DGCA Viva Question Bank

Generic Questions

1. Introduction
They asked my background
The interview is all about aptitude. Meaning how you are capable of handling the situation.
There are questions based on your CV. Be sure what you write in there.
They will continue asking you questions until you make a mistake.
What is the role of a Master instructor? Why Industry produce Master instructors?
No matter how much you know, at some point you will fail. Then they will counter question you.

They will seem rude and insulting. The point is to keep your cool and handle the situation.
DTCs are given by?
Drone rules and amendments were published by?
They want to learn your qualifications and experiences and how it helps you as an instructor.
2. Why do you want to become an instructor?
3. Working profile related question
7) self introduction
8) CV discussion
9) current working
10) how to control drone, flow chart
12) drone wiring connection
1. Why did you choose instructor training?
1.procedure to open RPTO
2. maintenance of aircraft and rated documents
3. about the Agribot which we fly ,and. More questions from my background (agriculture
engineering and my work experience)
4. why you wants to become an instructor
-Why did you choose the Instructor course?
# Anti-Drone system and its type.
# Working Principle of Laser based Anti Drone system.
# how cyber attacks happen in Drone and how to prevent it.
# How to block automatic Guided Drone.
Common question for all of us is Why we choose the RPI Course?
Introduction ?
About my background experience?
Why do I want to become an instructor?
Can we fly drones 11 km from the airport? Which permission do we need?
-Did I check the Digital sky interactive Airspace map of my hometown? What all other red zones
were there?
2. Do you have any aviation background or experience?
3. Y drone and drone instructor course?
4. The RPTO in my hometown, problems with them (according to panel, the panel was well
aware of the RPTO)
9. Pattern of 8, whether they can ask for the report from RPTO
1. Can you fly BVLOs? They asked why
What rules do you follow for drones? Who launched them?

How many amendments are there?

Circular se kya samajhte ho? Kitne circular hai. Kon issue krta h?

What is the act in drone rules?

-why do you teach drone rule to your trainees

Scenario 1 - Drone udaate vkt agr drone nadi me gir jaye or inaccessible ho jaye to kya vo
accident h? Or fr kya kroge?

2- you are flying from the top of a building. To drone ka altitude kahan se measure kroge
building top se ya ground se?

3. Same agr mountains m fly kr rhe ho to?

How do you measure drone altitude in the RC?

Which kind of batteries do we use in drones?

Why do we deregister our drone? Usse kya hota h.
2. Which drone we can fly if we don't have RPC
3. Why our time is in UTC
UIN kya hota h
Why you need a log book
12. Who charge the fine if we don't follow the drone rule
What we can do before mission planning

17. Which is the main or important document of RPTO

What ATc do and why we need to communicate with ATC in inner yellow
If we gave you a drone right now can you fly it in this office if yes then how

Stakeholders & their laws [Basic] Drone Rules 2021

• What is ICAO?

- ICAO stands for the International Civil Aviation Organization. It is a

specializedagency of the United Nations established to promote the safe and
orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. ICAO
sets
standards and regulations for aviation safety, security, efficiency, and
environmental protection. It also provides guidance and assistance to its
member states in implementing these standards and regulations. Additionally,
ICAO coordinates with various stakeholders in the aviation industry to ensure
harmonization and cooperation on a global scale.

- ICAO - ( International Civil Aviation Organization )

- Specialized agency of the United Nations

- Established by the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Chicago

Convention in 1944 and officially became operational on 4th April 1947
- Headquarters Montreal, Canada

• Definition of accident
• Explain Type certification process.

A type certificate (TC) is like a stamp of approval for an aircraft's design. It's given by a
government authority to show that the design is safe to build. Once it's issued, the
design can't be changed without going through some of the certification process again.

• When Insurance is mandatory?

When we are conducting business with our drone

• Types of drone after that international types of drone

According to Drone Rules 2021(India) drone classified by weight and according to international
(FAA) drone classified by wingspan

• Can You Apply for a Type Certificate?

Yes

• Types of airspace.

There are two types of airspace

1. Controlled Airspace:- Restricted Area , Prohibited Area , Danger Area , and some zones
are :- Red zone , Yellow zone(Inner yellow zone , Outer Yellow zone (Above 200 ft/60m))

2. Uncontrolled Airspace:- Green zone (400 ft/ 120m), Outer yellow zone(200ft/60m)

• Right of way.

No person operating an Unmanned Aircraft shall violate the right of way of a manned aircraft
and shall remain clear of all manned aircraft.

• Explain Zones.
There are three types of zones
1. Red zone :-

Temporary Red zone :- If there is an urgent need to temporarily prohibit unmanned aircraft
system flights in any specified area, the concerned State Government or the Union Territory
Administration
or a law enforcement agency may declare a temporary red zone over such specified area, for a
period not exceeding ninety six hours at a time, by notifying it through the digital sky platform
and highlighting it on
the airspace map.
The temporary red zone shall be declared by an officer not below the rank of Superintendent of
Police
or his equivalent and such officer shall endeavor to keep the size of the temporary red zone
reasonable and
not excessive.

