History

1.
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION
France was a full fledged territorial state until 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political and constitutional
changes that came in the wake of French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body
of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and
shape its destiny.
When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of
educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the
French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. With the out break of
the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field
he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. The civil
code of 1804-usually known as the Napoleonic Code did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality
before the law and secured the right to property. This code was exported to the regions under French control. In the
Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from
serfdom and menorial dues. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems
were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into Kingdoms, dutchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous
territories. Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse
peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture. Such differences did not
easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance
to the emperor.
1. The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class :

The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned
estates in the countryside and also town houses. This powerful aristocracy was however, numerically a small
group. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century, but in France and Parts of the German
states it occurred only during the 19th century. In its wake, new social groups came into being : a working-class
population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. It was among the educated,
liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
2. What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for ?
The term 'liberalism' derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood
for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically it emphasised the concept of government
by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a
constitution and representative government through parliament.
3. A New Conservatism after 1815:
The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France
lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to
prevent French expansion in future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in
the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South. Prussia was given important new territories on its
western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. But the German confederation of 39 states that
had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a
portion as Saxony. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and
create a new conservative order in Europe.
[1] The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

4. The Revolutionaries :
After 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in
many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be revolutionary at this time meant a
commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress and to fight for
liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of
this struggle for freedom.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS : 1830-1848
The first revolt took place in France in July 1830.

1. The Romantic, Imagination and National Feeling:
Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic
artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions,
intuition and mystical feeling. Their effort was to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural
past.
The other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann G. Herder claimed that true German culture was
to be discovered among the common people. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true
spirit of the nation was popularised. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was
not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences
who were mostly illiterate. Karol kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and
music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish
language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed every where.
2. Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt :
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to
live in overcrowded slums. Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the
burden of feudal dues and obligations.
The year 1848 was one such year. Food shortage and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris
out on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee National Assembly proclaimed
a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work. National workshops to
provide employment were set up.
On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in Paris up to the mansion
of their contractor demanding higher wages. They were treated with scorn and threats alternately. Following this,
a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its window-panes, furniture porcelain... The contractor
fled with his family to a neighbouring village which, however, refused to shelter such a person. He returned 24
hours later having requistioned the army. In the exchange that followed eleven weavers were shot.
3. 1848 : The Revolution of the Liberals :
Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in
the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way. Events of February 1848 in
France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had
been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist such as Germany,
Italy, Poland, the Austro Hungarian Empire-men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands
for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their
demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles- a constitution, freedom of the Press and
freedom of association.
Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old
order. Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by
granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic
monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in
Western Europe before 1815. Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions
and in Russia. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.
Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. [2]
THE MAKING OF GERMANY AND ITALY
1. Germany-Can the Army be the Architect of a nation? : Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-
class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation state
governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined
forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From
then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The new
state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.
2. Italy unified : During the middle of the 19th century Italy was divided into seven states of which only one,
Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre
was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon Kings of Spain. Even
the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.
Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a
democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French better than he
did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia Piedmont succeeded
in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the
leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into south Italy and the kingdom of the
two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
In 1861 Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed king of united Italy. However, much of the Italian population, among
whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology. The peasant
masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of 'ltalia' , and believed that 'La Talia' was
victor Emmanuel's wife!
3. The Strange Case of Britain : In Britain the formation of the nation state was not the result of a sudden
upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the 18th
century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones-such as English,
Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English
nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of
the islands. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted
conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged. The Act
of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great
Britain' meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was
henceforth dominated by its English members.
VISUALISING THE NATION
Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other words they represented a
country as if it was a person. Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The female form that was chosen to
personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the
nation a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation. After this so many countries used
the same symbol (female).
NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans
was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known
as the slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
made this region very explosive. All through the 19th century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself
through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities
broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or
political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently
been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as
attempts to win back their long-lost independence.
EXERCISE–I
1. Returning from exile, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a new organisation called

(A) National Italy. (B) Young Italy. (C) United Italy. (D) Organised Italy.
2. A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist is known as
(A) Utopian (B) Socialism (C) Communalism (D) Feminism
3. System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision is known as
(A) Ideology (B) Pedagogy (C) Philology (D) Genealogy
4. Guiseppe Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle in the unification of Italy in the
year
(A) 1857 (B) 1867 (C) 1877 (D) 1887
5. “God Save our Noble king..” is the national anthem of
(A) Britain (B) Germany (C) Russia (D) Italy
6. The revolutionary society started by Mazzini to arouse the whole of Italy to a greater unity and fight for
independence was
(A) Young Italiano (B) Young Italy (C) The Italian (D) Young soldier
7. An abstract idea or emotion which when used as a symbol to portray a theme with respect to a nation is
called
(A) An ideology (B) symbol (C) an allegory (D) a painted theme
8. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the
Frankfurt parliament convened in
(A) the Church of St Paul (B) the Church of St Thomas
(C) the Church of St Mary (D) the Church of St Luthor
9. The word das volk refers to
(A) common people of France (B) common people of Italy
(C) common people of Germany (D) common people of Russia
10. Giuseppe Mazzini was described as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’ by
(A) Metternich (B) Giuseppe Garibaldi (C) William I (D) Hitler
11. The theory that tries to make awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social,
economic and political equality of the genders is known as
(A) Humanism (B) Feminism (C) Post modernism (D) Culturalism
12. The civil code of 1804 was usually known as
(A) The Bismarck Code. (B) The Napoleonic Code.
(C) The National Code. (D) The Social Code.
13. la patrie, one of the ideas used during the French Revolution to emphasize the notion of a united community,
means
(A) Holy land (B) Fatherland (C) Motherland (D) United land
14. ‘When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold.’ was observed by
(A) Duke Metternich (B) Napoleon (C) Otto von Bismarck (D) William I
15. The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from
(A) Latin language (B) Russian language (C) French language (D) Greek language
16. German unification process was supported by the large landowners who were known as
(A) Junkers (B) Younkers (C) Clergies (D) Jadidists
17. The Architect of German unification process was
(A) Otto von Bismarck (B) Hitler (C) Giuseppe Mazzini (D) John Gottfried Herder

18. The French Revolution required the citizens to speak
(A) Latin (B) French (C) English (D) Greek
19. A nation is described as a community of people who believe that they have a common
(A) homeland (B) birthplace (C) History (D) common area
20. In Ireland a revolt by Catholic Irishmen in the year 1798 was led by
(A) Milton Booth (B) Wolfe Tone (C) McGregor (D) Potemkin
21. The first clear expression of nationalism came with
(A) The American Revolution (B) The French Revolution.
(C) The Russian Revolution (D) The Chinese Reviolution
22. In Silesia in 1845, the weavers led the revolt against the
(A) monarch. (B) nobles. (C) colonialists. (D) contractors.
23. The Grimms brothers were
(A) British nationals. (B) French nationals. (C) German nationals. (D) Italian nationals.
24. To further their imperialist aims, European powers manipulated the
(A) nationalist aspiration of subjects. (B) resources of colonies.
(C) political power. (D) economic power.
25. The serious source of nationalist tension after 1871 in Europe was
(A) Germany. (B) France. (C) Balkans. (D) Italy.
26. The country in which the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden revolution was
(A) Britain. (B) France. (C) Germany. (D) Italy.
27. In 1871, the head of new German Empire who was crowned at the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles
was
(A) Otto von Bismarck. (B) Kaiser William I of Prussia.
(C) Victor Emmanuel II. (D) Hitler
28. In 1867, Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to
(A) Bulgaria. (B) Hungary. (C) Greece. (D) Romania.
29. The term ‘Suffrage’ means
(A) right to vote (B) right to religious practice
(C) right to property (D) right to express
30. The policy that Bismarck followed for the unification of Germany is known as
(A) blood and Iron. (B) muscle and power. (C) suppress and Rule. (D) blood and Nation
31. By ideology, Johann Gottfried Herder, German Philosopher, was
(A) Romantic (B) Conservative (C) Socialist (D) Feminist
32. Tsar Nicholas I belonged to
(A) Austria. (B) Prussia. (C) France. (D) Russia.
33. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in
(A) 1867 (B) 1868 (C) 1869 (D) 1870
34. ‘Das volk ‘ i.e, ‘the true German culture was to be discovered among the common people’ was said by
(A) Johann Gottfried Herder. (B) Karl Marx.
(C) Robert Alexy. (D) Thomas Abbt.
35. Greece was recognised as an independent nation by the treaty of
(A) Sevres. (B) Versailles. (C) Constantinople. (D) Tordesillas.
36. Slav nationalism gathered force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires in
(A) 1905. (B) 1906. (C) 1907. (D) 1908.

37. Liberalism stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges since the
(A) American Revolution (B) Chinese Revolution (C) French Revolution (D) Chinese Revolution
38. The Bourbon dynasty deposed during the
(A) American Revolution (B) Chinese Revolution (C) French Revolution (D) Russian Revolution.
39. The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in the year
(A) 1805. (B) 1806. (C) 1807 (D) 1808.
40. “God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind” , this was the belief of
(A) Giuseppe Mazzini. (B) Giuseppe Garibaldi. (C) Otto von Bismarck. (D) Napoleon
41. The Treaty of Constantinople was signed in the year
(A) 1831 (B) 1832 (C) 1833 (D) 1834
42. Industrialisation began in Europe, through the development of machines in
(A) England (B) France (C) Germany (D) Italy
43. The body in France which consisted of the elected representatives and led the Revolt was
(A) Councils of clergies (B) General Assembly
(C) National Assembly (D) People’s Assembly
44. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called
(A) The Balkans (B) Prussia
(C) The US (D) The Kingdom of the two Sicilies
45. The Ottoman Empire was established by
(A) Italians (B) Greeks (C) Turkish people (D) Germans
46. The Frankfurt Parliament was held in the year
(A) 1948 A.D. (B) 1748 A.D. (C) 1648 A.D. (D) 1848 A.D.
47. The Treaty of Vienna was held in
(A) 1715 A.D. (B) 1815 A.D. (C) 1915 A.D. (D) 1920 A.D
48. Philosopher Ernst Renan hailed from
(A) America. (B) Britain. (C) France. (D) Germany.
49. The French Revolution took place in the year
(A) 1769 A.D. (B) 1799 A.D. (C) 1779 A.D. (D) 1789 A.D.
50. The political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and
preferred gradual development to quick change is known as
(A) Conservatism (B) Marxism (C) Liberalism (D) Feminism
51. The Habsburg empire ruled over the territories of
(A) Italy. (B) Greece. (C) England. (D) Austria—Hungary.
52. The socially and politically dominant class of people in Europe were
(A) Aristocracy (B) Farmers (C) Traders. (D) bureaucracy
53. Giuseppe Mazzini founded ‘Young Europe’ in
(A) 1833. (B) 1834. (C) 1835. (D) 1836.
54. The most popular political club formed during the French Revolution was
(A) the Jacobin clubs (B) the Thinkers club (C) the Clergies Club (D) the Farmers club
55. The term ‘Bismarck of Italy’ was used for
(A) Mazzini. (B) Cavour. (C) Garibaldi. (D) Victor Emmanuel.
56. Union Jack is the national flag of
(A) America. (B) Britain. (C) France. (D) Russia
57. In his efforts of unifying Italian states in 1854, Victor Emmanuel II was supported by
(A) Garibaldi. (B) Cavour. (C) Mazzini. (D) Bismarck.

58. Wolfe Tone revolted against the British for
(A) Scotland. (B) Ireland. (C) Greenland. (D) Iceland.
59. The proclamation of the new German Empire was made in the
(A) Hall of Mirrors. (B) Hall of Fame. (C) Hall of Reichstag. (D) Hall of Parliament.
60. The process of German unification was dominated by
(A) Russia. (B) Brandenburg. (C) Westphalia. (D) Prussia.
61. The British parliament seized power from the monarchy in
(A) 1600. (B) 1688. (C) 1761. (D) 1886.
62. The Act by which England was able to impose its influence on Scotland in 1707 was
(A) Act of parliament. (B) Act of Scots. (C) Act of Union. (D) Act of English.
63. The monumental painting depicting unification of Germany was made by
(A) Von Roon. (B) Wolfe Tone. (C) Alton von Werner. (D) Alfred Wegner.
64. The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the
(A) hall of Mirrors. (B) hall of Fame. (C) church. (D) parliament.
65. The idea that has been personified as a female figure by the French revolution was
(A) equality. (B) liberty. (C) fraternity. (D) society.
66. The French painter Delacroix made the painting of a massacre at
(A) Chios. (B) Amboyna. (C) Reichstag. (D) Bastille.
67. The claim that the true German culture could be discovered among the common people was made by
(A) Bismarck. (B) Jacob Grimm. (C) Wilhelm Grimm. (D) Johann Gottfried Herder.
68. The English poet who had raised funds and went to fight against the Ottoman Turks for Greeks was
(A) William Blake. (B) Andre Breton. (C) Edwin Brock. (D) Lord Byron.
69. Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands due to the
(A) February Revolution. (B) July Revolution. (C) August Revolution. (D) Revolution of 1848.
70. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the
Greeks in
(A) 1821. (B) 1822. (C) 1823. (D) 1824.
71. Inspired by the events of the French Revolution, students and members of educated middle classes set up
(A) Abraham clubs. (B) Jacobin clubs. (C) Robespierre clubs. (D) St. Thomas clubs.
72. According to the French revolutionaries, the mission and destiny of the French nation was to liberate the
peoples of
(A) America. (B) Africa. (C) Europe. (D) Asia.
73. Modern form of nationalism received its greatest boost during the
(A) American Revolution. (B) Chinese Revolution. (C) French Revolution. (D) Russian Revolution.
74. Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the movement for a unified Italy in
(A) 1832. (B) 1833. (C) 1834. (D) 1835.
75. Greece was recognised as an independent nation by the
(A) Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. (B) Treaty of Paris of 1783.
(C) Treaty of Constantinople of 1832. (D) Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
76. The English poet Lord Byron fought in the Greek war of Independence and died of fever in
(A) 1824. (B) 1825. (C) 1826. (D) 1827.
77. The English poet Lord Byron organised funds to assist people in the
(A) American War of Independence. (B) Greek War of Independence.
(C) Irish War of Independence. (D) Turkish War of Independence.

78. During Greeks’ struggle for independence, poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of
(A) Asian civilisation. (B) American civilisation. (C) Chinese civilisation. (D) European civilisation.
79. Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the
(A) fifteenth century. (B) sixteenth century. (C) seventeenth century. (D) eighteenth century.
80. An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the
(A) American War of Independence. (B) Greek War of Independence.
(C) Irish War of Independence. (D) Turkish War of Independence.
81. The Act of Union 1707, between England and Scotland, resulted in the formation of the
(A) British parliament. (B) Catholic clans.
(C) United Kingdom of Great Britain. (D) United Irishmen.
82. Nationalism led Europe to disaster in 1914 by aligning with
(A) Capitalism. (B) Communism. (C) Imperialism. (D) Socialism.
83. Napoleon invaded Italy in the year
(A) 1797. (B) 1798. (C) 1799. (D) 1800.
84. The Napoleonic Wars began in the year
(A) 1795. (B) 1797. (C) 1798. (D) 1799.
85. The Civil Code or the Napoleonic Code came into being in the year
(A) 1804. (B) 1805. (C) 1806. (D) 1807.
86. The French armies moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and parts of Italy in the
(A) 1760s. (B) 1770s. (C) 1780s. (D) 1790s.
87. The Jacobin clubs were set up in France and other European countries by
(A) aristocratic groups and clergies. (B) philosophers and peasants.
(C) students and educated middle classes. (D) women and educated people.
88. The main object of the French Constitution in 1791 was to limit the powers of
(A) aristocracy. (B) clergies. (C) monarch. (D) peasants.
89. The French Revolutionaries wanted to liberate the people of Europe from
(A) communism. (B) despotism. (C) spiritualism. (D) socialism.
90. After the French Revolution, the Estates General was elected by the body of
(A) active citizens. (B) active educationists. (C) active holymen. (D) active women.
91. After the French Revolution, oaths were taken and martyrs were commemorated, all in the name of the
(A) Earth. (B) God. (C) King. (D) Nation.
92. The Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in
(A) January 1871. (B) February 1871. (C) March 1871. (D) April 1871.
93. The meaning of the word ‘la patrie’ developed during the French Revolution as
(A) citizen. (B) fatherland. (C) holyland. (D) motherland.
94. In 1789, France was ruled by
(A) an absolute monarchy. (B) a dictator.
(C) a republican. (D) a socialist.
95. The concept and practices of a ‘modern state’ developed over a long period of time in
(A) Africa. (B) America. (C) Asia. (D) Europe.
96 A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal is called
(A) plebiscite. (B) preferential voting. (C) secret voting. (D) in-direct voting.
97 Ernst Renan delivered his lecture on nation at the University of Sorbonne in
(A) 1882. (B) 1883. (C) 1884. (D) 1885.

98. Philosopher Ernst Renan’s lecture on ‘what makes a nation’ was published as
(A) ‘What is a Nation?’ (B) ‘What is the French Nation?’
(C) ‘What is the French Revolution and Nation?’ (D) ‘What is Revolution and Nation?’
99. The French philosopher Ernst Renan outlined his understanding of a nation in a lecture given at the
(A) University of Cambridge. (B) University of Oxford.
(C) University of Sorbonne. (D) University of Sussex.
100. The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of
(A) French citizens. (B) French educated citizens.
(C) French philosophers. (D) French politicians.
101. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in
(A) 1789. (B) 1788. (C) 1787. (D) 1786.
102. Garibaldi led the famous Expedition of the Thousand to South Italy in
(A) 1859. (B) 1860. (C) 1861. (D) 1862.
103. The main three ideals “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” are identified with the
(A) American Revolution. (B) Chinese Revolution.
(C) French Revolution. (D) Russian Revolution.
104. Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of
(A) communism. (B) liberalism. (C) socialism. (D) utilitarianism.
105. The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from

(A) French. (B) Greek. (C) Latin . (D) Spanish.
106. The meaning of the German word “volksgeist” was the

(A) ‘spirit of the nation’ (B) ‘spirit of the religion’
(C) ‘spirit of the language’ (D) ‘spirit of the science’

EXERCISE–II
NTSE PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS :
1. Who hosted Congress of Vienna ? [Punjab NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) Bismark (B) Nepoleon Bonaparte (C) Voltaire (D) Matternich
2. Which of following state was ruled by as Italian Princely House ? (Haryana NTSE Stage I/2015)
(A) Sardania Piedmont (B) Papal States (C) Venetia (D) Tuscany
3. Find out the statement which does not cause to Imperialism : [Maharashtra_NTSE Stage-1_ 2014]
(A) Prosperity of Asia and Africa
(B) Weakness of Asian and African Nations
(C) Need of raw material from Asia and Africa
(D) Growing agitation in Nationalistic movement in African and Asian continent
4. Who amongst the following ruled over Sardinia-Piedmont during the middle of the nineteenth century.
(A) Italian Princely house (B) Austrian Habsburg [Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2013-14]
(C) Pope (D) Bourbon king of spain
5. Who was Paul Bernard ? [Haryana_NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Capitalist (B) Social worker (C) Social reformer (D) Economist
6. Who said "When France sneezes the rest of the Europe catches cold".
[Haryana_NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Garibaldi (B) Mazzini (C) Bismarck (D) Matternich
7. Who is regarded as father of Italian unification ? (M.P./ NTSE Stage I/2013)
(A) Mazini (B) Cavour (C) Garibaldi (D) None of these
8. What is the meaning of this French word "Le Citoyen"? (Haryana / NTSE Stage I/2013)
(A) The people (B) The Citizen (C) Resident (D) All above
9. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement of unification of ltaly was a (Haryana / NTSE Stage I/2013)
(A) Freedom Fighter (B) A revolutionary
(C) A democrat (D) Neither a Revolutionary nor a Democrat
10. Germany was unified in - [Haryana_NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) 1870 (B) 1871 (C) 1872 (D) 1873
11. The tactful diplomatic alliance between Sardinia-Piedmont and France was engineered by
(Rajasthan/NTSE Stage I/2015)
(A) Mazzini (B) Cavour (C) Garibaldi (D) Victor Emmanuel
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE – I
Q ues 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A ns. B A A B A B C A C A B B B A A
Q ues 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A ns. A A B C B B D C A C A B B A A
Q ues 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
A ns. A D A A C A C C C A B A C A C
Q ues 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A ns. D B C D A D A A A B B A B A D
Q ues 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
A ns. B C C C B A D D B A B C C B C
Q ues 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
A ns. A B D A B C C A B A D C C B A
Q ues 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
A ns. D A B A D A A A C A A B C B C
Q ues 106
A ns. A
EXERCISE – I
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ans. D A D A D D B B D B B

2. THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA
Indo-China comprises the modern countries of Vietnam, Laos and Combodia. Its early history shows many different
groups of people living in this area under the shadow of China. The Chinese system of government as well as
Chinese culture remained here for a long time.
EMERGING FROM THE SHADOW OF CHINA

1. Colonial Domination and Resistance :
The colonisation of Vietnam by the French brought the people of the country into conflict with the coloniser in all
areas of life. Nationalism in Vietnam emerged through the efforts of different sections of society to fight against
the French and their policy.
French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid 1880s they had established their rule over the northern
region. After the Franco-Chinese war the French assumed control of Tonkin and Annam and, in 1887, French
Indo-China was formed. In the following decades the French sought to consolidated their position. Nationalist
resistance was developing day by day.
2. Why the French thought Colonies Necessary:
Colonies were considered necessary to supply natural resources and other necessary goods. They also thought
that it was the mission of the 'advanced' European countries to bring the benefits of civilisation to backward
countries.
The French began to build canals and irrigation system with forced labour and increased rice production and
allowed the export of rice. By 1931 Vietnam became the third largest exporter of rice in the world.
Construction of a trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the Northern and Southern parts of Vietnam and
China was began. This was completed in 1910. The second line was also built, linking Vietnam to Siam
(Thailand). French business interests were pressurising the government in Vietnam to develop the infrastructure
further. So that they may earn more and more profits.
3. Should Colonies be Developed :
One of the writers, Bernard says that if the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people
improved, they would buy more goods. So the chances of better profits for French business will be increased.
According to Bernard there were several hindrances to economic growth in Vietnam : high population levels, low
agricultural productivity and extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants.
The colonial economy in Vietnam was mainly based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations owned by the
French and a small Vietnamese elite. Rail and port facilities were set up to service this sector. Indentured
Vietnamese labour was widely used in the rubber plantations.
THE DILEMMA OF COLONIAL EDUCATION
French took for granted that Europe had developed the most advanced civilization. So it became the duty of the
Europeans to introduce these modern ideas to the colony even if this meant destroying cultures, religions and
traditions, because these were seen as outdated and prevented modern development.
The French needed an educated local labour force but they feared that education might create problems. Once
educated, the Vietnamese may begin to question colonial domination. Moreover, French citizens living in Vietnam
began fearing that they might lose their jobs-as teachers, shopkeepers, policemen to the educated Vietnamese. So
they opposed policies that would give the Vietnamese full access to French education.
1. Talking Modern :
The elites in Vietnam were powerfully influenced by Chinese culture. So French systematically dismantled the
traditional educational system and opened French schools for the Vietnamese. But this was not so easy.
Chinese, the language used by the elites so far, had to be replaced. Was the language to be Vietnamese or
French ? It was a matter of thinking.
[11] The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

The opinion of the policy makers was to use the French language as the medium of instruction. The educated
people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals, see the superiority of French culture, and work
for the French. Other option was that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes.
The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship.
Only Vietnamese elite were admitted in the French schools. This was a policy to fail deliberately the students
in their final class. So that they could not get better jobs.
School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule. The Vietnamese were represented as primitive
and backward, capable of manual labour but not of intellectual reflection; they could work in the fields but cannot
rule.
2. Looking Modern :
The schools encouraged the adoption of Western style such as having a short haircut. But Vietnamese used to
keep long hair.
3. Resistance in Schools : Teachers and students were not interested to follow the curriculam blindly. The
numbers of Vietnamese teachers increased in the lower classes. While teaching, Vietnamese teachers quietly
modified the text and criticised what was started.
Now schools became an important place for political and cultural battles. The French wanted to strengthen their
rule in Vietnam through the control of education. They tried to change the values, norms and perceptions of the
people to make them believe in the superiority of French Civilization and the inferiority of the Vietnamese. The
intellectuals of Vietnam felt that Vietnam was losing not just control over its territory but its very identify also. Its
own culture and customs were being devalued and the people were developing a master slave mentality.
HYGIENE, DISEASE AND EVERYDAY RESISTANCE
1. Plague Strikes Hanoi : Hanoi was built as a beautiful and clean city while the 'native quarter' was not provided
with any modern facilities. They refuse from the old city drained straight out into the river or during heavy rains
or floods, overflowed into the streets. Thus what was installed to create a hygienic environment in the French
city became the cause of the plague.
2. The Rat Hunt : To stop this invasion, a rat hunt was started in 1902. The French hired Vietnamese workers and
paid them for each rat they caught. They also discovered innovative ways to profit from this situation. The money
was paid when a tail of rat was given as a proof that a rat had been killed. So the rat catchers took to just
clipping the tail and releasing the rats, so that the process could be repeated, over and over again. In fact some
people were busy for rising rats so that they may earn more money.
RELIGION AND ANTI-COLONIALISM
Vietnam's religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Christianity introduced
by French missionaries, was intolerant of this easy going attitude and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to revere
the supernatural as something to be corrected.
An early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity was the Scholars Revolt in 1868. They led
general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed. Catholic missionaries
had been active in winning converts since the early 17th century and by the middle of the eighteenth century had
converted some 300,000. The French crushed the movement.
The elites in Vietnam were educated in Chinese and Confucianism. But religious beliefs among the peasantry were
shaped by a variety of syncretic traditions that combined Buddhism and local beliefs.
Hoa Hao movement began in 1939 and gained popularity in Mekong delta area. It drew on religious ideas popular in
anti-French uprisings of the 19th century.
The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So. They declared him mad, called him the Mad
Bonze and send him in a mental asylum. It is a matter of interest that the doctor who had to prove him insane
became his follower, and finally in 1941, even the French doctors declared him that he was save. The French
authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his pupils to concentration camps.

