CH 04

CHAPTER 4
Operational Amplifiers
Section 4.3 Solutions
4.3.1 An op-amp base amplifier has supply voltages of +5V and a gain of 10. Sketch the input waveform
from the output waveform in Fig. P4.3.1. What are (a) the minimum and (b) the maximum values of the
input voltage?
FIGURE P4.3.1
Solution:
225
c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 225 01-Feb-22 7:56:22 PM

226 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers
4.3.2 An amplifier has a gain of 15 and the input waveform shown in Fig. P4.3.2. Draw the output
waveform.
υin (mV)
150
100
50
0
0.5 1 1.5 2.0 t (s)
−50
−100
−150
FIGURE P4.3.2
Solution:
υout (V)
1
0.75
0.5
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 t (s)
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
−2.25
4.3.3 For an ideal op-amp, the voltage gain and input resistance are infinite while the output resistance
is zero. What are the consequences for
a. the op-amp’s input voltage?
b. the op-amp’s input currents?
c. the op-amp’s output current?
Solution:
a. With infinite gain, an input voltage of zero will produce a finite output voltage,
Vin out
  = 0 Vand, if Vin is a finite value the V   = ± ∞.


Solutions to Problems 227
b. No input current flows,

Rin
  = ∞ and
iin
  = 0 A

c. With Ro  ut= 0 Ω,the output current is limited only by external circuit variables,
V  ut
io  = _
  oout  
Reeq
  q
io
+
Req Vout
−
4.3.4 Revisit your answers in Problem 4.3.3 under the following nonideal scenarios.
a. Ri  n = ∞, Ro  ut= 0, A

o  ≠ ∞.
b. Ri  n = ∞, Ro  ut> 0, A

o  = ∞.
c. Ri  n ≠ ∞, R
o  ut= 0, A
o  = ∞.
Solution:
a. If Ri  n = ∞, then i i  n= 0 A

V 
If Ro  ut= 0, then i o  ut = _
  out  (RL  = external resistor)
RL 
If Ao  ≠ ∞, then Vi  n ≠ 0 V
b. If Ri  n = ∞, then i i  n= 0 A

If Ro  ut> 0, io  utwill be limited by both Ro  ut and RL  .
Vo  ut
⇒ io  ut = _
   
( RL  + Ro  ut)
If Ao  = ∞, then Vi  n = 0 V
V 
c. If Ri  n ≠ ∞, then ii  n = _
  in 
Rin
 
If Ao  = ∞, then Vi  n = 0 V.
Therefore, ii  n= 0 A because V
in
  = 0 V.
If Ro  ut= 0, then i out
  is limited only by R
L  .
V 
⇒ io  ut = _
  out 
RL 

4.3.5 An amplifier has a gain of –5 and the output waveform shown in Fig. P4.3.5. Sketch the input
waveform.
υo (V)
12
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t (ms)
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
FIGURE P4.3.5
Solution:
υin (V)
2.4
1.6
0.8
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t (ms)
−0.8
−1.6
−2.4
4.3.6 Revisit the exact analysis of the inverting configuration in Section 4.3.
a. Find an expression for the gain if R in = ∞, Rout

  = 0, and Ao  ≠ ∞.
b. Plot the ratio of the gain in (a) to the ideal gain versus A o for 1 ≤ Ao  ≤ 1000for an ideal gain of –10.
c. From your plot, does the actual gain approach the ideal value as A
oincreases or decreases?
d. From your plot, what is the minimum value of Aoif the actual gain is within 5% of the ideal case?

Solution:
a. From section 4.3
(
− __2 )
R 
R1 
Vo  _________________________
⎢ ⎥
__
  V    =   
       
⎡ _ 1 ⎤
( R1  R2  Ri  n )( R2  Ro  )
S 1 _
1 _ 1 1 _
_
    +     +         +    
1 − __________________
         