2. Yellow zone :- 2 Types :- Inner Yellow zone and Outer Yellow zone
Inner Yellow zone :- From the airport boundary 5km to 8 km is yellow inner zone
Outer Yellow zone:- From the airport boundary 8 km to 12 km is yellow outer zone

3. Green zone:- From the airport boundary after 12 km is green zone

• Dangerous goods carry or not if yes explain the procedure.

Yes , According to drone rules 2021 Rule no. 27. Prohibition on carriage of arms, ammunition,
explosives and military stores, etc.-
It's against the law to carry weapons, ammunition, explosives, or military equipment in
unmanned aircraft without written permission from the Central Government or its
authorized representatives.

• Can we open RPTO In Red zone if yes how?

Yes, but first you have to take permission from the central government and a copy of NOC (No
Objection Certificate) is required from AAI.

• What is RPC?

RPC stands for Remote Pilot Certificate, which means a certificate that permit you to fly the
Unmanned Aircraft System.

• When drone rules come into effect ?

Drone rules came into effect in 25 August,2021

• How do DGCA respond to QCI and ways of transaction?

• What is the type of Unmanned Aircraft Systems?

There are 3 types of Unmanned Aircraft System

1. Rotorcraft
2. Aeroplane
3. Hybrid Unmanned Aircraft System

• Classification of drones?

According to drone rules 2021 :-The unmanned aircraft system shall, based on the
maximum all-up weight including payload, be classified as follows:–––

1. Mini drone - Less than or equal to 250 gram

2. Micro drone - more than 250 and less than or equal to 2 kg
3. Small drone - more than 2 kg and less than or equal to 25 kg
 4. Medium drone - classified into 2 class;
A. Class 1- weight more than 25 kg and less than or equal to 50 kg
B. Class 2- weight more than 50 kg and less than or equal to 150 kg
5. Large drone - weight more than 150kg

• Describe various flying zones.

• All zones - green Yellow and red zones. Temporary red zones. International border rules and
maritime border rules.
• TPM and its requirements.
• Difference between Incident and Accident.
• What is a model remote pilot aircraft ?
• What is the classification of UAV?
• What is the requirement for an RPTO to start TTT training?
• How many parts in drone rules 2021?
• Why is this drone rule made for ?
• For what drone rules is applicable ?
• What are the rules under research development and testing ?
• What are the circulars released.by DGCA till date and when are they released?
• What is TPM ?
• What does DTC 01 SPEAKS about ?
• What UIN?
• Drone vs UAV .
• RPASP.
• How many parts in drone rules 2021?
• What are the rules under research development and testing?
1.Penalties,offenses,Type certificate issuance come under which number of drone rules
2.What is the procedures to open an RPTO
3.Draw zones from airport periphery border and from which department we need to get the
permission to open RPTO in Red or yellow zones
2.Under which rule does mandatory airzone check come?
6. What are all the drone rules?
Annex 1 contains Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by the International Civil
Aviation Organization as the minimum standards for personnel licensing.
7. What are all the DTCs?

8. Can you provide definitions and a case study of accidents related to drones?

9. Can you define incidents and provide a case study?

10. What are all the zones and ranges relevant to drones?

11. What are the categories of drones?

12. What are the subcategories of drones?

13. What are the classes of drones?

14. What are all the forms related to drones?

15. Could you explain insurance and penalties associated with drones?
1. Describe different zones
4. About type certificate
5. Where we don't need type certificate
6. Where written that we don't need type certificate for nano and model RPAS
7. What is model RPAS
9. Tell about Classifications of drones
5.shall I carry dangerous goods by using drone and it is come under which number rule
6.If 550kg aircraft flying through any area which rules will applicable to that aircraft
# Rule 42.
1)NPNT
4) Drone frequency
5) Cat 1 and Cat 2
1) International classification
2) cognizable offenses rules
3) personal licensing which annexure in ICAO standards
4) procedure for authorisation of RPTO
classification of drone Indian or USA ?

accident ?
model rpas?
Can we open RPTO in the red zone?
-application of drone rules?

-Can a drone Of another country which is not Registered in India be operated in india?

-RPC eligibility?
Temporary red zone, certification.
-RPC procedure?

-Forms D1,D2,D3,D4,D5
3. What is Model aircraft
-RPTO procedure?

