APIGO, JULIENNE J.BTLED H.

E -3

Qualification Title: ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency: RAISE ORGANIC CHICKEN

Module Title: RAISING ORGANIC CHICKEN

Module Description: This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to
raise organic chicken efficiently and effectively. It includes selecting healthy stocks,
determine suitable chicken house requirements, install cage equipment, and feed
chicken, and manage health and growth of chicken and harvesting activities.

NOMINAL DURATION: 30 hours

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOME:

Upon completion of this module, the students/trainees will be able to:

LO1. Select healthy stocks and suitable housing

LO2. Install cage/housing equipment
LO3. Feed chicken
LO4. Grow and Harvest chicken

LO1. SELECT HEALTHY STOCKS AND SUITABLE HOUSING

ASSESSMENT CRITRIA

1. Breed/strains breeds are identified s per PNS-Organic Agriculture Livestock and

GAHP Guidelines.

2. Healthy chicks are selected based on industry acceptable indicator for healthy
chicks.

3. Suitable site for chicken house are determined based on PNS recommendations.

4. Chicken house design is prepared based on PNS recommendations.

 5. House equipment installation design is prepared in line with PNS
recommendation and actual scenario.

CONTENTS:

1. Different breeds/strain breeds of chicken

2. Indicators in selecting healthy chicks based on industry acceptable in PNS-
Organic Agriculture-Livestock and GHAP Guidelines
3. Suitable chicken House Design

CONDITIONS:

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Training farm
 Reference materials
 PNS-Organic Agriculture-Livestock and GAHP Guidelines

METHODOLOGIES:

 Lecture and hands-on

 Demonstration
 Video Presentation

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

 Written Examination
 Demonstration of practical skills
 Direct observation
 Interview/Questioning

LO3. FEED CHICKEN

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Suitable feed materials are selected based on availability in the locality and
nutrient requirements of chicken

2. Feed materials are prepared following enterprise prescribed formulation

3. Animals are fed based on feeding management program

4. Feeding is monitored following enterprise procedure

CONTENTS:
  Principles of feeding

 Feed materials comply with PNS

 Kinds and characteristics of acceptable feed materials (sources for protein,

carbohydrate, mineral resources)

 Preparation of feeds

 Advantages and disadvantages of different feeding management practices

 PNS recommendations for feed materials

 Feed recording and inventory management

 Principles of 5S

 Principles of 3Rs

CONDITIONS:

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Tools and materials: -locally available materials for feed (leguminous plants,
root crops, eggshells, tubers, banana, etc.)

--containers for feed preparations

-knives

-chopping board

-weighing scale

-feeding trough

-waters

-feed cart

-container for concoctions

-PPE

-learning materials (PNS, organic feed guides for poultry, etc.)

METHODOLOGIES:

 Lecture

 Demonstration

 Workshop

 Video presentation

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

 Demonstration

 Questioning (oral)

 Written examination
 Information Sheet 1.1-1

Breeds/ Strains of Chicken

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. identify Different breeds/strain breeds of chicken

2. know the classes of different kinds of breads/strains chicken

Philippine Native Chicken

Philippine native chicken is the common fowl found in the backyard of most rural
households. It is a mixture of different breeds and believed to have descended from the
domesticated red jungle fowl. It is estimated that 54% of the total chicken population of
the country a relative chicken (UPLB2001) distributed as follows:
WesternVisayas13.32%, SouthernMindanao10.63, SouthernTagalog9.51%, Central
Visayas10.36%, Cagayan Valley 9.29%.

Plymouth Rock chicken

The Plymouth Rock was develop in America in the middle of the 19 th century
and was first exhibited as a breed in 1869. Several individuals claimed its invention,
using crosses of Dominiquie, Java, Cochin and Brahma. The first Plymouth Rock was
barred and other varieties developed later. The breed became popular very rapidly, and
in fact, until World War II, no breed was ever kept and bred as extensively as the Barred
Plymouth Rock. Its popularity came from its qualities as an outstanding farm chicken:
hardiness, docility, broodiness and excellent production of both eggs and meat. Most of
the other varieties were developed from crosses containing some of the same ancestral
background as the barred variety. Early in its development, the name Plymouth Rock
implied a barred bird, but as more varieties were developed, it became the designation
for the breed. The Barred Plymouth Rock was one of the foundation breeds for the
broiler industry in the 1920’s.

Rhode Island

American breed of domestic chicken. It is the state bird of Rhode Island. It was
developed there and in Massachusetts in the late nineteenth century, by cross-breeding
birds of Oriental origin such as the Malay with brown Leghorn birds from Italy. It was a
dual-purpose breed, raised both for meat and for eggs; modern strains have been bred
for their egg-laying abilities.

Shamo

The Shamo chicken is a hard feathered Asiatic Game bred originating in Japan.
Although the breed was developed in Japan, but it’s ancestors came from Thailand
(which was known as Siam) between the 17th and 19th centuries. Shamo chicken was
developed mainly for using as a fighting bird. And the breed was imported into many
different kinds of Japanese Game chickens, but currently the Shamos are best known.
Breeders looked to the strength and endurance of these original breeds when creating
the Shamo breed. The Shamos have been selectively bred for hundred years and now
is very difficult from the original stock.