THE VISION OF MODERNISATION
In the late 19th century, resistance to French domination was very often led by Confucian scholar activists, who saw
their world crumbling. Educated in the Confucian tradition, Phan Boi Chau was one such nationalist. He became a
major figure in the anti colonial resistance from the time he formed the revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hqi) in 1903.
Other nationalists strongly differed with Phan Boi Chau. One such was Phan Chu Trinh. He was intensely hostile to
the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court. His desire was to establish
a democratic republic. He accepted the French revolutionary ideals of liberty but charged the French for not abiding
by the ideal.
1. Other Ways for of Becoming Modern : Japan and China: In the first decade of the 20th century a ‘go east
movement' became popular. In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern
education. For many of them the primary aim was to drive out the French from Vietnam. These nationalists
looked for foreign arms and help. They appealed to the Japanese as fellow Asians. Japan had modernised itself
and had resisted colonisation by the West.
In 1911, a Republic was set up in China under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen. Association for the Restoration of
Vietnam was formed. Now the nature of the anti French independence movement changed. The objective was
no longer to set up a constitutional monarchy but a democratic republic.
THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT AND VIETNAMESE NATIONALISM
In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist
party, later its name become Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant and demonstrations of
the European communist Parties.
In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam as part of its imperial drive to control socialist Asia. So now nationalists had to fight
against the Japanese. Japanese occupied and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of
Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became its chairman.
1. The New Republic of Vietnam :
The new republic of Vietnam faced a number of challenges. The French tried to regain control by using the
emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. The Vietnamese were forced to retreat to the hills. At last, the French were
defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
The Supreme French Commander of the French armies, General Henry Navarre had declared in 1953 that they
would soon be victorious. But on 7 May 1954, the Vietminh captured more than 16,000 soldiers of the French
army.
North and South Vietnam were split : Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai's
regime was put in power in the South.
With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the National Liberation Front (NLF) fought for the
unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. The main worry was that the communists were
gaining power, so it decided to intrupt decisively, sending in troops and arms.
2. The Entry of the US into the War :
From 1965 to 1972,US fought in Vietnam. This phase of struggle with the US was brutal. Thousands of US
troops equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the
time- B52s. The massive attacks and indiscriminate use of chemical weapons-Napalm, Agent Orange, and
Phosphorous bombs-destroyed innumerable villages and decimated jungles. Innocent civilians died in large
numbers.
The war grew out of a fear among US policy-planners that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start
a domino effect communist governments would be established in other countries in the area. They underestimated
the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under
horrified conditions, and fight for independence. They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the
most technologically advanced country in the world.

3. The Ho Chi Minh Trail :
The story of the Ho Chi Minh trail is one way of understanding the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought
against the US. The trail, an immense network of foot paths and roads was used to transport men and materials
from the north to the south. About 20,000 North Vietnamese troops come south each months on this trail.
The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but
mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women.
Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Combodia with branch lines extending into
South Vietnam. The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important
supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly.
THE NATION AND ITS HEROES
1. Women as Rebels:
Women in Vietnam enjoyed greater equality than in China, but they had only limited freedom to determine their
future and played no role in public life. As the nationalist movement grew, the status of women come to be
questioned and a new image of womanhood emerged. Writers and political thinkers began idealising women
who rebelled against social norms.
2. Heroes of Past Times :
A play was written on the lives of the Trung sisters who had fought against Chinese domination. In this play the
writer depicted them as patriots fighting to save the Vietnamese nation from the Chinese. After Phan's play the
Trung sisters came to be idealised and glorified. They were depicted in paintings, plays and novels as representing
the indomitable will and the intense patriotism of the Vietnamese.
Another woman was Trieu Au who was orphaned in childhood. She lived with her brother in the jungles and
organised a large army and resisted Chinese rule. At last when her army was crushed, she drowned her self.
She became a sacred figure, not just a martyr who fought for the honour of the country.
3. Women as Warriors :
In the 1960s, photographs in magazines showed women as brave fighters. They were shown shooting down
planes. Some stories spoke of their incredible bravery in single handedly killing the enemy. Nguyen Thi Xuan,
was honoured to have shut down a jet with just twenty bullets.
Between 1965 and 1975, of the 17,000 youth who worked on the trail, 70 to 80 per cent were women. One
military historian argues that there were 1.5 million women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and
professional teams.
4. Women in Times of Peace :
By the 1970s, as peace talks began to get under way and the end of the war seemed near, women were not
represented as warriors. Now they are shown working in agricultural cooperatives, factories and production
units rather than a fighter.
END OF THE WAR
The long duration of the war created strong reactions even within the US. It was clear that the US had failed to
achieve its objectives, the Vietnamese resistance had not been crushed, the support of the Vietnamese people for
US action had not beem won. In the meantime, thousands of young US soldiers had lost their lives and countless
Vietnamese civilians were killed. This was called the first television war.
The wide spread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to negotiate and end to the war. A peace
settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974. This ended conflict with the US but fighting between the Saigon
regime and the NLF continued.

EXERCISE – I
1. Role of women in the Vietnamese movement is considered important because
(A) women came out as warriors.
(B) women supported their husbands and sons emotionally.
(C) women remained as good housewives.
(D) most of the nationalist leaders were women.
2. Vietnam gained formal independence in

(A) 1947 (B) 1946 (C) 1932 (D) 1945
3. A movement which opposed the sale of child brides,gambling, alcohol and opium was the
(A) Hoa Hao movement (B) Yunan movement.
(C) Chinese movement. (D) Ho chi minh movement.
4. The peace settlement that ended the war between the U.S. – Vietnam was signed in
(A) Columbia in January 1974 (B) Geneva in January 1974
(C) Paris in January 1974 (D) the Hague in January 1975
5. The war between US and Vietnam is called

(A) the first radio war (B) the first television war
(C) the first press war (D) the first media war
6. The scholar who called the U.S- Vietnam war, as ‘the greatest threat to peace, to national self- determination,
and to international cooperation’ was
(A) Jean Paul Sartre (B) Noam Chomsky (C) Trieu Au (D) Phan Boi Chau
7. The per cent of women who worked in the Ho Chi Minh Trail between 1965 and 1975 was
(A) 40 to 50 (B) 50 to 60 (C) 60 to 70 (D) 70 to 80
8. The Bao Dai regime was overthrown by a coup led by

(A) Henry Navarre. (B) Ngo Dinh Diem. (C) Ho Chi Minh. (D) Phan Boi Chau.
9. In 1913, the writer of a play based on the lives of the Trung sisters who had fought against Chinese domination
in 39-43 CE was
(A) Nhat Linh (B) Phan Boi Chau (C) Trieu Au (D) Ho Chi Minh
10. The monarchy was overthrown in China in the year.

(A) 1911 (B) 1912 (C) 1913 (D) 1914
11. The Vietnamese Communist Party was formed by

(A) Bao Dai. (B) Ho Chi Minh. (C) Henry Navarre. (D) Phan Boi Chau.
12. With growing influences from Japanese and Chinese development, the objective of anti-French movement
was shifted from setting up of a constitutional monarchy to
(A) democratic republic. (B) democratic monarchy.
(C) autocracy. (D) constitutional monarchy.
13. The book “The History of the Loss of Vietnam” is authored by

(A) Phan Boi Chau. (B) Liang Qichao. (C) Phan Chu Trinh. (D) Prince Cuong De.
14. The Hoa Hao movement started in the year

(A) 1949. (B) 1936. (C) 1939. (D) 1940.
15. (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh was
(A) The League of the independence of Vietnam. (B) The league of the freedom of Vietnam.
(C) free vietnam. (D) Liberated Vietnam.
16. The Bubonic plague struck the modern part of Hanoi in
(A) 1903. (B) 1904. (C) 1902. (D) 1905.

17. The French tried to regain control of the New Republic by using a puppet who was emperor
(A) Phan Bo (B) Bao Dai (C) Ho Chi (D) Ha Tinh
18. The Hollywood movie Apocalypse Now that reflected the moral confusion that the US –Vietnam war had
caused in the US was produced by
(A) Daniel Hawks (B) Isaiah Berlin (C) John Ford Coppola (D) Murray Murphy
19. Cochinchina became a French colony in

(A) 1867 (B) 1868 (C) 1869 (D) 1870
20. The Ordinance 10 , a law retained by Diem which outlawed Buddhism and permitted Christianity was
(A) German (B) Chinese (C) French (D) Russian
21. An organic compound used to thicken gasoline and develop firebombs used in the Vietnam war was
(A) Napalm (B) benzene (C) naphthalene (D) phenol
22. The quote ‘the greatest threat to peace, to national self-determination,and to international cooperation’ was
said by the scholar
(A) Mary mcarthy (B) Noam Chomsky (C) phan boi chu (D) Ha thein
23. French Indo—China was formed in the year

(A) 1787 (B) 1886 (C) 1887 (D) 1897
24. Confucius belonged to

(A) America. (B) Britain. (C) China. (D) Switzerland.
25. The Vietnamese killed over a thousand Catholics in the provinces of

(A) Bang Trung Bo and Haipong. (B) Dong Bac and Mekong.
(C) Ngu An and Ha Tien. (D) Tay Naguyen and Vinh Phuc.
26. The Scholars Revolt took place in

(A) 1865. (B) 1866. (C) 1867. (D) 1868.
27. Catholic missionaries had been active in converting the Vietnamese since the early
(A) fourteenth century. (B) fifteenth century. (C) sixteenth century. (D) seventeenth century.
28. The elite people in Vietnam were educated in Chinese and

(A) Buddhism. (B) Christianity. (C) Confucianism. (D) Hinduism.
29. Phan Boi Chau formed the Revolutionary Society known as Duy Tan Hoi in
(A) 1906. (B) 1905. (C) 1904. (D) 1903.
30. The Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 in Vietnam was headed by
(A) Phan Chu Trinh. (B) Phan Boi Chau. (C) Prince Cuong De. (D) Trieu Au.
31. Phan Boi Chau’s book, “The History of the Loss of Vietnam” was the bestseller in Vietnam and
(A) Britain. (B) China. (C) France. (D) Thailand.
32. Phan Boi Chau‘s book, “The History of the Loss of Vietnam” talks about Vietnam’s shared culture with
(A) Britain. (B) France. (C) China. (D) Thailand.
33. In 1907-08, the number of Vietnamese students who went to Japan to acquire modern education was
(A) 300. (B) 400. (C) 500. (D) 600.
34. 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education during
(A) 1905-08. (B) 1906-08. (C) 1907-08. (D) 1908-08.
35. Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in

(A) Cambodia. (B) Bangkok. (C) Kuala Lumpur. (D) Tokyo.
36. The country that established its rule over Vietnam in the eighteenth century was
(A) America (B) Australia (C) China (D) France

37. The country which had great influence on Vietnam was
(A) Russia. (B) China. (C) Cambodia. (D) America.
38. The League for the Independence of Vietnam, recaptured Hanoi in September 1945, from
(A) America. (B) France. (C) Japan. (D) Russia.
39. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture

(A) Budhism and local practices. (B) Christianity and local practices.
(C) Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. (D) Confucianism and local practices.
40. The Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party was later renamed as the
(A) Indo-Chinese Communist Party. (B) Indo-Chinese Marxist Party.
(C) Indo-Chinese Socialist Party. (D) Indo-Chinese Workers’ Party.
41. Sun-Yat-Sen was a

(A) doctor. (B) historian. (C) merchant. (D) nationalist.
42. The provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh in Vietnam were called as

(A) fossils of Vietnam. (B) electrical fuses of Vietnam.
(C) electrical camps of Vietnam. (D) electoral camps of Vietnam.
43. A defoliant plant killer used by the Americans to destroy forests in Vietnam was called
(A) Agent apple. (B) Agent Orange. (C) Agent Papaya. (D) Agent Pumpkin.
44. The economy of Vietnam was based on

(A) cotton and rice cultivation. (B) jute and sugar cultivation.
(C) rice and rubber cultivation. (D) sugar and rice cultivation.
45. The French were forced to withdraw from the Indo—China according to
(A) Geneva Convention. (B) Frankfurt Convention.
(C) Versailles Convention. (D) None of the above.
46. NLF stands for

(A) National Liberian Front. (B) National Liberation Front.
(C) North Liberation Force. (D) Noted Liberation Force
47. Due to the impact of the Great Depression of the 1930s in Vietnam there was a price fall in
(A) cotton and rice. (B) jute and rice. (C) rice and rubber (D) sugar and rice.
48. League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh) came to be known as
(A) Comintern. (B) Cong San Dang.
(C) Vietnam Cong San Dang (D) Vietminh.
49. According to Paul Bernard, a writer and policy maker,rural poverty and agricultural productivity could be
changed by increasing
(A) population levels (B) land reforms (C) manual labour (D) rice cultivation
50. Unable to suppress the Hoa Hao movement started by Huynh Phu So the French declared him mad and
called him the
(A) Mad Bonze (B) Mad Monk (C) Mad Saint (D) Mad Preacher
51. To check the invasion by rats, the government started the ‘rat hunt’ in
(A) 1902 (B) 1903 (C) 1904 (D) 1905
52. Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh spent time together, discussing their visions of Vietnamese independence,
in
(A) Britain (B) China. (C) France. (D) Japan.
53. Glorification and justifying colonial domination as far as eduction was concerned was done through
(A) school textbooks (B) school teaching methods
(C) through oral teaching. (D) through word of mouth.
54. The French Indo-China was formed in the year
(A) 1885. (B) 1887. (C) 1886. (D) 1888.
55. The party of Young Annan, a political party formed in Vietnam in the 1920’s was formed by
(A) workers. (B) cultivators. (C) activists. (D) students.
56. Phan Boi Chau wrote his most influential book, “The History of the Loss of Vietnam” being inspired by
(A) Confucius. (B) Liang Qichao. (C) Prince Cuong De. (D) Phan Chu Trinh.
57. French colonisation was based not only on economic exploitation but also on a
(A) ‘civilizing mission’ (B) ‘nationalisation mission’
(C) ‘intellectual mission’ (D) ‘religious mission’
58. The number of people converted into Christianity by the missionaries in Vietnam by the 18th century was
(A) 3,00,000. (B) 3,10,000. (C) 3,20,000. (D) 3,30,000.
59. The area under rice cultivation in Vietnam went up from 2,74,000 hectares in 1873 to 1.1 million hectares in
(A) 1900. (B) 1901. (C) 1902. (D) 1903.
60. In 1940 Vietnam was dominated and occupied by

(A) China. (B) Japan. (C) Russia. (D) India.
61. The country which had great influence on Vietnam was

(A) Russia. (B) China. (C) Cambodia. (D) America.
62. The French built canals to drain lands in the Mekong delta to increase the cultivation with
(A) free labour. (B) forced labour. (C) indentured labour. (D) slave labour.
63. The area under rice cultivation in Vietnam in 1873 was

(A) 2,77,000. (B) 2,76,000. (C) 2,75,000. (D) 2,74,000.
64. Many religious movements in Vietnam were hostile to the Western presence since
(A) sixteenth century. (B) seventeenth Century.(C) eighteenth century. (D) nineteenth century.
65. The Scholars Revolt in 1868 in Vietnam was led by the

(A) officials at the imperial court. (B) students in schools.
(C) students in colleges. (D) teachers in schools.
66. The developments in 1911 inspired Vietnamese students to organise the association for the
(A) deconstruction of the French-Vietnam. (B) construction of Vietnam.
(C) restoration of Vietnam. (D) reconstruction of cultural Vietnam.
67. The objective of the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam (Viet-Nam Quan Phuc Hoi) was to set up a
(A) Constitutional monarchy. (B) Communist Country.
(C) Democratic republic. (D) Socialist Country.
68. Early Vietnamese nationalists had a close relationship with China and
(A) Britain. (B) Cuba. (C) France. (D) Japan.
69. Being deported from Japan, Vietnamese shifted to

(A) Britain and France (B) China and Thailand.
(C) Magnolia and Thailand. (D) Russia and China.
70. The port of Faifo was founded by

(A) Dutch merchants. (B) English merchants.
(C) French merchants. (D) Portuguese merchants.
71. Francis Garnier was commissioned by the French to establish a French colony in Tonkin in
(A) 1876. (B) 1875. (C) 1874. (D) 1873.

72. The capital of Tonkin was
(A) Hanoi. (B) Hung Yen. (C) Kon Tum. (D) Quang Bing.
73. The famous blind poet of Vietnam known for his writings, against the French colonisation was
(A) Fred Marchant. (B) Kevin Bowen. (C) Ngyuyen Dinh Chieu. (D) Tran Dang Khoa.
74. The nature of the anti-French independence movement in Vietnam changed after
(A) 1911. (B) 1912. (C) 1913. (D) 1914.
75. The prices of rubber and rice fell in Vietnam during the Great Depression of the
(A) 1920’s. (B) 1930’s. (C) 1940’s. (D) 1950’s.
76. The second railway line that was laid down in vietnam linked
(A) vietnam to siam. (B) vietnam to china.
(C) vietnam to japan. (D) vietnam to france.
77. The construction of a trans Indo-China rail network that was started linked
(A) North and south Vietnam and China (B) East and West Vietnam
(C) Japan and China (D) vietnam and China
78. The attack on the ruling Nguyen dynasty was led by the French officer
(A) Francis Garnier. (B) Jean Dupuis. (C) Ngyuyen Dinh Chieu.(D) Paul Bernard.
79. Garnier was a part of the French team that explored the
(A) Ben Hai river. (B) Thu Bon river. (C) Mekong river. (D) Sepon river.
80. In order to increase cultivation, the French built canals and drained lands in the
(A) Dong Na Bo delta. (B) Mekong delta. (C) Mien Bac delta. (D) Red river delta.
81. “The purpose of acquiring colonies by the French in Vietnam was to make profits”, was said by
(A) Bernard Shaw. (B) Noam Chomsky. (C) Paul Bernard. (D) Paul krugman.
82. The old name of Thailand was

(A) Srivijaya. (B) Jambu Dweep. (C) Malaya. (D) Siam.
83. The areas in Vietnam that the French first assumed control of were
(A) anaam and tonkin. (B) Dong Bac and Mekong.
(C) Ngu An and Ha Tinh. (D) Tay Naguyen and Vinh Phu.
84. An early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity in Vietnam was the
(A) Philosophers Revolt in 1868. (B) Scholars Revolt in 1868.
(C) Students Revolt in 1868. (D) Teachers Revolt in 1868.
85. The Japanese Ministry that clamped down on the Restoration Society of the Vietnamese students was the
(A) Ministry of Police. (B) Ministry of Interior.
(C) Ministry of Foreign affairs. (D) Ministry of Education.

