SMART MODERNIZED JEEPNEY ONLINE TRACKING SYSTEM

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Presented

to the Faculty of the College of Science

University of Rizal System

Morong, Rizal

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

LORENZ PAUL B. GUTIERREZ

ANDREA ROSS M. CRITICA
JERALD ANDREI L. DELUCINO
MICHELLE C. PAGURAYAN
IMMANUEL JOHN S. SALAC

April 2024
CHAPTER 1
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This chapter contains the fundamental context and objectives of the thesis which

are presented to lay the groundwork for a comprehensive exploration of the topic. Along

with the chapter is the introduction to the SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking

System, a brief history, theoretical and conceptual framework, statement of the problem

and the problem hypothesis, the significance and the scope and limitation of the study,

lastly the definition of operational terminologies.

Introduction

The Philippines is steadily evolving into a modern nation due to the continuous

advancements in technology and their application to improve daily life. These innovations

have led to the development of solutions that replace traditional methods in both

business and government operations. The transformative impact of technology is evident

nationwide, with the adoption of digital solutions in governance and the integration of

advanced systems in businesses. This emphasis on technological progress aligns with

the principles outlined in the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (1987),

particularly in Section 12 of Article XIV which states that:

"The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of
technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the
widest participation of private groups, local governments, and community-
based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and
technology."1

The article indicated that developers and researchers can produce applications

that improve the transportation industry through the State's regulation of technology

transfer and encouragement of involvement in science and technology initiatives. The

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MJOTS application can help aid commuters and jeepney personnel especially in tracking,

fare calculation, security, and location awareness.

In addition, the modernization becomes apparent due to the emergence of

modern e-jeepneys as a replacement for traditional jeepneys due to the threat its gasses

pose to the environment. However, the gradual switch to e-jeeps is accompanied by the

requirement for solutions to deal with the difficulties of running and maintaining them.

Traditional jeepneys, as an important figure and symbol of the deep culture of the

Philippines, dates back to post-World War 2. Filipinos then used the war jeepneys left by

Americans as a mode of transportation and modified them according to the needs of

transportation of the Filipinos based on the book “The History of the Jeepney, the

Philippines’ Mass-Transit Solution” written by Jens Meiners (2016) 2. Jeepneys play a

crucial role in the lives of Filipinos, especially students, and commuters who rely on them

as a mode of transportation. In the news article written by Dela Pena (2021), Dr.

Cresencio Montalbo Jr. stated in his paper "Public Transport Rationalization as a means

to Sustainability" that 8,959,000 people use public utility jeepneys (PUJ) every day. 3

Numerous students depend heavily on the availability and dependability of jeepneys for

their daily commute to schools and universities. Jeepneys are the most accessible and

economical transportation for students, especially those from low-income families.

Having an accessible and affordable mode of transportation helps them take advantage

of educational opportunities and move up the socioeconomic ladder.

However, commuters and drivers must adjust to the upcoming transition to e-jeeps

because it is an inevitable phase of implementing modernization. In the article “Jeepney:

An icon of Filipino Culture” written by Cruz (2023), the Department of Transportation

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(DOTr) launched the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) in 2017 with

the intention of creating a more environmentally friendly and sustainable mode of

transportation in the Philippines.4 The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program

(PUVMP) is a flagship initiative of the Duterte administration that aims to create a

restructured, modern, well-managed, and environmentally sustainable transportation

sector where drivers and operators have stable, sufficient, and dignified livelihoods and

commuters get to their destinations quickly, safely, and comfortably. The Department of

Transportation issued Department Order No. 2017-011 the PUVMP on June 19, 2017

(LTFRB, 2017)5. In line with the support for beneficial technology, the section 3A of the

House Bill 4823 of the Republic of the Philippines House of Representatives (2019)

states that:

“In support to the Department of Transportation (DOTr) Public Utility

Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) to provide reliable, safe,
accessible, comfortable, and environmentally sustainable public land
transportation for the riding public, this act, aims to-
(a) Ensure efficient and effective implementation of the
PUVMP without sacrificing the rights and welfare of the PUV
operators and drivers, specifically the PUJ sector, who are mandated
to upgrade their fleet in terms of operation and vehicles, by providing
specific mandates to fill in the loopholes and break the impasse
among the stakeholders -the transport sector, riding public and
implementing agencies;”6
In place of the conventional jeepneys, "modern jeepneys'' that resemble buses

more closely would be used. Despite the benefits commuters and the environment get,

jeepney drivers struggle because of the financial costs of purchasing a modern jeepney.

In the article written by Lalu (2024), While noting that the present baseline cost of P15

will remain the same, LTFRB officials stated they have not thought about raising fares to

pay for the loan installments made to jeepney operators and drivers. As per Guadiz, local

manufacturers provide updated units for P980,000, whereas modernized jeepneys cost
 4

between P1.6 million and P2.4 million.7

In addition, the commuter fare will possibly increase due to the maintenance costs

of the modern jeepney, lessening the accessibility level for individuals with

socioeconomic barriers. The increase in fare can also affect commuters because of its

variation depending on the public utility jeepney (PUJ), leading to confusion and

uncertainty. The problem led to the proposition of an additional feature in the

researchers’ proposed application. The feature will consist of a fare calculator that will

determine the approximate fare from the individual’s starting point to the desired

destination. The fare calculator is similar to the Light Rail Transit Authority’s (2015)

Automated Fare Collection System (AFCS) project for the LRT 1, LRT 2, and MRT 3

which started on 16th of December, 2015.8

In line with the escalating modernization in the country, numerous applications

using tracking systems and Global Positioning System (GPS) are still on the rise. For

instance, the application Grab and Uber uses GPS to track users who book a ride. Other

companies such as Lazada and Shopee use tracking systems to monitor the shipment of

goods such as parcels and products. The implementation of tracking systems, especially

on vehicles, made it easier for individuals to monitor the location of something or

someone. Furthermore, it can help companies track their public vehicles in case of

emergencies such as accidents, hijacks, and natural calamity, decreasing the time

needed to search for the jeepney.

The researchers created an innovative proposition of developing an application

that uses tracking systems and GPS on e-jeepneys to help companies and commuters

track PUVs, specifically modern jeepneys easier. Strikes happen periodically in the
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country, and commuters often do not know whether jeepneys are available. The

application can help commuters especially during jeepney transport strikes because it

can locate the jeepneys nearby and the jeepneys inactive.

Lastly, the proposed application will have an Arduino-based button for drivers and

conductors specifically for emergencies, called the MJOTS Emergency Button. The

emergency button consists of two buttons. The first button sends an SMS to the

authorities and the company to report an accident. The second button calls the company

when the driver or the conductor needs to relay a message. The researchers decided to

add the feature due to the recent issue of targeted shooting in Nueva Ecija in November

2023. Lyza Aquino (2023) of ABS-CBN News reported an incident where two victims

were shot in the head by two unidentified suspects.9 Aside from the MJOTS Emergency

Button that is placed for the admins’ end, the application will feature a user’s Emergency

Button or “MJOTS Help!'' that will alert the driver or conductors of the PUJ that the

passenger is on for personal emergency matters. The researchers believe that having an

emergency security feature helps commuters and drivers because the application can

discreetly report unusual occurrences inside and in the perimeter of the jeepney.

Transitioning from traditional methods of transportation poses problems to the

Philippines as it embraces modernization, especially in the transportation sector with the

introduction of e-jeepneys. Although e-jeepneys are beneficial for the environment,

drivers may have financial difficulties in implementing them, and passengers may pay

more for rides. The proposed MJOTS application aims to lessen some of these difficulties

in the midst of these modifications by including an emergency button and a fare

calculator. The researchers seek to improve passenger experience and guarantee safety,
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particularly during crises, by utilizing GPS technology and tracking devices. The

researchers believe that the MJOTS application can be useful, especially when meeting

the changing demands of transportation operators and passengers as the nation moves

toward a more technologically sophisticated future.