● aircraft act and aircraft rule

● Describe various flying zones.
● All zones - green, yellow, and red zones. Temporary red zones. International
border rules and maritime border rules. zone from international borders, dgca,
and coastlines.
● What are the rules under research development and testing?
● What are the circulars released by DGCA till date and when are they released?
● What are all the drone rules?
● What are the categories of drones?
● What are the subcategories of drones?
● What are the classes of drones?
● Can you provide definitions and a case study of accidents related to drones?
● Can you define incidents and provide a case study?
● What are all the zones and ranges relevant to drones?
● What are all the forms related to drones?
● Forms D1, D2, D3, D4, D5
● Could you explain insurance and penalties associated with drones?
● NPNT (No Permission No Takeoff)
● Drone frequency
● Cat 1 and Cat 2 (Categories of drones)
● Cognizable offenses rules
● Personal licensing which annexure in ICAO standards
● Procedure for authorization of RPTO (Remote Pilot Training Organization)
● Where do we not need a type certificate?
● Where is it written that we don't need a type certificate for nano and model RPAS
(Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems)?
● Difference between RPAS and model RPAS.
● What is a model RPAS?
● What are the classifications of drones?
● About type certificate
● Penalties, offenses, Type certificate issuance come under which number of drone
rules?
● Cognizable & non compoundable offense
● Under which rule does mandatory airzone check come?
● Can I carry dangerous goods using a drone and which rule does it come under?
● If a 550 kg aircraft is flying through any area, which rules will be applicable to that
aircraft?
● What is the procedure to open an RPTO (Remote Pilot Training Organization)?
● Draw zones from the airport periphery border and from which department do we
need to get permission to open RPTO in Red or Yellow zones?
● Can we open RPTO in the red zone?
 ● Application of drone rules?
● Can a drone of another country which is not registered in India be operated in
India?
● RPC (Remote Pilot Certificate) eligibility?
● RPC procedure?
● What is a model aircraft?
● RPTO procedure?
● RPC eligibility?
● do you know about amendments
● dangerous goods & prohibited definitions and do they have relations
● accident & incident definition according to DroneRule2021

Basic principles of flight

• Types of drag.

There are many different types of drag. The most commonly encountered are:

Parasitic Drag, composed of

● Form Drag, which is the result of the aerodynamic resistance to motion due to the shape
of the aircraft,
● Skin Friction Drag, which is due to the smoothness or roughness of the surfaces of the
aircraft, and
● Interference Drag, which may occur where surfaces with different characteristics meet
(e.g. wing and fuselage)
Induced Drag, which is a secondary effect of the production of lift, and
Wave Drag which comes into play when shock waves are developed close to the surface of
the aircraft in transonic and supersonic flight.

What is Stall? Why does it occur? And how to avoid a stall?

Aerodynamics of the Airfoil. How many types of airfoils are there? Then he asked where
are airfoils in rotorcraft?

What is the angle of attack (AOI) and stall?

Difference between Airplane and Aircraft.

What are the primary and secondary control surfaces in aircraft?

Graph of lift vs AOA.

AOA vs AOI.

Types of drag.

What do the flaps and aileron do?

What is the chord line and purpose of the chord line?

Explain Bernoulli equations. Formula for Bernoulli principle.

How many principles are in the aerodynamic section? Describe all the principles.

Tell about the application of Bernoulli's theorem.

Where do we apply Newton's 3rd law?

How lift generates and why air upward and downward air reached meet on trailing edge

Primary forces acting on an airplane.

Centre of pressure chart.

What is Science behind aircraft flying?

What is a shock wave?

Control surfaces definition.

Control surfaces of drones.

Secondary control surfaces and trim controllers.

Coefficient of Lift

Different Air flows on the wing.

Stagnation point.
Can we make the propellers both sides flat? If yes then why and if no then why explain?

Asked about control surfaces in rotorcraft.

Kv rating of motors. Whether a big propeller or small propeller generates more lift.

1. What is Stall? Why does it occur? And how to avoid a stall?

- Stall occurs when the angle of attack of an airfoil exceeds the critical angle, causinga
sudden decrease in lift. It happens due to a separation of airflow over the wing's
surface. To avoid a stall, pilots need to reduce the angle of attack by lowering the nose
of the aircraft, increasing airspeed, or both.

2. Aerodynamics of the Airfoil. How many types of airfoils are there? Then he asked
where are airfoils in rotorcraft?

- An airfoil is a shape designed to produce lift when air flows over it. There are two
main types of airfoils: symmetric and asymmetric (cambered). Airfoils are found in
rotorcraft primarily in the rotor blades.

3. What is the angle of attack (AOI) and stall?

- The angle of attack (AOA) is the angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the
direction of the oncoming airflow. Stall occurs when the angle of attack exceeds the
critical angle, leading to a loss of lift.

4. Difference between Airplane and Aircraft.

- An airplane is a specific type of aircraft that is heavier than air and uses wings for lift.
Aircraft is a broader term that encompasses all vehicles capable of flight, including
helicopters, gliders, and drones.
5. What are the primary and secondary control surfaces in aircraft?

- Primary control surfaces are the ailerons, elevator, and rudder, which control roll,
pitch, and yaw, respectively. Secondary control surfaces include flaps and trim tabs,
which help in adjusting the aircraft's performance and stability.

6. Graph of lift vs AOA. and what is AOI

- The graph of lift vs angle of attack (AOA) typically shows a linear increase in lift until
the critical angle of attack is reached, after which lift decreases abruptly. Angle of
incidence (AOI) refers to the angle between the wing's chord line and the longitudinal
axis of the aircraft.

7. Types of drag.

- Types of drag include parasite drag (caused by the shape of the aircraft), induced
drag (caused by the production of lift), and interference drag (caused by interactions
between components of the aircraft).

