BMS111 NOTES

BY

JAMES OLAWALE

A.K.A

WALEX

[GCR, BMS’ 200]

WHATSAPP; 07036912313
SECTION 1

 Algebraic Process
 Simple Equations
 Factorization
 Quadratic Equation
 Undefined Expression
 Indices
 Number Bases

SECTION 2

 Functions
 Limit of Function
 Differentiation
 Application of Differentiation
 Integration
 Application of Integration

Compiled by : James Olawale a.k.a Walex

 ALGEBRAIC PROCESS , X=
The algebraic process refers to various
FACTORIZATION
methods of solving a pair of linear
equations , quadratic equation e.t.c Factorising is the reverse process of
expanding brackets. To factorise an
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
algebraic expression means to put it into
Equations are expressions in which one side brackets by taking out the common factors.
of the expression is equal to the other
Example 1: Factorize 3x + 6
e.g x = 2, y = 8
Solution
Lets look at some examples;
3x + 6
Example 1: If 2x = 8. Find x
3 is the factor
Solution
3(x + 2)
2x = 8
Example 2: Factorize ax + ay
Divide both side by 2
Solution

ax + ay

= a(x + y)
X=8
Example 3: Factorize 3xg + 3hg – hy – xy
Example 2: Solve 9x + 4 = 5x -3
Solution
Solution
3xg + 3hg – hy –xy
9x + 4 = 5x – 3
(3xg + 3hg) - (hy + xy)
Collect like terms
3g(x + h) - y(h + x)
9x – 5x = -3 – 4
(3g - y) (x + h)
4x = -7

Divide both sides by 4

Example 4: Factorize 25y2 – 4 Sum (the middle number) = 5x

Solution NB: Look for two numbers to multiply to

give 6x2 and gives 5x when added
25y2 – 4
Factors; 3x and 2x
(5y + 2) (5y -2) …… Completing the
square… Write down the equation and replace 5x
with sum of the factors since sum of 3x and
Example 5: Factorize 49x2 – 25
2x equals 5x
Solution
Hence: x2 + 3x + 2x + 6
49x2 – 25
(x2 + 3x) + (2x + 6)
(7x - 5) (7x + 5)
Factorize
QUADRATIC EQUATION
x(x + 3) + 2(x + 3)
A quadratic equation is an equation that
(x + 2) (x + 3)
could be written as
x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0
x = -2 or x = -3
Methods of solving quadratic equation
x = -2 or -3
i. Factorization
ii. Formula method Example 2: Solve 2x2 – 4x – 30 = 0
iii. Completing the square method.
Solution
2
Example 1: Solve x + 5x + 6 = 0
2x2 – 4x – 30 = 0
Solution
Using the quadratic formula
2
x + 5x + 6
√
x=
Product = 1st and last
2 2 From: ax2 + bx + c = 0
x X 6 = 6x
Comparing with So, the expression is undefined when;

2x2 – 4x – 30 = 0 3x – 3 = 0

a = 2, b = -4, c = -30 Collect like terms

√ 3x = 3
x=
Divide both sides by 3
√
x=
=
√
x= X=1
√ INDICES
x=
Any mathematical expression like xn is
x= called indices. Where ‘n’ is the index and x
is refered to as the base.
x1 = x2 =
Laws of Indices
x1 = 5 , x2 = -3
1. an X am = an + m
UNDEFINED EXPRESSION
E.g 25 X 23 = 25+3 = 28
A rational expression is undefined when the
denominator equal to zero (0) 2. an am = an - m

3. a0 = 1
Example;
4. (an)m = an X m = anm
When is the expression above undefined.
5. = √ )n
Solution

NB: An expression is said to be undefined 6. a-m =

when the denominator equal to zero (0)
Example 1: Simplify 27 = 85 – x
Therefore,
Solution = 4p

