Agriculture

• It is of three types :-
o Arable (crop farming)
o Pastoral (livestock farming)
o Mixed (crops + livestock farming)
• It is a primary profession as raw materials are obtained directly from nature / ground / earth.
Other examples are fishing, mining and forestry.
Crop farming as a system

Inputs Processes Outputs

• Land • Ploughing • Wheat

• Soil • Sowing • Rice
• Temperature • Irrigating • Cotton
• Rainfall • Threshing • Sugarcane
• Machines • Fertilizing
• Fertilizers • Weeding
• Labor • Harvesting
• Knowledge
• Irrigation

Small scale subsistence farming features Cash crop farming features

• For family / home use • For sale / profit

• Low output • High capital is invested
• Poverty • High yield (output per unit area)
• Small farms • Large farms
• Need to supplement their income e.g. • High value economic inputs e.g.
carpenters, blacksmiths, cobblers. chemical fertilizers, HYV seeds, modern
• Cheap economic inputs / tradition inputs irrigation e.g. tube wells, machinery e.g.
• For example: draft animal, natural tractors, harvesters, threshers, skilled
manure as fertilizer, traditional irrigation labor, etc.
methods like Persian wheel, desi seeds, • High profit
wooden plough, inherited knowledge, • More affordability
family labor, etc.

Barani / Rain Fed farming

Characteristics Crops Areas

• Depends entirely on rainfall Wheat, Potwar
• Small fields Millet Plateau
• Ploughing is done after rainfall Pulses, (Rawalpindi,
• Farmers are too poor to own their own tractors / lack of machines Oilseeds, Attock and
• Traditional methods used - Animal dung as fertilizer, family labor, Maize Chakwal)
• If rainfall is insufficient then crops fail
• Mostly low yields
• Often sheep / goats reared as alternative source of food / income
Irrigated farming

Characteristics Crops Areas

• Depends on irrigation • Wheat • Upper
o Irrigation is the artificial supply of water • Sugarcane Indus Plain
e.g. through perennial canals • Rice • Lower
• Large farms • Cotton Indus Plain
• Farmers use modern machineries e.g. tractors
• Use of modern methods e.g. chemical fertilizers,
HYV seeds
• More output

Cropping seasons
• There are two main cropping seasons
• Rabi / winter
o Sown in early winter and are harvested in early summer
o Outputs are wheat (cash + grain crop), barley (grain crop), grams, etc
• Kharif / summer
o Sown in early summer and are harvested in early winter
o Outputs are rice (cash + grain crop), cotton (cash crop), sugarcane (cash crop),
millets (grain crops), maize (cash + grain crop)
HYV Seeds examples
• Wheat - Maxi Pak
• Rice - Irri Pak
• Cotton - Nayyab – 78
Wheat

Natural requirements
• Warm temperature
• 10 – 20 degrees at sowing
• 25 – 30 degrees at harvesting
• Moderate rainfall (325 – 625 mm)
• Alluvial soil
• Well drained land
• Light rain of October – November helps its growth
• Dry harvesting season

Methods of cultivation
• Prepare fields by Ploughing, weeding and irrigating
• Seeds are sown in October – November
• This crop needs two irrigations
o First is one month after sowing
o Second is one month after harvesting
• Chemical fertilizers for nutrients
• Pesticides are sprayed to kill pests
• Harvested in early summer when ripe
• Thrashed (separation of grain from chaff (by – product) )
• Stored or transported to the market
Main areas
• Indus plains
• Whole of Punjab
• Nawabshah (key area of Sindh)

Importance / use
• It is the staple food of Pakistan thus high demand.
o That demand is fulfilled through the cultivation of wheat within the country
which saves imports and saves foreign exchange
• In good seasons, it is exported which helps to earn foreign exchange and improves
Balance of Trade
• Source of income for farmers
• Source of employment for those who work in such industries which use wheat as raw
material e.g. food processing industry
• It helps to reduce rural – urban migration
• It also helps in the development of rural areas e.g. roads, electricity, etc
• Its’ by – product, chaff, is used as animal fodder and in making mud houses
Rice