8. What do the flaps and aileron do?

 - Flaps are used to increase lift and drag during takeoff and landing, while ailerons
control the roll of the aircraft by deflecting upward or downward on the wings.

9. What is the chord line and purpose of the chord line?

- The chord line is an imaginary line connecting the leading and trailing edges of an
airfoil. It provides a reference for measuring angles of attack and lift coefficients.

10. Explain Bernoulli's equations. Formula for Bernoulli principle.

- Bernoulli's principle states that as the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure
decreases, and vice versa. The formula for Bernoulli's principle is P + 1/2ρv^2 + ρgh =
constant, where P is pressure, ρ is density, v is velocity, g is gravitational acceleration,
and h is height.

11. How many principles are in the aerodynamic section? Describe all the principles.

- There are several principles in aerodynamics, including Bernoulli's principle, Newton's

laws of motion, the conservation of mass, the conservation of momentum, and the
continuity equation(. )

12. Tell about the application of Bernoulli's theorem.

- Bernoulli's theorem has various applications in aerodynamics, such as explaining lift

generation on airfoils, designing aircraft wings and hydrofoils, and understanding fluid
flow in pipes and channels.

13. Where do we apply Newton's 3rd law?

 - Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction. In aerodynamics, this law is applied to explain how aircraft generate lift,
propulsion, and control through interactions with the surrounding air.

14. How lift generates and why air upward and downward air reached meet on the
trailing edge.

- Lift is generated by the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of
an airfoil, caused by the Bernoulli effect. The upward and downward airflow meets at
the trailing edge due to the conservation of mass and the wing's shape.

15. Primary forces acting on an airplane.

- The primary forces acting on an airplane are lift (upward), weight (downward), thrust
(forward), and drag (backward).

16. Centre of pressure chart.

- The center of pressure chart shows the location along the wing where the lift force
can be considered to act.

17. What is the science behind aircraft flying?

- Aircraft fly due to the principles of aerodynamics, which involve generating lift

through the interaction of airfoil shapes, propulsion systems, and control surfaces.

18. What is a shock wave?

- A shock wave is a type of pressure wave that forms when an object moves through a
fluid at a speed greater than the speed of sound in that fluid.
19. Control surfaces definition.

- Control surfaces are movable surfaces on an aircraft that pilots use to control its
movement and orientation in flight.

20. Control surfaces of drones.

- Control surfaces of drones include ailerons, elevators, rudders, and sometimes flaps,
which are used to control the drone's roll, pitch, and yaw.

21. Secondary control surfaces and trim controllers.

- Secondary control surfaces include flaps, spoilers, and trim tabs, which help in
fine-tuning the aircraft's performance and stability. Trim controllers adjust these
surfaces to maintain desired flight attitudes.

22. Coefficient of Lift.

- The coefficient of lift is a dimensionless quantity that represents the lift generated by
an airfoil relative to its size, shape, and angle of attack.

23. Different airflow on the wing.

- Different airflow on the wing includes laminar flow (smooth and streamlined) and
turbulent flow (chaotic and irregular), which affect lift and drag characteristics.

24. Stagnation point.

 - The stagnation point is the point on an airfoil where the airflow velocity is
momentarily reduced to zero, typically at the leading edge.

25. Can we make the propellers both sides flat? If yes then why and if no then why
explain?

- No, propellers cannot be made flat on both sides because they need a curved shape
to efficiently generate thrust by accelerating air.

26. Asked about control surfaces in rotorcraft.

27. Kv rating of motors. Whether a big propeller or small propeller generates more lift.

- The Kv rating of a motor refers to its RPM per volt under no load conditions. Whethera
big or small propeller generates more lift depends on various factors, including the
motor's power, the aircraft's weight, and the desired flight characteristics.

These questions cover various aspects of aerodynamics, aviation principles, control

surfaces, and related topics.

ATC procedures & Radio Telephony (non FRTOL)

• What is AIP?

An Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) is like a guidebook for pilots. It's made by the
government of each country and has important info for flying safely. AIPs have three main
parts: general stuff, info about routes, and details about airports. They're updated regularly
to keep pilots informed about any changes. This update cycle is called Aeronautical
Information Regulation And Control (AIRAC) and happens either every 28 days(single
AIRAC cycle) or 56 days (double AIRAC cycle )

• Explain Notam.read more..

• What is NOTAM?

A NOTAM is a notice containing information essential to personnel concerned with flight operations but

not known far enough in advance to be publicized by other means. It states the abnormal status of a

component of the National Airspace System (NAS) – not the normal status.

● NOTAMs indicate the real-time and abnormal status of the NAS impacting every user.

● NOTAMs concern the establishment, condition, or change of any facility, service, procedure or

hazard in the NAS.

● NOTAMs have a unique language using special contractions to make communication more

efficient.

Q• Full form METAR and explain it.

Answer:
METAR stands for Meteorological Aerodrome Report. It's a format for reporting weather information for
aviation purposes. METAR reports include data such as temperature, wind speed and direction, visibility,
cloud cover, and any significant weather phenomena occurring at an airport or aerodrome. These reports
are crucial for pilots and air traffic controllers to make informed decisions regarding flight operations.