27 = 8 5 – x Example 4 If . Find the

7
= 23(5 – x) value of k

7 = 3(5 – x) Solution

7 = 15 – 3x .
3x = 15 – 7 .
3x = 8

X = 8/3 -3 = 2 + k
Example 2: Simplify 3ab3 X 5a2b4 k = -3 – 2, k = -5
Solution
Example 5: Evaluate
3 2 4
3ab X 5a b

=3 X 5 X a1 X a2 X b3 X b4 Solution

= 15 X a1 + 2 X b3 + 4

= 15a3b7

Example 3: Simplify 8p7 2p6 =

Solution
=
7 6
√
8p 2p
=3/2
=
NUMBER BASE

= X  Conversion from base 10 to other

bases
= 4p7 – 6
Example 1: Convert 36ten to base 2 Conversion from other bases to base
10
Solution
Solution
36ten Base 2
2 36 Step 1: First find the place values

2 18 R 0 1 1 2

2 9R0

2 4R1 2 1 0 (last digit always start

with zero, the next is 1, and 2 and so on.)
2 2R0

2 1R0 1001002
12 11 20
0R1
Step 2: Multiply each place value by it base
and sum up the products.

Therefore 36ten = 1001002 12 11 2 0 = 1 X 3 2 + 1 X 3 1 + 2 X 30

=1X9+1X3+2

Example 2: 25ten to base 3 = 9 + 3 + 2 = 14ten

Solution Conversion from one base to another

3 25 Example; Convert 45five to base 3

3 8R1 Solution

3 2R2 221three 45five base 3

0R2 Note: First convert to base 10, then convert

from base 10 to base 3

41 50five
Therefore, 25ten = 221three
41 505 = 4 X 51 + 5 X 50 Solution
=2510 11 30x = 1210

Now convert 2510 to base 3 1 X x1 + 3 X x0 = 12

3 25 x + 3 = 12

3 8R1 x = 12 – 3

3 2R2 221three x=9

0R2
SECTION 2
Therefore 45five = 25ten = 221three
FUNCTIONS
Other Examples:
What is a function?
1. Find the base n, in this equation
Here is a definition of function
24n + 25n = 52n
A function is a rule which maps a
Solution number to another unique number. In other
21 40n + 21 50n = 51 20n words, if we start off with an input, and we
apply the function, we get an output. For
2 X n 1 + 4 X n0 + 2 X n1 + 5 X n 0 = 5 X n1 example, we might have a function that
+ 2 X n0 added 3 to any number. So if we apply this
2n + 4 + 2n + 5 = 5n + 2 function to the number 8, we get number
11.
4n + 9 = 5n + 2
If we apply this function to the number x,
5n – 4n = 9 – 2 we get the number x + 3. We can show this
mathematically by writing f(x) = x + 3.
n=7
The number x that we used for the input of
2. Given that 13x = 1210 . Find the value
the function is called the argument of the
of x
function. So if we choose an argument of
2. We get
f(2) = 2 + 3 = 5 Then f(4) = 2(4)2 + 4 + 1

If we choose an argument of 6, we get = 32 + 4 +1

f(8) = 8 + 3 = 11 = 37

If we choose an argument of x2 we get ii. If f(x) = 2x2 + x + 1

f(x2) = x2 + 3 then f(-2) = 2(-2) 2+(-2) +1

Other Examples f(-2) = 8 – 2 + 1

Example 1: If f(x) = 2x2 + 1 Find i. f(1) ii. =7

f(2)
iii. If f(x) = 2x2 + x + 1
Solution
then f(0) = 2(0)2 + (0) + 1
i. If f(x) = 2x2 + 1
=0+0+1
2
then f(1) = 2(1) + 1
=1
f(1) = 2 + 1
Example 3:
f(1) = 3
If f(x) = 3x2 + 3 and g(x) = 2x + 1 Find i.
ii. if f(x) = 2x2 + 1 f(x) + g(x) ii. f(x) - g(x)

then f(2) = 2(2)2 + 1 Solution

f(2) = 8 + 1 i. f(x) = 3x2 + 3

f(2) = 9 g(x) = 2x + 1

Example 2: If f(x) = 2x2 + x + 1. Find i. f(x)+ g(x)= (3x2 + 3)+(2x + 1)

f(4) ii. f(-2) iii. f(0)
f(x)+ g(x)= 3x2 +2x + 4
Solution
ii. f(x) - g(x)= (3x2 + 3) - (2x + 1)
If f(x) = 2x2 + x + 1
f(x) - g(x)= 3x2 + 3 - 2x – 1
f(x) - g(x)= 3x2 - 2x + 2 Other Examples

