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    Linux Booting Process-1

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    Abdulrhman Bahaa
    The document discusses the Linux booting process which consists of 5 main stages: 1) BIOS, 2) MBR, 3) Kernel, 4) Systemd, and 5) Run Levels. It provides details on the tasks performed at each stage to initialize the system and make it fully operational for user interaction.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Linux Booting Process-1

    Uploaded by

    Abdulrhman Bahaa
    4 views4 pages
    The document discusses the Linux booting process which consists of 5 main stages: 1) BIOS, 2) MBR, 3) Kernel, 4) Systemd, and 5) Run Levels. It provides details on the tasks performed at each stage to initialize the system and make it fully operational for user interaction.

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    Linux booting process-1

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    The document discusses the Linux booting process which consists of 5 main stages: 1) BIOS, 2) MBR, 3) Kernel, 4) Systemd, and 5) Run Levels. It provides details on the tasks performed at each stage to initialize the system and make it fully operational for user interaction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    4 views4 pages

    Linux Booting Process-1

    Uploaded by

    Abdulrhman Bahaa
    The document discusses the Linux booting process which consists of 5 main stages: 1) BIOS, 2) MBR, 3) Kernel, 4) Systemd, and 5) Run Levels. It provides details on the tasks performed at each stage to initialize the system and make it fully operational for user interaction.

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    Linux booting process

    Prof/Ayman El-Sayed

    Abdulrhman Bahaa El-din

    Cybersecurity Level 2
    Overall View Of Boot Steps

    The Linux boot process is the procedure for initializing the system. It consists of

    everything from when the computer power is first switched on until the user interface is

    fully operational.

    1. BIOS

    BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. In simple terms, the BIOS loads and executes

    the Master Boot Record (MBR) boot loader.

    When you first turn on your computer, the BIOS performs some integrity checks of the

    HDD or SSD.

    The system BIOS provides a basic power-on self-test (POST), during which the BIOS

    checks the basic devices required for the server to operate.

    Then, the BIOS searches for, loads, and executes the boot loader program, which can be

    found in the Master Boot Record (MBR). The MBR is sometimes on a USB stick or CD-ROM

    such as with a live installation of Linux.

    Once the boot loader program is detected, it's then loaded into memory and the BIOS gives

    control of the system to it.

    2. MBR

    MBR stands for Master Boot Record, and it is responsible for loading and executing the

    GRUB boot loader.


    The MBR is located in the 1st sector (512 bytes) of the bootable disk, which is typically

    /dev/hda, or /dev/sda, depending on your hardware. The MBR also contains information

    about GRUB, or LILO in very old systems

    3. Kernel

    The kernel is often referred to as the core of any operating system, Linux included. It has

    complete control over everything in your system.

    In this stage of the boot process, the kernel that was selected by GRUB first mounts the

    root file system that's specified in the grub.conf file. Then it executes the /sbin/init

    program, which is always the first program to be executed. You can confirm this with its

    process id (PID), which should always be 1.

    The kernel then establishes a temporary root file system using Initial RAM Disk (initrd) until

    the real file system is mounted.

    4. Systemd

    To reiterate, the kernel initiates the init process, which starts the parent process. Here, the

    parent of all Linux processes is Systemd, which replaces the old SysVinit process.

    Following the booting steps, Systemd performs a range of tasks:

    ● probe all remaining hardware

    ● mount filesystems

    ● initiate and terminate services

    ● manage essential system processes like user login

    ● run a desktop environment

    Indeed, these and other tasks allow users to interact with the system. Lastly, Systemd uses

    the /etc/systemd/system/default.target file to decide the state or target the Linux system

    boots into.
    5. Run Levels

    In Linux, the run level stands for the current state of the operating system. Run levels

    define which system services are running. Previously, SysVinit identified run levels by

    number. However, .target files now replace run levels in Systemd.

    Now, let’s see the link between run level numbers and targets:

    1. poweroff.target, run level 0: turn off (shut down) the computer

    2. rescue.target, run level 1: initiate a rescue shell process

    3. multi-user.target, run level 3: configure the system as a non-graphical (console)

    multi-user environment

    4. graphical.target, run level 5: establish a graphical multi-user interface with network

    services

    5. reboot.target, run level 6: restart the machine

    6. emergency.target: emergency run level

    For instance, the target value for a desktop workstation with a graphical user interface

    (GUI) is 5. This value stands for run level 5 which is graphical.target. Also, the run level for a

    server without a GUI is 3 because the default target is multi-user.target.

    In addition, we can change the target (run level) while the system runs. This change entails

    that only services and other units defined under that target will now run on the system.

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