UNIT 5.

AUTOMOTIVE DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM

Introduction
Automotive Diagnosis system is the procedure in which the mechanics are involved in
identifying and assessing problems that may negatively affect the normal operation of a vehicle.
Mechanics may employ a wide range of techniques and tools in conducting vehicle diagnostics,
ranging from cursory physical checks to more involved, computer-based analysis. Given the
sometimes occult nature of mechanical problems, effective diagnostics are critical to successful
repairs and the smooth running of any vehicle.

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5.1 Automobile On-board diagnostics (OBD) Systems.

OBD stands for On-Board Diagnostics and is a computer system inside of a vehicle that tracks
and regulates a car’s performance. This on-board computer system collects information from the
network of sensors inside the vehicle, which the system can then use to regulate car systems or
alert the user to problems. A technician can then simply plug into the OBD system to collect
vehicle data and diagnose the problem. OBD systems have been a great help in helping users
better understand vehicle diagnostics.
The history of OBD begins in the 1980s. During this time, vehicle monitoring systems were
developed in response to several factors.
On-board diagnostics (OBD) is an automotive term referring to a vehicle's self-diagnostic and
reporting capability. OBD systems give the vehicle owner or repair technician access to the
status of the various vehicle sub-systems. Modern OBD implementations use a standardized
digital communications port to provide real-time data in addition to a standardized series
of diagnostic trouble codes, or DTCs, which allow a person to rapidly identify and remedy
malfunctions within the vehicle.

5.2 Different Scanner Devices used in Automobiles

An automotive scan tool (scanner) is an electronic tool used to interface with, diagnose and,
sometimes, reprogram vehicle control modules.[1] Scanners are designed to interface with a car's
onboard diagnostic system to facilitate the diagnostic process. In that way, they are similar to
car code readers. They can be plugged into an OBD-I or OBD-II socket, read and clear codes,
and view data readouts from various sensors.

In addition to reading and clearing codes, a scan tool may be able to:

 Store and play back live data

 Graph data
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  Read generic and manufacturer-specific trouble codes
 Display pending codes
 Provide trouble code definitions
 Provide troubleshooting procedures

Some of the professional scanner used in automobile are described below:

#1 – Autel Scanner MaxiCOM MK808 OBD2 Scanner

If looking for a scan tool that can do it all, then the Autel MK808 is the perfect scan tool for
you. It works with 85 different car makes and models. Not only will it read all engine, PCM,
TCM, ABS codes, and more, but it has multiple other functions that display live data as you
troubleshoot. Furthermore, this Autel scanner provides detailed reports that let you know the
most likely cause of a problem. Even better, it has over 25 maintenance buttons that make it
easier than ever to repair vehicles.
These features include ABS bleeding, battery registration, oil resets, injector coding, and so
much more.

#2 – LAUNCH CRP129E OBD2 Scan Tool

It’s a more affordable version of the Autel scanner and has many same features. It works with more
than 57 car brands and over 10,000 different vehicle types.

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Furthermore, it comes with live data tracking for up to 10 different data streams simultaneously.
Moreover, it comes with multiple maintenance features from oil resets, TPMS resets, battery voltage
tests, steering angle calibration tools, and more.

#3 – Actron CP9690 Elite OBD2 AutoScanner

This scanner looks simple, it can display live data from over 300 different sensors and inputs
throughout your vehicle.
Furthermore, you can freeze frame data to take the extra time to pull all the information you need to
troubleshoot a vehicle properly. The Actron CP9690 easy to use, does everything you could ask for,
and is economical as well.

#4 – Autel ML629 OBD2 Scanner

This Autel scanner is a much more lower-end option than the first one that we reviewed. While it
comes with a much lower price tag, it also comes with far fewer features.

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It works with any OBD2 vehicle, and it can pull codes and data in just a few seconds. Whether
you’re looking for your current emissions or you’re troubleshooting a pesky ABS or SRS light, this
scan tool can help you get the job done.
Despite its limited functionality beyond code reading, the Autel ML629 scanner does give you the
ability to live stream from select input options. The ML629 scanner comes with free updates for life!
Finally, this scan tool comes with a 1-year warranty giving you a little extra peace of mind that
you’re getting a quality product.

