TURNING COLOCASIA ESCULENTA (TARO) INTO BIOPLASTIC FILM

INTEGRATED WITH SILVER NANOPARTICLES

A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department

ofl Bataan Heroes College, City of Balanga, Bataan

Jhaylhia May A. Domingo

Jessy Mae C. Mangaoang
Rama Isaac M. Aucena
Marvin Ace B. Perez
Ken Paulo T. Pacay
Charles J. Ragaza
Jervin P. Manalili
Student Researchers

April 23, 2024

 CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Background

INTRODUCTION

In a world grappling with the environmental repercussions of petroleum-based plastics, the

quest for sustainable alternatives has become paramount. This research endeavors to explore the
potential of Colocasia Esculenta, commonly known as Taro, as a viable source for bioplastic
production. The rationale behind this investigation lies in the urgent need to mitigate the ecological
impact of conventional plastics, particularly in the realm of food packaging. By harnessing the
starch and other bioactive compounds present in Taro, we aim to develop a biodegradable and
sustainable material that can replace conventional plastics in food wrapping applications. This
research aims to address the pressing concerns associated with plastic waste and pollution while
simultaneously exploring the potential economic and agricultural benefits of utilizing Taro for
bioplastic production. The outcomes of this study could pave the way for a more sustainable future,
where everyday materials are derived from renewable resources, promoting a healthier planet for
generations to come.

Specifically, the widespread use of traditional plastics, primarily derived from petroleum-
based materials, has given rise to a significant environmental crisis. In fact, a study by Welden
(2017) has highlighted the adverse impacts of these plastics on the environment. In particular, the
shocking figure that Ritchie and Roser (2018) provided is concerning, revealing that traditional
plastics account for approximately 12.2% of the global solid waste, equivalent to 6.3 metric billion
tons. This alarming figure underscores the pressing need to reassess our reliance on non-renewable
resources for plastic production.

In response to the environmental challenges posed by petroleum-based plastics, the

exploration of bioplastics as a sustainable alternative has gained momentum. As stated by Gupta
(2022) who has delved into various bio-based materials, starches and proteins are the potential
sources for biodegradable plastics. The advantages of bioplastics extend beyond waste reduction,
encompassing a diminished carbon footprint and reduced dependence on finite fossil fuels.

Furthermore, within the realm of biomass resources, Colocasia Esculenta, commonly

known as Taro, has emerged as a promising candidate for bioplastic production. A study of
Nedunchezhiyan et al. (2021) has revealed the high starch content of Taro, making it a viable and
sustainable source for bioplastic development. The utilization of Taro for bioplastic production
aligns with the broader movement towards repurposing agricultural waste for sustainable material
development.

Considering this, as the development of bioplastics progresses, challenges such as

mechanical properties, scalability, and cost-effectiveness need to be addressed (Lokhande, 2023).
Bridging these gaps is crucial for the successful integration of bioplastics into mainstream
applications. This literature foundation emphasizes the need for comprehensive research,
specifically focusing on Taro-based bioplastics, to align environmental imperatives with
sustainable material development, contributing to a more ecologically responsible and resilient
future.

The study would be conducted in Orion and Limay in the province of Bataan, Philippines.
This dual setting enriches the study, offering diverse insights into the multifaceted aspects of
sustainable development.

Beyond this, the gravity of the plastic problem looms large on a global scale, as evidenced
by the staggering statistics surrounding plastic production and its far-reaching environmental
consequences. In a mere five years, from 2013 to 2018, worldwide plastic production skyrocketed
from 1.5 million metric tons to an astronomical 350 million metric tons (Moore, 2023). This
exponential growth not only underscores the pervasive use of plastics but also signals a dire
escalation of a crisis with severe implications.

In addition to this alarming scenario is the often-overlooked connection between plastic

and climate change. Plastic production and disposal contribute significantly to greenhouse gas
emissions, as highlighted by Lancen (2020). This means that plastic, a material individuals use
every day, is part of the environmental problem people are facing globally. This interplay between
plastic and climate change amplifies the urgency of addressing the plastic predicament for the sake
of our planet's ecological balance. Moreover, the insidious impact of plastics extends beyond what
meets the eye. The discovery of Macro, Micro, and Nano plastics, each with its unique set of
adverse effects, has raised serious concerns. This discovery, as clarified by Sardinha et al. (2021),
unravels the profound negative consequences of these plastic particles on living organisms,
encompassing both humans and wildlife, as well as on the nonliving components of the
environment. From disrupting ecosystems to posing potential threats to human health, the
collateral damage wrought by plastics in all their forms intensifies the seriousness of the issue.