Basilan

This breed is from one of the largest of the Philippine islands Mindanao. It is found
all over the island but originated in the Province of Sulu.
 SELF CHECK 1.1-1

IDENTIFICATION

Instruction: Identify the different kinds of breeders.

1.
_____________

2. _____________ 3.

_________________

4.

________________

____________ 5.
Multiple Choices

Instruction: Select the response that best answers the question or statement.

______ 1. A type of chicken commonly found in the backyard of most rural

households.
a. Rhode Island
b. Shamo
c. Basilan
d. Philippine Native Chicken

_____ 2. One of the largest breed of basilan in the Philippines is found in

_____.

a. Cotabato
b. Maguindanao
c. Sulu
d. Manila

____ 3. The Shamo chicken is a hard feathered Asiatic Game bred originated in the
country of _______.

a. USA
b. Canada
c. Japan
d. Philippines

_____ 4. This breed is from one of the largest of the Philippine islands Mindanao in
Sulu.

a. Basilan
b. Rhode Island
c. Plymouth Rock chicken
d. Shamo

_____ 5. It was a dual-purpose breed, raised both for meat and for eggs; modern
strains have been bred for their egg-laying abilities.

a. Rhode Island
b. Shamo
c. Basilan
d. Plymouth Rock chicken
 ANSWER KEY 1.1-1

IDENTIFICATION

1. Philippine Native Chicken

2. Basilan
3. Shamo
4. Plymouth Rock chicken
5. Rhode Island

MULTIPLE CHOICES

1. D
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. A
 Information Sheet 1.2-2

Criteria/ Indicator of Healthy Chicks

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able:

1. identify/enumerate the Criteria/ Indicator in selecting healthy chicks

2. Know the classes of healthy and bad chicks based in the criteria of proper
selecting of chicks.

HEALTHY CHICKS INDICATOR

Dry and Fluffy Feathers

Apparently Active

Bright Eyes
Came from reputable source

Well-healed navel
Healthy and free from deformities
 BAD STOCK INDICATOR
BAD STOCK INDICATOR

Deformation of beak Deformation of legs

Avian Pox Wing-drop

Runny Nose
 SELF CHECK 1.2-2

MATCHING TYPE

Instruction: Match column A to column B. Write the letter of the correct answer.

Column A Column B

------1. A. runny nose

____ 2. B. avian pox

_____3. C. deformation of beak

______ 4. D. wing-drop

_____5. E. Deformation of legs

Modified True or False

Instruction: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and write the word FALSE if
the statement is incorrect.

_______ 1. A healthy chick is not apparently active.

________ 2. In the healthy chicks indicator the feather should be dry and fluffy.

________ 3. Under in the healthy chicks indicator is the deformation of beak.

________ 4. Wing-drop is a type of a bad stock chick’s indicator criterion.

________5. Well-healed navel considered as under in bad stock chick’s indicator.

ANSWER KEY 1.2-2

Matching Type Modified True or False

1. D 1. False
2. E 2. True
3. A 3. False
4. B 4. True
5. C 5. False
 Information Sheet 1.3-3

Suitable Chicken House Design

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Know the different kinds of chicken house design

2. Know what are the factors in selecting proper suitable house for the different
kinds of chicks

BROODER’S HOUSE

Brooder’s House

Usually refers to some type of heated enclosure for raising baby poultry, whether they
are baby chicks, turkey poults, or goslings. Typically, a brooder includes a heat lamp, a
source of food and water for the chicks and bedding such as pine shavings. A screen
enclosure on top can be very helpful to keep out curious pets and children. These
brooders can also be called mini-coops.
Factors to successful brooding

 Proper Temperature
 Adequate space allowance
 Proper ventilation
 Proper sanitation
 Adequate lighting facilities

Breeders’ House

Poultry House Management

Birds should be properly housed to provide comfort and protection for

efficient production. In planning the structures and equipment needed for poultry
production, certain factors must take into account. The chicken house must be
constructed with local materials, preferably cheaper but sturdy enough to protect
them. Good ventilation is necessary for the growth of chicken. In natural farming,
odor is tolerable because of the bedding materials that includes micro-organism
which suit the growth of non-beneficial micro-organism that responsible of the
bad odor.

Free Range

Free Range
Denotes a method of farming husbandry where the animals for at least part of the
day, can roam freely outdoors, rather than being confined in an enclosure for 24
hours each day. On many farms, the outdoors ranging area is fenced, thereby
technically making this an enclosure, however free range systems usually offer
the opportunity for the extensive locomotion and sunlight that is otherwise
prevented by indoor housing system.
Giving them the area for growth and space for their natural activities like picking
and eating insects and scratching the soil.
 Self-Check 1.3-3

Fill-in-the-Blank
Instruction: Answer the following questions or complete the statements by writing
the appropriate words or amounts in the answer blanks.

1. A type of house heated enclosure for raising baby poultry whether they are
baby chicks, turkey poults or goslings is called ____________.
2. Brooder includes a ___________, _______________, __________ for the
chicks and bedding such as pine shavings.
3. Good ventilation is necessary for the __________ growth of chicken.
4. It is a type of house that provides comfort and protection for efficient
production is called ___________.
5. Free Range denotes a method of ____________where the animals for at
least part of the day, can roam freely outdoors.

