Glasses and Glass-Ceramics course (98 questions)

Multiple Choices: Please select the best answer from alternatives:

1) Which of the following word isn’t used to describe Glasses?
a) De-vitreous b) Transparency c) amorphous solid d) brittle e) None
2) What are the methods uses to make glasses?
a) Fusion method b) Sol-gel method c) Chemical Vapor deposition method d) Precipitation
method e) all
3) _______________main types or strengths of glass?
a) Annealed Glass b) Heat Strengthened Glass c) Tempered or Toughened Glass
d) Laminated Glass
4) Which one of the following glass has low thermal expansion coefficient?
a) Silica glass b) silicate glass c) Borosilicate glass d) Aluminosilicate glass e) Germanosilicate
glass
5) In Goldschmidt’s criteria and zachariasens theory, glass formation is explained based on
__________________________________
a) Coordination number; b) bond strength; c) bond type; d) melting temperature; e) transmittance
6) Rigidity theory, or Phillips topological constraint theory, is a tool for predicting properties of complex
networks (such as glasses) based on their composition. This constraint theory is used specifically for
estimating glass formability of _______________________
a) Oxide glass; b) Chalcogenide glass; c) Halide glass; d) Heavy Metal oxide glass; e) All
7) Which one of the following oxide preferred as inclusion to increases the refractive index of glass?
a) MgO; b) Li2O; c) PbO; d) GeO2; e) SiO2
8) One of the following is not the zacharison’ rule for the glass formation
a) An oxygen atom is linked to no more than two atoms of cation
b) The oxygen corrdination number around cation is small, 3 or 4
c) The anion polyhedra share corners, not edges, not faces
d) At least three corners are shared
e) None
9) Which of the following is not true statement?
a) Glass displays continuity of volume change as it’s smoothly transitions to a liquid state upon
heating, displaying a glass transition range behavior.
b) Fictive temperature (Tf) terms used to describe the interaction of extrapolated glass line and the
super-cooled liquid line
c) The volume of glass upon heating never retraces the cooling path in the transition range
 d) All fast cooled glass does not always have a higher volume than a slower cooled glass
e) All glass volumes are always greater than their crystal counterparts

10) Why Halide glasses have little commercial interest as other glass?
a) They are too expensive
b) Not transparent
c) Easily attack by chemicals and waters
d) Extremely prone to vitreous
e) No application area
11) Which one of the following is not well described or characteristics of Glassy metals?
a) Noncrystallic materials composed of either pure metals or combination of metals and metalloid
b) Mostly, the electrical resistivity of Glassy metals decrease with temperature
c) Glassy metal has an application in power transformer core lamination
d) Glassy metal mostly used to make window glass
e) None
12) Which one of the following oxides is most effectively decreases the viscosity of silicate glass?
a) BaO b) CaO c) Na2O d) Ga2O3 e) K2O
13) Which of the following is a true statement?
a) Additions of an alkali oxide or alkali earth oxide to B2O3 glass decrease the glass viscosity
initially but then increase subsequently.
b) Addition of Lithium Oxide to silicate glass results to decrease electrical conductivity of the glass.
c) Upon heating, a glass may occasionally retrace its cooling path up to the liquid line.
d) Viscosity of glass depends on the change of glass compositions and temperature.
e) Thermal expansion coefficient of B2O3 glass increase with increasing Sodium Oxide up to 20%.
14) Sodium lime silicate glass fibers, ~100μm diameter, cannot be significantly strengthened by one of
the following?
a) Immersion in molten KNO3 below Tg
b) Thermal tempering
c) Etching in 5% HF for ~ 2min
d) Cladding with lower thermal expansion coefficient glass
e) None
15) Which of the following oxide is not being considered as glass forming oxide?
a) SiO2; b) P2O5; c) Al2O3; d) B2O3; e) TeO2
16) To increase the chemical durability of a glass product, it is often advised to the glass manufacturer to
_________________________________________________________
a) Increase sodium oxide in the silica glass
b) Decrease silicon dioxide in the glass
c) Heat treated the glass product
d) Make the product thicker
e) Increase the concentration of alkaline earth metal oxide in silica glass
17) What is the fraction of non-bridging oxygen in a Cs2O-CaO-6SiO2 glass as a function of total
oxygen?
a) 1/4; b) 1/3; c) 2/7; d) 3/14; e) 2
18) In a K2O-CaO-SiO2 glass, the slowest diffusing species is ______________________
a) Ca2+ ions; b) K+ ions; c) Si4+ ions; d) H+ (impurity); e) Na+ ions
19) Which one of the following glass is used to make common fluorescent light bulbs & bottle glass?
a) Fused silica glass
b) Chalcogenide glass
c) Soda-lime-silica glass
d) Sodium borosilicate glass
e) Sodium aluminosilicate glass
f) All of the above except (b)
20) Which one of the following glass is used to make common laboratory glassware, pharmaceutical
glassware, automotive headlamp, household cooking utensils?
a) Fused silica glass
b) Chalcogenide glass
c) Soda-lime-silica glass
d) Borosilicate glass
e) Sodium aluminosilicate glass
21) 10600nm CO2 laser wavelength can be transmit through __________________________glass
a) Fused silica glass
b) Heavy metal fluoride glass
c) Chalcogenide glass
d) Neodymium doped silicate glass
e) Germane silicate glass
22) Annealing point viscosity reference point is__________
a) 103 Pa.s
 b) 1015 Pa.s
c) 1011 Pa.s
d) 106 Pa.s
e) 108 Pa.s
23) A glass state below the glass transition state is________________
a) Liquid state
b) Solid state
c) Viscoelastic
d) Plastic body
e) None
24) What kind of glass fiber is made using double crucible method?
a) Step-index optical fiber
b) Graded-index optical fiber
c) Chalcogenide glass
d) Neodymium doped silicate glass
e) Fiber glass insulation
25) If N is the number outer shell of electrons, then the covalent coordination of elements is given
by_________
a) 6-N
b) N-6
c) 8-N
d) N-8
e) N-2