Q• Difference between Airport and Aerodrome

Answer:
The terms "airport" and "aerodrome" are often used interchangeably, but there is a subtle difference
between them:

1. Airport*: An airport is a specific type of aerodrome that has facilities for commercial air transport.
Airports typically have paved runways, terminal buildings, control towers, and other amenities to
accommodate passengers, cargo, and various aircraft operations. They serve as hubs for scheduled
flights, charter services, and general aviation activities.

2. Aerodrome*: An aerodrome is a general term that refers to any location, whether land or water, that is
used for the takeoff, landing, and parking of aircraft. This includes airports as well as smaller airfields,
heliports, seaplane bases, and other aviation facilities. Aerodromes may vary in size and infrastructure,
from large international airports to small grass strips in rural areas.

In summary, while all airports are aerodromes, not all aerodromes are airports. Airports specifically cater
to commercial air transport, whereas aerodromes encompass a broader range of aviation facilities.
Q• Metar vs Speci .
Answer:

METAR and SPECI are both formats used to report weather conditions, but they serve slightly different
purposes:

1. METAR (Meteorological Aerodrome Report)*: METAR reports provide regular, scheduled updates of
weather conditions at a specific location, typically an airport or aerodrome. They are issued every hour
unless significant weather changes occur, in which case a special report (SPECI) may be issued. METAR
reports contain information such as temperature, wind speed and direction, visibility, cloud cover, and any
significant weather phenomena.

2. SPECI (Special Weather Report)*: SPECI reports are unscheduled updates issued when significant
weather changes occur between regular METAR reports. These changes could include sudden drops in
visibility, significant changes in wind speed or direction, or the occurrence of severe weather phenomena
like thunderstorms or tornadoes. SPECI reports provide more timely and specific information to pilots and
air traffic controllers to ensure safe flight operations.

In summary, METAR reports provide regular updates of weather conditions, while SPECI reports are
issued as needed to convey significant changes in weather between regular METAR updates.

Q• How to read metar.

Answer

To read a METAR report, We would typically follow this format:

1. *Identify the Report*: Look for the METAR report for the specific airport, which is indicated by its
four-letter ICAO code. For Delhi airport, the ICAO code is VIDP.

2. *Decode the METAR*: Each METAR report consists of several groups of information, including:
- *Location and Time*: The report begins with the airport identifier (VIDP for Delhi) and the time the
observation was made, usually in UTC.
- *Wind*: This includes the wind direction, speed, and sometimes gusts or variations.
- *Visibility*: The prevailing visibility in meters or statute miles.
- *Weather Phenomena*: Any significant weather phenomena such as rain, snow, fog, etc., are encoded
using specific abbreviations.
- *Sky Condition*: The amount and type of cloud cover are described using terms like "few," "scattered,"
"broken," or "overcast."
- *Temperature and Dew Point*: The air temperature and dew point are given in degrees Celsius.
- *Altimeter Setting*: The atmospheric pressure at sea level, adjusted to the airport's elevation, is
provided in inches of mercury or hectopascals (hPa).

3. *Interpret the Information*: Use the decoded METAR information to understand the current weather
conditions at Delhi airport. For example, you would see the wind direction and speed, visibility, sky
condition, temperature, and any significant weather phenomena.

Here's a hypothetical example of a METAR report for Delhi airport (VIDP):

METAR VIDP 220600Z 06010KT 4000 HZ FEW020 SCT100 25/18 Q1012 NOSIG

- This report indicates that it was issued for Delhi airport (VIDP) on the 22nd day of the month at 0600
UTC.
- The wind is coming from 060 degrees at 10 knots.
- Visibility is 4000 meters.
- There's hazy weather (HZ) present.
- There are a few clouds at 2000 feet and scattered clouds at 10,000 feet.
- The temperature is 25°C, and the dew point is 18°C.
- The altimeter setting is 1012 hectopascals.
- The report concludes with "NOSIG," indicating no significant change is expected in the near future.

This information would help pilots, air traffic controllers, and meteorologists understand the current
weather conditions at Delhi airport for flight planning and operations.

Fixed-wing Operations and Aerodynamics

Rotorcraft Operations and Aerodynamics

• Advantages and disadvantages of Rotorcraft

• What type of motor is used in drones?
• What is a BLDC motor ?
• BLDC drawbacks
• Relationship between GNSS & GPS
• What is Battery capacity, Power rating .
• Pitch forward : which motors run?
• What is thermal runaway?
• What is a BLDC motor?
• What is the working principle behind it?
• What are the needs and usage of ADS B?
• What is the use of ESC in a drone?
• What is the use of a Power Module in a drone?
• What are the specifications to look for when purchasing a drone battery?
• What are the sensors in drones ?
• Is the size of the propeller big for a speedy drone?
• What is the discharge rate in a battery?
• How forces act on a multirotor ?
• What is C Rating ?
• What is the axis in the multirotor ?
• Components of Drone.
• What is the axis in the multirotor?
• Is the size of the propeller big for speedy drones?
What is flight controller
Different components of drones
why use frequency 2.4 and 5.8
brushless dc motors vs brushed
Working Principle of DC motor
which type of motor Used in drone and which motor operates clockwise and anticlockwise ,and
rpm of the motor in Drone
Type of sensors used in Drone
How to connect batteries in Drone

1. Advantages and disadvantages of Rotorcraft

- Advantages: Vertical takeoff and landing, hover capability, maneuverability in confined
spaces.
- Disadvantages: Lower speed compared to fixed-wing aircraft, higher operating costs.