Enumeration

Instruction: List down the Factors to successful brooding

1.__________

2.__________

3.__________

4.__________

5.__________
 ANSWER KEY 1.3-3

Fill-in-the-blanks

1. Brooder’s House
2. heat lamp, source of food and water
3. growth of chicken
4. Poultry House Management
5. farming husbandry

Enumeration

1. Proper Temperature
2. Adequate space allowance
3. Proper ventilation
4. Proper sanitation
5. Adequate lighting facilities
 Information Sheet 1.3-1
Nutrients and Feed Materials

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. discuss the importance of Suitable Feed Materials

2. know the 6 Major Classes of Nutrients and their functions

Animals eat to acquire the energy and building materials that they need to live
and grow. Animals use energy to perform normal body functions such as
breathing, walking, eating, digesting, and maintaining body temperature.
Nutrients provide poultry the energy and materials needed for the development of
bone, flesh, feathers, and eggs.

Feed has six major components:

 Water
 Carbohydrates
 Fats
 Proteins
 Minerals
 Vitamins

Each of these components is important in providing poultry the nutrients they

need, and a deficit of even one can have serious health consequences for poultry.

Water

Water is often overlooked, but it is one of the most important nutrients. As animal can
live without food longer that it can live without water. In a laying flock, a shortage of
water for just a few hours can result in reduced egg production, so clean water should
be available at all times. If you do not use automatic waters, fill drinkers twice a day. If
the drinkers are filled only in the morning, birds can run out of water by midday. A laying
hen drinks about 25% of her daily water intake during the last two hours of daylight.
Water plays an important role in the body of an animal. Water softens feed and carriers
it through the digestive tract. As a component of blood (90% of blood content), water
carries nutrients from the digestive tract to cells and carries away waste products. Water
also helps cool the bird through evaporation. (Birds do not have sweat glands, so their
heat loss occurs in the air sacs and lungs through rapid respiration.)
A baby chick is composed of about 80% water. Even though this percentage decreases
as a bird gets older, the need for water remains. There is no precise quantity
requirement fir water because there are several factors that affect the amount of water a
bird needs: age, body condition, diet, temperature, water quality, and humidity. As rule
of thumb, poultry consume twice of water as feed.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates (compounds with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) are an energy source
for animals and make the largest portion of a poultry diet. Carbohydrates are typically
eaten in the form of starch, sugar, cellulose, and other non-starch compounds. Poultry
do not digest cellulose and the non-starch compounds, referred to as crude fiber, well.
However, poultry are able to use most starches and sugars well. Important sources of
carbohydrates and poultry diet include corn, wheat, barley, and other grains.

Fats

Fats have two and one-quarter times the calories of carbohydrates by weight. Fat
provides nine calories of energy per gram, while carbohydrates, while carbohydrates
provide only four. At room temperature saturated fats are solids and unsaturated fats
are liquid. Examples of saturated fats that can be used in poultry diets include tallow,
lard, poultry fat, and choice white grease. Examples of usable unsaturated fats include
corn oil, soy oil and canola oil. Common sources of supplemental fat in commercially
produce poultry feeds include animal fat, poultry fat, and yellow grease. The high cost of
vegetable of oils mixed including these fats in poultry diets uneconomical.

Fats are composed of smaller compounds called fatty acids. Fatty acids are responsible
for cell-membrane integrity and hormone synthesis. Although there are many different
fatty acids, poultry have a specific requirement for one –linoleic- so it must be included
in the diet. Linoleic acid is considered an essential fatty acid because poultry cannot
generate it from other nutrients (for example, by converting one fatty acid to another).

Fat must be present in the diet for poultry to absorb, the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and
K. In addition to its role in nutrition, fat is added to feed to reduce grain dust. Fat
addition also improves the palatability of feed (that is, makes feed more appetizing).

Fats, including those incorporated in feed, have a tendency to go bad, or become

rancid. This is a year- round problem, but the risk of feed going rancid is even greater in
the summer. To prevent feed for going rancid, antioxidants are added to poultry diets
containing added fat. A common antioxidants listed on feed labels is ethoxyquin.

Proteins
Proteins are complex compounds made up of smaller units called amino acids. After a
bird consumes protein, the digestive process breaks down the protein into amino acids.
The amino acids are then absorbed by the blood and transported to cells that covert the
individual amino acids into the specific proteins required by the animal. Proteins are
used in the construction of body tissues such as muscles, nerves, cartilage, skin is also
high in protein, feathers, break, and so on. Egg white is also high in protein.

Amino acids are typically divided into two categories: essential and nonessential.
Essential amino acids are those that cannot be made in adequate amounts to meet the
needs of the animal. The nonessential amino acids are those that the body needs of the
animal. The nonessential amino acids are those that the body can generate in sufficient
quantities as long as appropriate starting material is available. There are 22 amino acids
commonly found in feed ingredients. Of these, 11 are essential and must be supplied in
the feed. Poultry diets typically contain a variety of feedstuffs because no single
ingredient is able to supply all the necessary amino acids in the right levels.

Most feed tags indicate only the percentage of crude protein in a given feed. This
information does not tell you about the quality of the protein used. Protein quality is
based on the presence of the essential amino acids. For poultry, methionine and lysine
supplements. Because of these supplements, feed can contain less total protein;
without supplements, feed would have to contain excessive amounts of the other amino
acids in order to meet the methionine and lysine requirements.

