DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTIN READINESS 1

Geological hazards include:

 Seismic Events (Earthquakes)
 Volcanism
 Landslides
VOLCANIC HAZARD
 Tsunami
- phenomenon arising from volcanic activities
 Expansive Soils and Rock
that pose potential threat

VOLCANIC HAZARDS: LANDSLIDE

- ground movement on a sloping terrain
LAVA FLOWS (ground)
- stream-like flows of molten rock erupted from - aggravated by rain because water is a
a crater natural agent for erosion.

ASH FALL / TEPHRA FALL TYPES OF LANDSLIDE:

- showers of airborne fine-grained to course-
graned volcanic particles that fall out from 1. SOIL CREEP LANDSLIDE
the plumes of a volcanic eruption - very slow downslope
movement of particles that
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
occurs in every slope covered
- a turbulent mass of ejected fragmented
with loose, weathered material
volcanic materials mixed with hot gases
- asphyxiation (inhalation of hot ash and
2. SLUMPING LANDSLIDE
gases)
- mass of material moving
- SURGES are more dilute, more mobile
downslope as a unit. The
derivatives or pyroclastic flows
removed mass of soil and
LAHARS rock leave an abrupt drop-off
- rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic at the top of the landslide
sediments and water known as a scarp.
- Slumping is a faster movement
VOLCANIC GASES than Soil Creep
- Water vapor (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), 3. DEBRIS FLOW LANDSLIDE
hydrogen chloride (HCI), and hydrogen - water-soaked mass of rock and
fluoride (HF). soil that slides down the slope.
- fast-moving landslides
BALLISTIC PROJECTILES
- Volcanic material directly ejected from the 4. ROCKFALL LANDSLIDES
volcano’s vent with force and trajectory - fast-moving landslide that
happens when rock or earth
VOLCANIC LANDSLIDE (debris avalanche) falls, bounces, or rolls from a
- massive collapse of volcano, usually cliff or down a very steep slope
triggered by earthquake or volcanic eruption - sudden slides caused by heavy
TSUNAMI rain
- series of sea wave generated by sudden
displacement of water
SINKHOLE
- topographic depression created when
groundwater dissolves the underlying
limestone bedrock. Often known as "sink"
or "doline".
- Occur in areas where the soil foundation is
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD - an extreme natural made of soft minerals and rocks such as
event on the earth that pose a threat to life and limestone, salt beds, or any acidic rocks.
property.

KEITH ROUIE BALLESTER 12-POLARIS

 DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTIN READINESS 2

KINDS OF SINKHOLES: FISSURE

- long, narrow crack opening along the
1. NATURAL SINKHOLES surface of Earth. The term is derived from
- caused by physical or chemical erosion. the Latin word fissura, which means 'cleft'
or 'crack'. (Bitak in Filipino)
2. MAN-MADE SINKHOLES
- caused by drilling, mining, road EARTHQUAKE
construction, and broken water or - defined by PHIVOLCS as a weak to violent
shaking of the ground produced by the
underground pipes.
sudden movement of rocks or rock
materials below the earth's surface.
TYPES OF SINKHOLES:
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
1. COVER COLLAPSE SINKHOLES
- When the bedrock erodes, cracks form.
1. TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
Weak spots appear in the soil layers above.
- generated by the sudden displacement
These weak spots turn into big holes in the
(movement) along faults and plate
bedrock, which can't hold up the weight boundaries
above. Then, suddenly, everything
collapses, making big holes quickly.
2. VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
- Develops suddenly (over an hour period) - induced by rising lava or magma beneath
active volcanoes
2. COVER SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLES
- Gradually grows where the sediment covers
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
are permeable and contain sand
GROUND SHAKING
3. DISSOLUTION SINKHOLE - up-down and sideways motion felt during
- It occurs in areas where calcareous is an earthquake.
exposed on the ground or where thin layers
of soil and permeable sand are also GROUND RUPTURE
covered. - displacement or deformation on the ground
- there is little soil or vegetation over the brought about by the movement of a fault.
limestone or other bedrock. Water from rain The movement may be as small as 0.5
and runoff slowly trickles through crevices meters to a larger more noticeable
in the bedrock, dissolving it. As a result, a movement.
depression gradually forms.
LIQUEFACTION
4. ARTIFICIAL SINKHOLE - happens when a body of solid sediments
- Such types of sinks may be caused by starts to behave like liquid due to
various human activities, including extremely intense shaking.
groundwater pumping and building.
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
- downward movement or mass migration of
rocks and loose thin soil covering on the
slopes mountains that are shaken during
an earthquake.
HAZARD
- dangerous phenomenon, substance, TSUAMI
human activity or condition. - series of giant waves greater than 5
- It may cause loss of life, injury or other meters resulting from geological processes
health impacts, property damage, loss of like strong under-the-sea earthquakes.
livelihoods and services.

FAULT
- fracture in the Earth's crust along which
movement has occurred.

KEITH ROUIE BALLESTER 12-POLARIS