2. What type of motor is used in drones?

- Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are commonly used in drones.

3. What is a BLDC motor?

- BLDC stands for Brushless DC motor, which operates using electronic commutation instead
of brushes.

4. BLDC drawbacks
- Higher initial cost, complexity, and the need for electronic speed controllers (ESCs).

5. Relationship between GNSS & GPS

- GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is a generic term that includes GPS (Global
Positioning System) along with other satellite systems like GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou.

6. What is Battery capacity, Power rating?

 - Battery capacity refers to the amount of charge a battery can store, usually measured in
ampere-hours (Ah). Power rating refers to the maximum power output of a battery, often
measured in watts (W).

7. *Pitch forward: which motors run?*

- In a quadcopter, the motors diagonally opposite each other on the forward direction axis run
faster to pitch the drone forward.

8. What is thermal runaway?

- Thermal runaway is a phenomenon where a battery's temperature increases rapidly, leading
to uncontrollable heat generation and potentially causing the battery to catch fire or explode.

9. What is the working principle behind BLDC motor?

- BLDC motors operate using electronic commutation to control the stator windings and create
rotation. They do not rely on physical brushes for commutation.

10. What are the needs and usage of ADS-B?

- ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) is used in aviation for aircraft
surveillance and provides real-time aircraft positioning information to other aircraft and ground
stations.

11. What is the use of ESC in a drone?

- ESC (Electronic Speed Controller) controls the speed of the brushless motors in a drone by
regulating the power supply to them.

12. What is the use of a Power Module in a drone?

- A Power Module measures the voltage and current of the drone's battery and provides this
information to the flight controller for monitoring and telemetry purposes.

13. *What are the specifications to look for when purchasing a drone battery?*
- Capacity (mAh or Ah), voltage (V), discharge rate (C rating), and connector type are
important specifications to consider when purchasing a drone battery.

14. What are the sensors in drones?

- Common sensors in drones include gyroscopes, accelerometers, magnetometers, GPS
receivers, barometers, and sometimes cameras and lidar sensors.

15. Is the size of the propeller big for a speedy drone?

- Generally, smaller propellers are used for speedier drones due to lower aerodynamic drag.

16. What is the discharge rate in a battery?

- The discharge rate of a battery indicates how quickly it can release its stored energy,
typically measured in "C" rating.
17. How forces act on a multirotor?
- Multirotors are affected by forces such as thrust (upward force generated by the motors),
weight (downward force due to gravity), lift (created by the propellers' rotation), and drag
(opposing force due to air resistance).

18. What is C Rating?

- C Rating is a measure of the discharge rate capability of a battery. It indicates how quickly a
battery can be discharged safely without damage.

19. What is the axis in the multirotor?

- The three main axes in a multirotor are roll (side-to-side movement), pitch (forward and
backward movement), and yaw (rotation around the vertical axis).

20. Components of Drone

- Common components of a drone include frame, motors, propellers, electronic speed
controllers (ESCs), flight controller, battery, and various sensors.

21. Why use frequency 2.4 and 5.8?

- Frequencies like 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz are used for drone control and video transmission
due to their good balance between range, signal penetration, and bandwidth availability.

22. Brushless DC motors vs. brushed

- Brushless DC motors are more efficient, have longer lifespan, and require less maintenance
compared to brushed motors, but they are also more expensive and require electronic speed
controllers (ESCs).

23. Working Principle of DC motor

- DC motors operate based on the interaction between magnetic fields, where current passing
through the motor's windings creates a magnetic field that interacts with permanent magnets to
produce rotational motion.

24. Which type of motor Used in drone and which motor operates clockwise and anticlockwise,
and rpm of the motor in Drone
- Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are commonly used in drones. Typically, two motors rotate
clockwise and the other two rotate counterclockwise to provide stability. The RPM (revolutions
per minute) of the motor depends on various factors including the size of the propeller, voltage
supplied, and motor specifications.

25. Type of sensors used in Drone

Sensors commonly used in drones include gyroscopes, accelerometers, magnetometers,
GPS receivers, barometers, and sometimes cameras and lidar sensors.

26. How to connect batteries in Drone

 Batteries in a drone are usually connected to a power distribution board (PDB) or a flight
controller, which then distributes power to other components such as motors and electronics.
The connection is typically made using battery connectors or soldering.