The main source of protein in poultry diets are plant proteins such as soybean meal,
canola meal, corn gluten meal, and so on. Animal proteins used include fishmeal and
meat and bone meal. Fishmeal can be used only limited quantities (less than 5% of the
total composition of the diet) or it will give poultry meat and eggs a fishy flavor.

Minerals

Minerals play a role in bone formation, but minerals are also needed for several other
important functions, including formation of blood cells, blood clotting enzyme activation,
and energy metabolism and for proper muscle function.

Minerals are typically classified as macro or micro minerals. Poultry require higher
levels of macro minerals of micro and lower levels of micro minerals in their diets. The
micro minerals include copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc. Although
poultry have lower requirements for micro minerals, these minerals play essential roles
in the body’s metabolism. Iodine, for example, is required to produce thyroid hormones
that regulate energy metabolism. Similarly, zinc is involved in many enzyme-based
reactions in the body, and iron aids oxygen transportation within the body.
The macronutrients include calcium, phosphorous chlorine, magnesium, potassium and
sodium. Many people are familiar with calcium’s role in proper bone formation and
eggshell quality, but calcium’s important role in blood-clot formation of hydrochloric acid
in the stomach and thus play a role in digestion. Sodium and potassium are electrolytes
important for metabolic and muscle functions.

Grains are low in minerals, so mineral supplements are added to commercial poultry
feeds. Limestone or oyster shells are common source of calcium. The micro nutrients
are usually supplied in a mineral premix.

Vitamins

Vitamins are a group of organic compound that poultry require in small quantities.
Despite the low requirement levels, vitamins are essential for normal body functions,
growth and reproduction. A deficiency of one or more vitamins can lead to a number of
diseases or syndromes.

Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble
vitamins are A, D, E and K. Vitamin A is required for normal growth and development of
epithelial tissue (skin and the linings of the digestive, reproductive and respiratory
tracts) and reproduction. Vitamin D3 is required for normal growth, bone development
and eggshell formation. Vitamin K is essential for blood-clot formation.

Some vitamins are produced by microorganism in the digestive tract. Vitamin D can be
produced when sunlight hits the bird skin. The B vitamins include vitamin B12, biotin,
Focalin, niacin, pantothenic acid pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamin. The B vitamins are
involved in many metabolic functions, including energy metabolism. Poultry can make
vitamin C, so there in no dietary requirement established for this vitamin. Vitamin C,
there is no dietary requirement established for this vitamin. Vitamin C supplementation,
however, has been shown to be useful when birds are stressed. Many essential
vitamins are partially supplied by feed ingredients such as alfalfa meal and distiller’s
dried soluble. A vitamin premix is typically used to compensate for the fluctuating levels
of vitamins found naturally in food and to assure adequate levels of all vitamins.
 SELF CHECK 1.3-1

Multiple Choices

Instruction: Write the letter of he correct answer in the blank provided in each number.

____ 1. It is a group of organic compounds that poultry require in small quantities.

a. Minerals b. vitamins c. proteins d. fats

___ 2. Play a role in bone formation, but also needed for several other important
functions, including formation of blood cells, blood clotting, enzyme activation and
energy metabolism and for proper muscle function.

a. Protein b. fats c. minerals d. vitamins

____ 3. Is often overlooked, but it is one of the most important nutrients.

a. Minerals b. vitamins c. proteins d. fast

____ 4. Fats are composed of smaller compounds called _____.

a. Minerals b. vitamins c. fatty acid d. water

___ 5. Proteins are complex compounds made up of smaller units called ____.

a. Fatty acid b. amino acid c. fats d. protein

Enumeration
Instruction: Enumerate the following:

1. Classification of Minerals
2. Categories of Amino Acid
3. Categories of Vitamins
 ANSWER KEY 1.3-1

Multiple Choices

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. B

Enumeration

1. Macro minerals
Micro minerals
2. Essential Amino Acid
Non-essential Amino Acid
3. Fat-soluble
Water-soluble
 Information Sheet 1.3-2

Feed Ingredients

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. identify/enumerate feed ingredients for formulating chicken ration;

2. formulate a simple ration for chicken
3. explain/apply effective feeding practices for chicken; and
4. appreciate the value of efficient feed and effective feeding for chicken

Definition of Terms

3.1 Feed is any single or multiple materials, whether processed, semi-processed or

raw, which is intended to be fed directly to domesticated animals to meet the
nutrient requirements in order to maintain life, promote growth, production and
reproduction without any additional substance except water.
3.2 Feed Additive refers to an ingredient for combination of ingredients which is
added to basic mixed feed to fulfill a specific need which include, but not limited
to, acidifiers, antioxidants, aromatics, deodorizing agents, flavor enhancers,
mold inhibitors, pellet binders, preservatives, sweeteners, toxin binders, etc. It is
usually used in micro quantities and requires careful handling and mixing. A feed
additive may have no nutritive value but is added to the feed to improve its
quality and efficacy.
3.3 Feed Ingredient is a component part or constitute of any combination or mixture
making up a feed, whether or not it has a nutritional value in the animal’s diet,
including feed supplements and additives. Ingredients are of plant, animal or
aquatic origin, or other organic or inorganic substances.
3.4 Feed Supplement refers to a feed ingredient or mixture of feed ingredients
intended to supply the deficiencies in a ration or improve the nutritive balance or
performance of the total mixture. For purposes of this standard, the following,
such as but not limited to amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals are
considered as feed supplements.

