University of the Punjab

BS-Chemistry 1st Semester-2021

Zoology-Invertebrates Diversity (ZOOL-101)

Write short answer of the following questions.

I. Differentiate schizocoelous and enterocoelous.

Schizocoelous Development Enterocoelous Development

1. Forms the coelom through the 1. Forms the coelom from

splitting of the mesoderm into pouches that bud off from the
two layers, the somatic and endoderm.
splanchnic mesoderm.

2. Mesoderm splits into two layers: 2. Pouches of the endoderm pinch

the somatic mesoderm, which off and form the coelomic
lines the body wall, and the cavity.
splanchnic mesoderm, which
surrounds the gut.

3. The blastopore becomes the 3. The blastopore becomes the

mouth. anus.

4. Found in protostomes, such as 4. Found in deuterostomes, such

arthropods and mollusks as echinoderms and chordates.

II. What is tracheal system of tubules in arthropods?

The tracheal system of tubules in arthropods is a network of air-filled
tubes that allow for efficient gas exchange in the absence of lungs. The
tubes are connected to small openings on the surface of the arthropod's
body called spiracles, and extend throughout the body, delivering oxygen
directly to the tissues.
III. What is biramous in Trilobite appendages?
The trilobite body had three longitudinal sections. A head, or cephalon,
bore a pair of antennae and eyes. The trunk, or thorax, bore appendages
for swimming or walking. A posterior segment formed the pygidium, or
tail
“Trilobite appendages consisted of two lobes and are called
biramous appendages.”
The inner lobe was a walking leg, and the outer lobe bore spikes or
teeth. They may use in digging or swimming or as gills in gas exchange.

IV. Define Necrotization?

Necrotization, also known as necrosis, is the process by which cells or
tissues in a living organism die due to injury, disease, or other external
factors. This process can lead to the breakdown and decomposition of the
affected cells or tissues, and can have serious implications for the health
and well-being of the organism.
Cause: It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as lack of blood
supply, physical trauma, infections, or exposure to toxins.

V. Syconoid type of canal system?

(a) An ascon sponge. Choanocytes line the spongocoel in ascon
sponges.
(b) A sycon sponge. The body wall of sycon sponges appears folded.
Choanocytes line radial canals that open into the spongocoel.

(c) A leucon sponge. The proliferation of canals and chambers results in

the loss of the spongocoel as a distinct chamber. Multiple oscula are
frequently present. Blue arrows show the direction of water flow.
VI. What is Tagmatization?
Definition: The specialization of body regions in a metameric animal.
In animals that exhibit tagmatization, each tagma may have a different
shape and function, with specialized appendages, muscles, and organs
that allow it to carry out specific tasks.
For example: The tagmata are the head, thorax, and abdomen. The
head contains sensory organs and the mouthparts for feeding, the
thorax contains the legs and wings for locomotion, and the abdomen
contains the digestive and reproductive organs.
Advantage: Tagmatization is thought to have evolved as a way for
animals to increase their efficiency and adaptability in their
environment.

VII. Differentiate pseudocoelomate and acoelomate?

Pseudocoelomate Acoelomate
Possess a pseudocoelom, Lack a body cavity or
which is a fluid-filled body coelom altogether, with the
cavity located between the mesoderm tissue directly
mesoderm and endoderm surrounding the endoderm.
tissue layers.
Body cavity is not No body cavity for organs to
completely lined by be suspended in, and organs
mesoderm, and some organs are instead embedded in the
are located within the mesoderm tissue.
pseudocoelom.
Typically found in smaller, Found in flatworms, which
simpler organisms such as have a flattened body shape
roundworms and rotifers. and do not require a fluid-
filled cavity for support.
Pseudocoelom functions as Lack of body cavity restricts
a hydrostatic skeleton, the size and complexity of
providing support and the organism.
facilitating movement.
VIII. What is Tympanal organs?
This is a specialized hearing organ found in many insects. It is typically
located on the abdomen or thorax and consists of a thin, flexible
membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves. The vibrations are
then transmitted to sensory receptors, which allow the insect to perceive
sounds and communicate with others of its kind. In addition to hearing,
some species of insects can also produce sounds using their tympanal
organs.