Natural requirements
• Warm / hot
o Temperature (20 – 30 degrees during growth)
• Warm and dry harvesting period
• Loamy / claying soil
• Flat land
• Water retentive soil
• Needs high amount of rainfall (1270 mm, however 2000 mm is ideal (not available in
Pakistan so irrigation fills the gap ) )

Method of cultivation
• Nursery for seeds
• Repairing bunds (banks) for water
• Prepare fields by Ploughing / weeding in June
• Flooding / irrigation
• Transplanting seedlings in June / July
• Fertilizers for nutrients
• Pesticides to kill pests
• Drain water from fields before harvesting
• Harvesting in dry season / weather of September / October
• Thrashing (rice is separated from husks)

Main areas
• Larkana
• Gujranwala
• Sialkot
• Shekhupur

Importance
• Exported to other countries e.g. Basmadi to Bangladesh so helps to earn foreign
exchange and increases Balance of Payment
 • Fulfils local demand of rice and saves foreign exchange
• Income for farmers
• Source of employment for those who use rice as raw material e.g. food processing
industry
• Reduces rural – urban migration
• Helps to develop remote areas e.g. roads / electricity
• Its’ by – product, husk, is used for making animal fodder and chipboards
Q: There are four main processes of rice cultivation: Harvesting, Planting, Preparation of fields, Growth. List
the processes in the correct order.
• Preparation
• Planting
• Growth
• Harvesting
Q: Explain how each of the processes named above is linked in the Lahore area from June – October.

• June rain to soften soil for preparation of field

• June – July rain for planting seeds / seedlings
• June – September sufficient rainfall / rain continues for growth
• September – October dried period of harvest.
Q: Explain how canal irrigation is used and controlled to grow rice.
• From reservoirs / dams / barrages / another canal
• Closed or opened by gates
• Field flooded in preparation before transplanting
• Kept flooded during growth
• Drained before harvest
Cotton

Natural requirements
• Hot temperature (25 – 35 degrees during growth)
• Dry harvesting period
• Alluvial soil
• Flat land
• High amount of rainfall i.e. 1000 mm (not available in Pakistan so irrigation fills the
gap)
• Deep soil (very alluvial soil)

Method of cultivation
• Prepare fields by Ploughing, weeding and irrigating
• Seeds are sown in June
• After 1 month, first irrigation
• Another irrigation 2 months after the first one
• Fertilizer for nutrients
• Pesticides to kill pests e.g. leaf curl virus
• Picking in September / October usually by women
o Because of cheap labor
o Surplus labor
o Structure of their fingers
• Transported to ginning mills for separating seeds from lit
Main areas
• Bahawalpur
• Bahawalnagar
• Multan
• Nawabshah
• Rahimyarkhan

Importance
• Main export of Pakistan so helps to improve Balance of Payment as it earns foreign
exchange
• Fulfils local demand so restricts imports
• Income for farmers
• Employment for those who work in such industries which use cotton as raw material e.g.
cotton yarn, cotton textile
• Reduces rural – urban migration
• Helps to develop remote areas e.g. roads / electricity
• Its’ by – product, seeds, are used as animal fodder and for extraction of oil.
Sugarcane

Natural requirements
• Hot temperature (25 – 35 degree during growth)
• Dry harvesting time
• Alluvial soil
• Flat land
• 1520 mm rain
• This rain is not available in Pakistan so irrigation fills the gap
• Deep soil
• Well drained land

Method of cultivation
• Prepare fields by Ploughing, weeding and irrigating
• Stocks are buried underground
• Fertilizer for nutrients
• Pesticides to kill pests
• Irrigation on regular basis
• Harvesting on regular basis
• Harvesting in dry period for 2 – 3 successive years
• It is grown through rattooning
• Taken to factory quickly / without delay
• Washed / scrubbed
• Crushed
• Juice collected
• Refined
• Crystallized
• Whitened / made into white sugar
• Molasses and bagasse (by products)