Common Ingredients Used in Formulating Poultry Feeds

Source of Energy

a. Yellow corn- is one of the best grains for fattening chickens. It consists of eight to
nine percent crude protein, high in energy and low in fiber. It is highly digestible
 and palatable. It contains vitamin A and yellow pigmenting compounds, thus
obtaining the yellow color of the yolk.

b. Rice barn- is palatable to poultry of all ages. There are three types of rice barn in
the market. They are known as D1, D2 and D3, respectively.

Their crude protein content is the following:

Type of rice barn Crude Protein Content

DI 11 to 12%
D2 10%
D3 8.5 to 8.9%

a. Vegetable and Coconut oil- plant oil are good source of energy for animal’s
diet.

b. Molasses- is the cheapest source of carbohydrates. It is a by- product in the

manufacture of sugar. It should be used in a maximum of 4%.
 Sources of Protein
Plant Sources

a. Corn gluten feed (CP 18 to 20%). Corn gluten is a combination of corn gluten
and corn bran mixed in such a proportion as to contain twenty five percent
proteins. It is a good source of carbohydrates.
b. Soy bean oil meal. There are two types of soy bean oil meal: high protein
(46% CP) and low protein (43% CP). This is the only plant protein source that
can replace animal protein in the diet with almost the same protein quality.
c. Ipil-ipil leaf meal- it contains twenty one (21%) protein, but is fed mostly for its
vitamin A and yellow pigmenting properties.
d. Copra meal (20% CP) - copra meal is the byproduct of the coconut meat after
the oil has been extracted. It contains about twenty percent protein. It is the
most common and cheapest source of plant protein.

A. Fish meal (58 to 60% CP). Fish meal is a good source of high quality protein. It
contains about sixty to sixty five percent protein. It also contains an adequate
amount of carbohydrates and fats.
B. Shrimp meal. Shrimp meal when dried and ground is a good source of protein. It
contains about fifty six percent crude protein but low in energy. It may be used as
substitute for fish meal.
Two major parts of shrimp are used in making shrimp meal, the shell (39% CP)
and the head (46% CP).
C. Meat and Bone meal (50% CP). These are by-products, trimming of canning and
meat processing industries.

Minerals – there are 13 minerals required by chicken. These are grouped into
macro and micro minerals. The macro minerals include calcium, phosphorous,
chlorine, potassium, manganese, copper, zinc, iodine and selenium. Cobalt,
which is found in VITAMIN B, is also essential for healthy red blood corpuscles.
Calcium and phosphorous are needed for skeletal growth and bone and teeth
development found in the fluids and soft tissues in the body. Salt improves the
appetite, promotes growth, and essential to hydrochloric acid formation in the
stomach. Zinc protects the skin from the disease called mange. Iron and copper
are necessary for the formation of hemoglobin in the red blood cells to prevent
nutritional anemia. All these minerals are found in various feed stuff like farm
produced feeds, protein concentrates, and sea products.
Vitamins- these are organic substances important to the health and proper
functioning of the animals. They are needed in small amounts. Vitamins are
classified either as fat-soluble, which consist of the Vitamin B complex and
Vitamin C.

FORMS OF FEED
A. MASH- (physical form) a mixture of feed ingredients in meal form.
B. CRUMBLE- is a form of feeds which is made from crushed pellet.
C. PELLET-(physical form) feed formed by compacting through mechanical
means.

KINDS OF POULTRY FEEDS

1. Pre-starter/Chick booster-given from day old to 2weeks; with 21.5% to
23% CP.
2. Chick starter-contains 20%-21% CP
3. Chick grower-contains 17% CP
4. Finisher- given to finishing broiler
5. Pullet Developer- contains 14% CP
6. Layer Mash- should contain 17-18% CP

Ration Formulation
The cost of poultry feeds makes up 70 to 80 percent of the total cost of
production. It is a poultry raiser’s concern to minimize the cost of feeds
without affecting the health and vigor of the birds. This can be done
successfully by formulating poultry rations.
The saying “Tell me the kind of feeds you are giving by your birds and I
will tell you what kind of birds you have” is true. In poultry nutrition,
economical but nutritious feeds must be given to the birds.
Pearson Square Method- this is a simple and easy method of determining
the correct proportion of two feed ingredients without changing the feed’s
protein content. However, in balancing swine rations by the Pearson
Square Method, only the protein content of the ration is given a major
consideration.
 To illustrate the application of this method, let us consider the sample
problem below. A poultry raiser wants to prepare a ration with 17% CP for
his flock. He has an adequate supply of rice barn and soybean oil meal.
The protein content of rice barn is 12 percent while soybean oil meal has
44 percent portion. How much rice bran and soybean oil meal should be
mixed to produce a 100 kilogram feed mixture containing the required
protein allowance?

To solve the problem, follow these steps:

1. Construct a square and write in the middle of the square the desired
percent of protein content of the ration.
2. On the upper left hand corner of the square, write the protein content
of the energy source (rice barn). On the lower left hand corner, write
the protein content of the protein supplement (soybean oil meal).
3. Draw a diagonal line from each corner; subtract the smaller number
from the larger one diagonally across the square.

12 27

44 17% 5

32

4. Get the total parts of rice bran and soybean.

(27.0 + 5.0=32).