Theoretical Framework

The researchers incorporate the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) theory into

the E-Jeep Online Tracking system to aid the development of the application. The TAM

theory states that technology acceptance has a three-step process in which external

factors (features of the system design) generate cognitive responses (perceived

usefulness and ease of use), which in turn generate an affective response

(intention/attitude toward using technology), thereby influencing use behavior (Davis,

1989; Davis, 1993).10-11

Integrating the theory into the proposed tracking system can strengthen the

researchers' aim to determine how the users will benefit from the application in terms of

convenience, efficiency, and acceptability. In addition, the researchers will be able to

detect possible problems and concerns with the features of the application by using a

sampling technique and a statistical treatment appropriate for testing the proposed

system. In line with this, the TAM theory can help the researchers address problems that

may arise during the development, resolving them and creating an application suited to

the preferences of commuters and drivers.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers will integrate a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model
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to develop the Smart Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System (MJOTS) application. An

SDLC model is a time- and money-efficient procedure used by development teams to

design and create high-quality software. With advance planning, the SDLC aims to

reduce project risks and ensure that software satisfies customer expectations both during

and after production. In line with this, the researchers will use the Agile Software

Development Life Cycle for their Smart Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System

(MJOTS) application. According to the comparative study conducted by Sarkar et al.

(2012), the agile SDLC model demonstrates more notable advantages over other

processes in terms of performance, productivity, quicker time cycles, and risk

assessment.12

The Agile process of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) starts with the

project initiation phase, during which the researchers delineate the objectives, scope, and

constraints of the proposed system. The primary aim of the proposed application is to

create an application that can help increase commuter and modern jeepney personnel

satisfaction with the aid of a tracking system, fare calculator, and emergency security

features. The scope of the study tackles the development of the MJOTS application and

the level of acceptance of the application as perceived by the commuters and jeepney

personnels. The next step is the planning phase. The researchers will conduct a survey

in the (name of the company) to gather information regarding modern jeepneys, and the

experience jeepney personnels have when driving a modern jeepney. The information

gathered will aid the researchers create an application that is aligned with the issues and

suggestions the company provided.

The next step is the designing phase, where the researchers create a user
 8

interface (UI) in Canva to better envision the application. After designing, the researchers

will start to develop the application using the programming languages Dart from Flutter

application, and C++ from Arduino IDE . Once the application or part of the application is

created, it goes through the testing phase. The researchers will test if the prototype

application is working, and they will collect suggestions and feedback from commuters

and jeepney personnel to incorporate it to the goals of the application.

Once complete, it will be deployed to the target people (mostly commuters). The

researchers will monitor the performance of the applications, and will gather suggestions

and feedback from the population. All steps will undergo iteration, incorporating the

suggestions from the target population to create an efficient, user friendly application.

The figure on the following page shows the conceptual process of the study using

an Agile method to discuss the study flow.

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Figure 1.
Conceptual Model for SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System
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Statement of the Problem

The study “SMART Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System” sought to answer

the following questions:

1. How is the proposed Smart Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System application

and its features developed?

2. What is the level of acceptability of the key features and functionalities of the

developed Smart Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System application as

perceived by the commuters, jeepney personnels, and experts with respect to:

2.1. Real-time Location Tracking Accuracy;

2.2. User Interface Design;

2.3. Accessibility;

2.4. Fare Calculation;

2.5. Efficiency and;

2.6. Discreet Emergency Security?

3. What is the level of user satisfaction of commuters and jeepney personnel towards

the application with respect to:

3.1. Perceived Utility and Benefits of Using the Application;

3.2. Ease of Use and Navigation Efficiency;

3.3. Feedback on Reliability and Accuracy of Tracking Information

Provided;

3.4. Use of the Discreet Emergency Security Feature and;

3.5. Identification of Issues or Challenges?

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4. Is there a significant difference between the levels of user satisfaction among

commuters and jeepney personnel and the acceptability of the main features and

functions of the developed Smart Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System

(MJOTS) application?

Hypothesis

HO : There is a significant difference between the level of acceptability of the main

features and functions of the developed Smart Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System

(MJOTS) application with the levels of user satisfaction among commuters and jeepney

personnel.

Ha: There is no significant difference between the level of acceptability of the main

features and functions of the developed Smart Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System

(MJOTS) application with the levels of user satisfaction among commuters and jeepney

personnel.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study will focus on developing and determining the level of acceptability of the

"SMART Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System" within the Province of Rizal,

Philippines. Passengers or commuters, drivers, operators or conductors, and government

authorities will be the participants in testing the MJOTS application. They will also receive

a survey questionnaire about the application used to gather feedback and suggestions.

The researcher's objective is to assess the usability and effectiveness of the software

application, particularly in terms of real-time tracking accuracy, user interface

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friendliness, data security, and reliability.

The study may face limitations related to technical issues such as network

connectivity, device compatibility, and software glitches, especially in certain parts of

Rizal Province. Furthermore, constraints related to the study's time frame might limit the

depth of analysis, the capability to capture long-term effects, and trends associated with

the implementation, and adoption of the tracking system. The study may also face

limitations related to the commuter-side’s emergency feature because the application

needs to be open to access for the emergency feature to be used. The application

focuses only on Mamamayan Sinagtala Transport Service Cooperative’s Modern

jeepneys on the route Baras to Masinag Terminal. The study does not cover other routes

available in the company. Additionally, the research is not applicable to other modernized

jeepneys due to the customization of the application to the target users.

By outlining the scope and limitations of the study on the acceptability of the

"SMART Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System," this thesis aims to provide a

comprehensive understanding of its potential impact and challenges within the context of

public transportation in the Province of Rizal. The research will employ various

methodologies, including surveys and performance assessments, to gather insights from

professionals and evaluate the software application's performance.

The researchers conduct the study during the third year, second semester of the

school year 2023-2024. The study continues during the fourth year, the first semester of

the school year 2024-2025.

Significance of the Study

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The study aims to determine the relevance and potential of the "SMART Modern

Jeepney Online Tracking System'' mobile application in the province of Rizal, Philippines

through the following sectors:

Transportation Company

The significance of the study is to evaluate the applicability and potential of the

"SMART Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System" mobile application for the province of

Rizal, Philippines' transportation industry. This review will cover a number of important

aspects. It will first explore the operational efficiencies provided by the application, such

as schedule management, real-time vehicle tracking, and route optimization. The app's

viability for transportation companies can be assessed by looking at how well it

streamlines operations and lowers expenses. In order to increase passenger loyalty and

overall pleasure, the study will also concentrate on improving the consumer experience

through features like precise arrival predictions and practical payment alternatives.

Transportation/Jeepney Personnel (includes Driver, Conductor)

The study aims for a neat information dissemination among the transportation

personnels and commuters through a more efficient and better management system that

facilitates seamless interaction and access to essential information contributing to a more

convenient and satisfactory commuting experience by providing a user-friendly interface

for transportation personnel. The proposed mobile application also holds its relevance for

the safety of the PUV personnels with the integration of the SMART MJOTS Emergency

Button that will be placed beside the driver’s seat, allowing easy access to the

emergency device whenever needed. The device also features a one-way

communication with local authorities or agencies enabling a swift coordination and

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emergency response that can enhance and help the safety and well-being of both

passengers and drivers alike. In summary, the proposed application will be a major

advancement for the transportation management which puts an emphasis on efficiency

and safety while meeting the demands of transportation personnels and passengers. The

study aims to transform the driver and conductor’s experience by utilizing cutting-edge

technology and thoughtful execution by creating a more dependable and safe

transportation environment. The research tackles important issues like safety, policy

consequences, and transportation efficiency through an analysis of the variables

affecting the SMART MJOTS acceptability.

Commuters (specifically but not limited to students)

The study was conducted relevantly in accordance to suffice the needs of

commuters, to be able to have access to a more efficient and timely relevant application

for public utility vehicle transportations. With the feature of MJOTS Fare Calculator, users

can now calculate the estimated price of fare they need from a point-to-point perspective.

The application will also feature a user-friendly and easy access local map that will show

not just the nearest PUJ but also other modernized jeepneys within the route that the

user chose, the mentioned feature is necessary for the commuters to plan and manage

time when needed. MJOTS application will also have its emergency button for the

commuters which is a necessary precaution for any urgency that might occur within the

specific PUV that the user is on.

Local Government and NGOs (Mamamayan Sinagtala Transport Service Cooperative)

. The study also emphasizes how appropriate and useful the usage of MJOTS for

improving the public transportation system specially with the recently-introduced PUV,
 15

the modernized jeepneys. The research attempts to provide insightful information on how

the system can affect safety, efficacy, passenger experiences, and transportation

efficiency by evaluating passenger perceptions and technology functionality. The results

of the study can also help local government agencies in assessing whether integrating

technology-driven solutions like GPS and mobile applications into transportation

management is effective.