EXERCISE– II
1. Which of the following was the most important case crop of Vietnam :
[Haryana_NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Rice (B) Cotton (C) Sugarcane (D) Tea
2. The founder of 'Hoa Hao' movement in Vietnam was [Rajasthan_NTSE_Stage-1_2014]

(A) Confucius (B) Huynh Pho So (C) Laotse (D) Liang Qichao
3. When was the Tonkin free school started ? [Chandigragh/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) 1907 (B) 1905 (C) 1908 (D) 1906
4. When did Indo-China ‘Panchsheel’ agreement was implemented ? (Chandigragh/NTSE Stage I/2014)
(A) 24 August 1945 (B) 29 April 1954 (C) 20 October 1962 (D) 24 October 1945
5. Why did the United States decide to intervene the Vietnam war ? (Haryana NTSE Stage I/2015)
(A) Because Vietnam attacked United States
(B) Because United States was trading partner of France
(C) Because Communist had gained power
(D) Because United States failed to achieve its objective during the war
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE– I
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A D A C B B D B B A B A A C A
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A B C A C A B C C C D D C D C
Ques 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. B C A C D D B C C A D B B C A
Ques 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. B C D B A A D A B D B A A A B
Ques 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Ans. B C D C A C C D B D D A C A B
Ques 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
Ans. A A A C B C D A B B
EXERCISE–II
Ques 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. A B A B C

3. NATIONALISM IN INDIA
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION
The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was
financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. Through the
war years prices increased, leading to extreme hardship for the common people. Villages were called upon to
supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. Crops failed in many parts of
India. According to the census of 1921,12 to 13 million people perished due to famines and epidemic.
1. The Idea of Satyagraha :

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in January 1915. He had successfully fought the racist
regime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called Satyagraha. It suggested that if the cause was
true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressors.
In 1916, Gandhiji travelled to Champaran (Bihar) to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation system. In 1917, he organised a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
Affected by the plague epidemic and crop failure. The peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue. In 1918,
Gandhiji went to Ahmedabad to settle the wage case of Cotton Mill Workers through Satyagraha.
2. The Rowlatt Act :

In 1919 Gandhiji decided to launch a Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. This Act was passed
hurriedly inspite of the opposition of Indian Members of the Council. It gave enormous powers to the government
to repress Indian political activities. Gandhiji started non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws. On
April 6, a hartal was organised.
Rallies were organised in various cities. British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local
leaders were picked up. On April 10 police fired on a peaceful procession. People started attack on banks,
police stations, post offices etc. Martial law was imposed.
On April 13, people gathered in Jallianwalla Bagh for a protest meeting. General Dyer come and blocked the exit
point and ordered his men to open fire. He wanted to create a state of terror in the minds of the people. Hundreds
of people were died and wounded.
As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many towns. There were strikes, clashes
with the police and attacks on government property. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking
to humiliate and terrorise people. Being angry people started violence. So Gandhiji called off the movement.
The after effect of this issue was that the Hindus and Muslims came together. Gandhiji felt that this is the time
to join hands with the Khilafat movement. In Turkey, the British Government was not willing to accept the
authority of 'Khalifa'. So the Khilafat movement started in India by the Indian Muslims. Gandhiji started Non
cooperation Movement on 3 Sept. 1920 in the support of Khilafat Movement.
3. Why Non-cooperation ? :
In case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. In 1920 Gandhiji
and Shaukat Ali started the movement. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded
and boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils.
DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT
1. The Movement in the Towns :

Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges. Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
The council elections were boycotted in most of the provinces. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops
picketed. Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones.
[21] Nationalism In India

2. Rebellion in the Countryside :
In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra-a Sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured
labourer. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlord's farms without any payment.
The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive
landlords. In many places panchayats organised farmers, washermen and asked them not to give services to
the landlords.
In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s. Government had
closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle or to collect Fuel
Wood. This enraged the hill people. They felt that their traditional rights were denied. When government began
forcing them to contribute begar for road building the hill people revolied. They attacked police and-killed British
Officials. Their leader Raju was captured exiled in 1924.
3. Swaraj in the plantations :
Gandhiji and the notion of Swaraj for plantation workers in Assam freedom meant the right to move freely in and
out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which
they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea
gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. When they heard of the Non
cooperation movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantation and headed home. They
believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. They, however,
never reached their destination.
TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning
violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.
C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But
younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose pressed for mass agitation and for full
independence.
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan "Go back Simon." The main
cause of protest was that the commission had not a single Indian member. They were all British. Lord Irwin announced
in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion’ status for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference
to discuss a future constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders.
In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of 'Purna
Swaraj'. It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to
take a pledge to struggle for complete Independence.
1. The Salt March and the Civil Disbedience Movement :
On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. The most stirring demand
was to remove salt tax. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Gandhiji declared and
shown the most oppressive face to British Rule.
Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. So Gandhiji started his salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
The march was over 240 miles from Gandhiji's ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujrati coastal town of Dandi. The
volunteers walked for 24 days. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law.
This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. The difference between the Non-cooperation
Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement is people were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the
British, but also to break colonial laws. Gandhiji was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police
stations, government buildings, law courts and railway stations. Government responed with a policy of brutal
repression. About 100,000 people were arrested.
On March 5th 1931, Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed. Gandhiji was willing to participate in a Round Table Conference
in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners. But the negotiation broke down and
Gandhiji came back to India. Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement. But by 1934 it lost its
momentum.

2. The Participants and their varying Expectations :
The poor peasants were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. Congress was unwilling to
support 'no rent' campaigns in most of the places.
During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful.
They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. The Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in
1927 led by several Indian industrialists supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.
The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers except
in the Nagpur region. There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dock workers in 1932.
Another feature of the movement was the large scale participation of women. They participated in protest
marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
3. Civil Disobedience did not Attract All :
Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of Swaraj. In 1930 the untouchables called themselves
Dalit or oppressed. Gandhiji called them Harijan and organised satyagraha to secure their entry into temples
and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. He himself cleaned toilets to show the dignity of the work
of the sweepers and persuaded upper castes to change their heart. Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience
Movement was therefore limited, particularly in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was
strong.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Gandhiji
at the 2nd Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government
conceded Ambedkar's demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He told that this demand will slow down the
process of the Swaraj. The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the congress led national
movement.
Muslim organisations were also not so much interested in Civil Disobedience Movement. After the fall of the Non
Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large number of Muslims felt alienated from the congress. The relation between
Hindu and Muslims worsened.
THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING
The sense of collective belonging came partly the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of
cultural processes through which nationalism captured people's imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs,
popular prints and symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism.
The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was
included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Abanindranath Tagore
painted image of Bharat Mata.
Idea of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. In late 19th century India, nationalists
began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured village to village. Natesa Shastri published a massive four-
volume collection to Tamil folk tales, 'The Folklore of Southern India'. He believed that folklore was national literature.
As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders become more and more aware of such icons and symbols
in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a
tricolour flag was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon,
representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj Flag. It was a tricolour with a
spinning wheel in the centre.
By the end of 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had
to be thought about differently. Indians began looking in the past to discover India's great achievements.

EXERCISE – I
1. The Khilafat Issue was related to the Islam community of
(A) Iran. (B) Iraq. (C) Ottoman Turkey. (D) Afghanistan.
2. The meaning of the term ‘Boycott’ is
(A) cooperation. (B) refusal and rejection (C) revolution. (D) a war method.
3. ‘Vande Mataram’ was written as hymn to the motherland by
(A) Rabindra Nath Tagore (B) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
(C) Abanindranath Tagore (D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
4. The organisers of the Khilafat Movement were
(A) Mahatma Gandhi and BG Tilak (B) Motilal Nehru and CR Das.
(C) Syed Ahmed Khan and Abdul Kalam Azad (D) Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
5. Mahatma Gandhi’s first experience with Satyagrah in India was at
(A) Champaran. (B) Bardoli. (C) Chauri Chaura. (D) Gujarat.
6. The Rowlatt Act had been passed hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative Council despite opposition from its
(A) British members. (B) Foreign delegates (C) Council members. (D) Indian members.
7. The Congress Socialist Party was formed in the year
(A) 1928. (B) 1934. (C) 1920. (D) 1940.
8. Political prisoners could be detained by the government without a trial for a period of
(A) two years. (B) three years. (C) one year. (D) four years.
9. Fearing the disruption of railway and telegraph lines the British decided to clamp down on the
(A) nationalists (B) prisoners (C) soldiers. (D) Villagers
10. The imposition of Martial law by the British was done in the year 1919 in
(A) Amritsar (B) Chandigarh. (C) patna (D) kanpur
11. The crawling orders of General Dyer forced the prisoners to
(A) rub their noses on the ground (B) crawl in a frog like fashion.
(C) lie on the ground (D) get punished.
12. The personality who organised Dalits into the depressed classes association in 1930 was
(A) B.R. Ambedkar. (B) M.K.Gandhi (C) Maulana Azad. (D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
13. The historic march of Dandi was started by Gandhiji and his followers from the
(A) Sabarmati Ashram. (B) Porbandar Ashram (C) Tolstoy farm. (D) Kutch Ashram.
14. After the WWI , a harsh peace treaty was to be imposed on the
(A) British officers (B) Indian kings (C) Ottoman Khalifa. (D) French Monarchy
15. The Congress adopted the resolution for complete independence of India during the session of
(A) Calcutta (B) Lahore (C) Nagpur (D) Surat
16. The position of Gandhiji on the issue for separate electorates for the Dalits was accepted and signed by
(A) Maulana Azad (B) Sitaram Raju (C) Ambedkar (D) Ghaffar Khan
17. The “Harijan” was a term used by Gandhiji to address the Dalits and it meant
(A) local children. (B) powerful children. (C) children of God. (D) native children.
18. Match the following terms with proper meanings and choose the answer from the codes given below:
Column I Column II
(A) Khilafat i. All India Trade Union Congress
(B) Oppressors ii. turned out
(C) evicted iii. Tyrannical rulers
(D) AITUC iv. Opposition, defiance
(A) A-iv; B-iii; C-ii; D-i (B) A-ii; B-iii; C-iv; D-i (C) A-ii; B-iii; C-iv; D-i (D) A-iii; B-iv; C-ii; D-i

19. Indian Folklore was a powerful medium used to revive ideas of
(A) Nationalism. (B) Solidarity. (C) Poverty. (D) Socialism.
20. The effects of the World war I brought with it Crop failure, shortage of food and the
(A) small pox. (B) influenza epidemic. (C) chicken pox. (D) malarial epidemic.
21. The object that was seen as a symbol of Western economic and cultural domination was
(A) foreign food (B) foreign cloth. (C) foreign spices. (D) foreign shoes.
22. The Second Round Table conference in which Gandhi represented the Congress was held in
(A) Australia (B) Brazil (C) England (D) Paris
23. Mobilising support for the Non Cooperation movement,Gandhiji toured the country with
(A) Chandrashekar Azad. (B) Har Dayal. (C) Shaukat Ali. (D) Savarkar.
24. In Madras, a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales titled The Folklore of Southern India was
published by
(A) Natesa Sastri (B) Neelakanda Sastri (C) Subramaniya Iyer (D) Shanmugam Nambiar
25. A form of demonstration by which people block the entrance to a shop,factory or office is called
(A) picketing (B) blocking. (C) rioting. (D) stoning.
26. The Khilafat Movement subsided because
(A) The Congress withdrew its support on account of suspension of Non-Cooperation Movement.
(B) Britain granted the main demands of the Khilafatists.
(C) Mustafa Kamal Pasha came to power in Turkey and abolished the Caliphate.
(D) Support to the cause of Khilafat was a great blunder on the part of Mahatatma Gandhi.
27. Alternative Indian Institutions had to be set up to
(A) remove old ones. (B) replace british ones. (C) discard new ones. (D) filter new students
28. The main objective of the Non-Cooperation Movement was
(A) achievement of Swaraj (B) annullment of the Rowlatt Act 1919
(C) preventing dismemberment of Turkey (D) undoing the injustices done to Punjab.
29. M.K. Gandhi withdrew the Satyagraha in 1922 because
(A) of the Chauri Chaura outrage.
(B) Most of the leaders had been arrested and were in prison.
(C) The British agreed to fulfil his demands.
(D) He saw no chances of success for the movement.
30. The national movement in India started spreading to new areas, incorporating new social groups after
(A) 1916. (B) 1917. (C) 1918. (D) 1919.
31. Crop failures in 1918-19 and 1920-21 caused the death of
(A) 12 to 13 million people. (B) 13 to 14 million people.
(C) 14 to 15 million people. (D) 15 to 16 million people.
32. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in
(A) April 1915. (B) March 1915. (C) February 1915. (D) January 1915.
33. The Non-Cooperation Movement in Awadh was against the
(A) British. (B) Pattidars. (C) Taluqdars. (D) Indigo Planters
34. Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment was known as
(A) adimai. (B) begar. (C) bethi. (D) pannai.
35. The import value of the foreign goods between 1921 to 1922, dropped from Rs 102 crore to
(A) Rs. 56 crore. (B) Rs. 57 crore. (C) Rs. 58 crore. (D) Rs. 59 crore.
36. The Non-Cooperation Movement in Awadh was led by
(A) Baba Ramchandra (B) Bal Gangadhar Tilak.(C) C.R.Das. (D) Lala Lajpat Rai.

37. The Poona Pact was signed in
(A) 1932. (B) 1933. (C) 1934. (D) 1935.
38. The Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) was formed in
(A) 1927. (B) 1928. (C) 1929 (D) 19230.
39. The Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress was formed in
(A) 1920. (B) 1921. (C) 1922. (D) 1923 .
40. Ambedkar established the Depressed Classes Association in
(A) 1930. (B) 1931. (C) 1932. (D) 1933.
41. According to Gandhi, a Satyagrahi could win the battle through
(A) non-violence. (B) violence. (C) prayers to God. (D) religion.
42. In 1917, Gandhi organised a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of
(A) Andhra Pradesh. (B) Bihar. (C) Gujarat. (D) Rajasthan.
43. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi organised a Satyagraha movement in Ahmedabad to support the
(A) construction labourers. (B) cotton mill workers.
(C) peasants. (D) students.
44. Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place in
(A) Amritsar in Punjab. (B) Faridkot in Punjab. (C) Jalandhar in Punjab. (D) Patiala in Punjab.
45. The Khalifa was the spiritual head of
(A) Buddhists. (B) Christians. (C) Jews. (D) Muslims.
46. The Muslim brothers who played a vital role in the Khilafat movement in 1919 were
(A) Basheer and Khaddar Moideen. (B) Ibrahim Salim and Khaddar Basha.
(C) Mustafa Kamal and Shaukat Ali. (D) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
47. Gandhiji visited Champaran in Bihar, to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
(A) english education. (B) racial discrimination. (C) plantation system. (D) revenue collection.
48. The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in
(A) January, 1920. (B) January, 1921. (C) January, 1922. (D) January, 1923.
49. Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on
(A) 5 March 1931 (B) 6 April 1931 (C) 7 May 1931 (D) 8 June 1931
50. According to Gandhi,his dharma would unite
(A) all British (B) all Indians (C) All villagers (D) all foreigners
51. A tricolour Swaraj flag bearing a spinning wheel in the centre was designed by
(A) Ambedkar. (B) Gandhiji. (C) Sardar Patel. (D) Tagore.
52. In India, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the
(A) anti-colonial movement. (B) anti-communal movement.
(C) anti-communist movement. (D) anti-cooperative movement.
53. In 1930, the president of the All India Muslim League was
(A) Maulana Muhammad Ali. (B) Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
(C) Sir Aga Khan. (D) Sir Muhammad Iqbal.
54. In October 1920, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by
(A) Annie Besant and Sarojini Naidu. (B) Gandhiji and Babu Banarasi Das.
(C) Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra. (D) Motilal Nehru and C.R.Das.
55. In order to defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, the Khilafat Committee was formed in March 1919 in
(A) Bombay. (B) Gujarat. (C) Madras. (D) Punjab.
56. Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj in
(A) Bombay. (B) Calcutta. (C) Madras. (D) Punjab.

57. The book ‘Hind Swaraj’ was written by
(A) Ambedkar. (B) Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
(C) Nathuram Godse. (D) Mahatma Gandhiji.
58. The First World War ended in
(A) 1918. (B) 1914. (C) 1939. (D) 1945.
59. In India ,Widespread anger was felt between the years 1918 and 1921 by
(A) soldiers (B) villagers (C) rebels (D) landlords
60. The idea of Satyagraha emphasised on the need and search for
(A) truth. (B) love (C) passion (D) fear
61. Dr B.R. Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi atthe
(A) First Round Table Conference. (B) Second Round Table Conference.
(C) Third Round Table Conference. (D) Fourth Round Table Conference.
62. While Gandhi was in South Africa, he fought against
(A) child marriage. (B) racism.
(C) religious circumcision. (D) regionalism.
63. Alluri Sitaram Raju was captured and executed in
(A) 1924. (B) 1925. (C) 1926. (D) 1927.
64. Baba Ramchandra had worked as an indentured labourer in
(A) Burma. (B) Caribbean island. (C) Fiji. (D) Sri Lanka.
65. The Justice Party in Madras was the party of the
(A) Brahmans. (B) non-Brahmans. (C) Buddhists. (D) non-Buddhists.
66. In the Non-Cooperation Movement, the group that participated in the cities was
(A) middle class. (B) rich business men. (C) Sanyasins. (D) working class.
67. Due to the effect of the Non-Cooperation movement, the import of foreign cloth halved between
(A) 1921 to 1922. (B) 1921 to 1923. (C) 1921 to 1924. (D) 1921 to 1925.
68. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh in
(A) June 1920. (B) June 1921. (C) June 922. (D) June 1923.
69. To defend the Ottoman emperor, Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March
(A) 1916. (B) 1917. (C) 1918. (D) 1919.
70. Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act in
(A) 1916. (B) 1917. (C) 1918. (D) 1919.
71. Gandhi felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India after the
(A) Ahmedabad Satyagraha. (B) Champaran peasant struggle.
(C) Jallianwalla Bagh massacre. (D) Rowlatt Satyagraha.
72. Gandhi called off the Rowlatt Satyagraha, following the incident of
(A) Ahmedabad Satyagraha. (B) Champaran peasant struggle.
(C) Kheda Satyagraha. (D) Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.
73. The Swaraj Party was formed by
(A) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru. (B) Motilal Nehru and M.A. Jinnah.
(C) M.K. Gandhi and C.R. Das. (D) Motilal Nehru and Radha Krishnan.
74. Mahatma Gandhi started the salt satyagraha in theyear
(A) 1930. (B) 1931. (C) 1929. (D) 1928.
75. Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a devout disciple of
(A) Gopal Krishan Gokhale (B) Feroz Shah Mehta.
(C) Mahatma Gandhi. (D) Motilal Nehru.

76. The miracle man and leader from Andhra Pradesh who claimed that he had special powers was
(A) Nageshwar Rao. (B) Alluri Sitaram Raju.
(C) Ventashewar Prasad. (D) Baba Ramchandra.
77. The Congress had boycotted the
(A) First Round Table Conference (B) Second Round Table Conference
(C) Third Round Table Conference (D) First and Second Round Table Conference
78. The first Indian woman to become the president of the Congress was
(A) Indira Gandhi. (B) Rajkumari Amit Kaur.
(C) Sarojini Naidu. (D) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.
79. The number of trusted volunteers of Gandhi, who accompanied him, during the Salt March was
(A) 76. (B) 77. (C) 78. (D) 79.
80. In February 1922, pressure tactics for reforms from within the legislative council led to the formation of the
(A) Congress party. (B) Swaraj party. (C) Muslim League. (D) Labour party.
81. Intentional ignoring of the colonial restrictions imposed on business and trade was interpreted as Swaraj by
the
(A) local people. (B) artisans. (C) business community. (D) merchants.
82. Industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers except
in the
(A) Allahabad region. (B) Kanpur region. (C) Lucknow region. (D) Nagpur region.
83. In 1930, protest rallies saw the participation of workers in thousands wearing Gandhi caps and belonging to
the
(A) Chottanagpur tin mines. (B) Assam coal mines.
(C) Kolapur gold mines. (D) Rajasthan Limestone mines.
84. In 1919, local leaders like Dr. Satyapaul and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchelew were arrested by the police. They
belonged to
(A) Kanpur. (B) Kheda. (C) Ahmedabad. (D) Amritsar.
85. The Dalits were ignored by the Congress for a long time for the fear of offending the upper caste Hindus
called
(A) Sanatanis. (B) Brahmins. (C) Kshatriyas. (D) Kayasthas.
86. The commodity used by Gandhiji to relate the abstract idea of freedom to the more concrete issues of life
was
(A) food. (B) sugar. (C) indigo. (D) salt.
87. The unity between the different groups and classes during the National Movement could not be forged easily
because each group
(A) was different in size. (B) was different in language.
(C) had different status. (D) had suffered differently.
88. The “Khudai Khitmargar” was a mass movement led by a staunch follower of Mahatma Gandhi who was
called
(A) Sardar Patel. (B) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
(C) Sarojini Naidu. (D) MA Jinnah.
89. A statutory commission under Sir John Simon was appointed by the British government to look into the
functioning of the
(A) railways in India. (B) economy and trade in India.
(C) constitutional system of India. (D) caste System of India.

90. After the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation movement, the Congress wanted to oppose the British rule by
participating in
(A) rallies for freedom. (B) lectures by nationalists.
(C) elections to provincial councils. (D) correcting the Judiciary.
91. Although women participated in large numbers during the Civil Disobedience Movement, they were not
given
(A) khadi to wear. (B) important positions. (C) free education. (D) complete security.
92. A vague offer of ‘Dominion status’ for India was announced by

(A) Lord Irwin. (B) Lord Mountbatten. (C) General Dyer. (D) Dr. Kitchelew.

EXERCISE–II
1. In which year India's rule was given to the British Crown ? [M.P./NTSE Stage I/2013]
(A) 1773 (B) 1813 (C) 1833 (D) 1858
2. By which Act, Communal Electoral system was introduced in India ? [M.P./NTSE Stage I/2013]
(A) Indian Councils Act, 1892 (B) Indian Councils Act, 1909
(C) Indian Councils Act, 1919 (D) Indian Independence Act, 1947
3. The civil disobedience movement began with the event of : [Haryana/NTSE Stage I/2013]
(A) Hartal (B) Shop Pickings (C) Fast (D) Dandi March
4. The Poona Pact was signed between _____ and _______ [Haryana_NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Jawahar Lal Nehru Mothilal Nehru (B) Mahatma Gandhi - Lord Irrwin
(C) Mahatma Gandhi - B.R. Ambedakar (D) Mahatma Gandhi - Mount batten
5. In which “Congress Session” the resolution on Poorna Swaraj was passed?
[Chandigrah_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]
(A) Calcutta Session (B) Kerachi Session (C) Lahore Session (D) Tripura Session
6. The slogan “Jai Hind” was given by : [Karnataka_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]
(A) Lal Bahadur Shastri (B) Jawaharial Nehru
(C) Subhash Chandra Bose (D) Ras Behari Bose
7. Match List I with List II by using the code given below : [Karnataka_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]
List I List II
(a) Salyashodak Samaj (i) Dhondo Keshav Karve
(b) Salyartha Prakash (ii) Ishwara Chandra Vidya Sagar
(c) S.N.D.T University (iii) Dayananda Saraswathi
(d) Poona Sarvajanika Sabha (iv) Jyothibha Phule
(e) Mahadeva Govinda RAnade (v) Mahadev Govind Rande
(A) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (v) (B) (a) - (v), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iv)
(C) (a) - (iv), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iii), (d) - (v) (D) (a) - (iii), (b) - (ii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (v)
8. Which one of the following groups is in the chronological order ? [Karnataka_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]
(A) Home Rule Leaque, Swaraj Party, Simon Commission, Poona Pact, Purna Swaraj, Cripp’s Mission
(B) Home Rule League , Purna Swaraj, Simon Copmmission, Poona Pact Cripp’s Mission, Swaraj Party
(C) Home Rule Leaque, Swaraj Party, Simon Commission, Purna Swaraj, Poona Pact, Cripp’s Mission
(D) Home Rule League, Swaraj Party, Cripp’s Mission, Poona Pact, Simon Commission, Purna Swaraj
9. Amritsar was founded by. [Punjab_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]
(A) Sri Guru Angad Dev ji (B) Sri Guru Amar Das Ji
(C) Sri Guru Ram Das Ji (D) Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji
10. Annextation of the Punjab by the British in [Punjab_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]
(A) 15 August 1947 A.D. (B) 26 January 1950 A.D.
(C) 29 March 1849 A.D. (D) 21 Febvoury 1949 A.D.
11. Match the events and movements given below with name of the persons associated with them.
(a) Formation of Muslim League (i) Ali-Brothers
(b) Partition of Bengal (ii) Lord Curzon
(c) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (iii) General Dyer
(d) Khilafat and non co-opertion movement (iv) Agha Khan
Which is the correct matching [Punjab_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]
(A) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv) (B) a-(ii), b-(iii), c-(i), d-(iv)
(C) a-(iv) , b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(i) (D) a-(iii), b-(iv), c-(i), d-(ii)