Main areas
• Peshawar
• Mardan
 • Faisalabad
• Nawabshah

Importance
• Sugar cane is raw material for sugar mills
• Exported in good seasons so helps to earn foreign exchange thus improves Balance
of Trade
• By – products used like Molasses in chemical industry
• Bagasse in chipboard making
• Fulfils local demand of sugar
• Restricts imports so saves foreign exchange
• Income for farmers
• Employment for those who work in sugar mills which uses sugar cane as raw
material
• Reduces rural – urban migration
• Helps to develop remote areas
• Molasses is used in making Ethalyn
• Bagasse used as animal fodder
• Bagasse used to produce electricity
• Bagasse used for making packing material
Tobacco
• Irrigation
• Mardan, Peshawar
• Exported
• Chemical fertilizers
• Alluvial soil
Q: Explain why it is important to increase production of sugar and other agricultural products in Pakistan.
• Income for farmers
• Reduces rural – urban migration
• Increasing population
• Nutritious / need for better food production
• Increases exports / earns foreign exchange / increases GDP / increases Pakistan’s income
• Reduces imports / improves Balance of Payment
• Provides employment in named industries e.g. sugar mill
• By – products e.g. Bagasse for fuel production
Explain the importance of waste products such as these.
• Bagasse for paper / cardboard
• Bagasse for chipboard
• Molasses for chemical industry
• Straw for roofing
• Animal fodder
• Mixed in soil to make Kacha houses
• Bagasse for power stations / fuel
• Bagasse for making packing material
• Can save fossil fuels / coal / gas / oil
• Cheaper than fossil fuels, electricity, etc.
Fruit farming
 • Apples, apricots, almonds
o They are found in northern Baluchistan (Quetta and Mastun valley)
o Found in Northern Swat, Hunza and Baltistan
o Because of sunshine / warmth for photosynthesis
▪ Soil for nutrients
▪ Flat area of valley floors for easy cultivation
▪ Rain for better growth
• Dates
o Grown in Kharan, Thar and Turbat
o Because sunshine is available for photosynthesis
▪ Soil for nutrients
▪ Flat land for easy cultivation
▪ Irrigation through Karez for better growth
o Importance
▪ Used as food
▪ Shelter to crops from strong wind
▪ Shades from intense heat of desert
• Bananas, Mangoes and Citrus fruits
o Grown in Northern Sindh and Southern Punjab
▪ Because irrigation from River Indus
▪ Flat land of Lower Indus Plain for easy irrigation
▪ Temperature above 15 degree even in winter
▪ Alluvial soil for nutrients
▪ Monsoon / summer rainfall for better growth
Q: Why are fruit crops mainly grown for local use?
• Perishable
• Heavy / difficult to transport
• Small amounts so hardly for local areas
• Not of export quality

Q: Name two crops on the list that are mainly used for animal fodder.
(Maizes, Pulses, Millet, Oilseeds, Tobacco)

Maize, Millet, Oil seeds

Q: Name one crop on the list that is not a food crop
Tobacco
Q: Name one crop that is rich in protein
Pulses
Q: Name one type of soil seed
Mustard, groundnut, sesame, sunflower, soya beans
Livestock farming
• It is the rearing of animals
• It is of three types
o Nomadic
▪ Frequent / Seasonal movement from one place to another in search of food
and water
▪ Sheep, goats & camels reared
▪ Practiced in Thar and Kharan desert
 o Transhumance (semi – nomadic)
▪ Seasonal
▪ Animals are kept high up in the mountains in summer and brought down to
lower pasture in winters
▪ Goats, sheep and cattle are reared
▪ Practiced in Northern and Western mountains
o Settled
▪ Permanent
▪ Goat, sheep, cattle, hens and buffaloes are reared
▪ Practiced in villages of Punjab and Sindh
Livestock farming as a system

Inputs
• Natural grazing fields
• Water from ponds / lakes
• Open land
• Family labor
• Animal shed
• Fodder rooms
• Processed fodder
• Specialized labor
• Veterinary facilities
• Machines for milking, etc

Processes
• Feeding
• Milking
• Cleaning
• Selling
• Refrigerating
• Shearing
• Exercising

