THEORY OF STRUCTURES I

Deflection

6
Dr. Yassamin Khalid
Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering /University of Duhok

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021

 Chapter’s Objectives
PART ONE: INTERNAL LOAD EFFECTS IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS
1. Internal Load Effects

2. Shear & Moment Functions

3. Shear & Bending Moment Diagrams

4. Moment Diagrams by The Method of Superposition

PART TWO : DEFLECTION DIAGRAMS AND ELASTIC CURVES/ GEOMETRIC METHODS

1. Flexural Deflections

2. Double Integration Method

3. Moment Area Theorems Method

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 2

 Introduction
Deflections of structures can occur from various sources, such as loads,
temperature, fabrication errors, or settlement.

In design, deflections must be limited in order to provide integrity and stability

of roofs, and prevent cracking of attached brittle materials such as concrete,
plaster or glass.

Furthermore, a structure must not vibrate or deflect severely in order to

“appear” safe for its occupants.

More important, though, deflections at specified points in a structure must be

determined if one is to analyze statically indeterminate structures.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 3

 Introduction-Cont.
The deflections to be considered apply only to structures having linear elastic
material response and undergo small deformation hence the structure will
response linearly to the applied load.

When the actions causing the deformations are removed, the deformations are
termed elastic deformations. The permanent deformations of structures are
referred to as inelastic, or plastic deformations.

The deflection of a structure is caused by its internal loadings such as normal

force, shear force, or bending moment.

For beams and frames, however, the greatest deflections are most often caused
by internal bending, whereas internal axial forces cause the deflections of a
truss.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 4

 Introduction-Cont.
The methods that have been developed for computing deflections can be
broadly classified into two categories:
(1) Geometric methods: based on a consideration of the geometry of the
deflected shapes of structures
(2) Work-energy methods: based on the basic principles of work and energy

Before the slope or displacement of a point on a beam or frame is determined, it

is often helpful to sketch the deflected shape of the structure when it is loaded
in order to partially check the results.

This deflection diagram represents the elastic curve or locations of points which
defines the displaced position of the centroid of the cross section along
the members.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 5

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 6
 Introduction-Cont.
If the elastic curve seems difficult to establish, it is suggested that the moment
diagram for the beam or frame be drawn first.

A positive moment tends to bend a beam or horizontal member concave

upward. Likewise, a negative moment tends to bend the beam or member
concave downward.

Therefore, if the shape of the moment diagram is known, it will be easy to

construct the elastic curve and vice versa.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 7

Within the region of negative moment, the elastic curve is concave downward;
and within the region of positive moment, the elastic curve is concave upward.
There must be an inflection point at the point where the curve changes from
concave down to concave up, since this is a point of zero moment.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 8

Ex. 1 Draw the deflected shape of each of the beams

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 9

Ex. 2 Draw the deflected shape of each of the frames

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 10

 Part 1: Internal Loadings in Structural Members
It is necessary to determine the force and moment that act within the structural
member.

The methods for finding these loadings at specified points along a member’s
axis and showing the variation of these loading graphically will use shear and
moment diagrams.

The internal load at a specified point in a member can be determined by using

the method of sections. In general, this loading for a coplanar structure will
consist of normal force N, shear force V, and bending moment M.

It should be realized, however, that these loadings actually represent the

resultants of the stress distribution acting over the member’s cross-sectional
area at the cut.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 11

 Sign Convention
Before presenting a method for finding the internal normal force, shear
force, and bending moment, we will need to establish a sign convention to
define their “positive” and “negative” values.

In accordance with Newton’s third law, an equal but opposite normal force,
shear force, and bending moment must act on the right-hand face of the
member at the section.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 12

13
14
15
16
 Shear and Moment Functions
The design of a beam requires a detailed knowledge of the variations of the
internal shear force V and moment M acting at each point along the beam axis.

The variations of V and M as a function of the position x of an arbitrary point

along the beam’s axis can be obtained by using the method of sections.

The internal shear and moment functions will be discontinuous,

or their slope will be discontinuous, at points where the type or magnitude
of the distributed load changes or where concentrated forces or couple
moments are applied.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 17

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 18
Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 19
20
21
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam
If the variations of V and M as functions of x are plotted, the graphs are termed
the shear diagram and moment diagram, respectively.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 22

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 23
Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 24
25
26
27
28
29
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame
A frame is composed of several connected members that are either fixed or pin
connected at their ends.

The design of these structures often requires drawing the shear and moment
diagrams for each of the members.

To analyze any problem, we need first to determine the reactions at the frame
supports. Then, using the method of sections, we find the axial force, shear force,
and moment acting at the ends of each member.

Note: If the frame is made of reinforced concrete, designers often draw the moment
diagram positive on the tension side of the frame ( since concrete has a low tensile
strength, it will then be possible to determine on which side of the frame the
reinforcement steel must be placed ). However, we will use the opposite sign
convention and always draw the moment diagram positive on the compression
side.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 30

31
32
33
 Moment Diagrams by the Method of Superposition
Since beams are used primarily to resist bending stress, it is important
that the moment diagram accompany the solution for their design. If we use
the principle of superposition, however, each of the loads on the beam can be
treated separately and the moment diagram can then be constructed in a
series of parts rather than a single and sometimes complicated shape.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 34

Using the method of superposition, the moment diagrams for a member can be represented
by a series of simpler shapes. The shapes represent the moment diagram for each of the
separate loadings. The resultant moment diagram is then the algebraic addition of the
separate diagrams.

35
37
38
 PART TWO : DEFLECTION DIAGRAMS AND ELASTIC
CURVES

There are two important differential equations that relate the internal moment in a
beam to the displacement and slope of its elastic curve. These equations form the
basis for the deflection method presented in this part ( Double Integration Method).

Due to the loading, the deformation of the beam is caused by both the internal
shear force and bending moment.

If the beam has a length that is much greater than its depth, the greatest deformation
will be caused by bending.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 39

PART TWO : DEFLECTION DIAGRAMS AND ELASTIC
CURVES-Cont.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 40

In order to facilitate the solution of a greater number of problems, Eq. 8–3 will be
modified to:

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 41

 The Double Integration Method

Once M is expressed as a function of position x, then successive integrations of

Eq 8-4 will yield:
1- The beam’s slope

2- The Equation of the elastic curve

For each integration it is necessary to introduce

a “constant of integration” and then solve for the
constants to obtain a unique solution
for a particular problem.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 42

Sign Convention: It is important to use the proper sign for M as established by
the sign convention that was used in the derivation of this equation:

Boundary Conditions: The constants of

integration are determined by evaluating

the functions for slope or displacement at

a particular point on the beam where the

value of the function is known.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 43

44
45
46
 Moment Area Theorems Method
These theorems provide a semi-graphical technique for determining the slope
of the elastic curve and its deflection due to bending. They are particularly
advantageous when used to solve problems involving beams, especially those
subjected to a series of concentrated loadings or having segments with
different moments of inertia.

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 47

Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 48
Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 49
Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 50
 51
Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021
Theory of Structures-I / Dr. Yassamin Khalid /3rd Grade 2020-2021 52
53