5. The parts of each ingredient are simplified into a percentage of the total
and these are multiplied to the desired quantity.

27.0 parts of RB * 100=84.37kg.RB

32. 0 total parts

5 parts of SBC * 100=15.625 kg. SB

32 total parts

6. Check whether your answer is correct.

84.375 kg RB*.12% protein=10.125% CP

15.625 kg soybean *.44% CP=6.875% CP

 17.OO% CP

Trial and Error Method. This is the most practical method to use in small
scale farm operations. A ration formulated by using this method is
balanced and ensures that necessary free nutrients are present.

Table below is an example of a practical way of formulating chicken ration

using trial and error method as stated by E.C Coligado, University of the
Philippines College of Agriculture.

Ingredients (%Protein) Starter (kg.)

Ground yellow corn (8.7) 41.0
Corn gluten meal (41.0) 13.0
Rice bran (13.5) 5.0
Copra meal (20.4) 5.0
Soy bean oil meal (44.0) 16.5
Fish meal (16.3) 12.0
Molasses (3.2)
Ipil-ipil leaf meal (21.0) 1.0
Oyster shell meal 1.0
Salt 5.0
Vit.-Min.-mix 0.5
100

Steps:

1. Determine the kind of feed you want to formulate.

2. Determine the crude protein content of feed you want to prepare.
3. Identify commonly available feed ingredients.
4. List them down as shown in the above Table with their protein content.
5. Decide on the amount of feed to prepare.
6. Make a calculated amount for each ingredient and multiply them to
protein content of each ingredient.
7. If the total CP and amount of feed required are not met, try again.
8. Total the CP and amount of feed, if both correspond to required CP
and amount of feed mixtures; you are ready for mixing feeds.

FEEDING GUIDELINE FOR THE GENERAL FLOCK

Broiler and layers require different kind of feeds as they grow.
Table below shows the type of ration requirements for birds.

Age (days) Broiler (feed) Age Layer (feed)

1 to 7 Booster 1-10 days Booster
8 to 14 Starter 11 days-6 Starter
weeks
15 to 21 Starter 6-10 weeks Grower
22 to 28 Grower 11-16 weeks Developer
29 to 35 Grower/Finisher 1 week from 1st
drop of egg up Pre-laying
to 5% of egg
production.
36 to 42 Finisher
5% of egg Laying feed
prod’n.

Courtesy of Villacorta Integrated Farm

Feeds given during the early stages of growth have higher protein
content (22 to 24 percent) than those given during the later stages of
growth (19 to 20 percent)
To find out how much corn is needed to maintain a hen for one year,
multiply the weight of the hen by 8 and add 11.35 kilos.
 The main purpose of feeding laying hens is to have as many
eggs as possible.
 Layer should consume an average of 110 grams. Of feed in a
day during laying stage to supply her daily maintenance and
lying needs which can be given twice (6am and 2pm)?
One of the factors that has improved the development of the
poultry industry in our country is the availability of efficient feeds
and effective feeding management.
Correct practices in feeding chicken start during their first day in
the brooding house. As an open type feeding trough or
newspaper sheets should be used during the first few days of
the chicks. Feeds are spread over several layers of newspaper
sheets. These newspaper sheets must be changed every day
until the chicks are big and strong enough to use the ordinary
feeding trough.
Self-Check 1.3-2
Multiple Choices
 Instruction: Select the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.

_____1. Is one of the best grains for fattening chickens?

a. Molasses b. Rice bran c. Yellow corn

_____2. Is palatable to poultry of all ages?

a. Molasses b. Rice bran c. Yellow corn

_____3. Is the cheapest source of carbohydrates, it is a by-

product in the manufacture of sugar?

a. Molasses b. Rice bran c. Yellow corn

_____4. Is the byproduct of the coconut meat after the oil has
been extracted?

a. Molasses b. meat and bone meal c. copra meal

____5. These are by-products, trimming of canning and meat

processing industries.

a. Molasses b. meat and bone meal c. copra meal

____6. This is a simple and easy method of determining the

correct proportion of two feed ingredients without changing the
feed’s protein content.

a. Assessment method b. trial and error method c. Pearson square

method
____7. This is the most practical method to use in small scale
farm operations.
a. Assessment method b. trial and error method c. Pearson square
method

Enumeration:
Instruction: Enumerate the following.
1. Forms of feed
2. Kinds of Poultry feeds

ANSWER KEY 1.3-2

 Multiple Choices

1. C
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. B

Enumeration

1. Mash
Crumble
Pellet
2. Pre-starter/Chick Booster
Chick Grower
Finisher
Pullet Developer
Layer Mash

TASK SHEET 1.3-2

Title: Prepare Feed Materials
Performance Objective: You should be able to prepare the tools, materials and
equipment needed for the preparation of feed materials on the following enterprise
formulation.

Supplies/ Materials: Leguminous plants, root, crops, eggshells, tubers, banana etc.

Equipment
-containers
-knives
-chopping board
-weighing scale
-feed cart

Steps/Procedure:
1. Wash plants thoroughly.
2. Cut plants into pieces.
3. Dried plants in minimum of 1 day.
4. Mix with FPJ or FFJ.
5. Feeds are ready to feed.

Assessment Method:

Written Test
Oral Questioning
Demonstration
 Performance Criteria Checklist 1.3-2

CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you know….
1.Identify/enumerate feed ingredients for formulating
Chicken ration?