Outputs
• Milk
• Meat
• Wool
• Eggs
• Hides
Importance of livestock farming
• Contributes to GDP so to national income
• Some of their products are exported
o So foreign exchange is earned which improves Balance of Payment / Trade
• Raw materials for domestic industry
o Milk in food processing industry
o Wool in woolen textile industry
o Skins / hides in tanning industry
• Fulfils domestic need of nutritious food like meat and milk ; so reduces imports
• Draft power
 o To pull the plough
o For threshing
o To lift water from wells
o To pull carts for transport to town / market
• Source of income for farmers
Problems of livestock farming
• Few hospitals / veterinary facilities so difficult to treat animals
• Lack of grazing grounds so weak animals due to lack of food
• High prices of processed fodder so difficult for poor farmers to afford
• Inefficient marketing system of milk so usually sell milk to the middle man on low price
• Inadequate storage facilities like refrigerating due to lack of electricity and due to poverty
and the result is that they are to sell their products for low prices
• Primitive breeding methods so low quality animals
• Unhygienic condition of farms
o More diseases in animals
o Buyers are reluctant to purchase due to low quality
• Illiterate farmers so cannot modernize their farms by modern techniques like milking
machines
• Poverty so cannot purchase modern techniques like milking machines
Development strategy / Solution
• Loans to purchase modern inputs
• Selective breeding methods for better quality animals
• Better fodder for stronger and bigger animals
• More grazing land by irrigation, fertilizers, etc
• Vaccination to improve health
• More medicines / more vets to treat animals
• Mechanization e.g. milking machines for hygiene and speed
Livestock resources

Buffalo
• Milk (70% of Pakistan’s milk)
• Meat
• Draft animal
• Hides
• Dung as manure
However,
• Not sure footed so cannot be kept in mountainous areas
• They need a lot of water so cannot be kept in Baluchistan
Main areas are
• Bahawalpur
• Multan
• Jhang
• Sahiwala

Cattle
• Cows
o Milk
 • Bullocks
o For prestige
• Meat
• Draft animal (4 points)
• Hides
• Dung for biogas
Main areas are
• Bahawalpur
• Multan
• Jhang

Sheep and goats

• Wool
• Meat (preferred meat so high demand)
o Demand is increasing due to high population
o Demand is increasing due to better standard of living
• Hides for tanning industry
• Dung as fertilizer
• Wool to woolen industry
• Sure footed so can be kept in mountainous areas
However
• Overgrazing so causes soil erosion … (3 pts.)
Main areas
• Bahawalpur
• Multan
• Jhang
• Zhob

Poultry
• Eggs
• Meat
o Preferred meat
o More demand
o Demand increases due to growing population
o Demand increases due to better standard of living
• Main areas are the outskirts of all the main cities of Pakistan like Islamabad,
Rawalpindi, Mureee, etc.
Poultry farming
• It is the keeping of hens for commercial purposes

Methods
• Hens lay eggs
• Eggs are hatched
• Small hens / chickens are transferred to sheds where they are fed and vaccinated on
regular bases
• When they attain some weight and age, they are transported to the market where they are
sold for profit
Q: Why are buffaloes more important than cattle?
• More milk
• More meat
Q: Why do most farmers want to own a pair of bullocks?
• To pull the plough
• For threshing
• To lift water from wells
• To pull carts for transport to own town / market
• Most farmers are poor..
o .. so cannot afford machinery / bullocks / cheaper than machinery
• Most fields are too small for tractors
• Bullocks are a sign of prestige
Q: Why is a large supply of water necessary for a buffalo farm?
• For drinking
• For keeping the buffalo cool / spraying on buffalo
• For washing / dipping buffalo / bathing
• For cleaning
• For adding to their milk
Q: No fodder crops are grown on the farms near Karachi. How are these farms supplied with food for the
buffalo?
• By road / tractor / cart
o In bulk / large amounts
• From crop farms outside Karachi / on southern Lower Indus plain
o Near Hyderabad / Thatta / Badin
Q: Explain the importance of the buffalo farms to Karachi.
• Milk
• Butter / ghee / other named dairy product
• Karachi has a huge population / increasing population
• Milk is expensive to transport
• Milk can be fresh
• Milk can be supplied regularly
• Supplies hides / skins
o Karachi is important for the production of leather goods
• Dung sold for fuel in markets
o Used domestically / home
o Used commercially / hotels / shops
• Meat
Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of these types of livestock farming in either mountain or
desert areas?