12. Who was the editor of 'Young India' magazine ? [Rajasthan_NTSE_Stage-1_2014]
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru (B) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(C) Mahatma Gandhi (D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
13. Jammu and Kashmir acceded to the Indian Union on: [Karnataka NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) 26th October 1947 (B) 26th January 1948 (C) 26th January 1947 (D) 26th October 1948
14. The Jallianwala Bagh incident place on : [Haryana_NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) 13th April 1910 (B) 13th April 1912 th
(C) 13 April 1917 (D) 13th April 1919
15. Match List I with List II by using the code given below :
List - I List - II
A. Dyarchy was abolished 1. 1953
B. State reorganization commission 2. 1955
C. Macaulay’s minutes 3. 1961
D. Liberation of Goa 4. 1935
5. 1835 [Karnataka NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) A -5, B – 3, C - 2, D - 1 (B) A - 4, B - 1, C - 3, D - 2
(C) A - 4, B - 1, C - 5, D -2 (D) A - 1, B - 2, C - 4, D - 5
16. Who called the revolution of 1857 as the first war of indepence of india ? [M.P. NTSE Stage-1 2013-14]
(A) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (B) Bahadur Shah Jafar
(C) Tatya Tope (D) Mangal Pandey
17. What was the reason behind the national awakening in india ? [M.P. NTSE Stage-1 2013-14]
(A) Religious and Social ‘Renaissance’ (B) Means of transportation and communication
(C) English Education (D) All of the above
18. Who was the following leaders belongs to the moderate ideology of nationalism ?
(A) Gopalkrishna Gokhale (B) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(C) Lala Lajpat Rai (D) Arvindo Ghosh [M.P. NTSE Stage-1 2013-14]
19. In which year did the partition of Bengal take place ? [M.P. NTSE Stage-1 2013-14]
(A) 1902 (B) 1904 (C) 1905 (D) 1910
20. In which movement Gandhiji appealed for Do or Die? [M.P. NTSE Stage-1 2013-14]
(A) Non cooperation Movement (B) Kheda Satyagrah
(C) Civil Disobedience Movement (D) Quit India Movement
21. When did the ‘Forward Block’ by Subhash Chandra Bose was established ? [M.P. NTSE Stage-1 2013-14]
(A) 1937 (B) 1939 (C) 1941 (D) 1943
22. Who led the ‘Lal Kurti’ Movement [M.P. NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Mahatma Gandhi (B) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
(C) Moulana Azad (D) Jinnah
23. Which of the following plan included the proposal of the Formation of Interim Government ?
[M.P. NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Cripps Mission (B) Wavell Plan (C) Cabinet Mission (D) Mountbatten Plan
24. What was the basis of the “Two Nation” theory propounded by Jinnah - [M.P. NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Caste (B) Language (C) Regionalism (D) Communalism
25. Why was non cooperation movement called off by Gandhiji ? [Haryana_NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Due to chauri chaura violence (B) Due to protest against British Empire
(C) Due to opposition of Muslim league (D) Due to British pressure
26. The proposal of 'Non-cooperation Movement' was passed by Congress in the session held at
[Rajasthan/NTSE Stage I/2015]
(A) Nagpur (B) Kanpur (B) Amritsar (D) Lucknow

27. The book written by Gandhi ji is - [Uttar Pradesh/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Common will (B) India Wins Freedom (C) Discovery of India (D) My Experiment with Truth
28. Period of first world war : [Chhattisgarh/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) 1916 to 1919 (B) 1920 to 1922 (C) 1925 to 1935 (D) 1914 to 1918
29. What does Satyagraha mean ? [Chhattisgarh/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Fight against injustice (B) Complete independence
(C) Following the path of truth and non-violence (D) All of the above
30. Who was Khalifa ? [Chhattisgarh/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) The political leader of the Islamic world (B) The spiritual head of the Islamic world
(C) The spiritual leader of the whole world (D) The spiritual leader of the Saudi Arabia
31. The Simon commission was greeted on its arrival in India with a famous slogan -
(A) Come back Simon (B) Welcome back Simon
(C) Go back Simon (D) Stay here Simon [Chhattisgarh/NTSE Stage I/2014]
32. The place where Jallianwala Bagh incident took place: [Chhattisgarh/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Meerut (B) Jhansi (C) Delhi (D) Amritsar
33. Which freedom fighter is known by his newspaper "Kesari" ? (Chhattisgarh/NTSE Stage I/2014)
(A) Rabindranath Tagore (B) Mukund Das (C) Lala Lajpat Rai (D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
34. Azad Hind sena was established in : [Chhattisgarh/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) IInd world war (B) Ist world war
(C) Indo-China border conflict (D) Bangladesh conflict
35. Kheda Movement (1917) was started for : [Delhi/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Farmers (B) Labourers (C) Mill Owners (D) Soldiers
36. Bharat Mata, Painting was drawn by : [Delhi/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Rabindranath Tagore (B) Nand Lal Basu (C) Amrita Shergil (D) Abanindra NathTagore
37. ‘Depressed Class Association’ was formed by : [Delhi/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Jyotiba Phule (B) Mahatma Gandhi (C) B. R. Ambedkar (D) Shahuji Maharaj
38. Who was Viceroy of India during Civil Disobedience Movement ? [Delhi/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Lord Curzon (B) Lord Minto (C) Lord Canning (D) Lord Irwin
39. whose name is associated with kesari ? [Chandigragh/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Jyotiba phule (B) Dr. Ambedkar (C) Balgangadhar Tilak (D) Mahatma Gandhi
40. During Swadeshi Movement who suggested the ideal of typing Rakhi on hand ?
(A) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (B) Rabindra Nath Tagore [Haryana NTSE Stage I/2015]
(C) Surendra Nath Banerjee (D) Aurobindo Ghosh
41. During 'Delhi Chalo' Movement who was first to offer Satyagraha ? [Haryana NTSE Stage I/2015]
(A) Mahatam Gandhi (B) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(C) Vinoba Bhave (D) Subhash Chandra Bose
42. Match the following : [Haryana NTSE Stage I/2015]
(a) 1919 (i) Launching of Civil Disobedience Movement
(b) 1922 (ii) The Lahore Session of the Congress
(c) 1929 (iii) Chauri-Chaura incident
(d) 1930 (iv) Jallianwala bagh incident
a b c d
(A) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(B) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(C) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(D) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
43. The idea of Indian National Army was first conceived by : [Haryana NTSE Stage I/2015]
(A) Mohan Singh (B) Subhash Chandra Bose
(C) Bhagat Singh (D) Sachin Sanyal
44. Which pact was signed in 1931 through which Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience
Movement ? [Haryana NTSE Stage I/2015]
(A) Gandhiji-Curzon Pact (B) Curzon-Nehru Pact
(C) Gandhiji-Irwin Pact (D) Gandhiji-Mounbatten Pact
45. Who served as a Secretary of 'Akhil Hind Harijan Sangh' established by Gandhi ?
(A) Mahadevbhai Desai (B) Thakkar Bapa [Gujarat/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(C) Vinoba Bhave (D) Maniben Patel

46. Who was the first President of the Indian National Congress in 1885 ? [Gujarat/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Gopal Krishna Gokhale (B) Pherozeshah Mehta
(C) Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee (D) Dadabhai Naoroji
47. Which incident occurred as Civil Law Violation Movement ? [Gujarat/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Dandi March (B) 'Quit India' movement
(C) Roundtable conference (D) Provincial self-government
48. In which Viceroy time (1905) Bengal was divided ? [Gujarat/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) Lord Ripon (B) Lord Mountbatten (C) Lord Curzon (D) Lord Mekale
49. Who played important role in 'Bonfire of Foreign Clothes' and 'Kakori Train Robbery ?
(A) Chandra Shekhar Azad (B) Ram Prasad Bismil
(C) Khudiram Bose (D) Veer Bhagat Singh [Gujarat/NTSE Stage I/2014]
50. When did Indian forces made Diu, Daman and Goa free from Portuguese empire ?
(A) 15th Augus, 1955 (B) 15th September, 1960
(C) 26th January, 1961 (D) 29 December, 1961 [Gujarat/NTSE Stage I/2014]
51. When did India's first freedom fight was fought ? [Gujarat/NTSE Stage I/2014]
(A) 1757 A.D. (B) 1857 A.D. (C) 1942 A.D. (D) 1947 A.D.
52. Match the events and movements given below with name of the persons associated with them.
(a) Formation of Muslim League (i) Ali-Brothers
(b) Partition of Bengal (ii) Lord Curzon
(c) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (iii) General Dyer
(d) Khilafat and non co-opertion movement (iv) Agha Khan [Punjab NTSE Stage-1 2013]
Which is the correct matching
(A) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv) (B) a-(iv) , b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(i)
(C) a-(ii), b-(iii), c-(i), d-(iv) (D) a-(iii), b-(iv), c-(i), d-(ii)
53. Annexation of the punjab by the British in [Punjab NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) 15 August 1947 A.D. (B) 26 January 1950 A.D.
(C) 21 February 1949 A.D. (D) 29 March 1849 A.D.
54. The French were defeated due to diplomacy of ....................................... in Second Karnatic War between
the British and the French. [Maharashtra_NTSE Stage-1_ 2014]
(A) Robert Clive (B) Lord Dalhousie (C) Lord Ripon (D) Lord Wellesley
55. Who was known as Grand Old Man of India ? [Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2013-14]
(A) Feroj Shah Mehta (B) G.K. Gokhle (C) Dada Bhai Nauroji (D) S. N. Benergy
56. Who is known as Frontier Gandhi ? [Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2013-14]
(A) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (B) M.A. Jinha
(C) Shekh Abdulla (D) Liakat Ali
57. From which movement Ras Behari Bose got inspiration to establish Azad Hind Sena ?
[Maharashtra_NTSE Stage-1_ 2014]
(A) The Civil Disobedience Movement (B) The Non-co-operation Movement
(C) Home Rule Movement (D) Quit India Movement
58. Match List-I with List-II correctly and choose the correct code from the following :
List-I [Rajasthan_NTSE Stage-1_ 2016-17]
(A) Napoleon defeated at Waterloo
(B) Formation of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army
(C) Formation of Comintern
(D) Lahore Congress
List-II
(i) 1929
(ii) 1919
(iii) 1928
(iv) 1815
Code : A B C D
(A) iii ii iv i
(B) iv iii ii i
(C) i iv ii iii
(D) ii iv i iii
59. In which state of India is Gujranwala situated ? [Rajasthan_NTSE Stage-1_ 2016-17]

(A) Gujarat (B) Rajasthan (C) Karnataka (D) Punjab

60. Pay attention on the following points : [Rajasthan_NTSE Stage-1_ 2016-17]
(A) The Non-cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.
(B) In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below :
(A) only (A) (B) only (B) (C) both (A) and (B) (D) none of these
61. The state of India where the Jallianwalla Bagh is situated, is [Rajasthan_NTSE Stage-1_ 2017-18]
(A) Haryana (B) Uttar Pradesh (C) Punjab (D) Rajasthan
62. Consider the following points : [Rajasthan_NTSE Stage-1_ 2017-18]

(A) Mahatma Gandhi started Salt March with his 78 confidential volunteers.
(B) Mahatma Gandhi violated the Salt law at Dandi on April 20th, 1930.
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below :
(A) only (A) (B) only (B) (C) both (A) and (B) (D) none of these
63. Who composed Ananda Math ? [Rajasthan_NTSE Stage-1_ 2017-18]

(A) Rabindranath Tagore (B) Munsi Premchand
(C) mahatma Gandhi (D) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE – I
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C B B D A D A A A A A A A C B
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C C A A B B C C A A A B A A D
Ques 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. A D C B B A A A A A A C B A D
Ques 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. D C B A B B A D C A B D A B A
Ques 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Ans. B B A C B A A A D D D D A A C
Ques 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans. B A C C B C D A D A D D B C C
Ques 91 92
Ans. B A
EXERCISE – II
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A ns. D B D C C C D C C C C C A D C
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A ns. A D A C D B B C D A A D D C B
Ques 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
A ns. C D C A A D C D C A C D B C B
Ques 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A ns. C A C A D B B D A C A D B A B
Ques 61 62 63
A ns. C A D

4. THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD
THE PRE-MODERN WORLD
All through history, human societies have become steadily more interlinked. From ancient times, travellers, traders,
priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution.
They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases.
1. Silk Routes Link the World :
The name 'silk routes' points to the importance of the West-bound Chinese Silk cargoes along this route. Historians
have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia
with Europe and north Africa. Chinese Pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles and spices from India
and Southeast Asia. In return, precious metals flowed from Europe to Asia.
Early Christian missionaries certainly travelled this route to Asia, as did early Muslim preachers a few centuries
later. Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions.
2. Food Travels :
Spaghetti and Potato: Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. Even 'ready'
foodstuff in distant parts of the world might share common origins. Take spaghetti or noodles. It is believed that
noodles travelled west from china to become spaghetti. Or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta to Sicily.
Many of our common foods, such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes,
and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago. These foods were only introduced in
Europe and Asia after Christopher Colombus accidentally discovered the vast continent that would later become
known as the Americas.
3. Conquest, Disease and Trade: In the 16th Century after European sailors found a sea route to Asia and also
successfully crossed the western ocean to America. For centuries before, the Indian Ocean had known a bustling
trade, with goods, people, knowledge, customs etc.
Before its 'discovery', America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years.
But from the 16th century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives
every where.
The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America was decisively under way by the mid 16th
century. In fact, the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon. It
was the germs such as those of small pox that they carried on their person. Small pox in particular proved a
deadly killer. It spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated
whole communities, paving the way for conquest.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (1815-1914)
In the 19th century, the world changed due to economic, political, social, cultural and technological factors to transform
societies and reshape external relations.
Economists identify three types of movement or 'flows' within international economic exchanges.
(a) The flow of trade (b) The flow of labour (c) The movement of capital
All three flows were closely interwoven and affected peoples lives more deeply now than ever before. The interconnections
could sometimes be broken. For example, labour migration was often more restricted than goods or capital flows.
1. A World Economy Takes Shape:
Traditionally, countries liked to be self-sufficient in food. But in 19th century Britain, self-sufficiency in food meant
lower living standards and social conflict.
As urban centres expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up agricultural
prices. Unhappy with high food prices, industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn Laws.
As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in
Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports. Around the world- in Eastern Europe, Russia,
America and Australia.
[35] The Making Of A Global World
The demand for labour in places where labour was in short supply-as in America and Australia led to more
migration. By 1890, a global economy had taken shape, accompanied by complex changes in labour movement
patterns, capital flows, ecologies and technology.
2. Role of Technology :
Railways, steamships and telegraph were important inventions. Technological advances were often the result of
larger social, political and economic factors. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food
more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point in America, Australia or New Zealand and then
transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. Better
living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.
3. Late 19th Century Colonialism :

It is important to realise the darker side to this process. In many parts of the world, the expansion of trade and a
closer relationship with the world economy also meant a loss of freedoms and livelihoods. Late 19th century
European conquest produced many painful economic, social and ecological changes.
Britain and France made vast additions to their overseas territories in the late 19th century. Belgium and Germany
became new colonial powers. The US also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some
colonies earlier held by Spain.
4. Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague:

In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague had a terrifying impact on people's livelihoods
and the local economy.
Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population. For centuries, land and livestock sustained African
livelihoods and working for a wage was not a wide-spread. In the late 19th century Africa there were few consumer
goods that wages could buy.
In the late 19th century, Europeans were attracted to Africa by its vast resources of land and minerals. Europeans
came to Africa hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe. But
there was an unexpected problem a shortage of labour willing to work for wages.
The rinderpest killed 90% of the cattle. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Planters, mine owners
and colonial government now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen
their power and to force Africans into the labour market.
5. Indentured Labour Migration from India:

In the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations, in
mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the world.
Most Indian indentured workers came from the eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and the dry districts of
Tamil Nadu. In the mid 19th century these regions experienced many changes cottage industries declined, land
rents rose, lands were cleared for mines and plantations. All this affected the lives of poor, they failed to pay their
rents, got deep in debt and were forced to migrate in search of work.
19th century indenture has been described as a 'new system of slavery'. On arrival at the plantations, labourers
found conditions to be different from what they had imagined. Living and working conditions were harsh and there
were few legal rights. But workers discovered their own ways of surviving. Many of them escaped into the wilds,
though if caught they faced severe punishments.
From the 1900s, India's nationalist leaders oppose the system of indentured labour migration as abusive and
cruel. It was abolished in 1921. Yet for a number of decades afterwards, descendants of Indian indentured
workers, often thought of as 'coolies' remained an uneasy minority in the Caribbean islands. Some of Naipaul's
early novels capture their sense of loss and alienation.

6. Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad :
Indian traders and money lenders also followed European colonisers into Africa. Hyderabadi Sindhi traders,
however, ventured beyond European colonies. From the 1860s they established flourishing emporia at busy ports
worldwide, selling local and imported curious to tourists.
7. Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System :
Fine cottons produced in India were exported to Europe. British cotton manufacture began to expand and
industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton imports and protect local industries. Tariffs were
imposed on cloth imports into Britain. Consequently, the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline.
From the early 19th century British manufactures also began to seek overseas markets for their cloth. Excluded
from the British market by tariff barriers, Indian textile now faced still competition in other international markets.
While exports of manufactures declined rapidly, export of raw materials increased equally fast. Indigo used for
dyeing cloth was another important export for many decades. Britain grew opium in India and exported it to China
and, with the money earned through this sale, it financed its tea and other imports from China.
During 19th Century British manufacturers flooded the Indian market. Food grain and raw material exports from
India to Britain and the rest of the world increased. But the value of British exports of India was much higher than
the value of British imports from Indian. Thus Britain had a 'trade surplus' with India. Britain used this surplus to
balance its trade deficits with other countries.
Britain's trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so-called 'home charges' that included private remittances
home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India's external debt, and pensions of British officials
in India.
THE INTER-WAR ECONOMY
The First World War (1914-18) was mainly fought in Europe. During this period the world experienced
wide-spread economic and political instability and another catastrophic war.
1. Wartime Transformations :
The First World War, was fought between two power blocks. On the one side were the Allies-Britain, France and
Russia (later joined by the US), and on the other side were the central powers-Germany,
Austria- Hungary and Ottoman Turkey.
It was the first modern industrial war. It saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircrafts, chemical weapons, etc. on
a massive scale. To fight the war, millions of soldiers had to be recruited from around the world and moved to the
frontlines on large ships and trains. The scale of death and destruction-9 million dead and 20 million injured was
unthinkable before the industrial age.
During the war, industries were restructured to produce war related goods. Entire societies were also reorganised
for war-as men went to battle, women stepped into undertake jobs that earlier only men were expected to do.
2. Post-War Recovery :
Britain, which was the world's leading economy in the pre-war period, in particular faced a prolonged crisis. While
Britain was preoccupied with war, industries had developed in India and Japan. After the war Britain found it
difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market, and to compete with Japan internationally.
Moreover, to finance war expenditures Britain had borrowed liberally from the US.
The war had led to an economic boom, i.e., to a large increase in demand, production and employment. When
the war boom ended, production contracted and unemployment increased. These development led to huge job
losses in 1921 one in every five British workers was out of job.
Before the war, eastern Europe was a major supplier of wheat in the world market. When this supply was
disrupted during the war, wheat production in Canada, America and Australia expanded dramatically. But once
the war was over, production in eastern Europe revived and created a glut in wheat output. Grain prices fell, rural
incomes declined and farmers fell deeper into debt.

3. Rise of Mass Production and Consumption :
The move towards mass production had begun in the late 19th century, but in the 1920s it became a characteristic
feature of industrial production in the US. A well-known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer
Henry Ford. He realised that the 'assembly line' method would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing
vehicles. As a result, Henry Ford's cars came off the assembly line at three-minute intervals, a speed much faster
than that achieved by previous methods. The T-Model Ford was the world's first mass produced car.
Mass production lowered costs and prices of engineered goods. Due to higher wages, more workers could now
afford to purchase durable consumer goods such as cars, refrigerators, washing machines, radios, gramophone
players, all through a system of 'hire purchase'.
The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US. Large investment of
housing and house hold goods seemed to create a various cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising
consumption demand, more investment, and yet more employment and incomes.
In 1923, the US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas lender. US
imports and capital exports also boosted European recovery.
4. The Great Depression :

The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid 1930s. During this period most parts of the world
experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade. Agricultural regions and
communities were the worst affected.
Causes : Agricultural overproduction remained a problem. This was made worse by falling agricultural prices.
Farmers tried to expand production and bring a larger volume of produce to the market to maintain their overall
income. This worsened the glut in the market, pushing down prices even further. Farm produce rotted for a lack
of buyers.
In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the US. In the first half of 1928,
US overseas loans amounted to over $1 billion. A year later it was one quarter of that amount. Countries that
depended crucially on US loans now faced an acute crisis.
In Europe the withdrawal of US loans led to the failure of some major banks and the collapse of currencies such
as the British pound sterling. In Latin America and elsewhere it intensified the slump in agricultural and raw
material prices.
US banks also slashed domestic lending and called back loans. Farms could not sell their harvests,
house-holds were ruined and businesses collapsed. Due to falling incomes, many house-holds in the US could
not repay what they had borrowed, and were forced to give up their homes, cars and other consumer durables.
The US banking system itself collapsed. Unable. to recover investments, collect loans and repay depositors,
thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close.
By 1935, a modest economic recovery was under way in most industrial countries. But the Great Depression’s
wider effects on society, politics and international relations, and on peoples’ minds, proved more enduring.
5. India and the Great Depression :
India's exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. During this period wheat prices in India fell by
50%. Though agricultural prices fell sharply, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands.
The price of raw jute of Bengal crashed more than 60%. Peasant's indebtedness increased. They used up their
savings, mortgaged lands, and sold whatever jewellery and precious metals they had to meet their expenses. In
these depression years, India became an exporter of precious metals, notably gold.
The trade routes that linked India to the world at the end of the seventeenth century.
The depression proved less grim for urban India. Because of falling prices, those with fixed incomes-say town-
dwelling landowners who received rents and middle-class salaried employees-now found themselves better off.

REBUILDING A WORLD ECONOMY : THE POST-WAR ERA
The Second World War was fought between the Axis powers (Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (Britain,
France, the Soviet Union and the US). It was fought over land, on sea and in the air. In this war at least 60 million
people are believed to have been killed, and millions more were injured. Vast parts of Europe and Asia were devastated,
and several cities were destroyed by aerial bombardment or relentless artillery attacks. The atomic bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki alone is estimated to have killed between 1,50,000 and 2,50,000 men, women and children.
The war caused an immense amount of economic devastation and social disruption.
The after effects of the war were-the US's emergence as the dominant economic, political and military power in the
western world. On the other hand the soviet union defeated Germany and become a world power during the very years
when the capitalist world was trapped in the great depression.
1. Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions :
In brief, the main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve economic stability and full
employment in the industrial world.
The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses
and deficits of its member nations. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
was set up to finance post-war reconstruction. The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton-
Woods institutions or sometimes the Bretton-Woods twins.
The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions. The Bretton Woods system was
based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies, for example the Indian rupee, were pegged
to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate.
2. The Early Post-War Years :
The Bretton Woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the western
industrial nations and Japan.
3. Decolonisation and Independence :
After the end of second World War most colonies in Asia and Africa emerged as free independent nations. They
were over burdened by poverty and a lack of resources and their economies and societies were handicapped by
long periods of colonial rule.
The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. But from the
late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more towards developing countries.
Now newly independent countries facing urgent pressures to lift their populations out of poverty, they came under
the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers. British and French business still
controlled vital resources such as minerals and land in many of their former colonies or in other parts of the world
where they had earlier wielded political influence.
Most of the developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth the Western economies experienced in the
1950s and 1960s. So they organised themselves as a group-the Group of 77 (G-77)-to demand a new international
economic order (NIEO). By the NIEO they meant a system that would give them real control over their natural
resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials and better access for their manufactured
goods in developed countries’ markets.
4. End of Bretton-Woods and the Beginning of 'Globalisation' :
From the 1960s the rising costs of its overseas involvements weakened the US's finances and competitive
strength. The dollar could not maintain its value in relation to gold.
Earlier, developing countries could turn to international institutions for loans and development assistance. But
now they were forced to borrow from Western commercial banks and private lending institutions. This led to
periodic debt crises especially in Africa and Latin America.
The industrial world was also hit by unemployment. From the late 1970s. MNCs also began to shift production
operation to low wage-Asian Countries.
New economic policies in China and the collapse of the Soviet Union and Soviet style communism in Eastern
Europe brought many countries back into the fold of the world economy.