Students, Future Researchers, and Stakeholders

The study has its significance for academic use of students who wish to study the

same field. The study advances not just in academic discourse but also through

intellectual dialogue by gathering data and acquiring relevant information into the

implementation of “SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System” in the field of

transportation especially in developing nations like the Philippines which students and

academes can use as a reference or basis for studying similar topic. The study adds to

the body of knowledge in academic research through the adoption of technology in the

transportation industry. The study can be an invaluable resource for those involved in

improving public transportation infrastructure and encouraging environmentally friendly

mobility in the Philippines and other comparable environments.

Overall, the research holds significance in its potential to improve public

transportation services, enhance passenger experiences, and foster technological

innovation within the Province of Rizal and beyond.

Definition of Terms

MJOTS Tracking. is the main feature of the MJOTS mobile application which
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utilizes tracking via Google API software. This feature allows users to track and locate

the available PUJs within a specific area or route.

MJOTS Fare Check. is a feature within the MJOTS Application where users are

able to check the fare price of a journey from point to point distance within a specific area

or route.

MJOTS Emergency. is a feature of the MJOTS Application where users swipe

right and input the threat the users are experiencing inside the e-jeep.

MJOTS Emergency Button. is an arduino-based device which utilizes buttons

and a one-way communication via GSM Module and a Arduino Nano Neo. This feature

allows Administrators or Jeepney personnel to send a live location to the authorities and

deliver a voice call.

The following terms are conceptually and operationally defined for better

understanding:

Accessibility. measure of how usable a computer system is to all people,

including those with disabilities or impairments.

Arduino. is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware

and software. Arduino boards have the ability to take inputs, such as a light from a

sensor, a finger pressing a button, and convert them into outputs, such as starting a

motor, turning on an LED, or sending a text message to a set mobile number via its GSM

module.

C++. is a generic programming language for building software pronounced as “C-

plus-plus”. It is a language that is object-oriented and it emphasizes the use of objects, or

data fields with distinct features, above functions or logic. A user account on a website is
 17

a typical illustration of an object. Arduino is an example of an SDK that uses C++.

Dart. is a client-optimized programming language for developing fast apps on any

platform. Its objective is to provide the most efficient programming language for

developing applications across several platforms, together with an adaptable runtime

platform for app frameworks.

Discreet Emergency Security Feature. In the commuters side the use of this

feature can be accessed by swiping to the right of the application and inputting the threat

you are experiencing inside the e-jeep

Ease of Use. the user-friendliness of the user interface and the application itself

can be seen when a person started to use the application

Efficiency. The usefulness of the application is at max because it is based on the

wants and needs of a commuter when using a e-jeep

Fare Calculation. Fare calculator is a feature of the app where commuters can

put their destination to their desired destination and it will automatically calculate their

needed fare for that trip.

GPS (Global Positioning System). Is a satellite-based navigation system used

to determine the precise geographical location, velocity, and time information of objects

or individuals on Earth's surface. GPS technology is integral to PUV tracking systems,

providing accurate positioning data for monitoring and managing vehicle fleets.

Hardware. Physical components or devices comprising the infrastructure of a

Public Utility Vehicle Tracking System (PUVTS), including GPS receivers, onboard

computers, sensors, antennas, and communication devices. Hardware facilitates the

collection, transmission, and processing of vehicle data in real-time.

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Mamamayan Sinagtala Transport Service Cooperative. A transport service

cooperative or organization, based in the Province of Rizal, that manages its fleet of

vehicles, ensures compliance with regulations, and improves service quality for

passengers. This group is where the study may be implemented and operate into its

Public Utility Vehicle (PUVs).

Modernized Jeepney. An electric-powered or upgraded version of traditional

jeepneys, equipped with modern amenities and technology to improve fuel efficiency,

reduce emissions, and enhance passenger comfort. Modernized jeepneys rarely feature

onboard GPS devices and are compatible with Public Utility Vehicle Tracking Systems

(PUVTS).

Navigation Efficiency. where the user can see the real time location of the e-jeep

easily by the use of GPS tracker built in their smartphones.

PUV. is a mode of transportation in the Philippines where commuters can choose

from a variety of Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs) for their mobility needs. These PUVs fall

into a variety of types, each having unique characteristics and purposes such as

traditional Jeep, Tricycle, Pedicab, UV Express, and others.

SDK. stands for Software Development Kit is a package of tools for developing

software for a certain platform is called an SDK. An app developer can also create an

app with these capabilities that can integrate with another software, for example. an

Adjust-like mobile measurement partner (MMP).

SMART Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System (MJOTS). A technological

solution designed as a mobile application to monitor and manage the operation and

location of public utility vehicles (PUVs), specifically modernized jeepneys, in real-time.

 19

MJOTS utilizes a combination of hardware, software, and GPS technology to track

vehicle movements, enhance passenger safety, and optimize transportation efficiency.

Software. Computer programs or applications developed to control, manage, and

analyze data collected by the hardware components of a Public Utility Vehicle Tracking

System (PUVTS). Software may include vehicle tracking algorithms, user interfaces, data

processing modules, and backend systems for administrative tasks.

System Software. The foundational software components responsible for

managing the operation of a Public Utility Vehicle Tracking System (PUVTS), including

operating systems, device drivers, communication protocols, and database management

systems. System software enables the seamless integration and interaction of hardware

and application software within the tracking system.

Track/Tracking. The process of monitoring and recording the real-time location,

movement, and status of public utility vehicles (PUVs) using GPS technology and

tracking devices. Tracking enables transport operators to optimize routes, schedule

maintenance, improve passenger safety, and enhance fleet management efficiency.

. Tracker of e-jeep by the use of gps, fare calculator to know the needed fare
Utility

for the trip, emergency functions are all used when ones a person use a modernized jeep

to know their route and fare needed and emergency function for when a threat arises
 20

Notes

1
Republic of the Philippines. (1987). Article XIV: EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS.
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-
the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/
#:~:text=The%20State%20shall%20protect%20and,such%20education%20accessible
%20to%20all.
2
Jens Meiners. (2016). The History of the Jeepney, the Philippines’ Mass-Transit
Solution https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15344340/the-history-of-the-jeepney-the-
philippines-mass-transit-solution/
3
Kurt Dela Peña. (2021). Sensible public transport: A post-pandemic dream.
INQUIRER.net; INQUIRER.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1507740/sensible-public-
transport-a-post-pandemic-dream
4
Hazel Jane Cruz. (2023). Jeepney: An icon of Filipino culture. Gmanetwork.com.
https://www.gmanetwork.com/lifestyle/news/108351/jeepney-an-icon-in-filipino-culture/
story
5
LTFRB. (2017). Ltfrb.gov.ph. https://ltfrb.gov.ph/puv-modernization-2/?
fbclid=IwAR3iu_kzvoIXeQhuVCqzF4aRUJdc-rIAOJJdDOFE8GQr4Fv2B-
zz_TPm5dM_aem_AbT_yYqBXDlUf0Y8tImdAm-
Vr0XxD9bkKp5ww1sy5qubtgs1WjMbBkIgDl4_GZfLyi9IjNL5Zw51JG7C52aj3l97
6
Republic of the Philippines House of Representatives (2019). House Bill 4823.
https://hrep-website.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/legisdocs/basic_18/
HB04823.pdf
7
Gabriel Pabico Lalu. (2024, January). Modern jeepneys’ cost may push drivers
to earn P6K daily – solon. INQUIRER.net; INQUIRER.net.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1887140/modern-jeepneys-high-cost-may-press-
drivers-to-earn-p6k-a-day-lawmaker
8
Light Rail Transit Authority. (2015). Tickets and Fares. Lrta.gov.ph.
https://www.lrta.gov.ph/tickets-and-fares/
9
Lyza Aquino. (2023). Dalawa patay sa pamamaril sa loob ng bus sa Nueva
Ecija. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/16/23/dalawa-patay-sa-
pamamaril-sa-loob-ng-bus-sa-nueva-ecija
10
‌ Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User
Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 13 (3), 319.
11
Davis, F.D. (1993). User acceptance of information technology: system
characteristics, user perceptions and behavioral impacts. International Journal of Man-
Machine Studies, 38 (3), 475-487.
 21

12
Sharma, S., Sarkar, D., & Gupta, D. (2012). Agile Processes and
Methodologies: A Conceptual Study. ResearchGate; ENGG Journals Publications.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267706023_Agile_Processes_and_Methodolo
gies_A_Conceptual_Study
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter delves into a thorough review of related literature and synthesizing of

existing research studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the SMART

Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System (MJOTS). This chapter serves as the

foundation for contextualizing local and international studies within the broader scholarly

discourse.