(  R2    )(  R2    −   Ro    )
1 _ 1 _ Ao 
_
⎣ ⎦
When Rin
  = ∞, R
out
  = 0, and A
o  ≠ ∞:
1   ≪ ___
 ___   1   and ___
  1   ≪ ___
  1  , ___
  1   ≫ ___
  1  
Ri  n R1  Ri  n R2  Ro  R2 
(
−  __2 ) (
− __2 )
R  R 
___o  _________________
V R1  R
1 
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
    =          = _____________       
⎡ _ ⎤ ⎡ R1  ⎤
( R1  R2  )( Ro  ) ( R2  R1  )
VS  1 _ 1 1
_ R
  +
    +         _
  2
 
1 + ___________
         1+_    
⎣ ( R2  )( Ro  ) ⎦ ⎣ ( R2  ) ⎦
1
_ Ao 
_ A 
         _o 
(
−  __2 )
R 
___o  ________________
V R1 
    =         
1+(
R1  )( Ao  )
VS  R1  + R2  _
_ 1  
     
(−  _ R1  )
R2 
Vo  ________________  
___
    =        = Aactual
 
  A1    )(1 + _  R2    )
VS  R 
1+(_
o 1
− R2 
b. Ai  deal = _
    = − 10
R1 
(− 10)
Aa  ctual = ______________
       = − _10  
( Ao  )
  1   ( 1 + ( 10))
1 + __ 1+_ 11 
Ao 
1 ≤ Ao  ≤ 1000
Gain Ratio vs. Ao

0
−1
−2
−3
−4
Gain Ratio
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Ao

c. When A  o increases, A  actual approaches A  ideal.
  − 10  
( )
_
A  [ 1+_  11 ]
Ao 
d. _
  actual  =  _  
Ai  deal ( − 10)
  − 10  
( )
_
[ Ao  ]
1 + _11 
 
 _   ≤ 0.95
(− 10)
Ao  ≥ 209
4.3.7 Revisit the exact analysis of the inverting amplifier in Section 4.3.
a. Find an expression for the voltage gain if R in ≠ ∞, Rout o  ≠ ∞.
  = 0, and A
b. F
or R2  = 27 kΩand R 1= 3 kΩ,plot the ratio of the actual gain to the ideal gain for A o = 1000 and
1 kΩ ≤ R in
  ≤ 1000 kΩ.
c. From your plot, does the ratio approach unity as R in increases or decreases?
d. From your plot in (b), what is the minimum value R 

in, if the gain ratio is to be at least 0.98?
Solution:
(
−  __2 )
R 
_o  _____________________
V R1 
a. Aa  ctual =     =   
⎢ ⎥
       
⎡ _   1   ⎤
( R1  R2  Ri  n )( R2  Ro  )
VS  1 1
    +     + _
_   1   _   1   + _
1 −  __________________
        
  1   (_   o )
A 
⎣ ( R2  ) R2  Ro 
_   1   − _
⎦
A 
  1   ≫ _
When Ro  = 0, _   1   and _
  o  ≫ _   1  
Ro  R2  Ro  R2 
(
−  __2 )
R 
Vo  _______________
___ R1 
⎢ ⎥
    =          
⎡ _   1   ⎤
( R1  R2  Ri  n )
VS  1
    + _   1   + _
1 + ___________
     
(_   o )
A 
⎣ R2  ⎦
(
− __2 )
R 
_o  _________________
V R1 
    =         = Aa  ctual
(  Ao    )(1 +  R1    +   Ri  n  )
VS  1 R2  _ R2 
1+ _ _
− R2 
  = _
b. Aideal     = −9
R1 
( − 9)
Aa  ctual = _________________
   
     
1000 ( Ri  n )
1+(  1  ) 1 + 9 + _
_  27  
_ A  1
  actual  =  ________________
    
( 1000 ⋅ Ri  n )
Aideal
  1 + 0.01 + _  27  
1 kΩ ≤ Ri  n ≤ 100 kΩ

Gain Ratio vs. Ao

0.995
0.99
0.985
0.98
Gain Ratio
0.975
0.97
0.965
0.96
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Rin (kΩ)
c. As R  inincreases, the ratio approaches unity.