Example 4: Given that g(x) = x + 3 Find Example; Given that F(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x)
(g(x))2 = 3x – 2 Find i. (F + g)x ii. (F - g)x iii.
(Fg)x when x = 2
Solution
Solution
g(x) = x + 3
i. F(x) = 2x + 3, g(x)=3x – 2
(g(x))2 = (x + 3)2
(F + g)x = Fx + gx
(g(x))2 = (x + 3) (x + 3)
=(2x+3)+ (3x-2)
(g(x))2 = x(x + 3) + 3(x + 3)
=2x + 3 + 3x – 2
(g(x)))2 = x2 + 3x + 3x + 9
= 5x + 1
(g(x))2 = x2 + 6x + 9
When x = 2
LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS
=5(2)+1 = 11
The limit of a function at a point a in its
domain (if it exists) is the value that the ii. F(x) = 2x + 3, g(x)=3x – 2
function approaches as it argument
(F – g)x = Fx – gx
approaches a.
(F – g)x= (2x+3) – (3x – 2)
Example: If f(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1. Find the
limit as x tend to approach 3 =2x + 3 – 3x + 2
Solution = -x + 5
f(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1 When x = 2
+1 = -2 + 5
= 27 + 6 + 1 =3
= 34 iii. (Fg)x = Fx gx
F(x)=2x + 3, g(x)=3x – 2 2. Differentiating a constant gives zero
(0)
(Fg)x = (2x + 3)(3x – 2)
E.g If y = 3, then dy/dx = 0
=2x(3x – 2) + 3(3x – 2)
2 Example1: If y = - 2x3. Find dy/dx
=6x – 4x + 9x – 6
Solution
= 6x2 + 5x – 6
dy/dx = nxn-1
When x= 2
From the above formula, n=3
=6(2)2+5(2) – 6
Therefore y = -2x3
=24+10 – 6
dy/dx = 3(-2)x3-1
= 28
dy/dx = -6x2
DIFFERENTIATION

Symbols Example 2: Differentiate y =

or f ` (First Order differential) Solution

Using the formula nxn-1, when n=4

or f `` (Second Order differential)
dy/dx = 4 X
Rules
dy/dx =
1. If y = xn and n is a real number then

dy/dx or f ` = nxn-1 Example 3: Find the derivative of y = 2x3 +

3x2 + x + 4

Solution
𝑑𝑦
𝑛𝑥 𝑛 y = 2x3 + 3x2 + x + 4
𝑑𝑥
Formula for dy/dx = (3 X 2)x3-1 + (2 X 3)x2-1 + (1X1)x1-
1
differentiation +0
dy/dx = 6x2 + 6x + 1 with the formula being

FUNCTION OF A FUNCTION (CHAIN

RULE)

If y is given as a function of u and u itself is Therefore dy/dx = 4 X 2u

also given as a function of x, how do we
dy/dx = 8u
determine the derivative of y with respect
to x? in other words, given that y=f(u) and where u = 4x – 5
u=f(x)
dy/dx = 8(4x-5)
Then
Example 2: Differentiate y = √
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 with respect to x
𝑋
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 Solution
This is called the chain rule for
y=√ =
differentiation or the derivative of a
composite function. let u =