26) A Boroxol unit in B2O3 glass structure is described by ________________________

a) Three BO3 triangle in a corner-sharing ring formation
b) Four BO3 triangle in a corner-sharing ring formation
c) Four BO4 tetrahedra in a corner-sharing ring formation
d) Three BO4 tetrahedra in a corner-sharing ring formation
e) Three BO4 triangle in a corner-sharing ring formation
27) The fraction of N4 of the tetrahedral connected borons in 10Na2O-50B2O3 (mol%) glass is?
a) 1; b) 0.8; c) 0.5; d) 0.2; e) Zero
28) What the fraction of non-bridging oxygen in a 2K2O-2CaO-10SiO2 glass composition as function of
total oxygen?
a) 1/4; b) 4; c) 1/6; d) 1/3; e) 6/10
29) One of the following glasses cannot be strengthened by immersion in molten KNO3 salt bath below
its Tg?
a) Li2O- Al2O3- SiO2 glass
b) Soda lime silicate glass
c) Na2O- K2O- PbO-SiO2 glass
d) Vitreous silica glass
e) None of the above
30) Which of the following molten oxides composition may be readily cooled to a glassy state?
a) 4Na2O-4SiO2
b) Na2O-4SiO2
c) Al2O3- P2O5
d) 3Al2O3 –SiO2
e) CaO-Na2O- Al2O3
31) Which of the following is a false statement?
a) The refractive index depend on wavelength of light
b) The refractive index of glass decreased with increasing density of particles
c) The refractive index of glass decreased with increasing cooling rate
d) The refractive index of glass decreased with increasing the content of alkali oxide
e) None of the above
32) Which of the following is a false statement?
a) Addition of Li2O to silicate glass results to increase thermal expansion coefficient of the glass.
b) Upon heating, a glass may not occasionally retrace its cooling path up to the liquid line.
c) Viscosity of glass depends on the change of glass compositions and temperature.
d) Additions of an alkali oxide to B2O3 glass decrease the glass viscosity initially but then increase
subsequently.
e) Thermal expansion coefficient of B2O3 glass decrease with increasing Na2O up to 20%.
33) In a silicate glass, the sodium ions is bonded to ______________________________
a) A non-bridging silicon
b) A bridging silicon
c) A non-bridging oxygen
d) A bridging oxygen
 e) A bridging sodium
34) Viscosity of glass depended on__________________________
a) Composition of glass; b) Heating Temperature; c) Glass network structure: d) Bond
strength; e) All
35) The addition of up to 30mol% alkali in borate glass?
a) Always increase the viscosity
b) Always decrease the viscosity
c) Increase viscosity first, then decrease
d) Decrease viscosity first, then increase
e) None
36) Among the following listed glasses, which glass is the best to use for making of optical fiber glass?
a) Glassy metal glass
b) Soda-lime-silica glass
c) Fused silica glass
d) Borosilicate glass
e) Sodium aluminosilicate glass
37) Silica glass has ____________thermal expansion coefficient.
a) Zero
b) ~5.5x10-7/oC
c) ~30-60x10-7/oC
d) ~100x10-7/oC
e) ~50x10-7/oC