1
d. 0.98 ≤  ___________________
  
1 + (0.01 + 0.027 . Rin)
Ri  n ≥ 2.59 kΩ
4.3.8 Determine the gain of the amplifier in Fig. P4.3.8. What is the value of I  o?
R 2= 27 kΩ
R1  = 3.3 kΩ

Vin
  = 3 V
Io
Vin + Vo
−
R2
R1
FIGURE P4.3.8

Solution:
i=0A
Io
Vin + + Vo
0V −
−
= 3V
27 kΩ
0A
3.3 kΩ
Noninverting configuration:
Vo  R 
  27k  
( )
 ___   = 1 + ___
  2  = 1 + _____
Vi  n R1  (3.3k)
AV  = 9.18

i  n = 3 V,
For V
Vo  = ( 9.18)(3)

Vo  = 27.54 V
Vo  = Io  ⋅ ( R1  + R2  )

  27.54  

( )
Io  = ___________

( 27k + 3.3k)
Io  = 909 mA

4.3.9 Assuming an ideal op-amp in Fig. P4.3.9, determine the value of R 
Xthat will produce a voltage
gain of 21.
+ +
− +
5 kΩ
υ1
υo
RX
− −
FIGURE P4.3.9
Solution:
  5k  = 21
( )
AV  = 1 + _
RX 
( 5k)
_
RX  =   20 
RX  = 250 Ω
4.3.10 Determine the expression for υo in the network in Fig. P4.3.10.
R2
R1
υA
− υo
υB +
FIGURE P4.3.10

Solution:
R1
υA
υB − υo
υB +
υ A − υ B _ υ  − υ o

−  :  _
KCL at V   =   B  
R1  R2 
_R2  R 
υ o = υ B −     ⋅ υ A + _   2  ⋅ υ B
R1  R1 
υ o = ( − _2 ) ⋅ υ A + (   2 ) ⋅ υ B
R  R 
1+_
R1  R1 
4.3.11 Assuming an ideal op-amp, determine the voltage gain of the circuit in Fig. P4.3.11.
+
−
5 kΩ +
5 kΩ
υ1 + υo
−
400 kΩ
FIGURE P4.3.11
Solution:
( 5k + 5k)
AV  = 1 + _
  ( ) = 26
400

4.3.12 Determine the relationship between υo and υ inin the circuit in Fig. P4.3.12.
R1
υin
+ υo
−
R2
RF
RI
FIGURE P4.3.12
Solution:
I1 R1 V1 0A
υin
+ υo
I1 −
R2
RF
RI
KVL : υ  in = I1  ⋅ R

1  + I1  ⋅ R2 
V1  = I1  ⋅ R
2 
V 
I1  = _
  1 
R2 
υ in = (   1 ) ⋅ R1  + (   1 ) ⋅ R2  = V1  (1 + _

  1 )
V  V  R 
_ _
R2  R2  R2 
V1  _ R2 
 _ υ in  =   R1  + R2   


Noninverting op-amp:
υ  R 
  __o   = 1 + __
  F 
V1  RI 
Overall gain:
V1  ) υ in ) (
  F )(_
RI  R1  + R2  )
υ in  = (  o   (_
υ o υ   V1  R  R2 
 ___ _     = 1 + _    
υ in = ( RI  )( R1  + R2  )

υ o R  + RF  _ R2 
 _ _
  I      
1that produces a voltage gain of 10.

4.3.13 For the circuit in Fig. P4.3.13, find the value of R 
+
− +
V1 +
− 9 kΩ Vo
R1
−
FIGURE P4.3.13
Solution:
Noninverting:
V  R 
AV  = _
  o = 1 + _
  2 
V1  R1 
  9k 
( )
(10)= 1 + _

R1 

R1  = 1 kΩ

4.3.14 Assuming an ideal op-amp, find the voltage gain of the network in Fig. P4.3.14.
6 kΩ
3 kΩ
100 kΩ 150 kΩ
−
+ +
+
υ1 υo
− −
FIGURE P4.3.14
Solution:
(6k ‖ 3k) (2k) 
AV  = − _     = − _
( 100 + 150) (250)
AV  = − 8


4.3.15 Determine the expression for the output voltage, υ o, of the inverting-summer circuit shown in
Fig. P4.3.15.
R1 RF
υ1
R2
υ2
− υo
+
R3
υ3
FIGURE P4.3.15
Solution:
R1 RF
υ1
R2
υ2 0V
+ − υo
0V+
−
R3
υ3
υ  − 0 υ 2 − 0 _ υ  − 0 0 − υ o