Related Literature

In the realm of technology, it is evident that numerous applications are emerging

to meet individual or environmental needs. These applications, along with advancing

technology, contribute to enhancing the quality of life for individuals. According to

Oladimeji et al. (2023), as technology develops, society sees an increase in smart

devices aimed at optimizing daily tasks with greater efficacy and efficiency. One such

innovation is the Internet of Things (IoT), facilitating seamless data exchange and

communication among interconnected smart devices. This integration of IoT-enabled

functionalities into various systems, particularly transportation, exemplifies the evolution

towards smarter and more interconnected urban infrastructures. 1 According to Kato et al.

(2022), The Increase of digitally enabled technologies in the Philippines serves as a

crucial incentive for national development.2 By empowering businesses, agriculture, and

other sectors to leverage advanced technology, the country can enhance its product

output, positioning itself to compete effectively on the global stage. As the Internet of

Things (IoT) gains wider acceptance within society, the trajectory of modernization in the
 23

Philippines is poised for significant advancement in the years ahead.2

The article indicated that developers and researchers can produce applications

that improve the transportation industry through the State's regulation of technology

transfer and encouragement of involvement in science and technology initiatives. The

MJOTS application can help aid commuters and jeepney personnel especially in tracking,

fare calculation, security, and location awareness.

The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) is a flagship initiative

of the Duterte administration that aims to create a restructured, modern, well-managed,

and environmentally sustainable transportation sector where drivers and operators have

stable, sufficient, and dignified livelihoods and commuters get to their destinations

quickly, safely, and comfortably. The Department of Transportation issued Department

Order No. 2017-011 the PUVMP on June 19, 2017 (LTFRB, 2017) 3. According to Odong

(2024) from Philippine Information Agency (PIA) The modernization of jeepneys, as

advocated by the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB),

necessitates adherence to stringent standards. These include Euro-4 emission compliant

engines, integrated safety features such as dash cams, speed limiters, and CCTV

cameras, and alignment with the Philippine National Standards (PNS) approved by the

Bureau of Philippine Standards. This initiative aims to enhance the efficiency, safety, and

environmental sustainability of the public road transportation system, benefiting both

commuters and drivers.4

The initiative prioritizes comfort, accessibility, safety, dependability, and

environmental sustainability in order to offer a holistic solution to the problems

confronting the Philippine public transportation industry. The researchers aim to promote
 24

the effective implementation of the PUVMP by creating an online tracking system

specifically designed for modern jeepneys. It is essential to understand the difficulties

commuters encounter in order to create solutions that meet the commuter needs in

densely populated places like the province of Rizal, where the population is 3,217,678

(Department of Trade and Industry, 2023)5.

However, the drivers and operators of conventional jeepneys have been greatly

impacted by the government's insistence on enforcing the PUVMP. Drivers and operators

had to deal with the pandemic on top of the imminent threat of the jeepney phaseout

(Aggabao, Belarmino, and Velasco, 2022)6. In conclusion, the government and various

stakeholders have different views regarding the modernization of jeepneys. The level of

acceptance between drivers and passengers and jeepney operators differed significantly.

Inconsistent impressions among stakeholders were mostly caused by miscommunication

and the spread of false information. The rehabilitation was the answer for jeepney drivers

and operators who wanted to phase out their traditional units (Andalencio et al., 2020) 7.

In attempt of enhancing the effectiveness and durability of jeepneys, researchers

have investigated innovative methods to tackle persistent concerns including

convenience, ease of use, security, and the impact on the environment.To address one

of the concerns, Ingco et al. (2018) developed an electronic payment system for

jeepneys using RFID technology and databases. Their system connects hardware like

trip meters and RFID readers via an Arduino, manages incoming and outgoing data, and

includes a WAMP server. Passengers' information is stored via RFID tags and the

system tracks journey distance, allowing easy payment collection for jeepneys. 8 The

researchers can apply this concept to their proposed application to create a fare
 25

calculator for the commuter’s convenience.

In terms of tracking, Fleischer et al. (2012) made a design, development and

deployment of a GPS (Global Positioning System)/GSM (Global System for Mobile

Communications based Vehicle Tracking and Alert System to track their vehicles in real-

time and provide an alert system.9

In addition, a study by Agaton et al. (2019) stated that through the introduction of a

public utility vehicle (PUV) modernization program with upgraded diesel and electric

jeepneys (e-jeepneys), the Philippines is working toward a more sustainable public

transportation system. Evaluating the viability of converting the Philippines' older diesel

jeepneys to electric vehicles using the real-options approach (ROA), the study looks at

scenarios in which buying e-jeepneys is more advantageous and investigates the ways in

which government subsidies, electricity prices, and jeepney fares influence investment

choices. In comparison to traditional financial tools, the study shows how well ROA

integrates risks, uncertainties, and managerial flexibility. The findings indicate that while

traditional criteria favor modernized jeepneys, e-jeepneys are a better investment

decision. Government activities should encourage their adoption through greater

subsidies, rate changes, optimal charging infrastructure, and renewable energy use.10

Related Studies

The current transportation system in the Philippines has been deemed

inconvenient for public utility operators and daily commuters due to the country's

traditional modes of transportation. The main reasons for this demand are traffic

congestion, a lack of public vehicles for commuters, which results in longer travel times
 26

and uncomfortable rides, and environmental issues arising from the continued use of

polluting gas (Malasique et al., 2022)11. Another study by Ong et al. (2022) showed how

these challenges impact jeepney commuter satisfaction. Their study implied that safety is

the most significant factor affecting commuter satisfaction, followed by driver behavior,

fare, service, and information materials.12 The government then created the Public Utility

Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) to create a better transportation experience for

commuters and drivers. In addition, it also makes commuting safer, more efficient, and

eco-friendly by deploying modern jeepneys, a greener alternative to traditional jeepneys.

In line with this, a study conducted by Monzon et al. (2023) indicates that the many

nations that have implemented comparable initiatives like the Public Utility Vehicle

Modernization Program (PUVMP) that the Philippines is set to launch have had enduring

advantages. These advantages include things like increased driver and passenger

safety, less of an impact on the environment, less traffic, and steady income for PUV

drivers.13

Traditional public transit systems addressed the problem by creating an efficient

alternative, such as electronic tracking systems. The advantages of implementing real-

time tracking technology in improving commuter satisfaction, decreasing wait times, and

increasing operational efficiency can be seen in studies conducted by Liang et al. (2020).

Further research conducted by Wang et al. (2019) indicates how electronic tracking

systems promote transparency, accountability, and sustainability in the administration of

public transit.14

The researchers believe that modern jeepneys require modern technology that

can help jeepney personnel have an easier, more convenient way to maintain modern
 27

jeepneys and their passengers. Chan et al. (2020) discovered that one effective method

for boosting public transportation ridership was a real-time GPS monitoring program

(app). The outcome showed that utilizing real-time GPS monitoring software increased

accessibility, dependability, comfort, safety, and security.15

Another feature researchers consider is the user interface (UI) design. According

to Firmenich et al. (2019), UI design has been necessary and discussed in universities

for more than thirty years to modify the user interface to meet the unique needs of

various user groups. While certain users or user profiles could pose unique difficulties,

techniques already in place have been designed to make it easier to achieve complex

interface customization, which improves accessibility as well as usability. 16 The

researchers' goal is to create a user-friendly UI design for commuters and jeepney

personnel to make it accessible to a range of age groups. In line with the accessibility of

an application, a study conducted by Di Gregorio et al. (2022) demonstrates that while

creating mobile apps, the majority of accessibility requirements are disregarded. The

primary causes of this behavior are the lack of tools to help developers during

development and the developers' ignorance of accessibility problems. Accessibility must

be considered when developing an application because it can help people who are not

familiar with technology adapt easier.17

The researchers surveyed to explore relevant applications that could enhance the

proposed MJOTS. According to the study by Gumasing et al. (2022), which analyzed

system usability scale scores and satisfaction ratings across functionality, design, and

content, Grab emerged as the top performer, surpassing Angkas and JoyRide. The

results indicated that Grab was the most practical choice for commuting, while Angkas
 28

and JoyRide lagged in usability.17 Additionally, as highlighted by Vallespin and Prasetyo

(2021), Filipino users prioritize satisfaction and frequent usage when considering Grab,

underscoring the importance of user experience in driving the adoption of transportation

apps. These studies show that user experience is emphasized in driving the adoption of

transportation apps like Grab among Filipino users.18

Another relevant application similar to the goal of MJOTs is the Pasahero. Based

on the study conducted by Bartolome et al. (2023), the application goals are to decrease

travel times where users can modify their travel plans by the time provided by the

Pasahero app, decrease wait times at bus stops where people use the app to time their

walk to a stop or station and increase transit use where users are satisfied with the

shorter wait and travel times. Users highly agree that it satisfies all of the Pasahero

application's requirements, according to the findings of a four-point rating system used to

assess functionality, dependability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, and portability. 19

Finally, the researchers collected information about the proposed MJOTS

Emergency Button. Regarding the study conducted by Ugwu et al. (2020), the essential

components utilized for developing a vehicle tracking system include an Arduino Uno

microcontroller, a GPS module, and a GSM modem. The implementation of this

approach is anticipated to be compelling to the public, as it is expected to decrease car

robbery incidents and enhance the rate of vehicle recovery after theft. 20 The researchers

plan to create the emergency button using an Arduino Nano microcontroller to discreetly

send a message to the company and the authorities when an alert is sent.