Advantages
• Access to good pasture
• Low cost / free
• In areas of poor soil / land
• Source of income like good to sell
• Source of food
• Dung for fertile soil
• Camels adapt to desert
 • Sheep and goats eat poor quality grass.

Disadvantages
• Need to move about (no permanent home)
• Poor quality animals so difficult to be commercial
• Cannot keep buffalo in mountains / desert because
o Lack of water in desert
o Lack of vets in both areas
o Relies on uncertain desert climate
o Overgrazing
o Surefooted so can slip in mountain areas
Q: Explain why the animals are reared in a nomadic way in arid areas.
• Search for / lack of food / pasture
• Search of / lack of water
• Quickly finished so have to move
• Move with the weather
• No infrastructure for settlement
Q: What are the disadvantages of keeping animals in a nomadic way?
• Overgrazing / soil erosion / desertification
• Low income
• Animals may die / starve
• Poor quality animals
• Lack of veterinary care / diseases spread easily
• Difficult to improve / develop
Factors effecting agricultural production

Natural
• Topography (Land)
o Flat / undulated
▪ Irrigation can be easily practiced
▪ High yield
▪ Easy to plough
o Steep land
▪ Difficult to use machinery
▪ Difficult to irrigate therefore
▪ Less output
• Soil
o Alluvial silt is deposited by rivers through floods on farm land which carries nutrients
▪ Provides nutrients
▪ Moisture retentive
▪ Fertile
▪ Not prone to water logging
o Thin soil
▪ Infertile due to less nutrients
• Pest / diseases
o Destroy crops
o Preventive and curative methods are applied e.g.
▪ Seeds are poisoned before sowing (preventive)
▪ Spraying of pesticides (preventive + curative)
 • Rain
o At the correct time of the year e.g. at start of monsoon for kharif crops like rice
o Gentle shower during growth
o None during harvest
o Very important for Barani crop as they are fully dependent on raindall
• Sunshine / Temperature
o For warmth for photosynthesis
o Ripening