−  : _
KCL at V   1   + _     +   3   = _    
R1  R2  R3  RF 
− R  R  R 
υ o = _
   F ⋅ υ 1 − _
  F  ⋅ υ 2 − _
  F  ⋅ υ 3
R1  R2  R3 
4.3.16 Determine the output voltage, υ  0, of the noninverting averaging circuit shown in Fig. P4.3.16.
R1
υ1
R2
υ2
+ υo
−
R3
υ3
RF
RI
FIGURE P4.3.16
Solution:
R1
υ1
R2 0 A VX
υ2
+ + υo
0V
− −
R3 0 A VX
υ3
RF
RI

υ 1 − VX  _ υ  − V  υ 3 − VX 

KCL at V+  :  _   +   2  X +  _  = 0
R1  R2  R3 
υ o − VX  _ V 
−  :  _
KCL at V   =   X 
RF  RI 
VX  = υ o(_
RI  + RF  )
RI 
   

RI  ) [ ]
υ o = (
R  + RF  R2  ⋅ R3  ⋅ υ 1 + R1  ⋅ R3  ⋅ υ 2 + R1  ⋅ R2  ⋅ υ 3
_
  I   ⋅ __________________________
          
R1  ⋅ R2  + R2  ⋅ R3  + R1  ⋅ R3 
4.3.17 In the network in Fig. P4.3.17, determine the value of Vo.

R1  = 11 kΩ
R2  = 18 kΩ
RI  = 6 Ω
RF  = 15 Ω
υ1 = 4 V
υ2 = 6 V
FIGURE P4.3.17
Solution:
4.3.18 Find Vo  in the network in Fig. P4.3.18 and explain what effect R 
1has on the output.
15 Ω
4Ω
−
+ +
4V + Vo
− 10 Ω R1
−
FIGURE P4.3.18

Solution:
R3
R2 15 Ω
4Ω 0V−
+ +
0A 0V
4V + Vo
− R1 10 Ω
−
ii  n= 0 Afor an ideal op-amp.

Therefore, the voltage across R1 is zero, and V 
+ = 0 V.
Then, the inverting op-amp configuration results in:
R  ( 15)
V o = − _3  ⋅ (VS  ) = − _   ⋅ (4)
R2  (4)

Vo  = − 15 V
R1 has no impact on the circuit.
4.3.19 Using the ideal op-amp assumptions, determine I  1, I2  , and I3  in Fig. P4.3.19.
I3
I1 R2
R1 I2 − Vo
+
2.85 mA
FIGURE P4.3.19
Solution:
I3
I1 R2
0A
R1 I2 − Vo
+
2.85 mA
0A
I 1= 2.85 mA
I2  = 0 A ( ideal op-amp)

KCL : I 1  = I2  + I3 
I3  = I1  − I2 

I3  = 2.85 mA

4.3.20 Determine the relationship between υ1and ioin the circuit shown in Fig. P4.3.20.
RF
RI
υ1
−
+ io
FIGURE P4.3.20

Solution:
RF
RI
υ1
0V − Vo
+ io
Vo  _ − RF 
 _υ 1  =   RI   

V  − 0 υ 
io  = _
  o   = − _1 
RF  RI 
io  1
 _ _
υ 1  = −  RI   
o.
4.3.21 Assuming an ideal op-amp in Fig. P4.3.21, determine the output voltage V 
4 kΩ
1 kΩ
−
+ +
6V +
− 2V + 2 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P4.3.21
Solution:
I2
4 kΩ
I1 V−
i− −
1 kΩ i+ + +
V+
6V +
− 2V + 2 kΩ Vo
−
−
Applying op-amp rules:

1. V – = V+  , yield V–  = 2 V since V+  = 2 V. Then I1 = ( 6 − 2) / (1k)= 4 mA and the
voltage drop across the 1 kΩ resistor is 4 V.
2. Since I−  = I+  = 0, then I2  = I1  = 4 mA. As a result, the voltage drop across the 4 kΩ resistor is 16 V.
KVL (around the outer loop):
− 6 + 4 + 16 + Vo  = 0
Vo  = − 14 V


4.3.22 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P4.3.22.