Hybrid Operations and Aerodynamics

• What is a hybrid drone ?
• What does fixed wing and multi rotor do in a hybrid ?
• What are the disadvantages in hybrid drones ?
• What does fixed wing and multi rotor do in a hybrid?
• What are the disadvantages in hybrid drones and What are the flaps and aileron do?
re are the questions along with their corresponding answers:

1. What is a hybrid drone?

A hybrid drone is a type of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that combines features of both
fixed-wing and multirotor aircraft. It typically has the ability to take off and land vertically like a
multirotor, but can also transition to horizontal flight like a fixed-wing aircraft.

2. What does fixed-wing and multirotor do in a hybrid?

In a hybrid drone, the fixed-wing configuration provides efficient forward flight, allowing for
longer endurance and higher speeds. The multirotor configuration enables vertical takeoff and
landing (VTOL) capability, providing flexibility in various operating environments.

3. What are the disadvantages in hybrid drones?

● Some disadvantages of hybrid drones include increased complexity and cost due to the
combination of different systems, as well as the need for transition mechanisms between
vertical and horizontal flight modes. Additionally, hybrid drones may require more
maintenance compared to single-configured UAVs.
● Can not operate in quad mode for long time.

4. What are the flaps and aileron do?

- Flaps and ailerons are control surfaces on the wings of an aircraft. Flaps are used to
increase lift and drag during takeoff and landing, while ailerons are used to control roll by
deflecting upward or downward to tilt the aircraft left or right during flight.

Weather and Meteorology

• Explain lapse rate.

• Standard atmospheric pressure.

• ISA,QNH,QFE, QNE
• Difference between Height, Altitude and Elevation.
• ISA.
1. Explain lapse rate.
- Lapse rate refers to the rate at which temperature changes with altitude in the atmosphere.
The standard lapse rate is approximately 6.5°C per kilometer of altitude gained (1°C per 100
meters or 1.98°C per 1000feet). However, lapse rates can vary depending on atmospheric
conditions.

2. Standard atmospheric pressure.

- Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined as 1013.25 hectopascals (hPa) or

29.92 inches of mercury (inHg). This value is used as a reference for atmospheric pressure
measurements and varies with altitude.

3. ISA, QNH, QFE, QNE.

- ISA (International Standard Atmosphere) is a model used to define standard atmospheric

conditions for temperature, pressure, density, and other parameters at various altitudes.
- QNH is the pressure setting on an altimeter that adjusts it to indicate altitude above mean
sea level by compensating for variations in atmospheric pressure.
- QFE is the pressure setting on an altimeter that sets it to indicate altitude above a specific
reference point, such as an airfield's runway threshold.
- QNE is the pressure setting on an altimeter that sets it to indicate altitude based on the
standard atmospheric pressure at sea level (1013.25 hPa or 29.92 inHg).

4. Difference between Height, Altitude, and Elevation.*

- Height: Height refers to the vertical distance above a specific reference point, such as
ground level or sea level.
- Altitude: Altitude typically refers to the vertical distance above sea level. It is often used
interchangeably with elevation.
- Elevation: Elevation refers to the height of a point or location above sea level.

5. ISA.
ISA (International Standard Atmosphere) is a model used to define standard atmospheric
conditions for temperature, pressure, density, and other parameters at various altitudes. It
provides a reference standard for aviation and meteorological purposes.

Drone Equipment Maintenance

• Definition of maintenance. Type of Maintenance. Maintenance classification
• What is the use of the Maintenance manual?
• What are different types of maintenance ?
• When the battery is completely discharged then what will you do ?
• Drone maintenance procedure .
• Aircraft maintenance procedure.
-When to do maintenance of a drone?
2. Regarding maintenance, tell what they taught, i said both according to drone manual and 50
hrs of flight or 200 flights
Teach me Maintenance Topic

Risk Assessment & Analysis - Safety Management / TEM

• Emergency plan during fire.
• What would you do if a fire happened in your place?
• What is the safety in case Drone instructor faints during practical training?
What are emergency procedures for drones?
It's called hijacking.
Hackers will detect the frequency of our RC and take control of our UAV. It's not an easy task.
(Background Specific)
Failsafe Mechanism

1. Emergency plan during fire.

- An emergency plan during a fire typically includes procedures for evacuation, notifying emergency
services, and using fire extinguishers if safe to do so. It's important to have designated evacuation routes,
assembly points, and to stay low to the ground if smoke is present.

2. What would you do if a fire happened in your place?

- If a fire occurs, I would first ensure my safety and that of others by evacuating immediately. I would
then alert the fire department by calling emergency services and follow the established evacuation
procedures.

3. What is the safety in case a Drone instructor faints during practical training?
- In the event that a drone instructor faints during practical training, it's important for other instructors or
personnel present to quickly assess the situation and provide medical assistance if necessary. They
should also ensure the safety of the trainees and take control of the situation until further help arrives.

4.What are emergency procedures for drones?

- Emergency procedures for drones typically involve activating the failsafe mechanisms, which may
include returning to home (RTL) or landing at a predefined location, depending on the situation. Pilots
should also be prepared to manually take control of the drone if necessary and land it safely.

