.g., Kariba dam,
University of Rhodesia and Parliament building.
 Rise of the African Nationalism in Nyasaland and northern Rhodesia
e.g., Malawi Kanuazj Banda, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia.
 Unequal representation in parliament of the federation. Southern
Rhodesia had more members of Parliament.
187

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  The political winds blowing across of the African continent.
 The failure of the policy of the smart partnership

QUESTION FOURTY SEVEN

a) Identify any five political parties that participated in the
Zimbabwe liberation struggle (5).
b) Outline the causes of the Second Chimurenga in Zimbabwe
(1966-1980). (4)
c) Why did it take too long to liberate Zimbabwe? (6)

a) Identify any five political parties that participated in the Zimbabwe

liberation struggle (5).

 Zimbabwe African People ‘s Union (Patriotic Front).

 Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front).
 Front for the liberation of Zimbabwe (FLORIZI)
 United African National Congress
 Zimbabwe African National Union (Ndonga)

b) Outline the causes of the Second Chimurenga in Zimbabwe (1966-

1980).

 The land questions.

 Educational discrimination
 Racial discrimination in the health sector.
 Unemployment
 Political repression and oppression
 The electoral malpractice of Rhodesia

188

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
  Human rights violations.
 Abuse of the public state institutions.

c) Why did it take too long to liberate Zimbabwe (6)?

 Lack of unity among the Africans.

 Presence of the sell outs among the Africans.
 Use of poor weapons.
 Poor political mobilization of the African people.
 Tribalism among the nationalists also derailed the execution of the
liberation struggle.
 The whites had better weapons
 The whites used dirty tactics and strategies.
 The whites were well trained for the war unlike their black counter
parts.

189

DINGANI PUBLISHERS 00263 77 789 6159

ORDER YOUR STUDY PACKS TODAY 0292 - 27 02 89
200