In summary, a major step forward in resolving the issues encountered by

commuters in the Philippines' Rizal Province is the creation of the Modern Jeepney
 29

Online Tracking System (MJOTS). MJOTS seeks to improve public transportation's

efficiency, accessibility, and safety by fusing cutting-edge technology with user-centered

design concepts. MJOTS is a critical step in updating the transportation infrastructure

and enhancing the commuter experience for all Filipinos, with an emphasis on

environmental sustainability, accountability, and transparency.

 30

Notes

1
Damilola Oladimeji, Gupta, K., Nuri Alperen Kose, Kubra Gundogan, Ge, L., &
Liang, F. (2023). Smart Transportation: An Overview of Technologies and Applications.
Sensors, 23(8), 3880–3880. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083880
2
Philippine Information Agency. Charmain Odong(2024).
https://pia.gov.ph/news/2024/01/16/ltfrb-reiterates-no-phaseout-in-puv-modernization-
program
3
LTFRB. (2017). Ltfrb.gov.ph. https://ltfrb.gov.ph/puv-modernization-2/?
fbclid=IwAR3iu_kzvoIXeQhuVCqzF4aRUJdc-rIAOJJdDOFE8GQr4Fv2B-
zz_TPm5dM_aem_AbT_yYqBXDlUf0Y8tImdAm-
Vr0XxD9bkKp5ww1sy5qubtgs1WjMbBkIgDl4_GZfLyi9IjNL5Zw51JG7C52aj3l97
4
Gyoji A, Kato, Jay S. Yamongan, Joshua Miguel N.,Rex Albert A. Arcega,& Jo-
Anne V. (2023) Emerging Technologies in the Philippines: Internet of ThingsCham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19958-5_28
5
Department of Trade and Industry. (2023). Cities and Municipalities
Competitiveness Index. https://cmci.dti.gov.ph/prov-profile.php?prov=Rizal&year=2023
6
Andalecio, B. P., Elijah, K., Faye, C., Aiko De Guzman, & Tiffany, N. (2020).
Implementation, challenges and stakeholders perception of modernized Jeepneys in
Metro Manila. Journal of Physics. Conference Series, 1529(3), 032067–032067.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1529/3/032067
7
Aggabao, Mikhail, Erik Belarmino, and Benjamin Velasco.(2022). Pasadang
Pandemic: The Impact of COVID-19 on Transport Workers. Discussion Paper. Quezon
City: UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies. https://
cids.up.edu.ph/download/pasadangpandemic-impact-covid-19-transportworkers-
discussion-paper/
8
Ingco, R., Magpantay, M., Hanzel, M., & Malijan, B. (2018). PUJ FARE
COLLECTION SYSTEM: AN IoT APPLICATION. Journal of Engineering and Computer
Studies, 4(1). https://lpulaguna.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1-PUJ-FARE-
COLLECTION-SYSTEM.pdf
9
Fleischer, P.B., Nelson, A.Y., Sowah, R.A., & Bremang, A. (2012). Design and
development of GPS/GSM based vehicle tracking and alert system for commercial inter-
city buses. https://doi.org/10.1109/icastech.2012.6381056
10
Agaton, C.B., Guno, C.S., Villanueva, R.O. & Villanueva, R.O. (2019). Diesel or
Electric Jeepney? A Case Study of Transport Investment in the Philippines Using the
Real Options Approach. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 10(3), 51–51.
https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj10030051
11
Malasique, A. M. P., Windsor Redz C. Rubio, W. R. C., & Rosete, M. A. L.
 31

(2022). Analyzing the Implementation of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program
(PUVMP) to the Employment of PUV Drivers in the Philippines. Journal of Industrial
Engineering & Management Research, 3(1), 45 - 62.
https://doi.org/10.7777/jiemar.v3i1.250

12
Monzon, J., Lanz Bayanin, E. Villagarcia, & Mc Rollyn Vallespin. (2023,
December). Public Utility Modernization Programs: Global Trends and Implications for
the Philippines. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377261875_Public_Utility_Modernization_Progr
ams_Global_Trends_and_Implications_for_the_Philippines

13
Wei Chiang Chan, Hashim, W., May Chiun Lo, Mohamad Kadim Suaidi, & Shiaw
Tong Ha. (2020). Sustainability of Public Transportation: An Examination of User
Behavior to Real-Time GPS Tracking Application. Sustainability, 12(22), 9541–9541.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229541

14
Sarah Aimi Saad, Amirah Aisha, Mohamad, & Nurul Hawani Idris. (2018, March).
Real-time on-campus public transportation monitoring system. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325492689_Real-time_on-
campus_public_transportation_monitoring_system

15
Firmenich, S., Garrido, A., Fabio Paternò, & Rossi, G. (2019, June 4). User
Interface Adaptation for Accessibility. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333571153_User_Interface_Adaptation_for_Ac
cessibility

16
Marianna Di Gregorio, Dario Di Nucci, Palomba, F., & Vitiello, G. (2022). The
making of accessible Android applications: an empirical study on the state of the practice.
Empirical Software Engineering, 27(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-022-10182-x

17
Ma. Janice Gumasing, Christian, E., Kent, A., & Mercado, N. C. (2023, August
22). The Usability of Transport Network Vehicle Service Apps Amidst the Pandemic in
the Philippines: A... ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373323892_The_Usability_of_Transport_Netwo
rk_Vehicle_Service_Apps_Amidst_the_Pandemic_in_the_Philippines_A_Comparison_of
_the_Convenient_Usage_of_Grab_Angkas_and_JoyRide

18
Yogi Tri Prasetyo, & Barbara Eliza Vallespin. (2021, April 23). Determining
Factors Affecting the Acceptance of Grab Application in the Philippines using UTAUT2
Approach. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351910469_Determining_Factors_Affecting_the
_Acceptance_of_Grab_Application_in_the_Philippines_using_UTAUT2_Approach
 32

19
Bartolome, D., Gubac, M., Rivera, C., & Mababa, J. (2023). “Pasahero” A Mobile
Transit Application That Racks the Departure and Arrival Status of Buses.
https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2023manila/599.pdf

20
Ugwu, N., Okafor, L., Ikechukwu Onyekachukwu, & Obi Adaobi Maria. (2020,
November). Design and Implementation Vehicle Tracking System Using GSM and GPS.
ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347491849_Design_and_Implementation_Vehi
cle_Tracking_System_Using_GSM_and_GPS
 33

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter, the research methodology, outlines the research design used. This

also encompasses the procedural approach of the study, the setting and subject of the

study, sources of data along with the data collection methods, and analytical techniques.

This chapter elucidates the systematic framework guiding the study, ensuring rigor and

coherence in the pursuit of meaningful findings.

Research Design

A comprehensive examination of the efficacy as well as the effect of the "SMART

Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System'' in the Philippine province of Rizal will be

conducted through the use of quantitative techniques. The researchers will utilize the

developmental and descriptive research design to collect and analyze data, employing a

one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method to assess the system's performance,

commuters and jeepney personnel’s satisfaction, and the acceptability of the application.

According to Ritchey (1994), developmental research is defined as the systematic

study of creating, developing, and assessing instructional programs, processes, and

products that must meet internal consistency and effectiveness requirements. This is in

contrast to simple instructional development. Research on developmental processes is

especially significant when it comes to instructional technology. The scenarios where the

product-development process is examined, explained, and the finished product is

assessed are the most prevalent kinds of developmental research. A general

investigation of the design creation or evaluation processes, either as a whole or as

 34

individual components, is the focus of a third kind of study.

In addition, the study also utilized a descriptive method which, according to

Winston-Salem State University (2022), aims to explain the present state of a

determined factor such as . These research initiatives are intended to supply methodical

information regarding a phenomena.