38) Why many researchers are interested for Chalcohalide glasses?

a) They are cheaper glasses compared to oxide glasses
b) They have higher strength compare to silica glasses
c) They have high chemicals resistance compare to vitreous silica glass
d) They have longer Infrared transmitting properties
e) They are easy to be homogeneity

39) Phase separation is likely occur in mixing (glass) if ____________________________

a) The enthalpy (ΔH) of mixing is positive and Temperature is sufficiently low
b) The enthalpy (ΔH) of mixing is negative and Temperature is sufficiently low
c) The enthalpy (ΔH) of mixing is positive and Temperature is sufficiently high
 d) The enthalpy (ΔH) of mixing is positive and Temperature is sufficiently low
e) The enthalpy (ΔH) of mixing is negative and entropy is sufficiently low
40) Non-bridging oxygen are _________________________in glass
a) Phosphorus and Aluminium oxides
b) Alkali and alkali earth oxides
c) Oxides use for chemical durability
d) Bridge cation ions and non-bridge an anion ions
e) Chalcogenide elements

41) Addition of 10% Alkali Oxide in Borate glass, __________________________

a) Increase Non-bridging oxygen
b) Decrease Non-bridging oxygen
c) Causes on boron to change from the B4 state to the B3 state
d) Decrease the viscosity of the glass
e) Decrease the connectivity of the glass

42) How many number of Non-bridging Oxygen will form with addition of 1mole of Na2O in alkali
silicate glass?
a) 1; b) ½ c) 2 d) 3 e) zero
43) If the glass composition is 20Na2O+10CaO+70SiO2 (mol %), ________ number of Non-bridging
Oxygen will be formed.
a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 40 d) 60
44) How many number of tetrahedral structure form will be formed in glass composition given above?
a) 20 b) 100 c) 70 d) 1400 d) 10
45) In glass composition of 25Na2O+10K2O+65B2O3 (mol %), how many B3 (boron three coordinate)
and B4 (boron four coordinate) form, respectively?
a) 65 and 70; b) 73 and 62 ; c) 62 and 73; d) 75 and 65; e) 83 and 0
46) What kind of device is primarily used for phase identification of a crystalline material and can
provide information on unit cell dimensions?
a) X-Ray Fluorescence
b) X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
c) X-Ray Diffraction
d) Thermal Gravimetric Analysis
e) Scanning Electron Microscope
47) What is the role of Al2O3 in Alkali Aluminosilicate glass composition of 25Na2O+10Al2O3+65B2O3?
a) Al3+ ion goes in as a network former having tetrahedral (#4) coordination
b) Al3+ ion goes in as a network former having triangular (#3) coordination
c) Al3+ ion goes in as a network modifier having triangular (#3) coordination
d) Al3+ ion goes in as a network modifier having octahedral (#6) coordination
e) To form no Non-Bridging Oxygen in glass structure
48) What is the coordination number of P in P2O5 glass?
a) 2; b) 5; c) 7; d) 4; e) 3
49) Which is not true about composition-structure-properties relationship of glass?
a) The properties of the glass dependent in its compositions
b) The property which is affected by the lack of “dislocation” or “defect” in glass is the strength.
c) The glass strength is relate to the dislocation of atoms and grain boundary slide
d) Unlike to crystals, glasses do not have a sharp melting point
e) The viscosity of glass structure might increase with increase with the degree of connectivity.