Human factors
• Irrigation
o Enough water
o At correct time
o Fills the gap of rainfall
o Removes salinity through tube wells
o Reduces water logging by lowering water table through tube wells. But
o Water logging and salinity due to
▪ Poor farming practices (overuse of water of perennial canals)
▪ Unlined canals, water seeps into the ground
o Tube wells are expensive to install and
▪ Maintain as they use fuel or electricity
o Lack of technology for pumps / wells
o Lack of electricity / load shedding.
• Fertilizers (chemical)
o Better than dung
o Provides nutrients / minerals
o Minerals need replacing after cultivation
o Reduces crop failure
o Pakistan’s soil deficient in minerals so fertilizers
▪ Makes up for deficiency
▪ E.g. of Nitrogen, potash (potassium), phosphate
o Higher yield. However
o Expensive
o Illiterate farmers
o Causes water pollution (eutrophication)
• Mechanization
o Faster work
o More efficient so less wastage
o Better preparation of fields
o Can thrash and harvest
o Does not need to rest
o Needs less labor. However
o Causes unemployment
o Increases rural – urban migration
o May break down
o Not suitable for small farms / needs large farms
o Expensive to purchase and maintain
o Needs special skills (farmers illiterate)
• Transport
o Faster speed e.g. sugar cane to the mill prevents losses
o Dry ports for imports
 ▪ E.g. Fertilizers
o Loans. However
o We are a developing country so government cannot afford to make these as low
budget
o Funds to buy inputs e.g. fertilizers
o Funds to buy machines
o Funds to buy HYV seeds
o Bigger fields can be maintained
o Purchase more land
o Better irrigation like tube wells
o However, farmers illiterate so do not know how to get loans
o Difficult for subsistence farmers to get loans as they have small farms. They cannot
give guarantee to the banks to return loans.
o Less output due to poor weather conditions so cannot give back loans.
• Training / Knowledge
o Better management / efficiency e.g. knowledge of weather, understanding of soil, etc
o Better method of cultivation
o Knowledge of diseases
o Better use of HYV seeds
o Proper use of fertilizers and pesticides
o Better use of machinery / technology
o Better money management / can get loans
o Better marketing. However
o Poverty so cannot afford modern methods
o High rate of illiteracy
▪ Expensive for the government to provide training and education to everyone
• Seed varieties (HYV)
o Higher yield
o Resistence to pests and diseases
o Double yield
o Multi cropping possible
o Drought resistance therefore less water demand
o Grow faster. However
o Exhaust the nutrients of soil
o Poverty
o Illiteracy
• Telecommunication
o Access to information
o Improves education / skills
o Easy to contact markets. However
o Expensive to purchase telecommunication gadgets
o Illiterate so do not know how to use them
o Lack of electricity in villages
• Pesticides
o Kill pests
o Targets at pests only
o But must be used at correct time. However
o Expensive
o Illiterate farmers cannot read instructions
o Air and water pollution
• Size of farms
 o Large farms
▪ Efficient
▪ Easy to use machinery
▪ Easy to irrigate
▪ Easy to get loans
▪ Easy to research
▪ Large output
o Mostly small farms in Pakistan
▪ Inefficient
▪ Machinery cannot be used
▪ Loans cannot be taken
▪ Irrigation is hard
▪ Research is difficult
▪ Less output
Q: How does the government encourage the use of chemical fertilizers?
• Use of media / pamphlets, etc
• Laons be provided
• Reduction in prices
• By sending experts to villages
• Model farms to exhibit the benefits of chemical fertilizers
• More fertilizer industries e.g. Pak – Arab fertilizer factory, Multan
Q: Why are so many farms small in size?
• Islamic law of inheritance
o Land divided amongst all children
• Majority of farmers are poor
• Little mechanization so large area cannot be worked
o Only able to work small area by hand
• Many farmers are only subsistence farmers
• Landlords have divided their land into small tenant farms.
• Land consolidation policy has not been very successful
Land reforms of 1959, 72, 77