Example 1: Differentiate y=(4x-5)2 with du/dx =

respect to x
recall that y =
Solution
and u =
y=(4x-5)2

let u = 4x – 5 hence y =

then du/dx = 4 dy/du =

√

recall that y=(4x-5)2 therefore

so, y = u2

dy/du = 2u
= X dy/dx=
√

= recall: u =
√

Recall: hence dy/dx = or

√
u=
PRODUCT RULE
hence dy/dx =
√ If y = u X v then

Example 3: Differentiate y = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 𝑢
with respect to x 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution Formula

y= Example 1: Find the derivative of

let u = (3x + 4)(2x-5)

du/dx = Solution

(3x + 4)(2x-5)
recall: y =
Let u = 3x+4 and v = 2x – 5
and u =
du/dx = 3 and dv/dx = 2
hence y =
recall:
dy/du =
dy/dx = (2x-5)3 + (3x + 4)2
therefore
dy/dx = 6x – 15 + 6x + 8

dy/dx = 12x – 7

dy/dx= Example 2: Find the derivative of y = (3 +

2x)(1 – x2)
Solution Example 1: Differentiate y =
y = (3 + 2x)(1 – x2)
Solution
let u = 3 + 2x and v = 1 – x2
If u = 3x+1 and v=2x – 2
du/dx = 2 and dv/dx = -2x
du/dx = 3 and dv/dx = 2
recall:
Recall: =
2
dy/dx =(1 – x ) 2 + (3 + 2x) (-2x)
( – )
dy/dx = 2 – 2x – 6x – 4x 2 2 =
( – )

dy/dx = -6x2 – 6x + 2
=
( – )
Example 3: Differentiate y = √ (1+x)2
=
Solution ( – )

Let u = √ and v =(1+x)2 Example 2: Differentiate y =

du/dx = and dv/dx = 2(1+x) Solution
√

recall: y=

dy/dx = (1+x)2 +√ X 2(1+x) if u= and v=2x+

√
du/dx = 6x and dv/dx = 2
dy/dx = + √ (1+x)
√

QUOTIENT RULE recall: =

Formula
𝑢 =
If y =
𝑣
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑢
Then = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
 = differentiate

2x + 2y =3
=
2y = 3 – 2x
FURTHER DIFFERENTTIATION

Second Order Differentiation

Symbol
NB; in implicit differentiation any time
f ` ` or the variable y is differentiated , dy/dx
must be attached to it. That is why in the
NB; This simply means to differentiate example above when differentiating y2
twice. instead of obtaining 2y, what was written
was 2y .
Example
Find f ` ` if y = 3x4 + 2x3 – 4x2 + 8 Example 2: Differentiate x3 + y3 = 3xy

f ` or dy/dx = 12x3 + 6x2 – 8x Solution

f ` ` or d2y/dx2 = 36x2 + 12x – 8 x3 + y3 = 3xy

NB; I differentiated twice differentiate

3x2 + 3y2 = 3y + 3x

IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS Collect like terms

NB; In differentiating implicit functions, y
3y2 3x =3y – 3x2
is treated as it is a function of x and the
rules of differentiation are applied in the
(3y2 – 3x) = 3y – 3x2
appropriate manner.
Example 1: If x2 + y2 = 3x Find dy/dx –
Solution –

x2 + y2 = 3x
If we proceed further , then DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCIONS
–
– Points

NB; while differentiating 3xy, the product

If y = Then dy/dx =
rule was used
Sinx Cosx
Example 3: Differentiate (x + y)2 = 5
Cosx - Sinx
Solution
Tanx Sec2x
(x + y) (x + y) = 5
Secx SecxTanx
x2 + 2xy + y2 = 5
Cosecx -CotxCosecx
Differentiate
Cotx -Cosec2x
2x + 2y + 2x + 2y =0
ex ex
Collect like terms
Lnx
2x + 2y = -2x – 2y
Formula
(2x + 2y) = -2x – 2y
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑋
– 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Example 1: Find the derivative of Cos2x