EXERCISE
1. To escape religious persecution, the people of Europe fled to
(A) Africa. (B) Australia. (C) America. (D) Asia.
2. The term El Dorado is used for
(A) Mexico. (B) Peru. (C) Chile. (D) Columbia.
3. The country of Asia that retreated to isolation in 18th century was
(A) India. (B) Japan. (C) China. (D) Indonesia.
4. In IMF and World Bank, the decisions are taken by
(A) developing nations. (B) a joint council of developed and developing nations.
(C) western industrial powers. (D) least developed nations.
5. The Bretton Woods system was based on the
(A) fixed exchange rate. (B) NSY exchange rate.
(C) BSE exchange rate. (D) National Exchange Rate.
6. The first governor of Massachusetts Bay colony in New England was
(A) John Winthorp. (B) James Windslay. (C) Alfred Crosby. (D) M.W. Ridley
7. The author of ‘Ecological Imperialism’ is
(A) James Widslay. (B) John Winthorp. (C) Alfred Crosby. (D) M.W. Ridley
8. During 1845 to 1849, the ‘Great Potato Famine’ spread in
(A) Ireland. (B) Scotland. (C) Finland. (D) Britain.
9. Trade with American continents developed in the
(A) 14th century. (B) 15th century. (C) 16th century. (D) 17th century.
10. Railways were developed to link ports with
(A) industries. (B) forest regions. (C) agricultural regions. (D) plantations.
11. In the plantations developed in America, the two chief crops grown were
(A) peanuts and sugar beet. (B) sugarcane and cotton.
(C) rubber and coffee. (D) tea and coffee.
12. The number of ‘flows’ identified by the economists in the international economic exchanges was
(A) four. (B) three. (C) two. (D) one.
13. In America, the mines of silver have been found in
(A) Columbia and Sao Gabile. (B) Hawaii and Alaska.
(C) Panama and San Francisco. (D) Peru and Mexico.
14. Large number of people in Europe, died in 1840s due to a disease, which destroyed the
(A) soya crop. (B) maize crop. (C) beet crop. (D) potato crop.
15. The pre-modern world shrank due to the discovery of
(A) sea route. (B) iron. (C) steam engine. (D) America.
16. Globalisation refers to
(A) a political system (B) a social system (C) an economic system (D) a cultural system
17. Pasta was taken by Arab traders to
(A) Germany. (B) China. (C) Spain. (D) Sicily.
18. Sicily at present is a part of
(A) Germany. (B) Italy. (C) Spain. (D) Britain.
19. Foods like chillies, soya, potato etc., were introduced in Asia and Europe from
(A) Australia. (B) New Zealand. (C) America. (D) Africa.

20. The smallpox was first brought to America by
(A) Portuguese conquerors. (B) Spanish conquerors.
(C) Dutch conquerors. (D) French conquerors.
21. One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices is called
(A) atheist. (B) agnostic. (C) dissenter. (D) doubter.
22. The region that played a crucial role in the trans-oceanic trade between Asia, Europe and America was
(A) Maldives. (B) Indian subcontinent. (C) Africa. (D) Indonesia.
23. The Americas was discovered by
(A) Vasco Da Gama (B) Christopher Columbus
(C) Fa Hien (D) Americo vespucci
24. The city that had bee named as the Fabled City of Gold was
(A) New York (B) Pretroika (C) El Dorado (D) New Jersey
25. The most powerful weapon used by the Spanish conquerors for colonization of America was
(A) nuclear weapons (B) chemical bombs (C) germs of Smallpox (D) special artillery
26. The reason that prompted Europeans to colonize Africa was
(A) resources of land and minerals (B) equable climate conditions
(C) vast pasture land (D) availability of medicinal palnts
27. Rinderpest that arrived in Africa was
(A) a kind of art (B) a type of technology (C) a kind of a pest (D) a kind of a cattle disease
28. Rinderpest or the Cattle Plague arrived in Africa in
(A) 1780s (B) 1790s (C) 1880s (D) 1900s
29. ‘Hosay’ refers to a
(A) riotous carnival (B) riligious function (C) marriage ceremony (D) musical concert
30. The First World War was fought during
(A) 1914- 1918 (B) 1919- 1921 (C) 1920- 1925 (D) 1925- 1932
31. A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his
passage to a new country or home is known as
(A) indentured labour (B) slave (C) migrated labour (D) free labour
32. The Great dpression happened during the period
(A) 1929- 1930s (B) 1929-1940s (C) 1929- 1950s (D) 1929- 1960s
33. The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in
(A) 1944 (B) 1945 (C) 1946 (D) 1947
34. Henry Ford developed his new car plant at
(A) Cleveland. (B) Las Vegas. (C) Detroit. (D) Pittsburg.
35. The main demand of the group- Group of 77 was
(A) to change the exchange rate system
(B) to fix Australian dollar to be exchanged with gold
(C) to have a more fair system of decision making at the IMF
(D) to have a new international economic order
36. The US became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some earlier colonies of
(A) Spain (B) France (C) Portugal (D) Germany
37. The ‘flows’ within international economic exchanges that are identified by the economists are
(A) flow of bullions, sea food and capital (B) flow of trade, labour and capital
(C) flow of silk, slaves and capital (D) flow of capital, producticve techniques and silk

38. The Corn Laws were enacted in Briatin due to the pressure from
(A) poor people (B) landed groups (C) farmers (D) politicians
39. The Corn Laws were abolished due to the protests from
(A) industrialists and urban dwellers (B) poors and farmers
(C) politicians and clergies (D) women and students
40. Rinderpest into Africa was carried by infected cattle imported from
(A) British Asia (B) Indochina (C) England (D) the US
41. The technological advancement that led to the availability of meat at affordable cost to poor people in
Europe was
(A) advanced kind of slaughtering knives (B) large iron ships
(C) steam engines (D) refrigerated ships
42. The framework of the post- war international economic system was agreed upon in
(A) July 1944 at Bretton Woods (B) July 1945 at Bretton Woods
(C) July 1945 at Geneva (D) July 194 at Geneva
43. Due to the Great Depression, the prices of raw jute fell by
(A) 40%. (B) 50%. (C) 60%. (D) 70%.
44. Spaghetti is the western name for
(A) noodle. (B) pizza. (C) chopsuey. (D) chaofan.
45. In Eastern Europe, America, Russia and Australia food production was expanded to meet the demands of
(A) Britain. (B) Germany. (C) France. (D) India.
46. Export of an article from India that helped in the recovery of global economy ,as suggested by John Maynard
Keynes, was
(A) Cotton. (B) Jute. (C) Opium. (D) Gold.
47. European settlers in America employed
(A) natives as slaves. (B) Indians as slaves. (C) aborigines as slaves.(D) Africans as slaves.
48. China’s retreat into isolation resulted in the shifting of the centre of world trade towards the
(A) North. (B) South. (C) West. (D) East.
49. Among the three flows, the second flow is that of
(A) labour. (B) goods. (C) capital. (D) services.
50. Corn laws were imposed in
(A) America. (B) Britain. (C) Germany. (D) France.
51. The annual Muharram procession was transformed into ‘Hosay’ in
(A) Jamaica. (B) Caribbean. (C) Guyana. (D) Trinidad.
52. Global agricultural economy had taken its shape by
(A) 1900. (B) 1890. (C) 1880. (D) 1870.
53. In India, ‘The Canal Colonies’ emerged in
(A) Haryana. (B) Uttar Pradesh. (C) Bengal. (D) Punjab.
54. The share of Primary sector in the world trade between 1820 and 1914 was nearly
(A) 50%. (B) 60%. (C) 70%. (D) 80%.
55. Smithfield club , the oldest livestock market was located in
(A) America. (B) Australia. (C) France. (D) Britain.
56. The main beneficiary of the refrigerated ships was
(A) Europe. (B) America. (C) Australia. (D) Asia.
57. In 1885, to demarcate their respective territories in Africa, the European powers met in
(A) London. (B) Washington. (C) Paris. (D) Berlin.

58. The United States emerged as the colonial power in
(A) 1870s. (B) 1880s (C) 1890s. (D) 1900s
59. Most Indian indentured workers came from the present day regions of
(A) Eastern Uttar Pradesh. (B) Punjab.
(C) Delhi. (D) Haryana.
60. Livingston was a
(A) sailor. (B) missionary. (C) cartographer. (D) British general.
61. The team that was sent to search Livingston was headed by
(A) James Widslay. (B) John Winthorp. (C) M.W. Ridley. (D) Sir Henry Morton Stanley.
62. Stanley was sent to Africa by the
(A) New York Herald. (B) New York Times.
(C) Illustrated London News . (D) London Times.
63. The quickest way of reaching gold fields of Transvaal was by crossing the River of
(A) Nile. (B) Congo. (C) Zambezi. (D) Wilge.
64. By 1890s, the contribution of Africa in the world’s gold production was
(A) 50%. (B) 40%. (C) 30%. (D) 20%.
65. An unexpected problem that was faced by the Europeans in Africa was
(A) inhospitable climate. (B) shortage of labour. (C) lack of minerals. (D) shortage of fertile lands.
66. The number of the family members, allowed to inherit land as per the new inheritance law was
(A) one. (B) two. (C) three. (D) four.
67. Eritrea is located in
(A) West Africa. (B) South Africa. (C) North Africa. (D) East Africa.
68. The contracts signed by the indentured labourers of India promised their return after
(A) 3 years. (B) 5 years. (C) 7 years. (D) 9 years.
69. Ceylon and Malaya were the destinations of Indian indentured labour hailing from
(A) Uttar Pradesh. (B) Bihar. (C) Tamil Nadu. (D) Andhra Pradesh.
70. Recruitment of indentured labour was done by the
(A) plantation owners. (B) agents. (C) jobber. (D) East India Company.
71. In which Conference were international Monetary Fund and World Bank established ?
[Rajasthan_NTSE_Stage-1_2014]
(A) Brussels (B) Bretton Woods (C) Vienna (D) Washington
72. Which one of the following countries was not among the Allied Powers ?
[Rajasthan_NTSE_Stage-1_2017-18]
(A) England (B) France (C) Russia (D) Germany
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE
Q u es 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A ns . C D C C A A C A C C B B D D A
Q u es 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A ns . C D B C B C C B C C A D C A A
Q u es 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
A ns . A A D C D A B B A A D A C A A
Q u es 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A ns . D D C A B D B D B D A D C A B
Q u es 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
A ns . D A D D B A D B C B B B

5. THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION
BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1. The coming Up of the Factory :
The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. But it was only in the late eighteenth century that the
number of factories multiplied.
The first symbol of the new era was cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. In 1760 Britain
was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787 this import soared to 22 million
pounds. This increase was linked to a number of changes within the process of production.
In the early nineteenth century, factories increasingly became an intimate part of the English landscape. So
visible were the imposing new mills, so magical seemed to be the power of new technology, that contemporaries
were dazzled. They concentrated their attention on the mills, almost forgetting the bylanes and the workshops
where production still continued.
2. The Pace of Industrial Change :
(i) The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was
the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. After that the iron and steel industry
led the way. With the expansion of railways, in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s,
the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £
77 million, double the value of its cotton export.
(ii) The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century,
less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.
Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but
outside, within domestic units.
(iii) The pace of change in the 'traditional' industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries,
but they did not remain entirely stagnant either. Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of
growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning,
furniture making, and production of implements.
(iv) Technological changes occurred slowly. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape.
New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines
often broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers
claimed.
James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781. His
industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model. But for years he could find no buyers. At
the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. Of
these, 80 were in cotton industries, nine in wool industries, and the rest in mining, canal works and iron
works. Steam engines were not used in any of the other industries till much later in the century. So even the
most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by
industrialists.
HAND LABOUR AND STEAM POWER
In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the
cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand. Book binders and printers, catering to
Christmas demand, too needed extra hand before December. At the waterfront, winter was the time that ships were
repaired and spruced up. In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually
preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season.
A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms,
standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and
specific shapes. In mid-nineteenth century Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45
kinds of axes. These required human skill, not mechanical technology.

In Victorian Britain, the upper classes-the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie-preferred things produced by hand.
Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced,
and carefully designed. Machine made goods were for export to the colonies.
1. Life of the workers : If you had a relative or a friend in a factory, you were more likely to get a job quickly. But
not everyone had social connections. Many job seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in
night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to the Casual
Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.
Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. Mter the busy season was over,
the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour
in the rural areas opened up in places. But most looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were
difficult to find.
Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. But they tell us little about the welfare of the
workers. The average figures hide the variations between trades and the fluctuations from year to year. For
instance, when prices rose sharply during the prolonged Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers
earned fell significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things. Moreover the income of workers
depended not on the wage rate alone. What was also critical was the period of employment: the number of days
of work determined the average daily income of the workers. At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century,
about 10 percent of the urban population were extremely poor. In periods of economic slump like the 1830s, the
proportion of unemployed went up to anything between 35 and 75 percent in different regions.
After the 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment. Roads
were widened, new railway stations came up railway lines were extended, tunnels dug, drainage and sewers laid,
rivers embanked. The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s and doubled
again in the subsequent 30 years.
INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES

1. The Age of Indian Textiles :
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in
textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries, but the finer varieties often came from India. Armenian
and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of
fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.
A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to
the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with
Southeast Asian ports.
2. What Happened to Weavers? :
However, once the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It
proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and
ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps.
(i) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish
a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers,
collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(ii) It prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers. One way of doing this was through the system
of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their
production. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. They could not
take it many other trader.
Soon, however, in many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomsthas.
Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with
the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis. The new gomasthas were outsiders,
with no long-term social link with the village. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and
peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply-often beating and flogging them. The weavers lost the
space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers; the price they received from the Company was
miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.
[45] The Age Of Industrialisation
In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other
villages where they had some family relation. Elsewhere, weavers along with the village traders revolted,
opposing the Company and its officials. Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their
workshops and taking to agricultural labour.
(iii) Manchester Comes to India :
As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries.
They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could
sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. At the same time industrialists persuaded the
East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods
increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been
virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per
cent of the value of Indian imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent.
Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time : their export market collapsed, and the
local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the
imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. By the 1850s,
reports from most weaving regions of India narrates stories of decline and desolation.
By the 1860s, weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good
quality. When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned
to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were
starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.
FACTORIES COME UP
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were
at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set
up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s,
and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up. By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras
began production.
1. The Early Entrepreneurs :
Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments.
Having earned through trade, some of these businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in
India. In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment,
setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. Tagore's enterprises sank along with those of
others in the wider business crises of the 1840s, but later in the nineteenth century many of the China traders
became successful industrialists. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who
built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from
raw cotton shipments to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill
in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China. So did the father as well as grandfather of the famous industrialist
G.D. Birla.
As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the space within which Indian merchants could function became
increasingly limited. They were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export raw
materials and food grains-raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo-required by the British. They were also gradually
edged out of the shipping business.
2. Where Did the workers Come From? :
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in
the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton
industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their
textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often mill workers moved between the village and
the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills.
From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mill of
Calcutta.
THE PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
When Indian businessmen began setting up industries in the late nineteenth century, they avoided competing with
Manchester goods in the Indian market. Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India, the early
cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yarn (thread) rather than fabric. When yarn was imported it was only of
the superior variety. The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to
China.
By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation. As the
swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups
organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection
and grant other concessions. From 1906, moreover the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from
Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth
production. Cotton piece goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
Yet, till the First World War, industrial growth was slow. The war created a dramatically new situation. With British
mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly,
Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged. Indian factories were called upon to supply war
needs; jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items.
New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was
made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial production boomed.
Small-scale Industries Predominate:
While factory industries grew steadily after the war, large industries formed only a small segment of the economy.
Most of them-about 67 percent in 1911 were located in Bengal and Bombay. Over the rest of the country, small-scale
production continued to predominate. Only a small proportion of the total industrial labour force worked in registered
factories: 5 per cent in 1911 and 10 per cent in 1931. The rest worked in small workshops and household units often
located in alleys and bylanes, invisible to the passer-by.
In fact, in some instances, handicrafts production actually expanded in the twentieth century. This is true even in the
case of the handloom sector of that we have discussed. While cheap machine-made thread wiped out the spinning
industry in the nineteenth century, the weavers survived, despite problems. In the twentieth century, handloom cloth
production expanded steadily, almost trebling between 1900 and 1940.
Certain groups of weavers were in a better position than others to survive the competition with mill industries. Amongst
weavers some produced coarse cloth while others wove finer varieties. The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and
its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their
cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-
do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi
or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as you have seen, mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders,
or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.
MARKET FOR GOODS

When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was
needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to
be a mark of quality. When buyers saw 'MADE IN MANCHESTER' written in bold on the label, they were expected to
feel confident about buying the cloth.
But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated. If
we look at these old labels, we can have some idea of the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations, and the way
they appealed to the people.
Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. It was as if the association with gods gave
divine approval to the goods being sold. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the
manufacture from a foreign land appear some what familiar to Indian people.
By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Unlike newspapers
and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor
people's homes just as much as in offices and middle-class apartments. And those who hung the calendars had to
see the advertisements, day after day, through the year. In these calendars, once again, we see the figures of gods
being used to sell new products.

EXERCISE
1. Which one of the following led to the control of Indian merchants due to which Indian trade broke down
completely?
(A) Monopoly of European Companies. (B) Decline of trade on old ports.
(C) The currency flow reduced. (D) Indian rulers’ weakness.
2. Who among the following created cotton-mill?

(A) Richard Muir (B) Richard Arkwright. (C) Richard Keep (D) Richard Moy
3. Which one of the following is an appropriate reason that after 1840 the employment conditions in Britain
improved?
(A) Wages were increased. (B) Wages were doubled.
(C) Building activity intensified in cities. (D) The number of workers increased.
4. Which one of the following is the reason because of which upper classes in Victorian Britain preferred things
produced by hand?
(A) Hand made products were very cheap.
(B) Machine made goods were costly.
(C) Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class.
(D) The use of such articles meant social-status.
5. The industrialisation did not progress in the beginning of seventeenth century due to
(A) expensive new technology (B) less number of factories
(C) unskilled workers (D) unwillingness of merchants for more production
6. The most important function of the Jobber was
(A) controlling the life of the workers (B) ensuring jobs to workers
(C) dismissing the workers (D) exploiting the workers
7. The first Indian jute mill was set up by

(A) Dwarkanath Tagore (B) Dinesh Petit
(C) Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata (D) Seth Hukumchand
8. Which of the following two problems were faced by cotton weavers in India?
(A) Short supply and decline in demand
(B) Decline in production and rise in cost
(C) Export market collapsed and local market shrank
(D) Company officials’ treatment and governments’ apathy
9. Proto-industrialisation refers to
(A) modern period. (B) period of industrialisation.
(C) post industrialisation. (D) pre industrialisation.
10. Development of railways in Britain between 1840 and 1860 led to an increase in the demand of
(A) iron and steel. (B) cotton. (C) coal. (D) wood.
11. In 1811-12, the share of piece goods in the total exports in India was
(A) 35%. (B) 34%. (C) 33%. (D) 32%.
12. By 1850-51, the share of cotton piece goods in total exports in England, was less than
(A) 3%. (B) 4%. (C) 5%. (D) 6%.
13. The Elgin Mill was established in

(A) Bombay. (B) Bengal. (C) Madras. (D) Kanpur.
14. The opium produced in British India was primarily exported to

(A) America. (B) Britain. (C) China. (D) Japan.

15. Six joint stock companies were set during1830s and 1840s by an Indian entrepreneur called
(A) Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy. (B) Dwarkanath Tagore.
(C) Jamsetjee Tata. (D) Seth Hukumchand.
16. During the Industrial Revolution, the most dynamic industries in Britain were
(A) cotton and metals. (B) cotton and mining. (C) farming and mining. (D) oil and jute.
17. Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy had a
(A) Cotton mill. (B) Iron and steel plant. (C) Jute mill. (D) Shipping company.
18. Till the First World War, a large sector of Indian Industries was controlled by
(A) Confederation of Indian Industries. (B) Banks.
(C) Joint Stock Companies. (D) European Managing Agencies.
19. Which one is an appropriate answer that shows how factory differed from proto-industrialised scene
(A) Production increased
(B) Careful supervision, watch over quality increased in mill
(C) Workers gathered at one place
(D) Trade unions formed
20. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer from the codes given below :
I. In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour.
II. Gas works, breweries needed extra workers during the summer.
III. Ship building industry needed workers during the winter.
IV. Industrialists usually preferred hand labour seasonally.
(A) I and III are correct. (B) II and IV are correct.
(C) III and IV are correct. (D) All are correct.
21. The cotton import of Britain soared to 22 million pounds by
(A) 1784. (B) 1785. (C) 1786. (D) 1787.
22. Match the following columns and choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
Column A Column II
A. Surat (i) Western coast
B. Masulipatnam (ii) Gujarat coast
C. Hoogly (iii) Bengal coast
D. Bombay (iv) Coromandal coast
(A) A-II, B-IV, C- III, D-I (B) A-I, B-IV, C- III, D-II (C) A-III, B-I, C- IV, D-II (D) A-II, B-IV, C- I, D-III
23. Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who were two important industrialists in India built huge
industrial empires in
(A) Bengal (B) Bombay (C) Kanpur (D) Madras
24. The industrialist who believed that India would develop through westernization and industrialization
(A) Dishaw Petit (B) Dwarkanath Tagore
(C) Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee (D) Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy
25. The first cotton mill in Bombay was set up in the year
(A) 1854 (B) 1860 (C) 1874 (D) 1917
26. The per cent age of the cotton piece-goods that constituted the value of Indian imports in 1850s was
(A) 31 (B) 36 (C) 43 (D) 47
27. How proto-industrialised economy differed from the factory system?
(A) It was controlled by merchants
(B) The number of workers were in large numbers
(C) The producers were working within their family, not in factories
(D) Merchants controlled the entire-production

28. During the Industrial Revolution, the industry that did not introduce any innovations in its methods of production
was
(A) agro-based industries (B) food processing and building
(C) furniture-making. (D) glass work and tanning
29. James Watt, Newcomen and Mathew Boulton were associated with which one of the following technological
innovations?
(A) agriculture (B) cotton mill (C) iron and steel (D) steam-Engine.
30. During the Industrial Revolution, workers from the countryside moved to cities for getting jobs but the actual
possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of
(A) friendship and kin relations (B) familiarty with factory owners
(C) regionalism (D) religion and colour
31. Which one of the following is the reason due to which company found it difficult to ensure goods supply to
Europe in eighteenth century?
(A) The clothes or goods were costly.
(B) They were in short supply.
(C) Company faced stiff competition from others in markets.
(D) Company official were not efficient.
32. Match the following and choose the answer from the codes given below:
Column I (Dates) Column II (Events)
A. 1850 (i) Factory production began
B. 1860 (ii) EIC control over production increased
C. 1870 (iii) Export market collapsed
D. 1880 (iv) Cotton supplies cut off from US
(A) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) (B) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i)
(C) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii) (D) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv)
33. The first spinning and weaving mill of Madras was established in
(A) 1854 (B) 1860 (C) 1874 (D) 1917
34. In North India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpurin
(A) 1860s (B) 1870s (C) 1880s (D) 1890s
35. The port of Masulipatam is located on the
(A) Konkan coast. (B) Malabar coast. (C) Coromandal coast. (D) Northern circar.
36. The port of India that connected with the ports of Red Sea and Gulf was
(A) Hooghly. (B) Surat. (C) Bombay. (D) Masulipatam.
37. The gross value of trade that had passed through the port of Surat during 1740s was
(A) Rs. 10 million. (B) Rs. 7 million. (C) Rs. 5 million. (D) Rs. 3 million.
38. The emergence of Bombay and Calcutta in 18th century as chief ports is an indicator of
(A) Regional power. (B) Colonial power. (C) Industrialisation. (D) Mughal power.
39. The East India Company consolidated its position in India after
(A) 1740s. (B) 1750s. (C) 1760s. (D) 1770s.
40. In 17th and 18th century, European merchants of the towns moved to
(A) big cities. (B) countryside. (C) America. (D) industrial cities.
41. By 1850, the share of the total imported cotton piece goods in India was
(A) 32%. (B) 31%. (C) 30%. (D) 29%.
42. In 19th century, Indian weavers lost their local markets to
(A) Bombay textiles. (B) Calcutta textiles. (C) Chinese textiles. (D) Manchester textiles.