5 – BlueDriver Bluetooth OBDII Scan Tool

It works great with both Apple and Android smartphones and tablets, Not only does this
comprehensive scan tool give you your engine code, but it also connects you to an extensive database
that automatically generates repair reports to help you fix your vehicle.

With the BlueDriver, you get free app updates, the ability to screenshot and save data easily, and the
ability to interact with live data graphs to help break down the problem.

#6 – OBDeleven Pro Diagnostic Scan Tool

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If you drive an Audi, VW, or other VAG (Volkswagen Auto Group) vehicle, the OBDeleven Pro
should be at the top of your list for a scan tool. This Bluetooth enabled scanner has many advanced
functions and is easy to use.
Technically adept users will find the OBDeleven Pro to be quite useful when attempting to validate
repairs and relearn certain automated vehicle functions. While it’s an excellent tool if you have an
Android powered device, those with iPhones or other Apple products are out of luck if they want to
be able to use all features. But as an alternative, purchasing a cheap Android tablet is a good
workaround.

5.2.1 X431 Launch Scanner

Launch x431 v is a professional diagnostic scan tool that can access all available vehicle
modules including PCM, ECM, EPS, PDM, TPM, BCM, ABS and SCCM and etc and perform
OE-Level wireless diagnosis on all car systems ABS, SRS, Engine, Transmission, Brake
Systems and etc with complete capabilities for codes, live data graphing and merging, active test,
ECU information, adaptation, matching, advanced ECU coding etc.

X431 Launch Scanner supports the following functions;

Oil Reset :allows you to perform reset for a new calculation of Engine Oil Life system once
changed the oil.

EPB Reset : is important in the maintenance of electronic braking system's safety and efficiency.

BMS Reset: allows the scan tool to evaluate the battery charge state, monitor the close-circuit
current, register the battery replacement, and activate the rest state of the vehicle.

DPF Reset: specially works for Diesel Particulate Filter system with DPF regeneration, DPF
component replacement teach-in and DPF teach-in after replacing the engine control unit.

SAS Reset: helps clear the fault steering angle sensor memories and plays an important role in
the steering angle sensor calibration.

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TPMS Reset :makes sense in displaying sensor IDs from the vehicle's ECU, inputting TPMS
sensor replacement IDs and testing sensors.

IMMO reset: it is mainly used to disable the lost vehicle keys and program a new replacement
key fob.

ABS Bleeding: ABS brake bleeding to get a firm brake pad after air exhaustion.

Throttle reset: The throttle body is a tube containing a pivoting flat valve (butterfly) that is used
to control the amount ofair entering an engine. In an electronically fuel injected car, a throttle
position sensor and air flow sensorcommunicate with the computer, which supplies the
corresponding amount of fuel needed at the injectors. It must need re-learning throttle sensor
position after clearing or repair

Gear Learning : The scan tool monitors certain camshaft position sensors signals to determine if
all conditions are met to continue with the procedure for Engine running

Injector Coding: Leaking injectors and some dead injectors can be missed even when an injector
is disabled. Otherproblems with the ignition system and mechanical components also may not
show an rpm loss when aninjector is turned off.

RESET FUNCTION ADDED: Reset Fuel Alcohol Level & Reset Fuel Trim. AFS Reset ;EGR
Adaptation ;GEARBOX Reset ; SUNROOF, SUS Reset ect.

5.2.2 Worldwide Diagnosis System

The Worldwide Diagnosis System is also known as Global Diagnostic System or “GDS”, for
short, offers several new features. The tool, referred to as the “Information Terminal” is housed
in scanner and laptop and allows diagnosis via wireless communication. When configured
properly, the wireless function lets those in a wireless dealership environment to access updates
or review the parts dialogue without all the wired connections.
The GDS is equipped with touch screen technology that simplifies your communication with
the unit. The screen can be swiveled and locked into a flat exposed position so that the tool can
be handled in a simplified manner.

With the assistance of GDS diagnostic tool, diagnosis and repair can be achieved much more
efficiently. Its wireless capability improves mobility and simplifies upgrades. This breakthrough
system can guide your diagnostic procedures and draws on vehicles full service library for
tackling the conditions discovered with the tool.
Figure

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5.3 Techniques of reading and extracting current data
The techniques or methods of reading and extracting current data while performing diagnosis of
a vechile are described in given below steps;

Step 1: Plug the OBD scanner into the OBD port

Your OBD scanner has a 16-pin trapezoidal connector that fits into the vehicle’s OBD port. This is also known as
the diagnostic link connector (DLC). Each vehicle has a different location for the OBD port, but most of the time,
you’ll find it under the driver’s side dashboard near the pedals. In rare cases, it will be in the center dashboard or
below the glove compartment. Check your owner’s manual for the precise location of your DLC.