50) What is true about VYCOR® 7913 glassware?

a) Brand name for high-silica with 96% silica and 4% boron trioxide
b) It has very low thermal expansion coefficient
c) It has high resistance to chemical attack
d) It has excellent transmission in the UV, visible and IR areas of the spectrum
e) All of the above
51) Glass-ceramics materials are typically characterized by__________________________________
a) High strength
b) High impact resistance
c) Low co-efficient of thermal expansion, sometimes even negative co-efficient of thermal
expansion
d) Good resistance to thermal shock
e) All of the above
52) Chalcogenide glass whose chemical composition 28Ge.12Sb.60Se has molar average coordination
number (m) is __________________
a) 2.68 b) 5.0 c) 2.14 d) 3.0 e) 1.5
53) What is the effect of addition of oxide on the property of silica glass?
a) As addition of B2O3 in SiO2 glass, increase the density of glass
 b) Addition of B2O3 in SiO2 glass, decrease the density of glass
c) Addition of GeO2 in SiO2 glass, decrease the density of glass
d) As addition of B2O3 in SiO2 glass, increase the strength of glass
e) Addition of GeO2 in SiO2 glass, increase the strength of glass

54) Which one of alkali borate glass has lower average B-B distance with addition of 10mol% at melts
1000 oC?
a) Li2O-B2O3
b) Na2O- B2O3
c) K2O- B2O3
d) MgO- B2O3
e) CaO- B2O3
55) What is the effect of addition alkali cation in Silicate glass (Na 2O.xCaO.5SiO2) on the properties of
Elastic modulus “E” and Poison ratio “υ”?
a) As alkali cation concentration (mol %) increase, the “E” value and “υ” value increase
b) As alkali cation concentration (mol %) increase, the “E” value and “υ” value decrease
c) As alkali cation concentration (mol %) increase, the “E” value increase but “υ” value decrease
d) As alkali cation concentration (mol %) increase, the “E” value decrease but “υ” value
increase
e) Addition of alkali cation concentration (mol %) has no effect on the “E” and “υ” increase

56) Which of the following is not true?

a) Addition of alkali to B2O3 glass may increase as well as decrease the hardness of the glass
depending on alkali concentration
b) Addition of alkali to SiO2 glass continuously decrease the hardness of the glass
c) Chalcogenide glasses have low yield strength than soda lime silicate glasses
d) VHN of SiO2 glass is higher than B2O3
e) None
57) Which of the following is not true?
a) Viscosity of glass at temperature 750 oC is higher as compare to temperature of 1450 oC
b) Based on Arrhenius equation, viscosity is directly relate to activation energy of viscous flow
c) According to Adam and Gibbs, activation energy for viscous flow was related to the
configurationally entropy of small structural units within the liquid
 d) Glass viscosity at working point temperature is lower than strain point temperature but higher
than melting point temperature.
e) None
58) ________________is a technique (method) to measure the viscosity of annealing glass.
a) Penetration viscometer
b) Beam bending
c) Stroke’s falling sphere/Bubble rise
d) Fiber elongation
e) Margules rotating cylinder
59) Which of the following is true?
a) Addition of large amount of alkali in oxide glasses reduce the viscosity of only tetrahedral
connected networks
b) Addition of large amount of alkali in silicate glass linearly decrease the viscosity of glass
c) At constant temperature 1700 oC, 20%Na2O+80%SiO2 glass has higher viscosity compare to 20%K2O+80
%SiO2 glass
d) At glass transition temperature, viscosity of B2O3 glass is lower than GeO2 glass
e) Changing the host glass composition does not bring a significant change on glass viscosity.
60) ________________common method of measuring surface tension of fluid glass
a) Drop-weight method
b) Ring method
c) Bubble pressure method
d) Fiber elongation method
e) All of the above
61) Which of the following is not true?
a) Surface tension of SiO2 glass often higher than B2O3 glass
b) Addition of higher polarizable ions (Eg. K+) decrease the surface tension of silicate glass
c) Addition of lower polarizable ions (Eg. Li+) increase the surface tension of silicate glass
d) 10%MgO+10%Na2O+80%SiO2 (wt%) glass has higher surface tension compare
to10%CaO+10%Na2O+ 80%SiO2 (wt%)
e) None the above
62) Which of the following is not true?
a) If there is non-uniform heating over the glass body, then different layers of glass would attempt to
expand differently which lead to glass failure
b) Mean volume expansion coefficient of glass may not dependent to temperature.
 c) Automotive head lamp should be stand sudden cooling created by rainfall
d) Architectural glass window panes need to tolerate a temperature gradient across their thickness.
e) None
63) ___________method to measure thermal expansion
a) Pushrod dilatometer
b) Interferometer
c) Standard glass seal
d) All

64) Which of the following is true?