Solution

Cos2x

Let y = Cos2x and u = 2x

Hence y=Cosu and u = 2x

dy/du = -Sinx and du/dx = 2

recall: Recall: u = x2 + 3

dy/x = 2xCos(x2 + 3)
dy/dx = -2Sin2x
DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC
Example 2; Find the derivative of tan5x
FUNCTIONS
Solution
Suppose we have the function y = Lnf(x) =
Let y = tan5x and u = 5x Logef(x) denotes the natural logarithm
which is to base e. Then
Hence y= tanu and u = 5x

dy/du = Sec2u , du/dx = 5

𝑑𝑦 𝑓`
Formula
𝑑𝑥 𝑓
Recall:

dy/dx = Sec2u X 5
This equation indicates that the derivative
2
dy/dx = 5Sec u of the natural logarithm of a function f(x) is
the fraction of the first derivative as the
Recall: u = 5x
numerator and the function as the
dy/dx = 5Sec25x denominator.

Example 3; Find the derivative of Sin(x2 + Example 1; Find the derivative of

3) y=Ln
Solution Solution

Let y = Sin(x2 + 3) and u = x2 + 3 y=Ln

Y = Sinu and u = x2 + 3 Let f(x)=

dy/du = Cosu, du/dx = 2x
Hence using quotient rule
Recall:
f `(x) =
dy/dx = Cosu X 2x
Now using the relation
dy/dx = 2xCosu
 ` DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS

Formula

= f `(x)ef(x)

Example; Find the derivative of e3x

Solution

y = e3x

Let f(x)=3x

f `(x) = 3
Example 2; Find the derivative of y =
Loge(4x – 1)2 From the relation = f `(x)ef(x)

Solution dy/dx = 3 X e3x

y = Loge(4x – 1)2 dy/dx = 3e3x
let f(x) = (4x – 1)2 APPLICATIONS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
Differentiate f(x) using chain rule.
Tangents and Normals to Curves
f `(x) = 8(4x – 1)
Example 1: Find the equations of the
Using the relation
tangent and the normal to the curve y = x2 +
` 4x – 3 at the point (1,2)

Solution
–
y = x2 + 4x – 3
–
dy/dx = 2x + 4
–
Let x = 1 2 = ( )(1) + c
dy/dx = 2(1) + 4
c=
dy/dx = 6
hence Equation of Normal
To find the tangent (1, 2)
y= +
y = mx + c

Where m = gradient (dy/dx) multiply through by 6

Point from the point given (1,2) x= 1 and y 6y = -x + 13

=2 Example 2; At what point is the gradient of
Hence substitute x,y and m into the the curve y = x2 – 6x + 3 equal to zero?
equation Solution
y = mx + c y = x2 – 6x + 3
2 = 6(1) + c dy/dx = 2x - 6
2=6+c at dy/dx = 0
c=2–6 2x – 6 = 0
c = -4 2x = 6
Therefore, the equation of tangent x=3
y = 6x – 4 INCREASING AND DECREASING
Equation of Normal at (1,2) FUNCTIONS

x = 1, and y = 2 A function is said to be increasing when

dy/dx > 0 or +ve and decreasing when
Normal m1 = dy/dx < 0 or –ve

Example; Find the range of values of x for

m1 =
which the function 2x3 + 3x2 – 12x + 5 is
y = mx + c increasing or decreasing.
Solution Divide through by 6

y = 2x3 + 3x2 – 12x + 5 2x2 + 5x – 3 = 0

dy/dx = 6x2 + 6x – 12 factorizing the Left hand side expression

at dy/dx = 0 (2x - 1)(x + 3) = 0

6x2 + 6x – 12 = 0 If 2x – 1= 0

Divide through by 6 2x = 1

x2 + x – 2 = 0 x=½

factorizing the Left hand side expression If x + 3 = 0

(x + 2)(x – 1) = 0 x = -3

If x + 2 = 0 hence x = ½ or -3

Then x = -2 (decreasing) MAXIMUM , MINIMUM POINTS AND

POINTS OF INFLEXION
x–1=0
There are three stationary point (i.e the
x = 1 (Increasing)
point where dy/dx = 0). These include
STATIONARY POINTS miximum point, minimum point and lastly
point of inflexion
This is a point at which dy/dx = 0
A maximum point is when d2y/dx2 < 0
Example; Find the stationary point of the
function 4x3 + 15x2 – 18x + 7 A minimum point is when d2y/dx2 > 0