Step 2: Turn on the ignition

Turn on the ignition in the vehicle, but don’t start the engine. If the scanner doesn’t light up when you switch on the
ignition, check the connection between the scanner and the connector pins.

Step 3: Enter the Vehicle Identification Number

With some OBD scanners, you’ll have to enter the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), make, model, and engine
type of the vehicle. This is because some OBD codes are manufacturer-specific, so the scanner will be able to give
you more

Step 4: Find OBD codes in the menu

Next, navigate to the Codes menu on your OBD scanner.

Step 5: Interpret the first character of the OBD code

Now you have the OBD code, you need to be able to interpret what it means. Each character of the code tells you
something about the error. for example. If the first character is a C, there’s a problem in the chassis, such as an issue
with the anti-lock brakes. If it’s a U, the network communication system has an issue

Step 6: Interpret the second character of the OBD code

The second character in the code defines whether the problem is a generic issue or a
manufacturer-specific issue. When creating the OBD code system, the Society of Automotive
Engineers chose standard codes for problems that can occur on most cars. These are known as
generic codes..Look at the first two characters of the OBD code. If they are P0, P2, P34-P39, B0,
B3, C0, C3, U0, or U3, the issue is generic. If they are P1, P30-P33, B1, B2, C1, C2, U1, or U2,
the problem is manufacturer specific.

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Step 7: Interpret the third character of the OBD code
The third character gives us even more specific information on where the problem lies. Each type
of issue (powertrain, body, chassis, network communication system, etc.) has its own
interpretation for this number.

Step 8: Interpret the final characters of the OBD code

The final two characters of the OBD code specify the exact fault. With thousands of potential
faults, to get the exact details of the issue, you’ll need to go online and use one of the many OBD
Code interpretation websites, such as OBD-Codes.com. Enter the full OBD code, and the
website will return full details on the fault experienced and how to fix it.
5.5 Simulation in OBD

Automotive simulation enables engineers to deliver innovations faster, while maintaining safety
and reliability, by anticipating validation through digital prototyping and rapid virtual testing.
As the industry reinvents itself, simulation is more important than ever in vehicle engineering.
Smart electronics, infotainment, telecommunications, advanced software - vehicle manufacturers
and system integrators have brought innovative and transformative technologies to consumers.
This industry is also rapidly making self-driving vehicles a reality with the introduction of
advanced driver assistance systems - ADAS - and autonomous features. On the other hand, rising
fuel costs and environmental concerns are restructuring all aspects of vehicle engineering . It
develops autonomous vehicle systems, intelligent controls, infotainment devices and
connectivity, delivering better fuel efficiency and lower pollutant emissions.

It is often the case that the required ECU and/or its communication environment are not yet, or
no longer, available in the course of the ECU lifecycle. If not yet available, the creation of test
sequences is delayed due to a lack of suitable communication partner; if no longer available,
regression tests, e.g. on service testers, cannot be carried out at the required test depth. In both
cases, simulation is the proven means of increasing efficiency and minimizing risks.
Softing provides solutions for the diagnostic simulation of ECUs that enable process-secure
regression tests of diagnostic testers, while at the same time considerably alleviating the
operation of test sequences. This is made even simpler due to the integrated residual bus
simulation. We can customize this solution for the particular use case but we can also realize
special hardware and software solutions based on our long-term expertise.

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5.6 Programming through OBD

Programming through OBD uses automotive diagnostic software for programming,

monitoring, adaptations and much more. Operating with smart Bluetooth device, it allows to
fully access all car systems via your smartphone or tablet. OBD programming software, paired
with diagnostic tools, communicate with your vehicle’s computer to identify existing and
potential issues. With the right software, you can learn important vehicle information like why
your ABS or check engine light is on, saving you hundreds of dollars at the mechanic. You can
also alter your vehicle’s electronic control unit (ECU) with certain software to give it better gas
mileage or more horsepower.

