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    Chem-Dr - Lamees-Cholesterol Metabolism

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    asakingofh
    The document discusses cholesterol metabolism including its functions, synthesis, regulation of synthesis, degradation, and enterohepatic circulation. Cholesterol has roles in cell membranes, nerve conduction, and as a precursor to bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D3. The liver plays a central role in cholesterol homeostasis and its synthesis is regulated by enzymes like HMG-CoA reductase.

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    Chem-Dr - Lamees-Cholesterol Metabolism

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    asakingofh
    5 views6 pages
    The document discusses cholesterol metabolism including its functions, synthesis, regulation of synthesis, degradation, and enterohepatic circulation. Cholesterol has roles in cell membranes, nerve conduction, and as a precursor to bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D3. The liver plays a central role in cholesterol homeostasis and its synthesis is regulated by enzymes like HMG-CoA reductase.

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    Chem-Dr.Lamees-Cholesterol Metabolism

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    The document discusses cholesterol metabolism including its functions, synthesis, regulation of synthesis, degradation, and enterohepatic circulation. Cholesterol has roles in cell membranes, nerve conduction, and as a precursor to bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D3. The liver plays a central role in cholesterol homeostasis and its synthesis is regulated by enzymes like HMG-CoA reductase.

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    5 views6 pages

    Chem-Dr - Lamees-Cholesterol Metabolism

    Uploaded by

    asakingofh
    The document discusses cholesterol metabolism including its functions, synthesis, regulation of synthesis, degradation, and enterohepatic circulation. Cholesterol has roles in cell membranes, nerve conduction, and as a precursor to bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D3. The liver plays a central role in cholesterol homeostasis and its synthesis is regulated by enzymes like HMG-CoA reductase.

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    You are on page 1of 6

    Biochemistry

    2nd stage
    Dr.Lamees Majid Al-Janabi

    CHOLESTROL METABOLISM
    Cholesterol is an animal sterol present in tissues and lipoproteins in either
    esterified or free form.

    Functions of Cholesterol
    1. Cell membranes: Cholesterol is a component of membranes and
    has a modulating effect on the fluid state of the membrane.
    2. Nerve conduction:Cholesterol has an insulating effect on nerve
    fibers.
    3. Bile acids and bile salts are derived from cholesterol. Bile salts
    are important for fat absorption.
    4. Steroid hormones:Glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens are
    from cholesterol.
    5. Vitamin D3 is from 7-dehydro-cholesterol.
    6. Esterification: The OH group of cholesterol is esterified to fatty
    acids to form cholesterol esters. This esterification occurs in the
    body by transfer of a PUFA moiety by lecithin cholesterol acyl
    transferase.

    The liver plays a central role in the regulation of the body's cholesterol
    homeostasis.

    1
    Synthesis of Cholesterol:-
    Cholesterol is synthesized by virtually all tissues in humans, although
    liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and reproductive tissues, including
    ovaries, testes, and placenta, make the largest contributions to the body's
    cholesterol pool. Synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm, with enzymes in both
    the cytosol and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

    The first two reactions in the cholesterol synthetic pathway are similar to
    those in the pathway that produces ketone bodies. They result in the
    production of HMG CoA, The enzyme is HMG CoA synthase.

    2
    Regulation of cholesterol synthesis:-
    HMG CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme, is the major control point
    for cholesterol biosynthesis, and is subject to different kinds of metabolic
    control.
    1. HMG-CoA reductase: It is rate limiting enzyme, which is inhibited
    by high cholesterol levels and stimulated by low cholesterol levels
    (at gene level).
    2. Hormonal regulation: Insulin and thyroxine increase cholesterol
    synthesis. Glucagon and glucocorticoids decrease cholesterol
    synthesis.
    3. Bile acids: Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase.

    3
    4. Inhibition by drugs: Statins, competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA
    reductase, are used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, e.g.
    Lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin.

    Degradation of Cholesterol
    The ring structure of cholesterol cannot be metabolized to CO 2 and H2O
    in humans. Rather, the intact sterol nucleus is eliminated from the body
    by conversion to bile acids and bile salts.
    Bile acids: These are 24 carbon compounds essential for lipid digestion.
    Bile acid is the route of excretion of cholesterol. It is synthesized in the
    liver.

    Classification
    • Primary: Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
    • Secondary: Deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid.

    Functions: Bile salts decrease the surface tension and cause


    emulsification of fat. They also help to form micelles, which are
    important for fat absorption. They help in absorption of fat soluble
    vitamins A, D, E and K.

    4
    Enterohepatic Circulation

    Process involving secretion of bile acids from liver → intestine →


    reabsorption of secreted bile acids and salts from intestine → transport to
    liver → re-excretion in bile. About 98%–99% of bile acids secreted are
    reabsorbed and this process is known as enterohepatic circulation .

    About 15–30 g of bile salt is secreted from liver to intestine per day.
    About 0.5 g is lost per day and remaining reabsorbed by enterohepatic
    circulation. Approximately 0.5 g of cholesterol is synthesized per day to
    replace the loss.

    5
    6

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