The study will also utilize Likert scale method as a questionnaire checklist with

respect to measure the attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of the respondents making it

easier to analyze and draw conclusions within the collected data. This method allows

researchers to identify patterns, trends, and relationships within the data as it provides an

easier method to quantify and analyze the statistical information.

Setting of the Study

The study “SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System” will be

conducted during the school year 2024-2025. The researchers will conduct the study in

the selected municipalities in the Province of Rizal, namely: Baras, Morong, Teresa, and

Antipolo. The Province of Rizal is situated in the Southern Tagalog Peninsula, Region 4-

A CALABARZON of the Philippines whereas the stated area will serve as the

geographical context within which the research will be conducted and where the "SMART

Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System" will be implemented and evaluated.

According to the official website of the local government unit of the province of Rizal

(n.d.), The province has a land area of 1,182.65 square kilometers or 456.62 square

miles. Its population as of the 2020 Census was 3,330,143. The setting is composed of

both rural and urban areas, complex transportation routes, and public transportation
 35

infrastructure within the province. The geographical area includes but is not limited to

major cities like Antipolo City, municipalities, and rural areas where public utility vehicles

operate serving commuters and residents. The setting provides a structural and

environmental framework in which the effectiveness and impact of the software

application will be examined while taking into account the unique socio-economic,

cultural, and regulatory factors specific to Rizal province. The researchers chose to

conduct the study within the Baras-Masinag Terminal route of Mamamayan Sinagtala

Transport Cooperative group of Modernized Jeepneys.

The following page shows the map of the Province of Rizal along with the

Mamamayan Sinagtala Transport Service Cooperative’s Baras New Public Market to

Masinag Terminal Modernized Jeepney Route.

 36

Figure 2.
Route of Sinagtala Transport Group’s Baras-Masinag Modernized Jeepney
 37

Subject of the Study

The study’s subjects are commuters who use public transportation services which

are mostly students and citizens who belong to the working sector, public utility vehicle

operators, the Mamamayan Sinagtala Transport Service Cooperative, relevant

government agencies or regulatory bodies that are overseeing the transportation in the

area, non-government organizations that are governing and are responsible for the daily

operation of PUJs, and technical experts that are involved in the development,

implementation, or management of the tracking system.

The study will use purposive sampling technique to identify the respondents of the

study. The study has 45 respondents which are composed of 5 Jeepney Personnels

mostly consists of Drivers and Conductors of Mamamayan Sinagtala Transport Service

Cooperative, 30 commuting passengers, and 10 technical experts, that will evaluate the

acceptability of the developed application.

The researchers chose these individuals which are directly or indirectly impacted

by the introduction of the SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System

application to examine the experiences, perceptions, and behaviors which are necessary

for the improvements of the study.

Sources of Data

The SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System application's influence

and efficacy will be measured through the use of a researchers-made questionnaire

following the likert scale to accurately measure the users’ feedback. The target
 38

population will be gathered using the purposive sampling method in order to get

measurable data regarding their satisfaction levels, usage habits, and perceptions of the

tracking system's advantages. Aspects like dependability and convenience of use, date

and time usage, and other characteristics will also be the subject of the study. In order to

obtain qualitative insights into the experiences, difficulties, and attitudes of public utility

vehicle operators and pertinent stakeholders regarding the influence of the system on

user engagement and operational efficiency, interviews with these individuals will also be

performed. In addition, observational studies will be conducted to evaluate the impact of

the system on variables such as overall commuter experience and schedule compliance.

Complementing primary data sources with analysis of documents like system logs,

reports, and user feedback might yield additional insights. In order to give context and

background information, secondary data from already-published sources—such as

transportation statistics, regulatory documents, earlier research, pertinent publications,

and others—will also be examined. Closed-ended questions about the tracking system's

utility, simplicity of use, dependability, and general satisfaction will be included in the

survey instrument. Depending on the individual choices and technological accessibility of

the participants, the surveys may be sent electronically or in print format. Through

triangulated analysis, the study intends to improve the validity and reliability of the

findings by providing a thorough assessment of the application's influence on public

transportation services in Rizal province by merging numerous data sources.

Procedure of the Study

A. Conduct of the Study

 39

The process of conducting a research study involves several key steps. First, the

researcher finalizes the thesis title, which should be specific, concise, and reflective of

the study's objectives. Once the title is finalized, the researcher identifies and

approaches a potential thesis adviser who is an expert in the field of study. The adviser

will provide guidance, support, and feedback throughout the research process. The

researcher also identifies and approaches potential thesis panel members who will be

responsible for evaluating the study's outcomes. After securing the adviser and panel

members, the researcher begins the actual research process, which includes conducting

a literature review, identifying research questions, and selecting the appropriate research

design and methodology. Depending on the nature of the study, the researcher may

need to secure funding to cover the costs of research materials, equipment, and other

expenses. Funding sources may include research grants, scholarships, or personal

finances.

The researchers then draft the introduction of the thesis, which includes the

background of the study, research questions, objectives, and significance of the study. A

comprehensive literature review is conducted to identify relevant studies, theories, and

concepts related to the research questions. The literature review is used to establish the

context of the study and to identify gaps in the existing research. If the study involves the

development of a software application, the researcher identifies and acquires the

necessary hardware materials needed for the application.

The researcher presents the study's progress and findings in a colloquium, which

is a formal presentation attended by the adviser, panel members, and other interested

parties. The colloquium provides an opportunity for the researcher to receive feedback
 40

and suggestions for improvement. The thesis panel members evaluate the study and

provide feedback, which may lead to revisions or improvements.

Identification of Sampling Units:

The sampling units for the implementation and management of the "SMART

Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System" in the Province of Rizal will include

commuters, public utility vehicle (PUV) operators, relevant government agencies, the

company, and information technology experts. Identifying these key participants is the

initial step in ensuring the effective operation of the system.

Selection of Participants:

For the "SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System" in the Province of

Rizal, the sampling strategy involves selecting commuters through purposive sampling,

ensuring representation from various parts of the province to achieve a diverse and

statistically significant sample size. PUV operators, particularly drivers and conductors,

will be chosen by the Mamamayan Sinagtala Transport Service Cooperative, ensuring

representation among those utilizing the tracking system. Stakeholders and relevant

government agencies involved in transportation, along with other key contributors to the

system's development and implementation, will be purposefully selected considering their

roles and responsibilities. This approach aims to ensure a comprehensive representation

of all involved parties in the tracking system's management and implementation.

Data Collection Methods:

 41

Several methodologies will be employed to gather data and insights regarding the

"SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System" in the Province of Rizal. Surveys

will be utilized to quantify commuters' satisfaction levels, usage patterns, and opinions on

the system's benefits. Standardized questionnaires will be administered either

electronically or in paper form, accommodating participants' accessibility and

preferences. Additionally, in-depth semi-structured interviews will be conducted with PUV

operators and stakeholders to obtain qualitative insights into their experiences,

challenges, and perceptions regarding the tracking system. With participants' consent,

interviews will be audio recorded for subsequent analysis of transcripts. Observational

studies will be undertaken to assess PUV operations pre- and post-implementation of the

tracking system, focusing on factors such as commuter experience and schedule

compliance. Finally, document analysis, including examination of system logs, reports,

and user feedback, will provide further understanding of the system's effectiveness and

impact. These diverse methodologies aim to comprehensively evaluate the performance

and reception of the tracking system from various perspectives.

Data Collection Process:

The data collection process for evaluating the "SMART Modernized Jeepney

Online Tracking System" in Rizal Province will involve multiple approaches. Surveys will

be conducted at specific locations like PUV terminals and e-jeepney stations, where

commuters will receive surveys voluntarily, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of their

responses. Interviews with PUV operators and stakeholders will be arranged,

accommodating their preferences for either in-person or virtual sessions, encouraging

 42

them to openly share their thoughts and experiences. Observational studies will closely

monitor PUV operations to understand the impact of the tracking system on commuter

experience and operational efficiency. Additionally, document analysis will complement

primary data sources by examining system logs, reports, and user feedback obtained

from relevant authorities. These comprehensive methods aim to provide valuable insights

into the effectiveness and implications of the tracking system from various perspectives.