4 kΩ
R1
2 kΩ
−
+ +
15 V +
− 10 V + Vo
−
−
FIGURE P4.3.22
Solution:
R2
R1 4 kΩ
−
2 kΩ 10 V + +
15 V +
− 10 V + Vo
−
−
( 15 − 10) 10 − Vo 
−  :  _
KCL at V   =   _  
R1  R2 
R 
  2 = 10 −  _
(20k)
Vo  = 10 − ( 5) _
 
R1  ( 2k)

Vo  = 0 V

4.3.23 Calculate the transfer function i o/υ 1for the network shown in Fig. P4.3.23.
υ1 io
+
−
RF
RI
FIGURE P4.3.23
Solution:
υ1 io
0V
+
− Vo
V1
RF
RI
V  Vo  − V1 

−  : _
KCL at V   1  = _    
RI  RF 
R 
Vo  = _
  F  ⋅ V1  + V1 
RI 
V  R 
 _o = 1 + _
  F 
V1  RI 
Vo  V 
io  = _
    = _
  1 
(RI  + RF  ) RI 
io  _
 _   =   1  
V1  RI 

4.3.24 Using the ideal op-amp assumptions, determine the values of V

oand I1 in Fig. P4.3.24.
I1
11 V
+ Vo
−
10 kΩ
1 kΩ
FIGURE P4.3.24
Solution:
Vin I1 0A
= 11 V +
0V
+ Vo
− −
0A R2
10 kΩ
R1 1 kΩ
Noninverting configuration:
Vo  R 
  10k  
( )
 _  = 1 + _
  2 = 1 + _
Vi  n R1  ( 1k)
AV  = 11
i  n = 11 V,
For V
Vo  = ( 11) ⋅ ( 11)

Vo  = 121 V
If Ri  n = ∞, then Iin
  = 0 A, and I1  = 0 A
4.3.25 For the amplifier in Fig. P4.3.25, find the gain and I
o.
Io R2  = 20 kΩ
+ Vo
− R1  = 3.3 kΩ
VS  = 2 V
R2
R1
VS
FIGURE P4.3.25

Solution:
0A
Io
+ +
0V− Vo
−
20 kΩ
0V
0A
3.3 kΩ
VS = 2 V
Inverting configuration:
V  −R2  (20k) 
 _o  = _     = − _
VS  R1  (3.3k)
AV  = −6.06

For VS  = 2 V,
Vo  = ( −6.06)( 2)

Vo  = −12.12

Vo  = Io  ⋅ R2 

  −12.12 
( )
Io  = _

( 20k)
Io  = −606 μA

4.3.26 For the circuit in Fig. P4.3.26,
a. find Vo in terms of V1 and V2.
b. If V1  = 2 V and V2  = 6 V, find Vo.
c. If the op-amp supplies are ± 12 V,and V 1= 4 V,what is the allowable range of V2?
V1
+ Vo
V2 −
2 kΩ
2 kΩ
1 kΩ
FIGURE P4.3.26

Solution:
V1
R1 + Vo
V2 −
2 kΩ R3
2 kΩ
R2 1 kΩ
a. V+  = V−  = V1 

V  − V  V  V1  − Vo 
1  : _
KCL at V   2  1 =  _1  +  _  
R1  R2  R3 
− R  R  R 
Vo  = _
   3 ⋅ V2  + _
  3  ⋅ V1  + _
  3  ⋅ V1  + V1 
R1  R1  R2 
Vo  = V1  [_    + 1] − _

R  R3  R 
  3  + _   3  ⋅ V2 
R1  R2  R1 
Vo  = 4 ⋅ V1  − V2 
b. Vo  = 4(2)− ( 6)
Vo  = 2 V
c. | 4(4)− V2  | ≤ 12 V