a) If we heat glass, the expansion rate of glass increase regardless of the glass cooling rate history
b) The volume change of glass upon heating never retraces the cooling path in the transition range
c) The volume of glasses will always be higher than the corresponding crystal
d) Faster cooled glass always have a higher volume than a slower cooled glass
e) If we heat well annealed glass, expansion path of the glass increase without decreasing
65) Which of the following is true?
a) Thermal expansion of Silica glass decrease with addition of Na2O
b) Thermal expansion of Borate glass increase continuously with addition of Na2O
c) Thermal expansion of Borate glass decrease continuously with addition of Na2O
d) Thermal expansion of Silica glass increase with addition of B2O3
e) Thermal expansion of Borate glass increase with addition of GeO2
66) Which of the following is not true?
a) Heat capacity is the amount of heat require to change the temperature of unit quantity of the body
by 1 Kelvin
b) For solid, heat capacity is the energy of phonons associated with allowed lattice vibration
c) Heat capacity is measured using calorimeter and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
d) Heat capacity increase monolithically with temperature and large jump at onset of glass transition
e) In liquid state of glass, heat capacity decrease due to contribution from structural
rearrangement
67) For Alkali Aluminosilicate glasses [composition of 18%Na2O+xAl2O3+(82-x)SiO2], the thermal
o o
conductivity decrease at low temperature (0 C) and high temperature (100 C) with
_________________
a) Increase Al2O3 concentration
b) Decrease Al2O3 concentration
 c) No effect with addition Al2O3 concentration
d) Increase SiO2 concentration
e) None

68) Which of the following is not true?

a) Properties of the glasses depend on the glass thermal history
b) Thermal conductivity can be defined as the rate at which heat is transferred by conduction
through a unit cross-section area of a material, when a temperature gradient exits perpendicular to
the area.
c) At elevated temperature, effective thermal conductivity increase proportional with T3
d) Glass-transition range marks the temperature interval over which a given system gradually
transfer upon cooling from super cooled liquid state into glassy state.
e) Thermal shock resistance (thermal endurance) of glass is directly proportional to thermal
expansion coefficient and square root of the glass’s thickness
69) _______________ process is used to reduce hardness, and help eliminate internal stresses in glass
a) Annealing
b) Tempering
c) Forging
d) Melt-quenching
e) Precipitation
70) Not true about glass-ceramic
a) High thermal and chemical stability
b) Harder and tougher than glass
c) Preferred due to bioactivity
d) Controllable electrical properties
e) High optical transmittance
71) Which one of the following is not main glass-ceramic composition?
a) Li2O+Al2O3+nSiO2
b) MgO+Al2O3+nSiO2
c) ZnO+Al2O3+nSiO2
d) Na2O+GeO2+nSiO2
e) None
72) ________________is not glass strengthening techniques
a) Engineering the chemistry of glass
 b) Control the microstructure of glass
c) Reduce defect density
d) Introduce surface compressive stress
e) Hot working
73) ____________ process is used to introduce surface compressive stress on glass
a) Thermal tempering
b) Ion exchange
c) Crack bridging
d) Heat treatment
e) All except c
74) The openness of glasses over that of the corresponding crystal is known as?
a) Free volume
b) Configurational entropy
c) Mixed alkali effect
d) Thermal entropy
e) None
75) A system exit _________________state at upper consolute temperature
a) Immiscible
b) Spinodal
c) Single phased
d) Metastable
e) Solid
76) The most important different between the atomic structure of a typical silicate glass and the
corresponding crystal is _________________
a) The variations in bond angle
b) The nearest neighbor distance
c) The coordination number around cations
d) The number of bubbles and coloring impurities
e) All
77) Which of the following is an advantage of sol-gel glass making?
a) Low cost of the raw materials
b) High purity of the final product
c) Easy in fabricating large monoliths
d) Rapid production in most applications
 e) All
78) In some glasses, the ionic conductivity departs by as much as a factor of 102 to 106 from an additivity
assumption between the conductivities of the end compositions. This phenomenon is known as?
a) Mixed-alkali effect
b) Boron anomaly
c) Nernst-Einstein relation
d) Isotope effect
e) Paradox effect
79) _________________ Glass has highest chemical durability.
a) Tempered Soda-lime silicate glass
b) High alkali aluminosilicate glass
c) Vitreous silica glass
d) Pyrex type borosilicate glass
e) Germanosilicate glass
80) Why the strength of silicate glass decreases by immersion in water?
a) The surface energy of glass decreases
b) The effective elastic modulus of glass decreases
c) Buoyancy decreases the applied tension
d) The glass is dissolved to some extent by water
e) None of the above
81) Electrical charge of glass whose composition Na2O+CaO+SiO2 at 100 oC is carried by___________
a) Predominantly sodium ion
b) Predominantly electrons
c) Predominantly calcium ion
d) Sodium ions and calcium ions in 1:2 ratio
e) Predominantly protons from –OH impurities
82) In glass Na2O+BaO+SiO2, ______________is slowest diffusion species
a) Sodium ion
b) Barium ion
c) Silicon ions
d) H ions (impurities)
e) Alkali ions