5.6.1 Automobile Ignition Key Programming

Automobile Ignition Key Programming is the reprogramming of a preset blank chip in a new car
key, so that it will suit the current settings of your vehicle. The programming usually involves a
series of simple steps that the user has to do that eventually puts the vehicle into "learn mode" or
"programming mode" .
There are several different types of keys that may need reprogramming and these include:
• Remote key fobs
• Integrated transponder chips
• Flip keys with key cards

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Finally, we’re going to take a brief look at how car key programming actually works so you can
understand what the locksmith is up to while they're working away. Though some cars may
differ, for the most part, this process can be broken down into three steps:
• Step one: Assess the car to determine the make, model and year of the vehicle. This will
help them to identify the right blank key fob and tools they’ll need for the vehicle in question.
• Step two: Program the fob or transponder chip (or clone the key if this is possible) using
specialist equipment.
• Step three: Test the key to make sure everything works. In most cases, everything is fine
the first time around but if the key is still not working properly additional programming may
need to be carried out until it is.

5.6.2 Automotive Injector Replacement Programming

Coding an injector is a vital part of the testing and repairing of injectors, and provides an
essential connection between the physical injector firing events and the digital Electronic Control
Unit (ECU) of the vehicle's engine. Injector replacement programming identifies the numerous
operating tolerances of that injector and generates a string of digits containing this information
which can be understood by the vehicle’s ECU. The ECU will then deliver fuel to that injector
with better precision and timing to improve running and efficiency.

The programming for automotive injector replacement can be performed via following steps:

1. Select the function : "Injector programming 1, 2, 3 or 4"

2. A dialogue box will be displayed to confirm the code programmed for the injector.
3. Confirm with "OK" to reprogram the injector code.

 If the code is correct, choose "OK".

 To quit the program choose "Abort".

4. Enter the 30 characters of the code printed on the injector (see illustration) , then click "OK" to
validate.
5. A dialogue box will be displayed to confirm the code chosen ; click "Yes" if it is correct.

 Click "No" to stop the programming process.

6. If the programming process has been successful, the old and new codes will be displayed.
7. Confirm with "OK" to finish the process.
8. Check and delete any fault codes

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 5.6.3 Automobile ECU Replacement programming
ECU programming is the process of taking a ROM file and placing it into permanent storage
inside a vehicle's engine management ECU. Programming on replacement of ECU involves
taking the following steps, but there may be car-model-related variations so only do the job for
real with the specific instruction manual alongside you.

1. Connect the vehicle interface cable to the OBD-II connector and turn the ignition switch to
ON
2. Open the ProECU software and choose Tools then Detect Vehicle
3. Select Program Engine ECU
4. Choose Query ECU to identify the ECU version fitted to the car
5. Select Choose ROM File and pick the relevant modified ROM file to program into the ECU
6. Enter the ROM filename or your unique name for the ROM file in the Comments box so that
in future you know exactly which ROM is in the ECU
7. Ensure that all electrical consumers about the car (such as interior lights, heater blower, stereo
etc.) are turned OFF and that mobile phones are kept away from the car
8. Choose Program ECU
9. After programming the ECU, follow the on-screen instruction to cycle the Ignition
10. Start the engine

5.6.4 Automobile Fuel System Air Bleeding Through OBD

It is important to bleed the air out of the fuel system because by bleeding trapped air from the
fuel system, you can restore the flow of fuel and get your marine diesel engine running again.
This skill is crucial for anyone who intends to be on the water for any considerable length of
time.
The ECM/PCM calculates fuel injector pulse-width based on engine speed and
load. Pulse-width is further modified to compensate for changes from multiple inputs, including
engine temperature, throttle angle, fuel trim, and battery voltage. The ECM/PCM relies on the
fuel delivery system to provide enough fuel for all possible engine operating conditions. Fuel
pressure and volume are considered “known good” values from the perspective of the
ECM/PCM and are not directly monitored. Low pressure or volume conditions can cause
changes in the operation and performance of the powertrain that may set codes as a symptom of
improper fuel delivery. Low fuel pump pressure or volume can cause a lean mixture and fuel
starvation at high speeds that may induce lean-related DTCs. Excessive pressure can result in
poor fuel economy, rich mixtures and can cause rich-related DTCs to be stored in memory.

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