2. Formulate a simple ration for chicken?

3. Explain/ apply effective feeding practices for chicken?

4.Appreciate the value of efficient feed and effective

Feeding for chicken?

5. Identify/enumerate the kinds of poultry feed?

6. Identify/enumerate the forms of feed?

Information Sheet 1.3-3

 Feeding and Monitoring Chicken

Learning Objective:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Know the feeding rate of different ages of chicken.

2. Identify/enumerate the drinking system of chicken.
3. Identify/enumerate the feeding system of chicken.

AGE OF BIRD TYPE OF FEED FEEDING RATE OTHER

FOR THE AGE SUPPLEMENTS
GROUP
Layer of Chicks 2.5 lbs. per bird Provide access to
(hatch to 8 weeks Chick Starter (over the 8 weeks) chick grit and fresh
of age) water at all times

Broiler Chicks 2.5 lbs. per bird Provide access to

(hatch to 4 weeks Chick Starter chick grit and fresh
of age) water at all times

Layer Grower Grower of All 10-15 lbs. per bird Provide access to
(8-20 weeks of Purpose Poultry (over the 12 grower grit and
age) weeks) fresh water at all
times

Broiler Growers 10-15 lbs. per bird Provide access to

(14 weeks to Grower, Broiler, or grower grit and
harvest) All Purpose fresh water at all
Poultry times

Layer (12+ weeks Roughly ¼ lb. per Provide access to

of age/when egg Grower (with bird each day grower grit and
production calcium (depends on fresh water at all
begins) supplementation) breed and access times
or layer to free range)

Drinking System
 Drinking Type Requirements

Nipple Drinkers <3 kg. (6.6 lbs.) 12 birds per nipple

>3 kg. (6.6 lbs.) 9 birds per nipple
Bell Drinkers 10 drinkers (40cm/17 in) per 1000 birds

Nipple Drinker

Bell Drinker

 Birds should have access to clean, fresh, good quality drinking water 24 hours
per day.
 Monitor the feed to water ratio daily.
 At 21 °C (70 °F), birds are consuming sufficient water when the ratio of water
volume (1) to feed weight (kg) remains close to:
- 1.8.1:for bell drinkers
- 1.7:1 for nipple drinkers with cups
- 1.6:1 for nipple drinkers without cups
- The water to feed ratio may be higher than this for the first few days.
 Ideal water temperature should be between 15 °C (59 °F).
 Provide supplementary drinkers for the first 4 days of a flock’s life.
 Adjust drinker height adjustment with bird age.
 Keep drinkers well-maintained and clean.
 In hot weather, water consumption will be increased and drinkers lines should be
flushed at regular intervals to keep water cool.
 FEEDING SYSTEM

Feeding space per bird for different feeder types.

Feeder Type Feeder Space

Pan Feeder 45-80 birds per pan
(the lower ratio for bigger birds)

Flat Chain/Auger 2.5 cm/bird (40 birds/m of track)

1 in/bird (24 birds/ft. of track)

Tube Feeders 70 birds/tube

(for a 38cm/15 in diameter feeder)

 Adjust feeder height daily so that bird’s breasts are level with the base of the
feeder.
 Feed must be distributed equally and uniformly throughout the feeding system.
 Allow the birds to clear the feeders once daily.
 Feeder space may need to be increased if the lightning program is modified.

SELF-CHECK 1.3-3

Modified True or False

Instruction: Write T if your answer is true and write F if your answer is false.

_____ 1. Broiler chicks will feed at the rate of 10-15 lbs. per bird over the 12 weeks.

_____ 2. The digestible amino acid levels in the feed are important aspects and must be
considered when purchasing feed.

____ 3. Layer chicks will be feed at the rate of 2-5 lbs. per bird over the 8 weeks.

____ 4. Layer feeds account for the major cost of feeding and economic principles
should be applied to the design of these feeds.

____ 5. The starter represents a large proportion of the total feed cost and decisions on
starter formulation should be based on performance and profitability rather than cost.

Enumeration

Instruction: Enumerate the following:

1. Drinking System
2. Feeding System

ANSWER KEY 1.3-3

Modified True or False Enumeration

1. F 1. Nipple Drinker
2. T Bell Drinker
3. T 2. Fan Feeder
4. F Flat Chain/Auger
5. F Tube Feeder

Information Sheet 1.3-4

Principle of 3 R’s
 Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Know the importance/principle of 3R’s
2. Know how to utilize waste product

Agricultural waste are defined as the residues from the growing and processing of raw
agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy products and crops.
They are the non-product outputs of production and processing of agricultural products
that may contain material that can benefit man but whose economic values are less
than the cost of collection, transportation and processing for beneficial use.