43. The Movement launched by nationalists to boycott foreign cloth was the
(A) Swadeshi Movement. (B) Ahmedabad Mill Satyagraha.
(C) Non Co-operation Movement. (D) Civil Disobedience Movement.
44. J. N. Tata established the first Iron and steel works in India in
(A) 1910. (B) 1911. (C) 1912. (D) 1913.
45. The image of God, commonly used to popularise a baby product was of
(A) Baby Ram. (B) Baby Jesus. (C) Baby Krishna. (D) Baby Hanuman.
46. The proportion of industrial labour employed in the registered factories in 1931 was
(A) 5%. (B) 10%. (C) 15%. (D) 20%.
47. Koshti community lived in the
(A) Central provinces. (B) Bengal province. (C) Bombay province. (D) United province.
48. The weavers of cotton textile faced problems due to the beginning of
(A) French Revolution. (B) Glorious Revolution. (C) American Civil War. (D) Russian Revolution.
49. The first jute mill in India was established in
(A) Bombay. (B) Bengal. (C) Madras. (D) Kanpur.
50. In 1760s and 1770s, company servants complained about
(A) high-handed treatment. (B) competition.
(C) Indian rulers. (D) supply and high prices.
51. By the end of 19th century, the percentage of people employed in the technological advanced industry was
(A) less than 10%. (B) less than 20%. (C) 30%. (D) less than 30%.
52. British were able to claim monopoly after establishing
(A) political power. (B) factory.
(C) East India Company. (D) Judiciary.
53. A music book published in 1900 announcing, ‘Dawn of the Century’ was produced by
(A) E. T Paull. (B) M. Jackson. (C) William Belt Scott. (D) C.E Turner.
54. The term ‘orient’ is used for
(A) European countries. (B) American countries.
(C) African countries. (D) Asian countries.
55. Monopoly right for trading in specific products was given to Guilds by
(A) Church. (B) Rulers. (C) Trade unions. (D) Sarthavaha.
56. ‘Gomasthas’ were
(A) head of weavers. (B) head of guilds. (C) paid servants. (D) tax collectors.
57. The painting titled as ‘Houseless and Hungry’ was painted by
(A) Samuel Luke Fildes. (B) William Bell Scott. (C) M. Jackson. (D) C. E Turner.
58. In order to secure supplies from the weavers Gomasthas offered
(A) high prices. (B) raw materials. (C) grains. (D) loans.
59. ‘The demand for Indian cloths could never reduce’ . This was said in 1772 by
(A) Henry Patullo. (B) Warren Hastings. (C) Lord Cornwallis. (D) Adam Smith.
60. In 1760, the quantity of raw cotton imported by Britain to feed its cotton industry was
(A) 5.5 million. (B) 4.5 million. (C) 3.5 million. (D) 2.5 million.
61. The industry in which the Spinning Jenny introduced first was
(A) Cotton industry (B) Jute industry (C) Woollen industry (D) Paper industry
62. The leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation in Britain, up to the 1840s was
(A) cotton. (B) jute. (C) mining. (D) sugar.

63. When did the early factories develop in England?
(A) During 1670s (B) During 1880s (C) During 1730s (D) During 1760s
64. Spinning Jenny was devised by

(A) T. E Nicholson. (B) James Hargreaves. (C) William Bell Scott. (D) Mathew Boulton.
65. The first symbol of the new era was

(A) cotton. (B) silk. (C) iron. (D) steel.
66. James Watt had improved the steam engine built by

(A) Mathew Boulton. (B) Hargreaves. (C) Newcomen. (D) William Bell Scott.
67. The first phase of industrialisation in Britain lasted till

(A) 1820s. (B) 1830s. (C) 1840s. (D) 1850s.
68. The people of Koshti community were skilled

(A) cobblers. (B) weavers. (C) ironsmiths. (D) carpenters.
69. By 1873, Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about
(A) £77 million. (B) £ 75 million. (C) £ 76 million. (D) £74 million .
70. Which of the following industrial towns is located onthe Chhotanagpur Plateau ?
[Punjab_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]
(A) Chennai (B) Ranchi (C) Srinagar (D) Sundernagar
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE
Q ues 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A ns . B B C C A B D C D A C A D C B
Q ues 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A ns . A D D B A D A B B A A D B D A
Q ues 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
A ns . C B C A C B D B C B B D A C C
Q ues 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A ns . B A C B D B A A D B C A D A D
Q ues 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
A ns . C A D B A C C B A B

6. WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CITY
Ancient Cities - supported a wide range of non-food producers, centres of political power, administrative network,
trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activities.
Modern Cities - Metropolises, which combine political and economic functions for an entire region.
1. Industrialisation and the Rise of the Modern City in England:
(i) Leeds and Manchester were the early modern cities in England
(ii) London, a fast expanding city was a powerful magnet for migrant populations. Apart from the service sector,
five major types of industries i.e. clothing & footwear, wood & furniture, metals & engineering, printing,
stationary & precision products employed large numbers.
2. Marginal Groups :
(i) Criminals - about 20,000 criminals lived in London, poor people indulged in stealing lead from roofs, food from
shops, lumps of coal and clothes drying on hedges, some were skilled at their trade - cheats, tricksters,
pickpockets and petty thieves.
(ii) Women - were forced to work within households, they developed homes as lodgers, activities like tailoring,
washing or matchbox making
(iii) Children - were pushed into low paid works, were indulged in crimes, only after the passing of Acts in 1870
& 1902, children were kept out of industrial work.
3. Housing :
Landowners put up cheap & usually unsafe tenements for the new arrivals.
Poverty and unemployment was more concentrated & visible in the city
1 million landowners lived only up to an average age of 29.
Need for housing for the poor - slums were a serious threat to public health, there were worries about fire hazards
and fear of social disorder.
4. Cleaning London :
(i) Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the
city. Large blocks of apartments were built, rent control was introduced. Green belts were developed around
London.
(ii) Garden City - Developed by Architect and Planner, Ebenzer Howard.
A pleasant space full of plants and trees where people would both live and work.
Common garden spaces, beautiful views and great attention to detail.
(iii) Between the two World Wars, a million houses were built by the British State.
5. Transport in the City
Laying down of underground railways
Problems - added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city, to make approximately two miles of railway, 900
houses had to be destroyed.
Result - population in the city became more dispersed, enabled large numbers to live outside central London and
travel to work.
SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE CITY
Families were completely transformed, institution of marriage tended to broke down, women’s of upper and middle
classes faced isolation, women who worked for wages had some control over their lives.
1. Men, Women and Family in the City :
Encouraged a new spirit of individualism, women were forced to withdraw into their homes, public space became
a male preserve; Chartism and 10 hour movement mobilized large number of men, by the 20th Century women’s
were employed in large numbers to meet war demands.
2. Leisure and Consumption :
‘London Season’ for elite groups. Working classes met in pubs. Libraries, Art galleries and Museums were
established. Music halls and Cinema became the medium of great mass entertainment, workers were encouraged
to spend their holidays by the sea.
[53] Work, Life And Leisure

POLITICS IN THE CITY
Workers march from Deptford to London, 1886

Bloody Sunday of November, 1887
London’s dockworkers went on strike
A large city population was thus both a threat and an opportunity.
THE CITY IN COLONIAL INDIA

Pace of urbanisation in India was slow. A large proportion of urban dwellers were residents of the three Presidency
cities. These were mulit-functional cities. Bombay was the premier city of India.
1. Bombay the Prime City of India :
Bombay, a group of seven islands was passed to British hands by the Portuguese. East India Company made it,
their headquarters. Initially Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles, then functioned as a port, became an
important administrative centre and by the end of the nineteenth century, became a major industrial centre.
2. Work In The City :
Became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, large communities of traders and bankers as well as
artisans and shopkeepers came to settle, textile mills attracted migrants especially from nearby areas such as
Ratnagiri. By 1930s Women's jobs were increasingly taken over by machines or by men. Dominated the maritime
trade, railways encouraged higher scale of migration into the city. Famine in the dry regions of Kutch drove large
numbers of people to Bombay.
3. Housing and Neighbourhoods :
Bombay did not grow according to any plan. Bombay Fort area formed the heart of the city was divided between
a ‘native’ town, and a European or ‘white’ section. Housing and water supply became acute by the mid-1850s.
Rich people lived in sprawling spacious bungalows. Working people lived in the thickly populated Chawls of
Bombay.
Chawls were multi-storeyed structure, owned by private landlords, were divided into smaller one-room tenements,
without private toilets. High rents forced workers to share home, services and facilties were rare even then
houses were kept quite clean.
Streets and neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities (cooking, washing, sleeping and leisure activities)
Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations. Chawls were
headed by someone who was similar to a village headmen. Settled disputes, organised food supplies, arranged
informal credit.
Depressed classes were kept out of chawls.
The City of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898, it focused on clearing poorer homes out of the
city centre. In 1918 a Rent Act was passed.
4. Land Reclamation in Bombay :
In 1784, the Bombay governor William Honrby approved the building of the great sea wall. Several plans were
made both by government and private companies for the reclamation of more land from the sea. By the 1870 the
city had expanded to about 22 sqaure miles. Some of the f amous land reclamation projects
were-western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba, dry dock built by Bombay Port Trust,
Ballard Estate and the famous Marine Drive.
5. Bombay as the City of Dreams: The World of Cinema and Culture :
Bombay appears to many as a 'mayapuri' - a city of dreams. Many Bombay films deal with the arrival in the city
of new migrants, and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life. By 1925, Bombay had become India's
film capital. People in the film indutry were themselves migrants and contributed to the national character of the
industry. Bombay films have contributed in a big way to produce an image of the city.
CITIES AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Cities developed at the expense of ecology and the environment. Widespread use of coal raised serious problems
both in cities of England (Derby, Leeds, Bradford and Manchester) as well as in India (Calcutta). In England Smoke
Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 were made. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get smoke nuisance
legislation.

EXERCISE–I
1. Women contribution in the workforce in mills between 1919 and 1926 was
(A) 24%. (B) 23%. (C) 22%. (D) 21%.
2. The chief architect of the new Paris was
(A) Baron Haussmann. (B) Ebenezer Howard. (C) Louis Napoleon III. (D) Raymond Unwin.
3. According to the census of 1901, the percentage of people living in one room tenement in Bombay was
(A) 60%. (B) 70%. (C) 80%. (D) 90%.
4. Charles Booth conducted his social survey in the year
(A) 1885. (B) 1886. (C) 1887. (D) 1888.
5. The approximate number of houses destroyed to lay 2 miles of railway line was
(A) 700. (B) 800 (C) 900 (D) 1000
6. The movie, Raja Harishchandra was made in the year
(A) 1911. (B) 1912. (C) 1913. (D) 1914.
7. Which one of the following options highlights the eighteenth century social scenario in England?
(A) Women had no control over their life.
(B) Ties between members of household loosened, institution of marriage broke down.
(C) Women workers had some control over their life.
(D) Young children worked on low wages.
8. The city London is located on the banks of the river
(A) Barking Creek (B) Coppermill Stream (C) Folly Brook (D) Thames
9. The number of criminals who were living in the city of London in the 1870s was
(A) 20,000 (B) 30,000 (C) 40,000 (D) 50,000
10. Which one of the following is a correct explanation of the view given by Andrew Mearns on child labour in
London?
(A) They were pushed into low-paid work by their parents.
(B) They had to do hard labour.
(C) Many of them wanted to become petty criminals or thieves instead of labourers.
(D) Many children revolted against their conditions.
11. Workers’ mass housing schemes were implemented in London after the year
(A) 1915. (B) 1917. (C) 1919. (D) 1921.
12. Which one of the following reclamation project was not developed by Bombay Port Trust?
(A) Dry Dock (B) Ballard Estate (C) Marine Drive (D) Colaba Estate
13. The cities of Manchester and Leeds attracted many people due to their
(A) engineering industry.(B) footwear industry. (C) printing industry. (D) textile industry.
14. Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of
(A) New Earswick. (B) New Hampshire. (C) New Jersey. (D) Birmingham.
15. The novel ‘Debganer Martye Aagaman’ was written by
(A) Rabindra Nath Tagore. (B) Debbandhu Mitra.
(C) Durgacharan Ray. (D) Durga Das.
16. In Hindu mythology, the God of rain is
(A) Lord Brahma. (B) Lord Varuna. (C) Lord Vishnu. (D) Lord Shiva.
17. The gods were troubled by the
(A) pollution in city. (B) dishonesty of the people.
(C) condition of workers. (D) identities of people.
18. Bloody Sunday took place in
(A) May 1887. (B) July 1887. (C) September 1887. (D) November 1887.

19. What led to town planning of the city of Bombay in 1880? Choose only one alternative.
(A) The social tension (B) Poverty
(C) Fear of plague epidemics (D) Riots
20. The first cotton mill was established in Bombay in
(A) 1851. (B) 1852. (C) 1853. (D) 1854.
21. When the very first section of the Underground in the world opened on 10 January 1863 in London, the
number of passengers carried by the trains was
(A) 10,000 passengers (B) 15,000 passengers (C) 17,000 passengers (D) 19, 000 passengers
22. The number of people employed by the Hindi film industry in Bombay by 1987 was
(A) 520,000. (B) 521,000. (C) 522,000. (D) 523,000.
23. Population of London multiplied fourfold in the 70 years between 1810 and 1880, from
(A) 1 million to 4 million (B) 2 million to 5 million (C) 3 million to 6 million (D) 4 million to 7 million
24. What change was noticed during the twentieth century for women?
(A) Many women became free to do petty jobs.
(B) The education made way for good jobs.
(C) The women roamed on streets freely.
(D) Women got employment in maritime industries and offices, they withdrew themselves from domestic
service.
25. The first Act that kept the children in London city out of the industrial work was
(A) Compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870
(B) Factories Act.
(C) Child Labour Act
(D) Anti-Labour Act
26. Match the following and choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
A. Andrew Mearns (i) Massive destruction
B. Henery Mayhew (ii) Child-crime
C. Gareth Stedmen (iii) London labour
D. Charles Dickens (iv) London society
(A) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i) (B) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(C) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iv) (D) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i)
27. Large blocks of apartments constructed to clean up London were akin to the buildings in the cities of
(A) Berlin and New York (B) Brazil and Paris
(C) Kansas and Bombay (D) Washington D.C and Sydney
28. The very first section of the Underground train in the world was in 1863 in Landon between the cities of
(A) Bristol and Oxford (B) Birmingham and Newcastle
(C) Southamton and Manchester (D) Paddington and Farrington Street
29. In order to develop London , Ebenezer Howard developed the principle of
(A) concrete city. (B) garden city. (C) holy city. (D) rose city.
30. The entry fee in the British Museum in London was abolished in
(A) 1809. (B) 1810. (C) 1811. (D) 1812.
31. The British industrial workers spend their holidaysby
(A) playing cards. (B) playing cricket. (C) the sea. (D) visiting museums.
32. Andrew Mearns, who wrote The Bitter Cry of Outcast London in the 1880s, was a
(A) clergyman (B) factory owner (C) novelist (D) police man
33. Which was the district where maximum numbers of workers worked in cotton mills in Bombay?
(A) Panvel (B) Nasik (C) Ratnagiri (D) Sholapur
34. The percent of millworkers who were housed in Girangaon, a ‘mill village’ in Bombay was
(A) 60 percent (B) 70 percent (C) 80 percent (D) 90 percent

35. The Governor of Bombay who started reclamation project in 1784 was
(A) William Thorn (B) William Hornby (C) William Hogue (D) William Teu
36. In the city of Bombay, from the 1860s more than 70 per cent of the working people lived in
(A) Chawls (B) huts (C) individual falts (D) stylish aprtments
37. The Company that won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of
Colaba in 1864 was
(A) Black Cap Reclamation Company (B) Black Chap Reclamation Company
(C) Back Bay Reclamation Company (D) Black Berry Reclamation Company
38. London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods during
(A) 1904-1908. (B) 1908-1914. (C) 1914-1918. (D) 1918-1922.
39. The city of London have been described as city ‘of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers,
and beggars’ by
(A) Adam Smith. (B) Gareth Stedman Jones.
(C) Shakespeare. (D) Smith Jones.
40. Women lost jobs in the industries in late 18th and early 19th century due to
(A) poor working conditions. (B) exploitation.
(C) odd working hours. (D) technological advancements.
41. The famous cartoon of Rat-trap seller was made by
(A) Andrew Mearns. (B) Charles Booth.
(C) Gareth Stedman Jones. (D) Rowlandson.
42. The City of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in
(A) 1898. (B) 1897. (C) 1896. (D) 1895.
43. A suitable description of the Mill-village, Girangaon is that
(A) 90% of mill workers lived there. (B) working people lived in the by lanes or streets.
(C) it was a spacious living place. (D) it belonged to workers only.
44. The ratio of migrant population to the city of Manchester in 1851was
(A) three - fourth. (B) half. (C) three-quarter. (D) two - third.
45. The number of presidency cities in India was
(A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5.
46. Rent Act was passed in Bombay in
(A) 1915. (B) 1917. (C) 1918. (D) 1920.
47. The earth excavated for making dry dock was used to create
(A) Nariman point. (B) Andheri East. (C) Lokhandwala. (D) Ballard Estate.
48. Prior to British, Bombay was under the control of
(A) Dutch. (B) French. (C) Portuguese. (D) Spain.
49. In 1852, France was ruled by
(A) Napoleon Bonaparte. (B) Louis XV.
(C) Louis XVI. (D) Louis Napoleon III.
50. The term “metropolis” means
(A) Shopping malls (B) industrial areas
(C) a densely populated city (D) none of them
51. The East India Company shifted its base to Bombay from
(A) Calicut. (B) Surat. (C) Masulipatam. (D) Calcutta.
52. Children in London were kept out of the industrial work from the year
(A) 1899. (B) 1900. (C) 1901. (D) 1902.
53. During the first world war ‘rent control’ was introduced in
(A) Britain. (B) Germany. (C) Russia. (D) USA.

EXERCISE–II
1. Town planning in Bombay was a result of fear of : (Haryana/NTSE Stage I/2013)

(A) Social revolution (B) Plague Epidemic (C) Fire (D) Over Crowding
2. In which film the heros buddy sung the song "Ai dil hai mushkil jeena yahan, zara hat ke zara baachke, ye
hai bombay merijaan. (Haryana/NTSE Stage I/2013)
(A) CID (B) Guest House (C) Raja Harishchand (D) Pyasa
3. The film 'Raja Harishchandra' (1913) was made by (Rajasthan/NTSE Stage I/2015)
(A) Gulzar (B) Basu Bhattacharya (C) Dada Saheb Phalke (D) C. Ramchandran
4. Where was the first underground railway built ? (Chandigragh/NTSE Stage I/2015)
(A) Hyderabad (B) London (C) Leeds (D) Manchester
5. Who was the Father of India Renaissance ? [M.P. NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Dayanand Sarswati (B) Raja Ram Mohan Ray
(C) Keshav Chadra Sen (D) Ram Krishana Pramhansa
6. Bombay was a group of how many islands in 17th Century ? [Rajasthan_NTSE_Stage-1_2014]

(A) Nine (B) Seven (C) Eleven (D) Five
7. In which city of India the first cotton mill was established? [Chandigrah_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]
(A) Bombay (Mumbai) (B) Surat (C) Ahmadabad (D) Kanpur
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE– I
Qu es 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B A C C C C B D A C B D D A C
Qu es 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. B B D C D A A A D A A A D B B
Qu es 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. C A C D B A C C B D D A A C B
Qu es 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Ans. C D C D C B D A
EXERCISE– II
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ans. B A C B B B A

7. PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD
THE FIRST PRINTED BOOKS

The imperial state in China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material. China possessed a huge
bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination
were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. From the sixteenth century, the number of
examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.
This new reading culture was accompanied by a new technology. Western printing techniques and mechanical
presses were imported in the late nineteenth century as Western powers established their outposts in China. Shanghai
became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western-style schools. From hand printing there was now a
gradual shift to mechanical printing.
1. Print in Japan :
Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing
urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings depicted an elegant urban
culture, involving artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings. Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-
printed material of various types-books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower
arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.
PRINT COMES TO EUROPE

The Production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books. Copying was an
expensive, laborious and time-consuming business. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be
carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited. With the growing demand for books,
woodblock printing gradually became more and more popular. By the early fifteenth century, woodblocks were being
widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.
There was clearly a great need for even quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts. This could only be with the
invention of a new print technology. The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenberg
developed the first-known printing press in the 1430s.
1. Gutenberg and the Printing Press:
Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the
printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters ofthe alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg
perfected the system. The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three
years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was fast production.
In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were setup in most countries of Europe. Printers
from Germany travelled to other countries, seeking work and helping start new presses. As the number of printing
presses grew, book production boomed. The second half of the fifteenth century saw 20 million copies of printed
books flooding the markets in Europe. The number went up in the sixteenth century to about 200 million copies.
THE PRINT REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT
1. A New Reading Public :

Access to books created a new culture of reading. Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Common people
lived in a world of oral culture. They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited, and folk tales narrated. Knowledge
was transferred orally. People collectively heard a story, or saw a performance. As you will see in Chapter 8, they
did not read a book individually and silently. Before the age of print, books were not only expensive but they could
not be produced in sufficient numbers. Now books could reach out to wider sections of people. If earlier there was
a hearing public, now a reading public came into being.
But the transition was not so simple. Books could be read only by the literate, and the rates of literacy in most
European countries were very low till the twentieth century. How, then, could publishers persuade the common
people to welcome the printed book? To do this, they had to keep in mind the wider reach of the printed work:
even those who did not read could certainly enjoy listening to books being read out. So printers began publishing
popular ballads and folk tales, and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures. These were then sung
and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns.
[59] Print Culture And The Modern World
2. Religions Debates and the Fear of Print :
Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.
Even those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and circulate their ideas. Through the
printed message, they could persuade people to think differently, and move them to action. This had significance
in different spheres of life.
In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals
of the Roman Catholic Church. A printed copy of this was pasted on a church door in Wittenberg. It challenged
the Church to debate his ideas. Luther's writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.
This lead to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Luther's translation
of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies within a few weeks and a second edition appeared within three months.
Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, 'Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one.' Several scholars,
in fact, think that print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to
the Reformation.
3. Print and Dissent :
In the sixteenth century, Manocchio, a miller in Italy, began to read books that were available in his locality. He
reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and Creation that enraged the Roman
Catholic Church. When the Roman Church began its inquisition to repress heretical ideas, Manocchio was
hauled up twice and ultimately executed. The Roman Church, troubled by such effects of popular readings and
questionings of faith, imposed severe cont over publishers and booksellers and began to maintain an Index of
prohibited Books from 1558.
THE READING MANIA

Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries literacy rates went up in most parts of Europe. Churches of
different denominations set up schools in villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artisans. By the end of the
eighteenth century, in some parts of Europe literacy rates were as high as 60 to 80 per cent. As literacy and schools
spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania. People wanted books to read and printers produced
books ever increasing numbers.
New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences. Booksellers employed pedlars who
roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale. There were almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and
folktales. But other forms of reading matter, largely for entertainment, began to reach ordinary readers as well. In
England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the
poor could buy them. In France, were the 'Biliotheque Bleue', which were low priced small books printed on poor
quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers. Then there were the romances, printed on four to six pages and the
more substantial 'histories' which were stories about the past. Books were of various sizes, serving many different
purpose an interests.
There can be no doubt that print helps the spread of ideas. But we must remember that people did not read just one
kind of literature. If they read the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau, they were also exposed to monarchical and Church
propaganda. They were not influenced directly by everything they read or saw. They accepted some ideas and
rejected others. They interpreted things their own way. Print did not directly shape their minds, but it did open up the
possibility of thinking differently.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
1. Children, Women and Workers :

A children's press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857. This press published new
works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales. The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional
folk tales gathered from peasants. What they collected was edited before the stories were published in a collection
in 1812. Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites, was not
included in the published version. Rural folk tales thus acquired a new form. In this way, print recorded old tales
but also changed them.
When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers. Some of the
best-known novelists were women: Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot. Their writings became important

in defining a new type of women: a person with will, strength of personality, determination and the power to think.
In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white-collar workers,
artisans and lower-middle-class people. Sometimes, self-educated working class people wrote for themselves.
After the working day was gradually shortened from the mid-nineteenth century, workers had some time for self-
improvement and self-expression. They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.
2. Further innovations :
By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press.
This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour. This press was particularly useful for printing newspapers. In
the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed which could print up to six colours at a time. From the
turn of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations. A series of other
developments followed. Methods of feeding paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour register were
introduced. The accumulation of several individual mechanical improvements transformed the appearance of
printed texts.
Nineteenth century periodicals serialised important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels.
In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series. The dust cover or the
book jacket is also a twentieth century innovation. With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, publishers
feared a decline in book purchases. To sustain buying, they brought out cheap paperback editions.
INDIA AND THE WORLD OF PRINT
1. Manuscripts Before the Age of Print :
India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts-in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, as well as in
various vernacular languages. Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. Pages were
sometimes beautifully illustrated. They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to
ensure preservation. Manuscripts continued to be produced till well after the introduction of print, down to the late
nineteenth century.
Manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life. Even though pre-colonial Bengal had developed an extensive
network of village primary schools, students very often did not read texts. They only learnt to write. Teachers
dictated portions of texts from memory and students wrote them down. Many thus became literate without ever
actually reading any kinds of texts.
2. Print Comes to India :
The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century. Jesuit priests
learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in
Kanara languages. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin and in 1713 the first Malayalam
book was printed by them. By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them
translations of older works.
The English language press did not grow in India till quite late even though the English East India Company
began to import presses from the late seventeenth century.
Governor-General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey, and encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned
newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government. By the
close of the eighteenth century, a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print. There were Indians, too,
who began to publish Indian newspapers. The first to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette, brought out by
Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Rammohan Roy.
RELIGIOUS REFORMS AND PUBLIC DEBATES
This was a time of intense controversies between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters
like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts
and newspapers proliferated, circulating a variety of arguments. To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in
the everyday, spoken language of ordinary people. Rammohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and
the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions. From 1822, two Persian
newspapers were published, Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar. In the same year, a Gujarati newspaper, the
Bombay Samachar; made its appearance.
In north India, the ulama were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties. They feared that colonial rulers
would encourage conversion, change the Muslim personal laws. To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses,
published Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures, and printed religious newspapers and tracts. The Deoband
Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands upon thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct
themselves in their everyday lives, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines. All through the nineteenth
century, a number of Muslim sects and seminaries appeared, each with a different interpretation of faith, each keen
on enlarging its following and countering the influence of its oponents. Urdu print helped them conduct these battles
in public. Religious texts, therefore, reached a very wide circle of people, encouraging discussions, debates and
controversies within and among different religions.
Print did not only stimulate the publication of conflicting opinions amongst communities, but it also connected
communities and people in different parts of India. Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating
pan-Indian identities.
NEW FORMS OF PUBLICATION
Other new literary forms also entered the world of reading-lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political
matters. In different ways, they reinforced the new emphasis on human lives and intimate feelings, about the political
and social rules that shaped such things.
By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking shape. With the setting up of an increasing
number of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi
Varma produced images for mass circulation. Poor wood engravers who made woodblocks set up shop near the
letterpresses, and were employed by print shops. Cheap prints and calendars, easily available in the bazaar, could
be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their homes or places of work. These prints began shaping
popular ideas about modernity and tradition, religion and politics and society and culture.
1. Women and Print :

Lives and feelings of women began to be written in particularly vivid and intense ways. Women's reading, therefore,
increased enormously in middle-class homes. Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at
home, and sent them to schools when women's schools were set up in the cities and towns after the
mid-nineteenth century. Many journals began carrying writings by women, and explained why women should be
educated. They also carried a syllabus and attached suitable reading matter which could be used for
home-based schooling.
Since social reforms and novels had already created a great interest in women's lives and emotions, there was
also an interest in what women would have to say about their own lives. From the 1860s, few Bengali women like
Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women-about how women were imprisoned at
home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by the very people they served.
In the 1880s, in present-day Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger
about the miserable lives upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows.
In Punjab, too, a similar folk literature was widely printed from the early twentieth century. Ram Chaddha published
the fast-selling Istri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives. The Khalsa Tract Society published
cheap booklets with a similar message. Many of these were in the form of dialogues about the qualities of a good
woman.
2. Print and the poor people :

From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts
and essays. Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of 'low caste' protest movements, wrote about the injustices of
the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871). In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V.
Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read
by people all over India. Local protest movements and sects also created a lot of popular journal and tracts
criticising ancient scriptures and envisioning a new and just future.

Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the education to write much about their experiences. But
Kashibaba, a Kanpur mill worker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links
between caste and class exploitation. The poems of another Kanpur mill worker, who wrote under the name of
Sudarshan Chakr between 1935 and 1955, were brought together and published in a collection called Sacchi
Kavitayan. By the 1930s, Bangalore cotton mill workers set up libraries to educate themselves, following the
example of Bombay workers. These were sponsored by social reformers who tried to restrict excessive drinking
among them, to bring literacy and sometimes, to propagate the message of nationalism.
PRINT AND CENSORSHIP
By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom and the Company
began encouraging publications of newspapers that would celebrate British rule. In 1835, faced with urgent petitions
by editors of English and vernacular newspapers, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise press laws. Thomas
Macaulay, a liberal colonial official, formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedoms.
After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down
on the 'native' press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationlist, the colonial government began debating
measures of stringent control. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It
proviged the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorial in the vernacular press. From now on the
government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in different provinces. When a report was
judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized
and the printing machinery confiscated.

EXERCISE–I
1. The first autobiography, ‘Amar Jiban’ in 1876 in Bengali language was written by
(A) Bibi Fatima. (B) Pandita Ramubai. (C) Kumardevi. (D) Rashsuindari Debi.
2. What led to the production of children’s literature in nineteenth century in Europe?

(A) Primary education became compulsory from the nineteenth century.
(B) Demand increased for children’s books.
(C) New schools were opened.
(D) New story books were published.
3. The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, came out from Calcutta in the year
(A) 1810 (B) 1813 (C) 1816 (D) 1817
4. Kitagawa Utamaro contributed to an art form called

(A) Jomon (B) Kofun (C) ukiyo (D) Yayoi
5. The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868 is the Buddhist

(A) Bronze Sutra (B) Diamond Sutra (C) Gold Sutra (D) Silver Sutra
6. The term, ‘Vellum’ refers to the

(A) paper made from wood (B) parchment made from the skin of animals
(C) parchment made of leaves (D) wood-pulp material
7. Erasmus, a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer, who criticised the excesses of Catholicism, expressed a
deep anxiety about printing in his book
(A) Adages (B) Confessiones
(C) De Doctrina Christiana (D) De civitate dei
8. The Gita Govinda was written by

(A) Jayadeva (B) Jayagonda (C) Kalhana (D) Valmiki
9. Criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church, in 1517 the religious reformer
Martin Luther wrote
(A) Sixty Five Theses (B) Seventy Five Theses (C) Eighty Five Theses (D) Ninety Five Theses
10. “The Gita Govinda” was written by Jayadeva in the

(A) Sixteenth century. (B) Seventeenth century. (C) Eighteenth century (D) Nineteenth century.
11. The collected works known as “Diwan” were written by

(A) Hafiz. (B) Hajj Zayn. (C) Iraj Bashiri. (D) Mubariz Muzaffar.
12. Penny chapbooks were sold by petty pedlars known as chapmen in

(A) England (B) France. (C) Germany. (D) Italy.
13. ‘Almanacs’ are the

(A) astronomical calendars. (B) astrological calendars.
(C) regional calendars. (D) ritual calendars.
14. “The Forbidden Best- Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France” was a book written by
(A) Maxim Gorky. (B) Robert Darnton. (C) William Bolts. (D) John Kingston.
15. The first Indian weekly “Bengal Gazette” was edited by

(A) Gangadhar Bhattacharya. (B) James Augustus Hickey
(C) Rammohun Roy. (D) Raja Ravi Varma
16. The Penny magazine was published especially for the

(A) business men (B) children (C) women (D) workers

17. Who of the following published first weekly magazine in India, Bengal Gazette in 1780?
(A) James Augustus Hickey. (B) Warren Hastings.
(C) Gangadhar Bhattacharya. (D) Ram Mohan Roy.
18. Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of ‘low caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste
system in his
(A) Brahmananche Kasab (B) Gulamgiri
(C) Shetkarayacha Aasud (D) Tritiya Ratna
19. The Chinese city that became a new centre of printing technology in the nineteenth century was
(A) Beijing (B) Tonkin (C) Shanghai (D) Yenan
20. Who introduced woodblock printing from China to Europe, especially in Italy?
(A) Nicolo Conti. (B) Abdul Razzak. (C) Marco Polo. (D) Chrisher Columbus.
21. Who developed first known printing press in Strasbourg, Germany ?

(A) John Shelly. (B) John Suleiman. (C) Johann Guttenberg. (D) John S. Mill.
22. Which was the first book published by Gutenberg by using printing technology ?
(A) Quran (B) Bible (C) Hebrew book (D) Story book
23. Which one of the following led to the print revolution in world?
(A) Hand printing. (B) Manuscript writing.
(C) Calligraphy. (D) Mechanical printing.
24. The first Tamil book was printed in 1579 at Cochin by the
(A) Buddhist monks (B) Catholic priests (C) Hindu priests (D) Muslim Maulavis
25. The old name of Tokyo was

(A) Edo (B) Hokkaido (C) Nippon -Koku (D) Nippon
26. The number of Tamil texts printed by the Dutch Protestant missionaries by 1710 was
(A) 32 Tamil texts (B) 37 Tamil texts (C) 39 Tamil texts (D) 40 Tamil texts
27. The folk tales and stories from the peasants in Germany in 1812 were published by the
(A) Graham Brothers (B) Grimm Brothers (C) Henery Brothers (D) Stephen Brothers
28. Who of the following, by the end of nineteenth century, produced mass images for circulation among the
public ?
(A) V.B. Cama. (B) T.B. Rangachari. (C) Raja Ravi Verma. (D) Hari Sen.
29. Which one of the following journals was published in the late nineteenth century?
(A) Bombay Gazzette. (B) Bengal Gazzette. (C) Indian Charivari. (D) Al-Hilal.
30. In Bengal, an entire area in central Calcutta devoted to the printing of popular books was
(A) Battala (B) Bga Bazaar (C) Boroline House (D) Girish Avenue
31. The book Istri Dharm Vichar was published by

(A) Ram Chaddha (B) Ram Sharan Sharma (C) Ram Chandra Guha (D) Ram Shivashankar
32. Rammohun Roy published the ‘Sambad Kaumudi’ in

(A) 1821. (B) 1822. (C) 1823. (D) 1824.
33. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein addressed the Bengal Women’s Education Conference in
(A) 1926. (B) 1927. (C) 1928. (D) 1929.
34. Meaning of the term “Despotism” is

(A) Rule of law (B) Absolute Individual power
(C) Peopels’ power (D) Power of clergies

35. In the 1880s, in Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the miserable lives of
(A) converted –Hindu women. (B) lower-caste Hindu women.
(C) uneducated Hindu women. (D) upper-caste Hindu women.
36. The news paper ‘Kesari’ was started by the Indian freedom fighter
(A) Balgangadhar Tilak. (B) Bipin Chandra Pal. (C) Dadabhai Naoroji. (D) Sri Aurobindo.
37. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as

(A) chapmen. (B) dealmen. (C) papermen. (D) salesmen.
38. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker from Madras is better known as

(A) Acharya. (B) Guru. (C) Saint. (D) Periyar.
39. The meaning of “Calligraphy” is

(A) kind of writing (B) ancient library (C) cultural practice (D) book binding
40. Who introduced hand-printing technology into Japan?

(A) Buddhist missionaries (B) Christian missionaries
(C) Muslim mulavis (D) Jainist missionaries
41. The Calcutta Supreme Court had passed certain regulations to control press freedom by
(A) 1820’s. (B) 1830’s. (C) 1840’s. (D) 1850’s
42. The Statesman newspaper was established in the year

(A) 1875. (B) 1876. (C) 1877. (D) 1878.
43. The Indian newspaper that refused a colonial government subsidy was the
(A) Deccan Herald. (B) Hindu. (C) Friend of India. (D) Times of India.
44. “The Ramcharitmanas” was written by

(A) Kambar. (B) Thiruvalluva. (C) Tulsidas. (D) Ved Vyas.
45. The power-driven cylindrical press was perfected by

(A) J.V. Schley. (B) Johann Gutenberg. (C) Marco Polo. (D) Richard M. Hoe.
46. Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves following the example of
(A) Bengal mill workers. (B) Bombay mill workers.
(C) Kanpur mill workers. (D) Madras mill workers.
47. Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves by the

(A) 1920s. (B) 1930s. (C) 1940s. (D) 1950s.
48. Raja Ravi Varma produced innumerable mythological paintings that were printed at the
(A) Naval Kishore Press. (B) Navakali Press.
(C) Ravi Varma Press. (D) Shri Venkateshwar Press.
49. Caricatures and cartoons published in journals and newspapers in India ridiculed
(A) conventional Hindus. (B) educated Indians.
(C) peasants. (D) orthodox women.
50. The Indian Charivari was a journal of caricature and satire published in the late
(A) sixteenth century. (B) seventeenth century. (C) eighteenth century. (D) nineteenth century.
51. The “Sacchi Kavitayan” a collection of poems was written by

(A) Kailashbashini Debi (B) Kashibaba. (C) Ram Chaddha. (D) Sudarshan Chakr.
52. A new visual culture was taking shape in India by the end of the
53. The books “My Childhood” and “My University” were written by
(A) Leo Tolstoy. (B) Maxim Gorky. (C) Mikhail Bhaktin. (D) Nikolai Gogol.

54. Punjab revolutionaries were deported in
(A) 1905. (B) 1906. (C) 1907. (D) 1908.
55. The colonial rule’s attitude to freedom of the press in India changed after the
(A) Chauri-Chaura incident of 1922. (B) Jallianwalla Bagh of 1919.
(C) Non Cooperation Movement of 1920. (D) Revolt of 1857.
56. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in the year

(A) 1875. (B) 1876. (C) 1877. (D) 1878.
57. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was modelled onthe

(A) Irish Brehon Laws. (B) Irish Coercion Laws. (C) Irish Restrictive Laws.(D) Irish Press Laws.
58. Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography “Amar Jiban” which was published in
(A) 1875. (B) 1876. (C) 1877. (D) 1878.
59. The first full-length autobiography published in the Bengali language was
(A) Amar Jiban. (B) Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal
(C) Gulamgiri. (D) Istri Dharm Vichar.
60. Bengali women wrote books highlighting the experiences of women during the
(A) 1850s. (B) 1860s. (C) 1870s. (D) 1880s.
61. The publication commissioned by the Hindu orthodoxy, to oppose Rammohun Roy’s opinions was the
(A) Jam-i-Jahan Nama. (B) Samachar Chandrika (C) Sambad Kaumudi. (D) Shamsul Akhbar.
62. Two Persian newspapers “Jam-i-Jahan Nama” and “Shamsul Akhbar” were published in the year
(A) 1821. (B) 1822. (C) 1823. (D) 1824.
63. The Deoband Seminary was founded in

(A) 1865. (B) 1866. (C) 1867. (D) 1868.
64. In the pre-revolution France, the print popularised the ideas of the
(A) Christian thinkers. (B) conventional thinkers.
(C) enlightenment thinkers. (D) traditional thinkers.
65. Kashibaba’s poems “Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal” showed the links between
(A) caste and class exploitation. (B) illiteracy and caste.
(C) illiteracy and class exploitation. (D) religion and caste.
66. The power-driven cylindrical press was capable of printing

(A) 5,000 sheets per hour. (B) 6,000 sheets per hour.
(C) 7,000 sheets per hour. (D) 8,000 sheets per hour.
67. The offset press developed in the late nineteenth century could print up to
(A) five colours. (B) six colours. (C) seven colours. (D) eight colours.
68. In the 1920s, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling series in
(A) England (B) France. (C) Germany. (D) Italy.
69. The art of beautifull and stylised writing is known as

(A) calligraphy. (B) cartography. (C) lithography. (D) typography.
70. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology in Japan around
(A) AD 766-770. (B) AD 767-770. (C) AD 768-770. (D) AD 769-770.

EXERCISE–II
1. The shilling series was introduced in [Haryana/NTSE Stage I/2013]

(A) France (B) US (C) England (D) Germany
2. How many Theses Martin Luther wrote [Haryana/NTSE Stage I/2013]

(A) Sixteen (B) Sixty (C) Eighty Nine (D) Ninety Five
3. Printing was first developed in: [Chandigrah_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]

(A) Japan (B) Portugal (C) China (D) Germany
4. The First Newspaper published in India was : Karnataka_NTSE_Stage-1_2013]

(A) The Bengal (B) The Bengal Gazette (C) The Hindi (D) The Indian Mirror
5. What was the theme of the Printing of Frederic Sorrieu- [Haryana_NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Democratic (B) Socialistic (C) Capitalistic (D) None of above
6. Who said. "Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one". [Haryana_NTSE Stage-1_ 2013-14]
(A) Charles Dickens (B) J.V. Schely (C) Mahatma Gandhi (D) Martin Luther
7. Gutenberg was associated with : (Delhi/NTSE Stage I/2014)

(A) Powerloom (B) Rail Engine (C) Computer (D) Printing Press
8. When was the publication of Bengal Gazette initiated ? (Rajasthan/NTSE Stage I/2017-18)
(A) 1750 (B) 1780 (C) 1850 (D) 1880
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE– I
Qu es 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D A A C B B A A D C A A A B B
Qu es 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. D A B C C C B D B A A B C C A
Qu es 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. A A A B D A A D A A A C C C D
Qu es 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. B B C B D D D B C D D D B A B
Qu es 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Ans. B B C C A D B A A C
EXERCISE – II
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. C D C B A D D C

8. NOVELS, SOCIETY AND HISTORY
THE RISE OF THE NOVEL
The novel first took firm root in England and France. Novels began to be written from the seventeenth century, but they
really flowered from the eighteenth century. New groups lower-middle-class people such as shopkeepers and clerks,
along with the traditional aristocracy and gentlemanly classes in England and France now formed the new readership
for novels.
1. The Publishing Market :
Technological improvements in printing brought down the price of books and innovations in marketing led to
expanded sales. In France, publishers found that they could make super profits by hiring out novels by the hour.
The novel was of the first mass produced items to be sold. There were several reasons for its popularity. The
worlds created by novels were absorbing and believable, seemingly real. While reading novels, the reader was
transported to another person's world, and began looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the
novel. Besides, novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private, as well as the joy of publicly reading
or discussing stories with friends or relatives.
2. Community and Society :
The nineteenth-century British novelist Thomas Hardy, for instance, wrote about rural farming communities of
England at a time when English countryside was rapidly changing. Peasants who toiled with their hands were
disappearing, as large farmers enclosed lands, bought machines and employed labourers to produce for the
market. Rural communities broke up and moved to the cities where a new urban culture came into being. Many
of Hardy's novels describe a way of life that was fast vanishing in the countryside. In 'Far From the Madding
Crowd' for instance, the setting is a village, a place where mechanisation and industrialisation have not yet taken
over. The novel opens with the appearance of Gabriel Oak, whose name suggests a link with the eternal rich soil
beneath his farmer's boots. He is in harmony with nature and lives by its natural laws. His steady fastness
symbolises the old ways, a culture in which loyalty, integrity, modest ambitions and decency are respected
values. Hardy mourns the loss of this world, although he recognises the advantages of the new world that was
emerging at the time. His novels created a sense understanding of the rural world and the communities who lived
within it.
3. The New Woman :
The eighteenth century saw the middle classes become more prosperous. Women got more leisure to read as
well as write novels. And novels began exploring the world of women - their emotions and identities, their experiences
and problems.
Many novels were about domestic life-a theme which women were allowed to speak with authority. They drew
upon their experience, wrote about family life and earned public recognition.
But women novelists did not simply popularise the domestic role of women. Often their novels would dealt with
women who broke established norms of society before adjusting to them.
Such stories allowed women readers to sympathise with rebellious actions. In Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre,
published in 1874, young Jane is shown as independent and assertive. While girls of her time were expected to
be quiet and well behaved, Jane at the age of ten protests against the hypocrisy of her elders with startling
bluntness.
4. Novels for the Young :
Novels for young boys idealised a new type of man : someone who was powerful, assertive, independent and
daring. Most of these novels were full of adventure set in places remote from Europe. The colonisers appear
heroic and honorable-confronting 'native' peoples and strange surroundings, adapting to native life as well as
changing it, colonising territories and then developing nations there. Books like R.L. Stevenson's Treasure Island
(1883) or Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book (1894) became great hits.
Love stories written for adolescent girls also first became popular in this period, especially in the USA, notably
‘Ramona’ (1884) by Helen Hunt Jackson and a series entitled ‘What Katy Did‘ (1872) by Sarah Chauncey
Woolsey, who wrote under the pen-name Susan Coolidge.
[69] Novels, Society And History
5. Colonialism and after :
The novel originated in Europe at a time when it was colonising the rest of the world. The early novel contributed
to colonialism by making the readers feel they were part of a superior community of fellow colonialists. The hero
of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) is an adventurer and slave trader. Shipwrecked on an island, Crusoe
treats coloured people not as human beings equal to him, but as inferior creatures. He rescues a 'native' and
makes him his slave. He does not ask for his name but arrogantly gives him the name Friday. But at the time,
Crusoe's behaviour was not seen as unacceptable or odd, for most writers saw colonialism as natural. Colonised
people were seen as primitive and barbaric, less than human; and colonial rule was considered necessary to
civilize them, to make them fully human. It was only later, in the twentieth century that writers like Joseph Conrad
(1857-1924) wrote novels that showed the darker side of colonial occupation.
THE NOVEL COMES TO INDIA
The modern novel form developed in India in the nineteenth century, as Indians became familiar with the Western
novel. The development of the vernaculars, print and a reading public helped in this process. Some of the earliest
Indian novels were written in Bengali and Marathi. The earliest novel in Marathi was Baba Padmanji's Yamuna
Paryatan (1857), which used a simple style of storytelling to speak about the plight of widows. This was followed by
Lakshman Moreshwar Halbe’s Muktamala (1861). This was not a realistic novel; it presented an imaginary ‘romance’
narrative with a moral purpose.
Leading novelists of the nineteenth century wrote for a cause. Colonial rulers regarded the contemporary culture of
India as inferior. On the other hand, Indian novelists wrote to develop a modern literature of the country that could
produce a sense of national belonging and cultural and equality with their colonial masters.
1. The Novel in South India :

Novels began appearing in south Indian languages during the period of colonial rule. Quite a few early novels
came out of attempts to translate English novels into Indian languages. For example, O. Chandu Menon, a
subjudge from Malabar, tried to translate an English novel called Henrietta Temple written by Benjamin Disraeli
into Malayalam. But he quickly realised that his readers in Kerala were not familiar with the way in which the
characters in English novels lived : their clothes, ways of speaking, and manners were unknown to them. They
would find a direct translation of an English novel dreadfully boring. So, he gave up this idea and wrote instead a
story in Malayalam in the 'manner of English novel books'. This delightful novel called Indulekha, published in
1889, was the first modern novel in Malayalam.
2. The Novel in Hindi :
Bharatendu Harishchandra, the pioneer of modern Hindi literature, encouraged many members of his circle of
poets and writers to recreate and translate novels from other languages. Many novels were actually translated
and adopted from English and Bengali under his influence, but the first proper modern novel was written by
Shrinivas Das of Delhi.
In the novel we see the characters attempting to bridge two different worlds through their actions: they take to
new agricultural technology, modernize trading practices, change the use of Indian languages, making them
capable of transmitting both Western sciences and Indian wisdom. The young are urged to cultivate the 'healthy
habit' of reading the newspapers. But the novel emphasises that all this must be achieved without sacrificing the
traditional values of the middle-class household. With all its good intentions, Pariksha-Guru could not win many
readers, as it was perhaps too moralising in its style.
It was with the writing of Premchand that the Hindi novel matured into greatness. He began writing in Urdu and
then shifted to Hindi, remaining an immensely influential writer in both languages. He drew on the traditional art
of kissa-goi (story telling). Many critics think that his novel Sewasadan (The Abode of Service), published in
1916, lifted the Hindi novel from the realm of fantasy, moralising and simple entertainment to a serious reflection
on the lives of ordinary people and social issues. Sewasadan deals mainly with the poor condition of women in
society. Issues like child marriage or dowry are woven into the story of the novel. It also tells us about the ways
in which the Indian upper classes used the space created by partial self-governance allowed under colonial rule.