Solution Point of inflection is when d2y/dx2 =0

y = 4x3 + 15x2 – 18x + 7 Example; Find the maximum or minimum

point of the equation
dy/dx = 12x2 + 30x – 18
2
y = 3x4 – 8x3 + 6x2 + 5
12x + 30x – 18 = 0
Solution substitute x = 0

y = 3x4 – 8x3 + 6x2 + 5 y=5

dy/dx = 12x3 – 24x2 + 12x hence the minimum point of the curve is at
the point
at dy/dx = 0
(x,y) = (0,5)
12x3 – 24x2 + 12x = 0
INTEGRATION
x(12x2 – 24x + 12) = 0
Integration can be defined as the reverse of
x = 0 or 12x2 – 24x + 12=0
differentiation
Solve the quadratic equation
∫ This sign is called the integral sign
x = 1 or 1
General Rule
Hence x = 0 or 1 or 1
y = axn
d2y/dx2 = 36x2 – 48x + 12
∫ +C
Substitute x = 0 or 1
Where C is the constant of integration
At x=0
2 2 2 E.g If y = 5x2
d y/dx = 36(0 ) – 48(0) + 12

d2y/dx2 = 12 but 12> 0 hence minimum ∫ +C

point
∫ +C
at x = 1

d2y/dx2 = 36(12) – 48(1) + 12 = 0 = +C

since dy2/dx2 = 0 it is point of inflexion ii. If y = 4 Find ∫

hence the minimum point is at x= 0 ∫ = 4x
recall: y = 3x4 – 8x3 + 6x2 + 5
Example 1; Integrate y = 3x2 + 2x + 5 DEFINITE INTEGRATION
using the general rule
Example 1; Evaluate ∫
Solution
Solution
y = 3x2 + 2x + 5
∫ (2x2/2 + x)=x2 + x
∫ =∫
The upper limit in the integral sign is 2.
= + 5x + C
Hence substitute x=2
= + 5x + C Upper =22+2=6
=x3 + x2 + 5x + C The lower limit in the integral sign is 1
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL Hence substitute x = 1
Example 2; Lower = 12 + 1 = 2
Simplify ∫ ∫ = Upper limit – Lower limit
Using the general rule
=6–2
Solution
=4

∫ NB; The constant of integration is not

useful in the case of definite integral. This
is because when subtracting the lower limit
from the upper limit the constant would
eventually cancel out
=
Example 2; Evaluate ∫
=x4

Solution

∫
= Hence Sin2x =

=x3 + x2 + 4x
∫ ∫
The upper limit in the integral sign is 2.

Hence substitute x=2 ∫

Upper =(2)3+(2)2+4(2)= 20 = ½ (x – ½ Sin2x) + C

The lower limit in the integral sign is -1 = ¼ (2x – Sin2x) + C
Hence substitute x = -1 Example 2; Evaluate ∫
Lower =(-1)3+(-1)2+4(-1)= -4 Solution

∫ Recall Cos2x = 2Cos2x – 1

Hence Cos2x =
=Upper Limit – Lower Limit

=20 – (-4) ∫ =∫

=24
∫
INTEGRATION OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS =½ (x + ½ Sin2x) + C

= ¼ (2x + Sin2x) + C
∫
Example 3; Evaluate ∫ dx
∫ Solution

Example 1: Evaluate ∫ ∫ dx

Solution =∫ dx

Recall : Cos2x = 1 – 2Sin2x =∫

 ∫

= + x+C

= x+C

= x+C