Global Governance

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
2OTH CENTURY
 Involvement of IGOs and NGOs
 IGOs- composed of member states established for single or
multiple objectives
 NGOs – private voluntary organizations whose members are
either individuals or groups gathered on a common purpose
END OF WORLD WAR II

 IGOs created – UN, IMF, WB, GATT- monopoly status in
making crucial decisions and coordinating actions in areas
like peace and security, trade, finance and development-
inclusive formal multilateralism- global collective action
TODAY
 NGOS LINKED WITH IGOS – Funds for World Bank projects
are disbursed through NGO’S
 Many emerging issues are linked with transnational flows of
people, goods, capital, technology and ideas
 There is greater emphasis on sovereignty that is contingent
upon the respect of human rights
 Many actors continue to use force and coercion as their
instruments to achieve their goals;
 Support for peaceful means of dispute settlement, the rule
of law and diplomacy
 Not only for preservation of states but also for the
protection of the interests of communities and
transnational actors
PERSPECTIVES
 Along with rules, IGOS constitute the formal parts of a
regime.
 Regimes – set of implicit and explicit principles, norms,
rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’
expectations converge in a given area of international
relations (Krasner, 1982)
REGIME
 Composed of informal parts (principles and norms); and
formal parts (rules and decision-making procedures);
 Its content may change from time to time but the norms
and principles do not
 When GATT was replaced by WTO, trade principles and
norms of reciprocity and non-discrimination survived
4 defining elements of a regime

 Principles- represented by coherent bodies of theoretical
statements about how the world works
 The GATT operated on the basis of liberal principles which
assert that global welfare will be maximized by free trade
 Norms-specify general standards of behavior and identify
the rights and obligations of states
 In case of GATT, the basic norms is that tariffs and non-
tariff barriers should be reduced and eliminated
 Rules- operate at a lower level of generality than principles
and norms;
 Designed to reconcile conflicts which may exist between
the principles and norms
 Third World states for examples wanted rules which
differentiated between developed and underdeveloped
countries
 Decision-making procedures- identify specific prescriptions
for behavior, the system of voting for example which will
regularly change as regime is consolidated and extended
Global Trade Regime
 When GATT was replaced by WTO, trade principles and
norms of reciprocity and non-discrimination survived.
 Regimes based on neo-liberal institutionalists
 See institutions as mediators and means to achieve
cooperation among actors in the system
 Increase transparency of states;
Regimes
 Provide confidence-building measures to avoid
misperceptions of states’ individual intentions;
 Reduces transaction costs;
 Show the shadow of future which means they provide
states idea of sunk costs for deviating from their
commitments and compliance;
 Provide enforcement mechanisms and norms of reciprocity
Liberalists
 Relative peace after World War 2
 Embody the economic institutions cosmopolitan values of
liberal political and
 During much of Cold War –regimes persisted despite the
declining influence of the Western states that helped create
them
 Helped overcome the difficulty of providing collective goods
such as liberal trade and financial system through
mechanisms that dissuade free-riding and raise or
internalize the costs of defection
Realists
 Regime may affect the decisions of states, they do not
matter as much as the balance and distribution states’
material capabilities do
 Regimes may be considered as an extension of a major
power’s interests and preferences
 There is no organization with the formal authority to
undertake policy-making designed to regulate or facilitate
affairs within the system
 There is no single system with the police powers to enforce
and implement policies made
 No government
 IGOs are no world governments that have ultimate authority
 Role of International Organizations
 IGOs such as the UN develop the habits of cooperation
among actors through regular interactions
 Along with states IGOs spearhead the creation and
maintenance of principles, norms and rules based on
collective concerns
 United Nations
 Establish expectations about the behavior of states and
other actors
 Through its Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) consult
with NGOs in many important matters
NGOs
 Advocates for specific policies and offer alternative forum
for political participation;
 Mobilize mass public in the promotion of advocacies;
 Perform the roles of providing education, health and
agriculture which are supposedly functions of the
government
 Rely on soft power;
 Provide credible information and expertise that attracts the
attention and admiration of governments and the public;
 Politically independent from any sovereign state;
 Can make and execute international policy more quickly
and directly and with less risk to national sensitivities than
IGO’s;
 Can participate at different levels, from policy formulation
and decision- making to implementation
 Limitation of NGO
 Lack the traditional forms of power;
 Very limited economic resources
The United Nations

 Founded in 1945
 Result of initiatives taken by governments of the states that
had led the war against Germany and Japan
 2018- 193 sovereign state members
 UN Charter- an international treaty that set out basic
principles of international relations:
 Sovereign equality of states;
 UN jurisdictions- only international problems; primary
concern – international peace and security
 UN - only organization with the legitimacy that derives from
universal membership and a mandate that encompasses
security, economic and social development, the protection
of human rights, and the protection of the environment
Principal Organs
1.The Security Council
 Maintain international peace and security
 Made up initially of 11 states after 1965, 15 states;
 Includes 5 permanent members P5 ( US, UK, France,
Russia and China – all are nuclear states) plus 10 non-
permanent members, two states from Latin American
 The 10 non-permanent seats are divided among regions:
five states from African and Asian Sates, one seat from the
Eastern European State and last two from Western
European and other States (UNGA Resolution 1991 (XVIII of
17 December 1963)
 9 out of 15 members – majority – for decision-making
(binding)
 5 permanent members – veto power over all decisions
Threats to International Peace?

 Explores ways to settle dispute peacefully;
 Suggest principles;
 May suggest a mediation;
 In fighting event- secure a ceasefire;
 May send peacekeeping mission;
 Authorized means such as collective military action
2. The General Assembly

 All members states meet to consider world’s most pressing
problems
 Each member has one vote;
 2/3 majority required for decisions on key issues –
international peace and security, admission of new
members, UN budget;
 Status of recommendations only not binding
3.The Secretariat
 Carries out substantive and administrative work of the UN
as directed by the other principal organs;
 Led by the Secretary- General who provides all
administrative guidance
 On the recommendation of other bodies, it carries out a no.
of research functions and some quasi- management
functions;
 Primarily bureaucratic; lacks the political power and the
right of initiatives
 Empowered to become involved in threats to peace,
economic and social problems and humanitarian crises
4.The Economic and Social Council

 Intended to coordinate the economic and social work of the
UN;
 Also consults with NGO-maintaining a vital link between UN
and civil society;
 Overseeing specialized agencies and programmes and
funds;
 Composed of 54 elected members by the General Assembly
for overlapping three-year terms
5.The Trusteeship Council

 Under the Charter, the Trusteeship Council is authorized
to examine and discuss reports from the Administering
Authority on the political, economic, social and educational
advancement of the peoples of Trust Territories and, in
consultation with the Administering Authority, to examine
petitions from and undertake
6.The International Court of Justice

 The Court has two functions: To settle, in accordance
with international law, legal disputes submitted by States,
and. To give advisory opinions on legal questions referred
to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.

Global Governance

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Global Governance

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GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

END OF WORLD WAR II

4 defining elements of a regime

The United Nations

Threats to International Peace?

2. The General Assembly

4.The Economic and Social Council

5.The Trusteeship Council

6.The International Court of Justice

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