3. Novels in Bengal :
In the nineteenth century, the early Bengali novels lived in two worlds. Many of these novels were located in the
past, their characters, events and love stories based on historical events. Another group of novels depicted the
inner world of domestic life in contemporary settings. Domestic novels frequently dealt with the social problems
and romantic relationships between men and women.
Besides the ingenious twists and turns of the plot and the suspense, the novel was also relished for its language.
The prose style became a new object of enjoyment. Initially the Bengali novel used a colloquial style associated
with urban life. It also used meyeli, the language associated with women's speech. This style was quickly
replaced by Bankim's prose which was Sanskritised but varied.
The novel rapidly acquired popularity in Bengal. By the twentieth century, the power of telling stories in simple
language made Sarat Chandra Chattopadhya (1876-1938) the most popular novelist in Bengal and probably in
the rest of India.
NOVELS IN THE COLONIAL WORLD

1. Uses of the Novel :
Colonial administrators found 'vernacular' novels a valuable source of information on native life and customs. Such
information was useful for them in governing Indian society, with its large variety of communities and castes. As
outsiders, the British knew little about life inside Indian households. The new novels in Indian languages often had
descriptions of domestic life. They showed how people dressed, their forms of religious worship, their beliefs and
practices and so on. Some of these books were translated into English, often by British administrators or
Christian missionaries.
Indians used the novel as a powerful medium to criticise what they considered defects in their society and to
suggest remedies. Writers like Viresalingam used the novel mainly to propagate their ideas about society among
a wider readership.
2. The Problems of being Modern :
Although they were about imaginary stories, novels often spoke to their readers about the real world. But novels
did not always show things exactly as they were in reality. Sometimes, they presented a vision of how things
ought to be. Social novelists often created heroes and heroines with ideal qualities, who their readers could
admire and imitate. How were these ideal qualities defined ? In many novels written during the colonial period, the
ideal person successfully deals with one of the central dilemmas faced by colonial subjects: how to be modern
without rejecting tradition, how to accept ideas coming from the west without losing ones identify.
The heroes and heroines in most of the novels were people who lived in the modern world. Thus they were
different from the ideal or mythological characters of the earlier poetic literature of India. Under colonial rule, many
of the English-educated class found new Western way of living and thinking attractive. But they also feared that
a wholesale adoption of Western values would destroy their traditional ways of living. Characters like Indulekha
and Madhavan showed readers how Indian and foreign lifestyles could be brought together in an ideal combination.
3. Pleasures of Reading :
As elsewhere in the world, in India too, the novel became a popular medium of entertainment among the middle
class. The circulation of printed books allowed people to amuse themselves in new ways. Picture books,
translations from other languages, popular songs sometimes composed on contemporary events, stories in
newspapers and magazines-all these offered new forms of entertainment. Within this new culture of print, novels
soon became immensely popular.
The novel also assisted in the spread of silent reading. We are so used to reading in silence that it is difficult for
us to think that this practice was not very common in the past. As late as the nineteenth century and perhaps
even in the early twentieth century, written texts were often read aloud for several people to hear. Sometimes
novels were also read in this way, but in general novels encouraged reading alone and in silence. Individuals
sitting at home or travelling in trains enjoyed them. Even in a crowed room, the novel offered a special world of
imagination into which the reader could slip, and be all alone. In this, reading a novel was like daydreaming.

WOMEN AND THE NOVEL
Some parents kept novels in the lofts in their houses, out of their children's reach. Young people often read them in
secret. This passion was not limited only to the youth. Older women-some of whom could not read-listened with
fascinated attention to popular Tamil novels read out to them by their grandchildren-a nice reversal of the familiar
grandma's tales!
It is not surprising that many men were suspicious of women writing novels or reading them. This suspicion cut
across communities. Hannah Mullens a Christian missionary and the author of Karuna O Pbulmonir Bibaran (1852),
reputedly the first novel in Bengali, tells her readers that she wrote in secret. In the twentieth century, Sailabala
Ghosh Jaya, a popular novelist, could only write because her husband protected her. As we have seen in the case of
the south, women and girls were often discouraged from reading novels.
1. Novel and Caste Practices :
Novels like Indirabai and Indulekha were written by members of the upper castes, and were primarily about upper-
caste characters. But not all novels were of this kind.
Potheri Kunjambu, a ‘lower-caste’ writer from north Kerala, wrote a novel called Saraswativjayam in 1892, mounting
a strong attack on caste oppression. This novel shows a young man from an 'untouchable' caste, leaving his
village to escape the cruelty of his Brahmin landlord. He converts to Christianity, obtains modern education, and
returns as the judge in the local court. Meanwhile, the villagers, thinking that the landlord’s men had killed him,
file a case. At the conclusion of the trial, the judge reveals his true indentity, and the Nambuthiri repents and
reforms his ways. Saraswativijayam stresses the importance of education for the upliftment of the lower castes.
From the 1920s, in Bengal too a new kind of novel emerged that depicted the lives of peasants and ‘low castes’.
Advaita Malla Burman’s (1914-1915) Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (1956) is an epic about the Mallas, a community of
fisherfolk who live off fishing in the river Titash.
THE NATION AND ITS HISTORY
With the coming of novels, such variations entered the world of print for the first time. The way characters spoke in a
novel began to indicate their region, class or caste. Thus novels made their readers familiar with the ways in which
people in other parts of their land spoke their language.
Over time, the medium of the novel made room for the experiences of communities that had not received much space
in the literary scene earlier. Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer (1908-96), for example, was one of the early Muslim
writers to gain wide renown as a novelist in Malayalam.
Basheer’s short novels and stories were written in the ordinary language of conversation. With wonderful humour,
Basheer’s novels spoke about ordinary details from the everyday life of Muslim households. He also brought into
Malayalam writing, themes which were considered very unusual at that time-poverty, insanity and life in prisons.
1. Imagining History and the Nation :
The history written by colonial historians tended to depict Indians as weak, divided and dependent on the British.
These histories could not satisfy the tastes of the new Indian administrators and intellectuals.
The imagined nation of the novel was so powerful that it could inspire actual political movements. Bankim’s
Anandamath (1882) is a novel about a secret Hindu militia that fights Muslims to establish a Hindu kingdom. It
was a novel that inspired many kinds of freedom fighters.
Many of these novels also reveal the problems of thinking about the nation. Was India to be a nation of only one
single religious community ? Who had natural claims to belong to the nation ?
2. The Autobiography of the Nation :
In the north, Premchand actually transformed the novel in Hindi-Urdu into an ‘autobiography of the nation’. His
novels are filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society. In his novels you meet
aristocrats and landlords, middle-level peasants and landless labourers, middle-class professionals and people
from the margins of society. The women characters are strong individuals, especially those who come from the
lower classes and are not modernised.

EXERCISE–I
1. Who wrote ‘Sultana’s dream’ a novel in Eighteenth century?

(A) Bijlis Kuji (B) Rokeya Begam (C) Rokeya Begum (D) Sabri Mala
2. Who of the following is considered as the pioneer of modern Hindi literature?
(A) Prem Chand. (B) Jatin Das.
(C) Bhartendu Harischandra. (D) Dwarka Das.
3. The novel “Treasure Island” was written by
(A) Daniel Defoe. (B) Joseph Hess. (C) Joseph Conard. (D) R.L. Stevenson.
4. The Tamil author who wrote under the pen name of Kalki was
(A) Viresalingam. (B) K. Raghuachari (C) R. Krishnamurthy. (D) T. Krishnamachari.
5. Which factor helped in the growth of novels in the modern society?
(A) The readers were drawn into story and identified with the lives of fictitious characters
(B) The story was lengthy and good
(C) The story was enthralling in novels
(D) It infused new spirit of reading
6. The first Oriya novel “Saudamani” was written by
(A) Fakir Mohon Senapati. (B) Gobardhan.
(C) Ramashankar Ray. (D) Sambuji Ganesh.
7. Novels began to be written in the
8. Samuel Richardson’s ‘Pamela’ is the best example of
(A) an epistolary novel. (B) a narrative novel. (C) a postal novel (D) a serialised novel.
9. The woman novelist who wrote with the pen name ‘Mary Ann Evans’ was
(A) Charlottee Bronte. (B) G.A. Henty . (C) George Eliot. (D) Jane Austen.
10. The novel that used the private and personal form of letters to tell the story was called
(A) an epistolary novel. (B) a narrative novel. (C) a postal novel (D) a serialised novel.
11. The novelist who claimed to be the founder of a new province of writing was
(A) Henry Schelding (B) Henry Fielding (C) Henry Fredman (D) Henry Trueman
12. Theme of Emile Zola’s novel Germinal is
(A) life of peasants in France (B) life of workers in France
(C) life of a young miner in France (D) life of children in railways
13. The first novel written in Oriya language was
(A) Mana Gahtra Chasa. (B) Saudamani. (C) Sandhya Bhasha. (D) Yuddh O Shanti.
14. The Telugu novel “Rajasekhara Caritamu” was written by
(A) Bammera Potana. (B) Gonabudda Reddy.
(C) Kandukuri Viresalingam. (D) Srinathudu.
15. The best seller novel written by Devaki Nandan Khatri was
(A) Chandrakanta. (B) kissa-goi . (C) Pariksha-Guru. (D) Sewasadan.
16. The first historical novel in Bengali Anguriya Binimoy was written by
(A) Bankim Chandra (B) Bhuddadeb Mukhopadhya
(C) Sarat Chandra (D) Salim Ali
17. The first proper modern novel in Hindi was written by
(A) Ashapurna Devi. (B) Bankim Chandra Chatadhya.
(C) Sarat Chandra Chatadhya. (D) Srinivas Das.

18. Charles Dickens’ novel “Hard Times” describes a fictitious industrial town known as
(A) Coketown. (B) Gardentown. (C) Parktown. (D) Steeltown.
19. The first novel in Hindi by Srinivas Das is
(A) Guru-Dakshina (B) Guru-Kripa (C) Pariskha-Guru (D) Guru-Jiwan
20. Who of the following became world-renowned novelist of Bengal during twentieth century?
(A) Ashapurna Devi. (B) Bankim Chandra Chatadhya.
(C) Sarat Chandra Chatadhya. (D) Rabindranath Tagore.
21. Match the following and choose the answer from the codes given below :
Column I Column II
A. Pamela (i) Emile Zola
B. Tom Jones (ii) Charles Dickens
C. Pickwick Papers (iii) Henry Fielding
D. Germinal (iv) Samuel Richardson
(A) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) (B) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(ii)
(C) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i) (D) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i)
22. The novel of Jane Austen – Pride and Prejudice depicts the theme of
(A) marriage and money in rural society (B) marriage and money in city life
(C) marriage of young women (D) marriage of women in society
23. Match the following columns and choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
Column I Column II
A. R.L. Stevensons (i) What Katy Did
B. Rudyard Kipling (ii) Ramona
C. Helen H. Jackson (iii) Jungle book
D. Saran Chauncey Woolsey (iv) Treasure Island
(A) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(ii) (B) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(C) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i) (D) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)
24. The novel “Germinal” was written by
(A) Charles Dickens. (B) Emile Zola. (C) Leo Tolstoy. (D) William Hogarth.
25. The novel “Godan” (The Gift of a Cow) written by Premchand was published in
(A) 1935. (B) 1936. (C) 1937. (D) 1938.
26. Who is considered as the greatest novelist of the nineteenth century Bengal?
(A) Rabindranath Tagore. (B) Rajmukund Das.
(C) Rasbihari Ghose. (D) Bankim Chandra Chatadhya.
27. Match the following and choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
Column I Column II
A. Chomana Dudi (i) Bankim Chandra
B. Chemmeen (ii) Bhuddadeb Mukhopadhya
C. Anguriya Binimoy (iii) T. Sivasankara Pillai
D. Anand Math (iv) Sivaraman Karnath
(A) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i) (B) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i)
(C) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) (D) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iii)
28. The novel “Mayor of Casterbridge” was written by
(A) Charlotte bronte (B) Jane Austen (C) Thomas Hardy (D) William Hogarth
29. The novel The Mayor of Caster Bridge was written by
(A) John Milton (B) Thomas Mann (C) Thomas Hardy (D) Thomas Mill
30. Which one of the following language was used by Thomas Hardy in his novel.
(A) French (B) English (C) Vernacular (D) German

31. Leo Tolstoy was a famous novelist from
(A) America. (B) Britain. (C) France. (D) Russia.
32. The novel “Muktamala” was written by
(A) Anil Avachat. (B) Baba Padmanji.
(C) Lakshman Moreshwar Halbe. (D) Mohan Apte.t
33. Banabhatta’s “Kadambari” was written in Sanskrit in the
(A) seventh century (B) sixth century. (C) eighth century. (D) ninth century.
34. The novel “Muktamala” was written in
(A) 1861. (B) 1862. (C) 1863. (D) 1864.
35. Chandu Menon, a novelist, was from
(A) Orissa. (B) Tamil Nadu. (C) Bengal. (D) Kerala.
36. The earliest novel in Marathi was written by
(A) Baba Padmanji. (B) Chandu Menon. (C) Moreshwar Halbe. (D) Viresalingam.
37. Samuel Richardson’s novel ‘Pamela’ was written in the
38. Henry Fielding’s novel ‘Tom Jones’ was written in
(A) 1746. (B) 1747. (C) 1748. (D) 1749.
39. The Oriya novel “Chaa Mana Atha Guntha” was written in the year
(A) 1901. (B) 1902. (C) 1903. (D) 1904.
40. The novelist Fakir Mohon Senapati was from
(A) Andhra Pradesh. (B) Bengal. (C) Kerala. (D) Orissa.
41. People in England and France claiming noble birth and high social position belonged to
(A) behavioural classes. (B) gentlemanly classes.
(C) generous classes. (D) spiritual classes.
42. The novels first took firm roots in
(A) America and France. (B) Australia and Africa.
(C) England and France. (D) China and Russia.
43. The Tamil Novel “Ponniyin Selvan” was written by
(A) Chandu Menon (B) Muhammad Basheer
(C) Viresalingam (D) R.Krishnamurthy
44. “Katahnjali” was a regional magazine from India and was published in
(A) Tamil (B) Hindi (C) Oriya (D) Kannada
45. A long tradition of prose tales of adventure and heroism in Persian and Urdu is known as
(A) dari. (B) dastan. (C) Hamzas. (D) Harakat.
46. The novel “Indulekha” was written in
(A) Kannada. (B) Malayalam. (C) Tamil (D) Telugu.
47. The novel “Indulekha” was published in the year
(A) 1886. (B) 1887. (C) 1888. (D) 1889.
48. The Marathi novel “Yamuna Paryatan” was witten by
(A) Anil Avachat (B) Baba Padmanji (C) Mohan Apte (D) Narayan Hari Apte
49. The Telugu novel “Rajasekhara Caritamu” was written in
(A) 1876. (B) 1877. (C) 1878. (D) 1879.
50. The Kannada novel “Indirabai” was written by
(A) Bammera Potana. (B) Gulavadi Venkata Rao.
(C) Kandukuri Viresalingam. (D) Srinathudu.
51. “Pickwick Papers” was written by
(A) Charles Dickens. (B) Leo Tolstoy. (C) Samuel Richardson. (D) Walter Scott.
52. Charlotte Bronte’s novel “Jane Eyre” was published in

(A) 1874. (B) 1875. (C) 1876. (D) 1877.
53. The novel “Indulekha” was written by

(A) M.T.Vasudevan Nair. (B) M.Mukundan.
(C) O. Chandu Menon. (D) O.V.Vijayan.
54. The first novel in Hindi, written by Srinivas Das of Delhi was
(A) Guru-Dakshina. (B) Guru-Kripa. (C) Pariskha-Guru. (D) Guru-Jiwan.
55. Joseph Conrad wrote novels that showed the darker side of
(A) child labour (B) colonial occupations.(C) national struggle. (D) working women.
56. The novel “Vicar of Wakefield” was written by

(A) Charles Dickens. (B) Leo Tolstoy. (C) Oliver Goldsmith. (D) Walter Scott.
57. Charles Dickens’ novel “Oliver Twist” was written in the year
(A) 1836. (B) 1837. (C) 1838. (D) 1839.
58. The novel “Oliver Twist” was written by

(A) Charles Dickens. (B) Leo Tolstoy. (C) Samuel Richardson. (D) Walter Scott.
59. Emile Zola, the author of the novel “Germinal”, was from
(A) America. (B) Britain. (C) France. (D) Russia.
60. The British novelist Thomas Hardy belonged to the

(A) sixteenth-century. (B) seventeenth- century (C) eighteenth-century. (D) nineteenth-century.
61. Thomas Hardy’s novel “Mayor of Casterbridge” written in 1886 was about
(A) Henry Ford. (B) Michael Henchard. (C) Oliver. (D) R.L. Stevenson.
62. The novels of Jane Austen give us a glimpse of the world’s

(A) children (B) politicians. (C) women. (D) workers.
63. The novelists O. Chandu Menon worked as a subjudge in

(A) Andhra Pradesh. (B) Karnataka. (C) Madras. (D) Malabar.
64. The novel “Tom Jones” was written by

(A) Henry Fielding. (B) Leo Tolstoy. (C) Samuel Richardson. (D) Walter Scott.
65. Charles Dickens’s “Pickwick Papers” was serialised in a magazine in

(A) 1836. (B) 1837. (C) 1838. (D) 1839.
66. Charles Dickens wrote the novel “ Hard Times” in the year
(A) 1854. (B) 1855. (C) 1856. (D) 1857.
67. In which text did Jyotiba Phule write about the injustices of Caste system?[Rajasthan_NTSE_Stage-1_2014]
(A) Gulamgiri (B) Amar Jivan (C) Indirabad (D) Indralekha.
68. Who among the following is the author of the novel "Hard Times" [Haryana/NTSE Stage I/2013]
(A) Leo Tolstoy (B) Thomas Hardy (C) Charles Dickens (D) Samuel Richardson
69. Which novel is known as the first modern novel of Malayalam ? (Rajasthan/NTSE Stage I/2015)
(A) Henrietta Temple (B) Pariksha Guru (C) Chandrakanta (D) Indulekha
70. Who is the author of Pride and Prejudice ? [Haryana NTSE Stage I/2015]
(A) Charlotte Bronte (B) William Hogarth (C) Samuel Richardson (D) Jane Austin

Q.71 Who wrote the novel ‘Godan’ ? (Rajasthan/NTSE Stage I/2016-17)
(A) Muhammad Basheer (B) Rabindranath Tagore
(C) Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay (D) Premchand
Q.72 Who was Charles Dickens ? (Rajasthan/NTSE Stage I/2016-17)

(A) King (B) Novelist (C) Revolutionary (D) Monk
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE– I
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B C D C A C B A C A B C B C A
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. B D A C D C A C B B A A C C C
Ques 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. D C A A B A C D B D B C D D B
Ques 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. B D B C B A A C C B C C A C D
Ques 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
Ans. B C D A A A A C D D B A

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1.

THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

1. The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class :

[1] The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS : 1830-1848

The first revolt took place in France in July 1830.

VISUALISING THE NATION

NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM

1. Returning from exile, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a new organisation called

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. [4]

[5] The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. [6]

[7] The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. [8]

105. The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from

106. The meaning of the German word “volksgeist” was the

[9] The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. [10]

EMERGING FROM THE SHADOW OF CHINA

THE DILEMMA OF COLONIAL EDUCATION

[11] The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

HYGIENE, DISEASE AND EVERYDAY RESISTANCE

RELIGION AND ANTI-COLONIALISM

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. [12]

THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT AND VIETNAMESE NATIONALISM

[13] The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

THE NATION AND ITS HEROES

END OF THE WAR

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. [14]

2. Vietnam gained formal independence in

5. The war between US and Vietnam is called

8. The Bao Dai regime was overthrown by a coup led by

10. The monarchy was overthrown in China in the year.

11. The Vietnamese Communist Party was formed by

13. The book “The History of the Loss of Vietnam” is authored by

14. The Hoa Hao movement started in the year

[15] The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

19. Cochinchina became a French colony in

23. French Indo—China was formed in the year

24. Confucius belonged to

25. The Vietnamese killed over a thousand Catholics in the provinces of

26. The Scholars Revolt took place in

28. The elite people in Vietnam were educated in Chinese and

35. Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. [16]

39. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture

41. Sun-Yat-Sen was a

42. The provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh in Vietnam were called as

44. The economy of Vietnam was based on

46. NLF stands for

60. In 1940 Vietnam was dominated and occupied by

61. The country which had great influence on Vietnam was

63. The area under rice cultivation in Vietnam in 1873 was

65. The Scholars Revolt in 1868 in Vietnam was led by the

69. Being deported from Japan, Vietnamese shifted to

70. The port of Faifo was founded by

Vibrant Academy (I) Pvt. Ltd. [18]

82. The old name of Thailand was