5. Hijacking: Hackers will detect the frequency of our RC and take control of our UAV. It's not an easy
task. (Background Specific)
- Protecting against hijacking involves implementing security measures such as encryption protocols,
frequency hopping, and authentication mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access to the drone's control
systems.

6. Failsafe Mechanism
- Failsafe mechanisms in drones are safety features designed to automatically activate in the event of a
system failure or loss of control signal. These mechanisms may include returning the drone to a
predefined home location, initiating a controlled descent, or landing safely in place. They help prevent
accidents and minimize potential damage in emergency situations.
 Payload, Installation and Utilization

Intro to Drone Data & Analysis

Operations

• What is a Userṣ manual?

• What is SORA?
• Are you eligible to fly agricultural drones?
• What is the documentation process when a new person is asked to fly the drone ?
• What would you do if a drone fell on a crowd of people ?
• If you open a RPTO then you will focus more on which type of people ?
• Can you open an RPTO in red zone? If yes then how?
• Steps to check before any drone flight
• Documents required to open an RPTO?
• Difference between Loiter, Altitude Hold and Stabilize flight mode.
• How to charge, discharge or storage mode in a drone battery?
• What is HDOP?
• Check list
• Detail in filling a logbook?
• Who will sign and seal your flight log book (individual)?
• Access your digital sky portal and let me know how it works ( from their computer )
• Show.me airspace map ( on digital sky )
• Show me the interactive map ( on digital sky )
• Show me how to report an accident or incident ( on digital sky )
• For establishing RPTO which document to refer?
• Who will sign and seal your flight log book (individual) ?
2. Can we fly drones in the red zone ? If yes then tell how
3. To fly drone in yellow zone which permission required
11)pre flight check se pahle kya dekhte hai.
• explain the Logbook and how would you calculate IST/UTC time ?
3.You are in the red zone. How do you contact ATC?
-Can a drone be operated in the red zone?
-What do you mean by central govt permission like Whom do you seek permission for?
night flying
-night flying ex. Name
-orientation and disorientation
UTC & IST
-how did you measure altitude from building, mountains,
4. What is disorientation
5. What we do in night flying and which exercise
6. Who published DTC
7. What type of battery we use and why two batteries are required.
10 . What we do before drone every flight except pre-flight checks

Applications & Specifications

• What capacity tanks are used for agricultural drones?

• Can we use Chinese drones?
• How will you communicate with ATC in case of an emergency?
• Tell me about the last flight log in your log book ( when , where , time ) .
• . Why do you want to be an instructor?
• What can be dropped from a drone?
• Most imp, why do you want to be an instructor?
• Who has direct Access on digital sky portal?
• How to check airspace maps ( on digital sky )
• How to report accident of incident ( on digital sky )
• Draw in a paper mapping of agri drones.
15. What is accident
16. If accident occurs then what you will do and where it's mentioned
I spoke about my R&D while introducing myself. That's why they drilled me with questions about
Anti Drone systems. (Background specific)
Mission Planning
The question was like ,tell us the name of the drone and it's UIN number along with it's motor
specifications

1. What capacity tanks are typically used for agricultural drones?

- Agricultural drones usually utilize tanks with capacities mostily ten or sixteen of liters,
depending on the specific application and payload requirements.

2. Can Chinese drones be used for agricultural purposes?

- Yes, But it should be registered.

3. How would you communicate with Air Traffic Control (ATC) in case of an emergency?
- In the event of an emergency, communication with Air Traffic Control (ATC) would typically be
through Call or established emergency frequencies or channels designated by the relevant
aviation authorities.

4. Tell me about the last flight log in your log book ( when , where , time ) .
5. Why do you want to be an instructor?

6. What types of payloads can be dropped from a drone?

- Drones can drop various payloads, including agricultural products like seeds, fertilizers,
pesticides, or even medical supplies and emergency equipment in other contexts.

7. Who typically has direct access to the Digital Sky portal?

As per drone rule 2021 rule number 25. Access to digital sky platform.—The nodal officers of
State Governments, Union Territory Administrations and law enforcement agencies shall be
provided direct access to the digital sky platform.

8. How can airspace maps be checked on the Digital Sky portal?

- Search on internet :- digital sky - scroll down you will get Airspace map

9. How can accidents or incidents be reported on the Digital Sky portal?

- Login your pilot profile at top right click on (+) you will get option for accident report

10. Can you draw a mapping of agricultural drones on paper?

11. What is an accident?

- According to drone rules 2021 , Accident” means any accident associated with the operation
of an unmanned aircraft system in which a person is fatally or seriously injured or where the
unmanned aircraft system sustains significant damage or goes missing or is completely
inaccessible.

12. What actions would you take if an accident occurs involving a drone?
- If an accident occurs, the appropriate actions would depend on the severity and circumstances
of the incident.
-Rule number 30 of drone rules 2021, Mandatory reporting of an accident.–– No later than
forty-eight hours after an accident involving an unmanned aircraft system takes place, the
remote pilot of such unmanned aircraft system shall report the accident to the Director General
through the digital sky platform

13 Tell us the name of the drone and it's UIN number along with it's motor specifications which
you used in training.