Data Analysis:

In analyzing the data gathered from the evaluation of the "SMART Modernized

Jeepney Online Tracking System'' in Rizal Province, both quantitative and qualitative

methods will be employed. Quantitative data obtained from surveys will undergo

evaluation to compile participant responses, utilizing descriptive statistics such as means,

frequencies, and percentages to quantify various aspects of commuter satisfaction and

system usage. Meanwhile, qualitative data derived from interviews will undergo thematic

analysis to identify recurring themes, trends, and insights pertaining to the acceptability

and effectiveness of the tracking system among PUV operators and stakeholders. By

triangulating these quantitative and qualitative findings, a comprehensive understanding

of the tracking system's impact, encompassing both numerical trends and nuanced

perceptions, will be obtained from multiple perspectives. This approach aims to provide

an evaluation of the system's performance and implications, informing potential

adjustments or improvements for its future implementation and management.

Ethical Considerations:
 43

Informed consent will be diligently obtained from all participants before data

collection, guaranteeing their voluntary participation and safeguarding the confidentiality

of their responses. In addition, the Data Privacy Act of 2012 or the Republic Act No.

10173 will be included in all survey-questionnaires and interviews to be conducted.

Participants will retain the option to withdraw from the study at any point without facing

any repercussions, and their privacy will be rigorously protected throughout the research

process. All research protocols will adhere to established ethical guidelines and

regulations, ensuring the ethical conduct of the study and upholding the rights and well-

being of all involved parties. These ethical safeguards aim to maintain the integrity and

trustworthiness of the research while prioritizing the dignity and autonomy of the

participants.

Timeline:

This timeline will outline specific deadlines for key milestones, including the

distribution of surveys, scheduling of interviews, data analysis, and reporting of findings.

Importantly, flexibility will be integrated into the timeline to address any unforeseen

challenges or delays that may arise during the research process. This adaptive approach

will facilitate necessary adjustments, ensuring the evaluation remains on course and that

high-quality data is collected and analyzed within the designated time frame.

By following this procedure, the study aims to systematically investigate the

acceptability and effectiveness of the "SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking

System" in the Province of Rizal, Philippines, and generate valuable insights to inform its

further development and implementation in the transportation ecosystem.

 44

B. Technical Design of the Study

B.1 Hierarchical Input Process Output Chart

The following figure shows the hierarchical Input-Process-Output

Figure 4.
Hierarchical Input Chart of SMART MJOTS
 45

The following figure shows the hierarchical Input-Process-Output:

Figure 5.
Hierarchical Process Chart of SMART MJOTS
 46

The following figure shows the hierarchical Input-Process-Output

Figure 6.
Hierarchical Output Chart of SMART MJOTS
 47

The following figure shows the hierarchical Input-Process-Output

Figure 7.
Hierarchical Feedback Chart of SMART MJOTS
 48

B.2 I-P-O Diagram

The following figure shows the comprehensive methodological framework

utilized in the thesis, using the input-process-output along with the user\s feedback flow

of the thesis. Ensuring the cyclic and Agile approach to system development and

evaluation.

Within the first stage of the study, the researchers will start on the design and

implementation of the mobile application aligning its features and functionalities. The

researchers will test the usability of the mobile application in the field of study. The

researchers will also test other variables that might affect the user outcome and

document them. The researchers will examine other relevant variables, such as system

performance, reliability, and compatibility across different devices and operating systems,

documenting their findings to inform subsequent iterations and enhancements. This

involves deploying the developed application to a representative sample of end-users

within the target demographic, soliciting their feedback and insights through structured

surveys, user interviews, and performance metrics analysis.

Lastly, the compiled data pertaining user satisfaction, system effectiveness and

performance metrics will be methodically integrated to derive actionable insights and

recommendations.This synthesis phase involves employing a combination of quantitative

data analysis techniques, such as statistical analysis and data visualization, alongside

qualitative methods, such as thematic analysis and content coding, to uncover underlying

trends, patterns, and correlations within the dataset. Subsequently, the research findings

were integrated into a comprehensive report, outlining key findings, implications, and

recommendations for future system enhancements and refinements.

 49

As the user’s feedback will be made from the output of the system throughout the

evaluation phase, the researchers ensure a dynamic and adaptive approach to system

development. Analyze these results from the continuous evaluation and system update

and incorporate them into the input process of the system, strengthening long-term user

satisfaction and system sustainability.

The figure below shows the Input-Process-Output of the User Account

Registration sequence. As the commuter inputs their Full Name, Email Address, Mobile

Number, and the desired password, a verification process will then occur to verify the

user’s mobile number by sending a code to the user. After the verification and creation of

the account, a text will pop-up affirming that the validation process is done.

Figure 8.
IPO Diagram of Creation of User’s Account Sequence

The figure on the next page, figure 9, shows the creation of Admin’s account

sequence whereas aside from the Full name, email address, mobile number, and

password, the admin’s application will ask for the License ID Number of the driver, the

plate number of the modernized jeepney that they are assigned, and to upload a photo of

their driver’s license. Within the verification process, the driver’s license and mobile
 50

number will be validated as a verification code will be sent to the admin’s mobile number.

Once done, a text will pop-up verifying the creation of the account of the admin is done.

Figure 9.
IPO Diagram of Creation of Admin’s Account Sequence

The tenth figure below is the log-in sequence which applies for both user and

admin accounts. The mobile application is strict when it comes to capitalization and

numbers or special symbols as it requires both correct email address and password. As

the app processes the signing-up, it will take a few seconds to load and fetch the data

from the server. Once done, a text box will pop-up saying “Successfully logged-in!”.

Figure 10.
IPO Diagram of Log-in Sequence

The eleventh figure pertains to the recovery of one’s account. Both the user and
 51

admin only need the email address they used to verify and recover their account. A

verification code will be sent as a mode to recover a user’s account in order to change

passcode. After the recovery, a text will pop-up verifying that the account has been

successfully recovered.

Figure 11.
IPO Diagram of Account Recovery Sequence

The figure beneath, figure 12, shows the sequence of the application’s feature, the

fare calculator, whereas the user must input locations from Point A to Point B of the bus

stops to be able to calculate the fare. Once the user is initiated to calculate the fare, the

system will load up its data to detect and show the specific amount of fare the two

locations have.

Figure 12.
IPO Diagram of Fare Calculator Feature Sequence
 52

The main feature of the mobile application is the modernized jeepney’s tracking

system via GPS. Figure 13 shows the flow of the input-process-output of data within the

stated feature. To check the live location of the MJeeps, users must first choose a

specific route to filter out certain jeepneys within that path which takes a different route.

As the route has been chosen, the user’s device will now then detect the ping of the

admin and the GPS tracking device’s signal onto the user’s application and the current

list of available modernized jeepneys within the specific route will show-up.

Figure 13.
IPO Diagram of MJeeps Tracking Sequence

Figure 14 on the following page shows the input-process-output sequence of the

user’s emergency feature. This feature is exclusive within the user application which is

only used for urgent matters. Once a worse thing occurs, the user can choose to tell in

exact detail the emergency or just simply swipe right or send an alert to the nearest

admin. Once the action has proceeded, the admin will be notified of the matter.
 53

Figure 14.
IPO Diagram of User’s Emergency Button Sequence

The admin emergency button feature, which is made through Arduino modem,

features three (3) buttons which act independently and have a different equivalent of

functions. Whenever an admin presses the main button, it will send an emergency

notification to the authorities containing a message and the live location of the PUJ while

having a one way communication via GSM module. There will also be two (2) separate

buttons, one will notify nearby users of a certain emergency that has occurred within the

PUJ when pressed and the other is for

Figure 15.
IPO Diagram of Admin’s Emergency Button Sequence
 54

B.3 System Flowchart

The following figure shows the sequential process from creating a user account -

or admin account. This figure also contains the system flow on user log-in, path C if

user, or admin account log-in, path D if admin, to access the home page, where users

are presented with options including calculating fare, viewing available PUJs, and

accessing the emergency page, culminating with the completion of tasks and logging

out.

Figure 16.
Level 1 System Flowchart of User Application
 55

The figure below shows the continuance of figure 16 whereas it follows after the

log-in sequence. This figure contains the user homepage along with the features of the

application.

Figure 17.
Level 1 User Homepage
 56

Beneath this paragraph is figure 18 which shows the continuance of figure 16

whereas it follows after the log-in sequence within the admin-side of the application. This

figure contains the user homepage along with the features of the application.

Figure 18.
Level 1 Admin Homepage
 57

The following figure illustrates the step-by-step procedure for fare calculation,

commencing with the input of point A and point B, then advancing to the calculation

phase, ultimately culminating in the determination of the fare amount. After the

calculation, the user can decide to go back to the homepage.