4 V ≤ V2  ≤ 28 V
4.3.27 Find the voltage gain of the op-amp circuit shown in Fig. P4.3.27.
90 kΩ
+
− +
V1 + 30 kΩ
− 36 kΩ Vo
1 kΩ
−
FIGURE P4.3.27
Solution:
RA V2 0A
I1 +
90 kΩ
I1 V2 0 A − +
R2
+
V1 + RB 30 kΩ
− −
36 kΩ Vo
R1 1 kΩ
−
KVL: V1  = RA  ⋅ I1  + RB  ⋅ I1 

V2  = I1  ⋅ RB 

V 
I   1 = _
  2 
RB 
V1  = RA  [_

  2 ]+ RB  [_
  2 ]= V2  ⋅ [ _
  A + 1]
V  V  R 

RB  RB  RB 
R  + R 
V1  = _
  A  B ⋅ V2 
RB 
V  RB 
  30k  
( )
 _2  = _     = _
V1  RA  + RB  (90k + 30k)
V 
 _2 = 0.25
V1 

Noninverting op-amp:
V  R 
  36k  
( )
 _o = 1 + _
  2 = 1 + _
V2  R1  (1k)
V 
 _o = 37
V2 
Overall gain:
 _o = (   2 ) ⋅ (  o )= ( 0.25)(37)

V  V  V 
_ _
V1  V1  V2 
V 
 _o = 9.25
V1 
4.3.28 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P4.3.28.

10 kΩ
100 kΩ
+ 9V 20 kΩ
− −
30 kΩ
+ +
10 V +
− Vo
− 12 V 40 kΩ + 20 kΩ
+ − 6V
−
FIGURE P4.3.28
Solution:
R1 R5
10 kΩ 100 kΩ
R2
9V +
− −
20 kΩ R3 6V
+ +
+ 30 kΩ
10 V −
− R4 + 20 kΩ R6 Vo
+ 40 kΩ
− 6V
12 V −
9 −   6 +  _
10 −  6 +  _
−12 −  6 =  _6   + _ 6 − Vo 
−  :  _
KCL at V    
R1  R2  R3  R4  R5 
3   + _ − Vo 
 _   18   − _
  4   − _   6   − _
  6   = _
   
( 10k) ( 20k) ( 30k) ( 40k) ( 100k) ( 100k)
Vo  = 31 V
40 kΩ
5 kΩ
−
+ +
5 kΩ
5V +
− 4V + 20 kΩ
Vo
−
−
FIGURE P4.3.29

Solution:
R2
40 kΩ
R1 V′
RA + −
5 kΩ 0V +
− +
5 kΩ V′
5V +
− 4V + RB 20 kΩ
Vo
−
−
5 − V V  ′ − Vo 
KCL at V−  :  _    ′  = _
   
R1  R2 
Vo 
(  R2    +   R1    ) =   R1    +   R2   
V  ′  _ 1 _ 1 _ 5 _
V  ′ (_
R1  ⋅ R2  )
R  + R2  5R2  + R1  ⋅ Vo 
  1   = ___________
     
R1  ⋅ R2 
V  ′ = 5(_
R1  + R2  )
  + Vo  (_
R1  + R2  )
R2  R1 
     
4 − V
KCL at V+  :  _    ′  = _
  V  ′  
RA  RB 
4 ⋅ RB 
V  ′  = _
   
RA  + RB 
Plugging in V
 ′ :
5(_
R1  + R2  )
  + Vo  (_
R1  + R2  ) RA  + RB 
R2  R1  4 ⋅ RB 
      = _
   
( 5k + 20k) ( 5k + 40k)] ( (5k) )

Vo  = [ _
( 5k + 40k)
  4 20k   − _
  5 40k   ⋅ _
( ) ( )
   
Vo  = −11.2 V
4.3.30 Determine the Vo and Ix in the circuit in Fig. P4.3.30.
FIGURE P4.3.30

Solution:
Let V x is the voltage at the output of the op-amp. So,

æ ö
V x = çç1+ 50 ÷÷÷ (4 mV) = 24 mV
è 10 ø
60 30 = 20 kW
By voltage division
V0 = 20k V = 12 mV
x
20k + 20k
Vx
Ix = = 600 nA
20k + 20k
FIGURE P4.3.31
Solution:

4.3.32 Find the input/output relationship for the current amplifier shown in Fig. P4.3.32.
RF
iin
− io
+ +
−
RL
RI
FIGURE P4.3.32
Solution:
RF
iin if
0V − 0A
io
+ VF + Vo
0V −
RL
RI
KCL at V
−  of the op-amp on the left side:
0 − VF 
ii  n = _
   
RF 
VF  = −iin
  ⋅ RF 
Noninverting op-amp on the right side:
Vo  = (   L ) ⋅ VF 

R 
1+_
RI 
V  − VF 
io  = _
  o  
RL 
VF  ( _
RI  )
RI  + RL 
  − VF 
i  =    
_______________  o
RL 
VF  (___________ ) V 

R  + RL  − RI 
  I  
_______________ RI 
i  =    
  =  _F 
o
RL  RI 
( −i  ⋅ RF  )
io  = _
  in  
RI 
io  R 
 _   = − _F 
iin  RI 

4.3.33 The electronic ammeter in Application Example 4.9 has been modified and is shown in
Fig. P4.3.33. The selector switch allows the user to change the range of the meter. Using values for R1
and R2 from Application Example 4.9, find the values of RA and RB that will yield a 10-V output when the
current being measured is 100 mA and 10 mA, respectively.
+
I −
Unknown RA RB RC = 1 kΩ
current +
Voltmeter
Vo
R2 = 9 kΩ
+ −
R1 = 1 kΩ −
Selector
switch
FIGURE P4.3.33
Solution:
V′ 0A
+
Unknown − +
current
RA RB RC = 1 kΩ
R2
Vo
9 kΩ
R1 1 kΩ
Noninverting:
V o = (   2 ) ⋅ V
 ′ = (   9k  ) ⋅ V  ′ = 10 ⋅ V  ′ 
R  ( )
1+_ 1+_
R1  ( 1k)

V  ′  = I ⋅ R
A  = 0.1 ⋅ R
A 

Vo  = 10 = 10 ⋅ ( 0.1 ⋅ RA  )

RA  = 10 Ω

V  ′  = I ⋅ R
B  = 0.01RB 

Vo  = 10 = 10(0.01RB  )
RB  = 100 Ω

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. or the author, All rights reserved. Instructors who are authorized users of this
course are permitted to download these materials and use them in connection with the course. Except
as permitted herein or by law, no part of these materials should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise.


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CHAPTER 4

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 225 01-Feb-22 7:56:22 PM

a. the op-amp’s input voltage?

b. the op-amp’s input currents?

c. the op-amp’s output current?

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 226 01-Feb-22 7:56:23 PM

b. No input current flows,

a. ​​Ri​ n​​ = ∞, ​Ro​ ut​​= 0, A

b. ​​Ri​ n​​ = ∞, ​Ro​ ut​​> 0, A

a. ​If ​Ri​ n​​ = ∞, then i​ i​ n​​= 0 A

b. ​If ​Ri​ n​​ = ∞, then i​ i​ n​​= 0 A

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 227 01-Feb-22 7:56:23 PM

a. Find an expression for the gain if ​​R​ in​​ = ∞, ​Rout

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 228 01-Feb-22 7:56:24 PM

a. From section 4.3

Gain Ratio vs. Ao

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 229 01-Feb-22 7:56:24 PM

c. When ​​A​ o​​​ increases, ​​A​ actual​​​ approaches ​​A​ ideal​​​.

d. From your plot in (b), what is the minimum value R​

1 kΩ ≤ ​Ri​ n​​ ≤ 100 kΩ

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 230 01-Feb-22 7:56:24 PM

Gain Ratio vs. Ao

c. As ​​R​ in​​​increases, the ratio approaches unity.

​Ri​ n​​ ≥ 2.59 kΩ​

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 231 01-Feb-22 7:56:25 PM

​​ ​ 27.54 ​ ​​

4.3.10 Determine the expression for υo in the network in Fig. P4.3.10.

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 232 01-Feb-22 7:56:26 PM

​υ​ A​​ − ​υ​ B​​ _ ​υ​ ​​ − ​υ​ o​​

KVL : υ​ ​ in​​ = ​I1​ ​​ ⋅ R

υ​ in​​ = ( ​ 1 ​)​ ⋅ ​R1​ ​​ + ( ​ 1 ​)​ ⋅ ​R2​ ​​ = ​V1​ ​​​(1 + _

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 233 01-Feb-22 7:56:27 PM

​υ​ in​​ ​= ( ​RI​ ​​ )( ​R1​ ​​ + ​R2​ ​​ )

​​ 1​​​that produces a voltage gain of 10.