83) Which of these glasses has the highest allowable uses in high temperature?
 a) Alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass
b) A sealing glass contain high amount of PbO
c) Common soda-lime silicate glass
d) Silica glass
e) Borosilicate glass
84) The viscosity (η) and temperature (T) relationship for silicate glass is typically given by ___________

a) [ ]

b) [ ]

c) [ ]

d) [ ]

e) None
85) At a temperature above the melting point, the crystal growth rate is ___________________
a) Zero
b) Negative
c) Maximum
d) =√
e) Not determined

86) At a temperature above the melting point, the homogeneous nucleation rate is ___________________
a) Zero
b) Negative
c) Maximum
d) =√
e) Not determined
87) Kauzmann Paradox is ________________
a) Slowly cooled silica glass having higher volume compared to a faster cooled state
b) Practically cooled glass having a positive entropy at 0 K
c) Infinitesimally slowly cooled super cooled liquid having negative entropy at 0 K
d) Infinitesimally slowly cooled Crystal having entropy at 0 K
e) None
88) If σo = initial stress; η = viscosity; G = shear modulus; then an appropriate description for relaxation
of stress with time t of isothermal hold is _______________________
 a) [ ]

b) [ ]

c) [ ]

d) [ √ ]

e) None
89) Which salt may be used in an ion-exchange strengthening process below Tg for a sodium borosilicate
glass?
a) Sodium nitrate
b) Magnesium nitrate
c) Potassium nitrate
d) Lithium nitrate
e) In all nitrate solutions
90) What is the primary chemical durability reaction of a glass in basic media?
a) Leaching
b) Network dissolution
c) Sublimation
d) Formation of non-bridging oxygen
e) Formation of bridging oxygen
91) If the diffusion time is double, the penetration distance into glass ____________________
a) Doubles
b) Increases by a factor of about 1.4
c) Quadruples
d) Remains unchanged
e) None of the above
92) Which of the following glass has lowest electrical resistivity at 200 oC?
a) 2Na2O+CaO+12SiO2 glass
b) 2Na2O+2CaO+12SiO2 glass
c) 2K2O+2CaO+12SiO2 glass
d) Na2O+ K2O +2CaO+12SiO2 glass
93) Which of these has the highest room temperature density?
a) Silica glass
b) Water
 c) Soda-lime silicate glass
d) α-Quartz
94) X-ray diffraction of a glass-ceramic sample reveals that it contains too many crystals and that these
crystals are very small. What processing steps should be taken to yield fewer but larger crystals?
a) Increase time at both nucleation and crystallization temperatures
b) Decrease time at both nucleation and crystallization temperatures
c) Increase nucleation time and decrease crystallization time
d) Increase crystallization time and decrease nucleation time
95) If one applies a dc electric field across an alkali silicate glass, which of these is true?
a) Sodium ions migrate towards the anode
b) Oxygen ions migrate towards the cathode
c) Oxygen gas evolves at the anode
d) Sodium ions precipitate in the middle at brown colloidal particles
96) Electrical resistivity of a well-chilled alkali silicate glass upon holding at the low end of the glass
transition range?
a) Stays unchanged with time
b) Decreases with time
c) Increases with time
d) First decreases then increases with time
97) When network dissolution mechanism is operative, the amount of alkali extracted from alkali silicate
glass with time t immersed in an attached fluid?
a) Generally increases as t0.5
b) Generally increases as t
c) Generally increases as t2.0
d) Generally decreases as t3.0
98) To anneal a glass?
a) Heat it slightly above the annealing point, hold for a short time, and quench to room temperature
b) Heat it slightly above the annealing point, hold for a short time, and cool slowly to room
temperature
c) Heat it to well below the strain point, hold for a short time, and cool slowly to room temperature
d) Heat it to near softening point, hold for a short time, and quench to room temperature