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CROP PROTECTION 4205

GENERAL
PHYSIOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY
CPROT 4205 MDSLABE: DCP, CAG CLSU
1stsem20222023
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Chemical and physical properties of insecticides, their
behavior and biological impact and comparative
physiology and functional mechanism of pest groups
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
⚫ Lecture - 60% ⚫ Laboratory - 40%
First exam – 25%
2nd Exam - 35% Practical Exam - 20%
Final exam – 30% Theoretical Exam - 20%
Long Quiz - 10% Reports of Lab
Exercises - 60%
TOTAL 100%
TOTAL 100%

PASSING % = 60%
INSECT PHYSIOLOGY
The sum total of processes to the maintenance and
replication of insects taken as a group of metabolic systems
Focuses on the function of the structures and the organ
systems of insects and how they carry on their various life
processes
Physiology of insects is basically similar with those of other
animals, however major differences are correlated to the
structures which are specific to this group: exoskeleton, the
circulatory and the respiratory systems
METABOLISM
⚫ The total of all chemical and physical processes within the
organism
⚫ The process that denotes the interconversion of matter and
energy

⚫ May involve the breakdown of complex organic molecules


(CATABOLISM) that liberate energy, OR the synthesis
of more complex molecules from simpler forms
(ANABOLISM)
Breakdown of Organic Molecules
1. Nutrients, or organic molecules transported to the tissues maybe used
directly to produce energy, depending on the energy demand of the insect
2. Breakdown of these molecules (CATABOLISM) takes place within the
cells specifically in the mitochondria; Kreb’s Cycle being the focal point
3. The entire degradation process is referred to as cellular respiration which
involves the oxidation of the organic molecules and subsequently
liberating energy.
4. This energy (ATP = adenosine triphosphate) is necessary in the different
ACTIVITIES taking place in the insect as a metabolic machinery.
INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
⚫ metabolic activities that are directed to the synthesis of
special kinds of materials for a variety of special purposes
SOME EXAMPLES OF
INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
⚫ Storage M – stored as food depots mainly in the fat bodies
⚫ Detoxification M – potentially harmful substances like
CO2 and ammonia being the principal products of
metabolism, are activated or rendered less harmful
⚫ Cuticle M – specific processes in the cuticle (like
sclerotization) which are responsible for its unique
properties
⚫ Pigment M – responsible for the production of various
color patterns in insects either physically or
chemically-based
CONCEPTS OF INSECT
PHYSIOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
⚫ A successful pest and pesticide management program
requires an understanding of comparative biochemistry,
physiology and molecular toxicology, considering the
pests, people and crops.
⚫ Defining and applying the principles of pest toxicology
are critical to food production and human health.

⚫ Pesticides are designed to control pests, but they can also


be toxic (poisonous) to desirable plants and animals,
including humans.
CONCEPTS…
⚫ Some pesticides are so highly toxic that very small
quantities can kill a person, exposure to a sufficient
amount of almost any pesticide can make a person ill,
even fairly safe pesticides can irritate the skin, eyes, nose
or mouth.
⚫ It is a good idea to understand how pesticide can be toxic so you
can follow practices designed to reduce or eliminate your
exposure as well as the exposure of others to them.
CONCEPTS…
⚫ The discovery of cheap and effective pesticides has been a
great contribution to humanity to improve crop production
for food security and for public health in regulating
insect vectors of disease-causing organisms.
⚫ However, it is a basic principle of physiology and
toxicology that applies what is lethal to pests is, almost
always, damaging to humans, and causing effects directly
or indirectly to the ecological systems.
CONCEPTS…
⚫ Insects provide an ideal medium to study the general
physiology of other animals – to understand its basic
problems. In insects, every peculiar characteristic has its
corresponding physiological counterpart, thus, to properly
understand insect physiology, it must go hand in hand
with anatomy and ecology. To some, physiology is
considered the handmaid of Economic Entomology.
CONCEPTS …
⚫ An understanding of insect physiology is necessary to the
proper understanding of how insects live and how they can
be controlled. Although insect physiology does not
provide directly the means to control insect pests, yet the
rational application of control strategies whether with the
use of insecticides or by other means, is often dependent
on knowledge of the physiology of the insect in question.
CONCEPTS…
⚫ Specifically, physiology may serve to evaluate and
rationalize existing methods or to analyze and discover the
weak spots in the ecological armor of a species. While it
is true that knowledge of the ecology of insects is equally
important in insect control, ecology can be properly
understood only if the physiology is known.
CONCEPTS…
In toxicology,
⚫ The intrinsic capacity of an organism to deal with a fairly
large amount of toxic substances
⚫ An inter-relationship between the intrinsic toxicity of a
compound, the amount of toxicant available and the
degree of resistance of the organism towards the toxicant.
Certain compounds are so potent that even a very small
amount can cause a toxic effect to an organism. Other
toxicants have low toxicity that fairly large amounts are
required to cause an adverse effect.
CONCEPTS…
⚫ Another important concept is Tolerance… Chronic
exposure to a toxic compound can create tolerance to the
substance because of some metabolism involved in the
detoxification process especially with sublethal dose.

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