Waste from Livestock Production

Waste from livestock activities include solid waste such as manure and organic
materials in the slaughterhouse; wastewater such as urine, cage, wash water,
wastewater from the bathing of animals and from maintaining sanitation in
slaughterhouse; air pollutants such as H2S and CH4; and odors. The pollution caused
by livestock production is therefore a serious problem since most of them are usually
built around residential areas. Air pollution includes odor emanating from cages
resulting from the digestion process of livestock waste; the putrefaction process of
organic matter in manure; animal urine, and/or from redundant foods. The intensity of
the smell depends on animal density, ventilation, temperature, and humidity. The
proportion of NH3, H2S, and CH4 varies along with the stages of the digestion process
and also depends on organic materials, the components of foods, microorganism, and
the status of the animals health. This untreated and no reusable waste source can
generate greenhouse gasses while also having negative effects on the fertility of the soil
and causing water pollution. In livestock waste, water volume accounts for 75-95% of
total volume, while the rest includes organic matter, inorganic matter, and many species
of microorganism and parasite eggs. The germs and substance can spread diseases to
humans and cause many negative effects on the environment.

Waste Utilization Routes

Agriculture waste utilization technology must either use the residues rapidly, or store the
residues under conditions that do not cause spoilage or render the residues unsuitable
for processing to the desired end product. There are number of applications to which
these waste can be used. They include:
Fertilizer Application the utilization of animal manures for fertilizers has a definite impact
on input energy requirements at the farm level. Manure could supply 19, 38 and 61% of
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in chemical fertilizer.

The 3R Approach to AWM the concept of minimizing waste reduces the quantity and ill-
effects of waste generation by reducing the quantity of wastes, reusing the waste
products with simple treatments and recycling the wastes by using it as resources to
produce same or modified products. Some wastes are reused time and again, it offsets
harvesting of new similar or same products. This saves fresh resources exploitation and
reduces waste generation. The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling
resources and products 3R’S aims at achieving efficient minimization of waste
generation by:

 Choosing to use items with care to reduce the amount of waste generated.
 Repeated use of items or parts of items which still have usable aspects.
 The use of waste itself as resources.

The 3R hierarchy in AWM Waste minimization efficiency is stated to be better achieved

applying 3R’s in a hierarchical order- Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. The waste hierarchy
refers to the 3R’s which classify waste management strategies according to their
desirability. The 3Rs are meant to be hierarchy, in order of importance. The waste
hierarchy has taken many forms over the past decade, but the basic concept has
remained the foundation of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste
hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste.

The 3R approach as noted by 25 is conventionally expressed through a pyramid

hierarchy in which increase in environmental benefits of each approach is placed from
bottom to top.

4.3 Typical Poultry Waste Management Options a poultry farm is used

here to describe a typical waste management system showing the
application of each component function of an AWMS.

4.3-1 Production:

Wastes associated with poultry operations include manure and dead

poultry, depending upon the system, waste can also include litter, wash-
flush water, and waste feed.

4.3-2 Collection:

The manure from poultry operations is allowed to accumulate on the floor

where it is mixed with the litter. The manure litter pack forms a “cake” that
generally is removed between flocks. The litter pack can be removed
frequently to prevent disease transfer flocks. In layer houses, the manure
that drops below the cage is collected in deep stacks or is removed
frequently using either a shallow pit located beneath the cages for flushing
or scrapping or belt scrappers positioned directly beneath the cages.

4.3-3 Storage

Litter from poultry operations is stored on the floor of the housing facility or
outside the housing facility. When it is removed, it can be transported
directly to the field for land application. In some areas the litter may be
compacted in a pile and stored in the open for a limited time; however, it
generally is better to cover the manure with a plastic or other waterproof
cover until the litter can be used. But if it is needed to be stored for a long
time, the litter should be stored in a roofed facility. If the manure from layer
operations is kept reasonably dry, it can be stored in a roofed facility. If it
is wet, it should be stored in a structural tank or an earthen storage pond.

4.3-4 Treatment

Poultry litter can be composted. This stabilizes the litter into a relatively
odorless mass and helps to kill disease organism so that the litter can be
reused as bedding or supplemental feed to livestock. The litter can also be
dried and burned directly as a fuel. Liquid manure may be placed into an
aerobic digester to produce methane gas.

4.3-5 Transfer

The method used to transfer the waste depends on the total solid content
of the waste. Liquid waste can be transferred in pipes, gutters or tank
wagons, and dried litter can be scraped, loaded, hauled as a solid and
transported using trucks.

4.3-6 Utilization

The waste from poultry facilities can be used for agricultural land
application or sold because of the high nutrient value of the litter.
Furthermore, poultry waste can also be used for the production of
methane gas, buried directly as a fuel, reused as bedding or used as a
feed supplement to livestock.

SELF CHECK 1.3-4

Modified True or False

Instruction: Write T if your answer is TRUE and write F if your answer is

FALSE.

_____ 1.The wastes from livestock activities include solid waste such as
manure and organic materials in the slaughterhouse.

____ 2. Poultry litter cannot be composted.

____ 3. The waste hierarchy refers to the 3R’s reduce, reuse, and recycle,
which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability.

____ 4. If repeated use of items or parts of items which still have usable
aspects.

____ 5. Some waste products can be consumed as resources for

production of different goods or the same product, meaning recycling the
same resource.

Enumeration

Instruction: Give the following:

1. The 3R’s
2. The Principle of reducing waste, aims at achieving efficient
minimization of waste generation.
3. Typical Poultry Waste Management Options

ANSWER KEY 1.3-4

Multiple Choices

1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T

Enumeration:

1.
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle

2.
 Choosing to use items with care to reduce the amount of waste generated.
 Repeated use of items or parts of items which still have usable aspects.
 The use of waste itself as resources.

3.
Production
Collection
Storage
Treatment
Transfer
Utilization