IX. Differentiate between ametabolous metamorphosis and

paurometabolous?

Ametabolous Paurometabolous
Metamorphosis Metamorphosis

Insects hatch from eggs and Insects go through three distinct

resemble miniature versions of stages: egg, nymph, and adult.
adults, without going through any
significant changes in form or
behavior.
No larval stage is present. Nymphs resemble adults in form
but are smaller and lack wings.

Growth and development occur Nymphs undergo several molts

gradually over time, without any as they grow and mature, with
major changes in body structure each molt resulting in a slightly
or function larger and more developed form.

Found in insects such as Found in insects such as

silverfish, springtails, and grasshoppers, crickets, and
bristletails. cockroaches.

Insects with ametabolous Insects with paurometabolous

metamorphosis typically have metamorphosis are generally
simple lifestyles and inhabit stable more complex and diverse, with
environments with little many species occupying a wide
competition or predation. range of habitats and ecological
niches.
 X. What is Gonionemus medusa?
“Gonionemus medusa” is a species of small, bell-shaped jellyfish found
primarily in the waters of the Pacific Northwest.
Disorders: It is known for its potent sting, which can cause pain, itching,
and other symptoms in humans and other animals.
Reproduction: It is also of scientific interest because it is one of the few
jellyfish species that reproduces sexually in the medusa stage, rather than
through a polyp stage.

XI. What is Flying squids?

Flying squids, also known as gliding squids, are a group of marine
cephalopods that are capable of launching themselves out of the water and
gliding through the air for short distances.
They do this by expelling a jet of water from their mantle cavity, which
propels them through the air.
Habitat: Flying squids are found in various parts of the world, including
the Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

XII. Differentiate open and close circulatory system with examples.

Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System

Hemolymph circulates in open Blood circulates within a closed
spaces called sinuses system of vessels
Hemolymph directly bathes Blood is separated from tissues by
tissues and organs capillaries
Lower metabolic demands Higher metabolic demands
Less efficient oxygen delivery More efficient oxygen delivery and
and waste removal waste removal
Found in some invertebrates, Found in vertebrates and some
such as insects and crustaceans invertebrates, such as squids and
octopuses
Grasshopper - in this insect, the Human - in humans, blood is
hemolymph is pumped by the pumped by the heart into a closed
heart into the body cavity, where system of vessels that transport the
it bathes the organs and tissues. blood to the organs and tissues,
 where nutrients and oxygen are
exchanged, and waste products are
removed.

XIII. What is metameric segmentation?

Definition: “Segmental arrangement of body parts in an animal”.
Body is divided into repeating segments. Each segment contain similar
sets of organs and structures. Each segment have its own set of muscles
and nerves, allowing for greater flexibility and control of movement.
For example: Animals with metameric segmentation include annelids
(such as earthworms) and arthropods (such as insects and crustaceans).

XIV. Internal structure of cilia?

Cilia are microscopic, hair-like structures that extend from the surface of
many types of cells.. The internal structure of cilia refers to the
arrangement of microtubules that make up the "skeleton" of the cilium,
which is known as the axoneme. The axoneme consists of nine
microtubule doublets arranged in a ring around a central pair of
microtubules. They are composed of internal microtubules arranged in a
specific pattern, surrounded by plasma membrane, and play important
roles in cell movement, sensing, and signaling.

XV. What is Colloblast and its function?

Tentacles possess contractile fibers that retract the tentacles, and adhesive
cells, called colloblasts, that secrete a sticky substance called
colloblastin.
Function: The function of colloblasts is to capture prey by sticking to it
and immobilizing it.