Figure 19.
Level 2 Calculate Fare on Application

The following figure within page 56, figure 20, is another feature within the

application. The MJeeps Tracker feature shows the live location of the modernized

jeepneys within a chosen specific route. Simply, within the homepage navigation bar, the

user just needs to click the MJeeps tracker and choose a route. To check the information

of the available PUJ, the user must click the modernized jeepney and the information

such as the driver’s name, plate number of the PUJ, and estimated time of arrival of the
 58

PUJ to your current location along with its live location on the map. The user can then

decide to go back to the homepage.

Figure 20.
Level 2 MJeeps Tracker
 59

The figure on the following page, page 57, provides a visual representation of the

operational sequence involving the user emergency feature, whereby users first input

emergency details and subsequently execute a right swipe action to promptly notify the

PUV admin or driver. The user can then decide to go back to the homepage after the

operation.

Figure 21.
Level 2 Emergency Button
 60

Figure 22 within the following page then explains the operational flow of data

within the admin’s emergency button or the arduino-based GPS Tracking and emergency

device. The admin can choose between two buttons, the MJOTS button 1 and button 2,

to decide whether to send the emergency location to the authorities or send a one-way

communication or voice call via the built-in GSM device. The user can then decide to go

back to the homepage after the operation.

Figure 22.
Level 2 Emergency Button

B.4 Database Schema

The following figure shows the flow of data, also known as database schema,

within the MJOTS Mobile Application along with its database and the integrated GPS
 61

Tracking device. The data flows within the GPS Tracking device installed on the

Modernized Jeepney or MJeeps and will then transmit the current location of the MJeeps

onto the user’s and admin’s application device. The user also intersects with the admin or

the conductor/driver’s device with the user emergency function.

Figure 21.
Data Schema of the MJOTS Application
 62

B.5 User-Interface Design: Forms and Reports

Figure sixteenth shows the functions as the login interface for users/passengers,

where users must input their email address and password to gain access.

Figure 22.
User Log-in Interface
 63

The following figure: Users/passengers registration or the user sign-up interface,

where they are required to provide details such as Full Name, email, mobile number, and

password.

Figure 23.
User Sign-up Interface
 64

The next figure: Users are directed to the verification interface, where they must

enter a PIN sent to them to authenticate OTP.

Figure 24.
Mobile Number Verification Interface
 65

The figure below: Serves as the password recovery interface, prompting users to

provide their email for a complete password reset.

Figure 25.
Password Recovery Interface
 66

The following figure: Users encounter the landing page UI, which displays the

status of available, unavailable, and delayed MJeeps. Upon clicking an available MJeep

on the landing page, users are directed to the tracking page.

Figure 26.
Available MJeeps Interface
 67

The next figure: Constitutes the tracking page.

Figure 27.
MJeeps GPS Tracking Map Interface
 68

The figure below: Comprises the navigation sidebar, housing fare price,

emergency, and about us tabs.

Figure 28.
MJeeps Navigation Bar Interface
 69

The following figure: Calculates the fare price from the user's location to their

destination.

Figure 29.
MJeeps Fare Calculator Interface
 70

The next figure: Dedicated to the emergency tab UI, facilitating the handling of

emergencies in MJeeps, including holdups and incidents known as Manyaks.

Figure 30.
MJeeps Emergency Button Interface
 71

The last figure for the user's interface: Represents the about us tab, providing an

explanation of the team's mission, vision, and goals.

Figure 31.
MJeeps About Us Page
 72

Admin/Drivers Section:

The figure underneath: Serves as the login interface for admin/drivers,

necessitating inputs of email address and password.

Figure 32.
Admin Log-in Interface
 73

The figure below: Admin/drivers encounter the registration interface, where details

such as user ID, email, mobile number, and password are required.

Figure 33.
Admin Account Creation Interface
 74

The following figure: Admin/drivers are directed to the upload details interface,

mandating uploads of license ID number, plate number, and driver's license photo.

Figure 34.
Admin Upload Driver’s License Interface
 75

The next figure: Acts as the verification interface, requiring a PIN sent to the user

for OTP verification.

Figure 35.
Admin Verification of Phone Number Interface
 76

The thirtieth figure: For password recovery, admin/drivers navigate to this

interface, where they are prompted to provide their email for a complete password reset.

Figure 36.
Admin Password Recovery Interface
 77

The thirty-first figure: Admin/drivers access the landing page UI, which displays

route, e-jeep number, and online status manipulable by drivers.

Figure 37.
Admin MJeeps Editing Tab Interface
 78

The next figure: Serves as the tracking page upon clicking from the landing page.

Figure 38.
Admin MJeeps Tracking Interface
 79

The following figure: Comprises the navigation sidebar, housing fare price,

emergency, and about us tabs.

Figure 39.
Admin view of MJeeps Navigation Bar Interface
 80

The thirty-fourth figure: Dedicated to the emergency tab UI for admin/drivers,

facilitating the handling of emergencies in MJeeps, including notifications received from

users.

Figure 40.
Admin View of User’s Emergency Button Alert Interface
 81

B.6 Hardware and Software Specifications

Arduino Based GPS Tracking Device

The following shows the specifications of the GPS Tracking device used in the

integration of the SMART MJOTS application. The arduino-based GPS tracking device

will be placed beside the driver’s seat. The unit is composed of GPS Module GY-N265

with a Sim800L GSM Module and Tp40 Micro Pr integrated into an Arduino Nano. The

device boots up seamlessly with a 3.7v 750mAh Lithium-ion battery powering the device

along with two (2) Resistor 1/4wt and the Male-to-Male, Female-to-Male, and Female-to-

Female jumper wires plugged onto the breadboard. The gadget is also installed with two

(2) TSSPST2p Tact Switch and two (2) TSWTH4P Tact Switch Push buttons for its

Emergency usability.

Mobile Device Hardware and System Requirements

The mobile application of SMART Modernized Jeepney Online Tracking System,

known as MJOTS, also requires certain hardware specifications from the mobile device

where it will be installed by both the administrators (drivers and conductors) and users

(potential commuters). The software application requires at least an Android 8.0 Oreo

operating system to be able to run seamlessly. The application also requires at least

32gb ROM, 4gb RAM of storage, and a Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Wi-Fi Direct WLAN

connection or HSPA, LTE network. The system software of the mobile device must also

have a GPS system and a 4230mAh battery. For a more smooth and no-lag interaction,

the application is recommended to be installed on an Android 10 mobile device. It is also

suggested to have at least 128gb of ROM, 8gb RAM with a Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-
 82

band, Wi-Fi Direct WLAN connection or HSPA, LTE, 5G network. The device which the

application will be installed in must have a GPS system with GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO,

BDS, QZSS and a 5000mAh battery.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers aim to obtain thorough insights into the influence and efficacy of

the "SMART Modern Jeepney Online Tracking System" across various user groups by

incorporating a varied range of users.

1. To discuss the development of the SMART Modern Jeepney Online Tracking

System (MJOTS) along with its features, the researchers will use a qualitative

discussion.

2. To determine the level of acceptability of the SMART Modernized Jeepney Online

Tracking System (MJOTS) with the following features, the researchers will

calculate the mean of the responses within the specific feature.

3. To determine the level of user satisfaction of the SMART Modernized Jeepney

Online Tracking System application in terms of Real-time location tracking

accuracy, the researchers will calculate the mean of the gathered data.

4. To determine the significant difference between the level of user satisfaction

among the passengers and the jeepney personnel and the level of acceptability of

the features and functions of the developed SMART Modernized Jeepney Online

Tracking System, the researchers will be using a one way analysis of variance or

ANOVA.
 83

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 90

APPENDICES
 91

CURRICULUM VITAE
 92

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

TITLE PAGE I

APPROVAL SHEET Ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Iii
Iv
DEDICATION
v
ABSTRACT
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
ix

CHAPTER
1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 5
Conceptual Framework 5
Statement of the Problem 9
Hypothesis 10
Scope and Limitation of the Study 11
Significance of the Study 12
Definition of Terms 14

Chapter
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature 19
Related Studies 22

Chapter
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 30
Setting of the Study 31
Subject of the Study 36
Sources of Data 36
Procedure of the Study 37
 93

A. Conduct of the Study

B. Technical Design of the Study
B.1 Hierarchical Input-Process-Output Chart
B.2 I-P-O Diagram
B.3 System Flowchart
B.4 Database Schema
B.5 User-Interface Design: Forms and Reports
B.6 Hardware and Software Specifications
Statistical Treatment 80

Chapter PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4

Chapter
5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

CURRICULUM VITAE