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 234 01-Feb-22 7:56:28 PM

​υ​ ​​ − 0 ​υ​ 2​​ − 0 _ ​υ​ ​​ − 0 0 − ​υ​ o​​

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 235 01-Feb-22 7:56:29 PM

​υ​ 1​​ − ​VX​ ​​ _ ​υ​ ​​ − ​V​ ​​ ​υ​ 3​​ − ​VX​ ​​

4.3.17 In the network in Fig. P4.3.17, determine the value of Vo.

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 236 01-Feb-22 7:56:29 PM

​​ii​ n​​= 0 A​for an ideal op-amp.

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 237 01-Feb-22 7:56:31 PM

Applying op-amp rules:

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 238 01-Feb-22 7:56:32 PM

4.3.22 Find ​​Vo​ ​in the network in Fig. P4.3.22.

​V​ ​​ ​Vo​ ​​ − ​V1​ ​​

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 239 01-Feb-22 7:56:33 PM

4.3.24 Using the ideal op-amp assumptions, determine the values of V​

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 240 01-Feb-22 7:56:34 PM

4.3.26 For the circuit in Fig. P4.3.26,

a. find Vo in terms of V1 and V2.

b. If ​​V1​ ​​ = 2 V​ and ​​V2​ ​​ = 6 V,​ find Vo.

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 241 01-Feb-22 7:56:35 PM

a. ​​V+​ ​​ = ​V−​ ​​ = ​V1​ ​​

​Vo​ ​​ = ​V1​ ​​​[_ ​ ​+ 1]​ − _

c. |​​ 4​(4)​− ​V2​ ​​|​ ≤ 12 V

​KVL: ​V1​ ​​ = ​RA​ ​​ ⋅ ​I1​ ​​ + ​RB​ ​​ ⋅ ​I1​ ​​

V1​ ​​ = ​RA​ ​​​[_

c04SolutionsToProblems.indd 242 01-Feb-22 7:56:36 PM

a. Ri  n = ∞, Ro  ut= 0, A

b. Ri  n = ∞, Ro  ut> 0, A

a. If Ri  n = ∞, then i i  n= 0 A

b. If Ri  n = ∞, then i i  n= 0 A

a. Find an expression for the gain if R in = ∞, Rout

c. When A  o increases, A  actual approaches A  ideal.

d. From your plot in (b), what is the minimum value R 

1 kΩ ≤ Ri  n ≤ 100 kΩ

c. As R  inincreases, the ratio approaches unity.

Ri  n ≥ 2.59 kΩ

  27.54  

υ A − υ B _ υ  − υ o

KVL : υ  in = I1  ⋅ R

υ in = (   1 ) ⋅ R1  + (   1 ) ⋅ R2  = V1  (1 + _

υ in = ( RI  )( R1  + R2  )

1that produces a voltage gain of 10.

υ  − 0 υ 2 − 0 _ υ  − 0 0 − υ o

υ 1 − VX  _ υ  − V  υ 3 − VX 

ii  n= 0 Afor an ideal op-amp.

4.3.22 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P4.3.22.

V  Vo  − V1 

4.3.24 Using the ideal op-amp assumptions, determine the values of V

b. If V1  = 2 V and V2  = 6 V, find Vo.

a. V+  = V−  = V1 

Vo  = V1  [_    + 1] − _

c. | 4(4)− V2  | ≤ 12 V

KVL: V1  = RA  ⋅ I1  + RB  ⋅ I1 

V1  = RA  [_

 _o = (   2 ) ⋅ (  o )= ( 0.25)(37)

( 5k + 20k) ( 5k + 40k)] ( (5k) )

Vo  = (   L ) ⋅ VF 

VF  (___________ ) V 