Why?
• To break the hold of landlords
• Fair distribution of land
• Protection of the rights of tenants
• Consolidation of land holdings
Land reforms of 1959
• Maximum 200 hectares of irrigated or 400 hectares of non – irrigated land could be
provided
• Extra land could be taken from the government
• Compensation to landlords in installments
• Tenants to get ownership of the land resumed on payment of the price of the land in
installment
• Landlords could not fire the tenants
• Consolidation of land holdings
Land reforms of 1972
• 60 hectares of irrigated or 120 hectare of non-irrigated land could be provided
 • No compensation for the land acquired from landlords
• Resumed land will be distributed to tenants without making any payment
• No landlord could fire the tenants at his own will
• The tenatns were given the first right of purchase if the landlord sold the land
• Consolidation of land holding
Land reforms of 1977
• 40 hectares of irrigated or 80 hectares of non-irrigated land could be provided
• Compensation to landlords
• Land will be distributed amongst the tenats free of cost
• Consolidation of land holdings
• Tenants could not be ousted
Why were these reforms not successful?
• On paper / half – hearted attempt / lack of political will
• Strong landlords
• Low social / economic status of tenants
• Corruption in land revenue department
• Lack of documentation of land
Why land consolidation?
• Economic units
• Easy use of machinery / modern methods
• Easier to supervise
• Better irrigation
• Easier to get loans
• Bring more land into cultivation
Q: To what extent can land reforms be successful increasing agricultural production?
• Land reforms are positive as due to them there is / are
o More efficient use of land
o Bigger fields for mechanization due to consolidation
▪ So less time wasted / faster work
o More independence of tenants / free from control of landlords. However.
o Poverty of farmers
o Power of landlords
o Government not interested.
Effects of agriculture on environment
• Chemical fertilizers reach rivers which cause algea so less oxygen and sunlight for aquatic
life
• Pesticides / insecticides pollute air and cause diseases as farmers inhale them because
they do not use precautions like masks
• Deforestation of land for agriculture can lead to soil erosion if left exposed
• Irrigation due to poor farming practices causes water logging and salinity
• Over-grazing by sheep which causes soil erosion
• HYV seeds exhaust nutrients of soil
Problems of agriculture (crop farming)
• Small size of farms due to growing population
• Lack of money / poverty
• Difficult for small farmers to get loans
• Lack of education / knowledge so cannot use modern methods
 • Many farmers dislike new ideas / hold traditional attitude
• Fear the use of machinery would increase unemployment
• Most machinery has to be imported / is very expensive
• Machinery is difficult to use on fragmented farms
• Shortage / expensive of fuel / power supplies
• Fuel is expensive
• Lack of technical experts of machinery
• Lack of spare parts for machinery
• Animals provide other needs of farmers as well as draft uses so preferred to machinery
• Using HYV seeds needs specialized knowledge
• Insufficient chemical fertilizers produced in Pakistan
o Are to be imported
• Oppressive landlords do not allow change
• Tenants are insecure or are unsure of their position and so do not take risk change
• Storms and flooding / pest attacks e.g. leaf curl virus destroy crops
• Rural – urban migration so able – bodied men leave
• Water logging and salinity reduces cultivable area / yield
Solutions / Improvements
• Green revolution (use of modern inputs like HYV seeds for high yield)
• Increase in farmland due to irrigation
o E.g. development of dams / link canals / perennial canals / tube wells
• Government support / policies
o Land reforms giving tenants greater security
• Loans to farmers to purchase machinery
• Imported / subsidized fertilizers / inputs
• Guaranteed prices / support prices of output
• Agricultural universities / colleges like Agriculture University Faisalabad therefore more
research and experts in agriculture
• Education / training of farmers through media
• High yield / better seeds
• More use of HYV seeds e.g. irri pak for rice, maxi pak for wheat, nayyab – 78 for cotton
• Increased use of fertilizers
• Increased use of pesticides / insecticides
• Mechanization e.g. tractors for Ploughing
• Financial help from relatives abroad / foreign investment.
Q: To what extent could government action increase agricultural production in Pakistan?

Possibilities (res 2)
• Improve education like model farms traveling advisors, training centers, colleges, etc
• Loans e.g. for machinery, HYV, fertilizers
• Subsidized (low prices) e.g. for imported machinery, lower fertilizer prices
• More fertilizer / pesticides factories or imports
• More machinery factories or imports
• Land reforms e.g. consolidation for easy use of machinery
• Improve water availability e.g. reservoirs, canals
• Cure of water logging and salinity e.g. SCARP
• Weather forcasts
• Media like radio, tv
Problems (res 2)
• Lack of money
• Illiteracy
• Other calls on government investment / attention
• Fears of unemployment due to mechanization
• Land reforms may fail due to corruption / power of land lords
Q: Explain other causes of low farming incomes
• Soil erosion means poor root growth and small crop output
• Overgrazing means lack of food for animals and soil erosion
• Desertification causes climatic change and a lack of water due to less rainfall
• Low crop productivity means low income leading to less money for better seeds, fertilizers,
etc
• Poor quality livestock produces less milk, nmeat, etc
• Traditional farming metohods give low yields
• Small farms so little mechanization
• Oppressive landlords (Zamindars) so high rents, no change of improvement
• Storms and flooding / pest attacks (e.g. locusts, weevils destroy crops)
• Illiteracy / lack of education so no improvement
• Rural – urban migration so able bodies men leave
• Water logging and salinity reduces cultivable area / yield
• Lack of government support / investments
Q: Name a type of machine that can be used for rice cultivation instead of humans.
Labor, tractors, harvesters, mechanical irrigators (not thresher for cultivation)
Q: Name three important grain crops grown in Pakistan and for each state whether it is a kharif or rabi crop
• Millet – kharif
• Maize – kharif
• Rice – kharif
• Wheat – rabi