In essence, the exponential rise in plastic production, its contribution to climate change,
and the multifaceted negative impacts on living and nonliving entities collectively paint a severe
picture. The gravity of the plastic problem demands immediate attention and concerted efforts to
shift towards sustainable alternatives, ensuring the preservation of our planet's well-being for
future generations.

This research aims to investigate and assess the feasibility of transforming Colocasia
Esculenta (Taro) into bioplastic for use as a sustainable substitute for petroleum-based plastics in
food wrapping applications.
 The overall purpose of this study is to contribute to the development of sustainable and
eco-friendly alternatives to petroleum-based plastics, specifically in the industry of food wrapping.
By exploring the feasibility of using Colocasia Esculenta (Taro) to produce bioplastics, the study
aims to address environmental concerns associated with traditional plastics, reduce dependency on
non-renewable resources, and pave the way for a more sustainable and resilient approach to
packaging materials.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study aims to create a bioplastic to substitute petroleum-based plastics to prevent spoilage.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the materials needed to create bioplastic made out of taro?

2. How may the effectivity of the bioplastics be described in terms of;

2.1 Anti-food spoilage capability?

3. How may the perceived users’ experienced be described in terms of;

3.1 Effectivity;
3.2 Durability;
3.3 Appearance; and
3.4 Food Palatability?
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The researchers want to produce plastic food wrap that is good for the environment. This
study aims to turn the colocasia esculenta (taro) into bioplastic that can be an alternative to the
petroleum-based plastic that people usually use in wrapping food. The researchers will investigate
the effectiveness of taro as a sustainable bioplastic which will be conducted February of 2024
school year 2023-2024. The researchers aim that by investigating taro as a base for creating
bioplastic, the government sector will be able to recognize the importance of sustainability.

Furthermore, the research will focus mainly on investigating Colocasia Esculenta to gather
a more comprehensive study about sustainable materials for creating bioplastic. This restriction is
due to the fact that the researchers want to specify Colocasia Esculenta as a possible base for
creating a bioplastic. Which means other sources for starch or ingredients to make bioplastics
won’t be tested during the experimentation for this study. Therefore, this study will be limited to
testing Colocasia Esculenta itself to provide a more comprehensive analysis.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will also serve as a reference to encourage other researchers to further conduct studies
in exploring natural raw materials such as taro, which can create biodegradable plastics.

Students
The study will help the students gain more information and knowledge about alternative raw
materials that can be used as biodegradable plastics. The study will help the students to have an
idea about the possible solution to our environmental issues.

Family
The result of this study will help families in reducing use of plastics for their daily needs and
help become knowledgeable about the potential of Colocasia Esculenta as a raw material for
making an impact in our environment.
Society
This study will help society become aware of safe and alternative biodegradable plastics to
commercial polymer plastics.

Economy
This study will help the economy to deal with the increasing problems of littering and garbage.
Alternative plant-based bioplastics can assist the growth of a more sustainable economy.

Environment
This study will contribute to a safe biodegradable plastic that can be used as an alternative to
commercial plastics. The result of this study will help the environment to cope with the
detrimental effect of plastic and reduce the factors resulting in masses of wastes around the
world.

Quaternary Sectors
With the possible development of new knowledge from the result of this research, knowledge-
based communities will have a chance of identifying more raw materials in making sustainable
plastics to help environmental issues.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Bioplastics - These are plastics made from renewable resources such as plants and organic
wastes.

Petroleum-based plastics - Plastics made from artificial materials and gar or oil typically used in
commercial products and are non-biodegradable.
NOTES IN CHAPTER 1

Gupta, A. K. (2022, July 28). Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional

plastics. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/biodegradable-compostable-
alternatives-conventional-plastics-gupta

Lancen, L. (2022, February 06). How Does Plastic Contribute To Global Warming? 4 Ways.
Climate of our Future. https://www.climateofourfuture.org/how-does-plastic-contribute-
to-global-warming/

Lokhande, A. (2023, July 14). Overcoming challenges and embracing opportunities: the future of
bioplastics and biopolymers. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/overcoming-
challenges-embracing-opportunities-future-ashish

Moore, C. (2023, October 17). Plastic Pollution. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/plastic-pollution

Nedunchezhiyan, M., Rayaguru, K., Nagar, C. K., Dash, S. K., & Pal, U. (2021). Isolation,
characterization, modification and uses of taro starch: A review. International Journal of
Biological Macromolecules. 192, 574–589.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.041

Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2018). Plastic Pollution. Published online at OurWorldInData.org.

https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution

Sardinha, J., Bordado, J., Iroegbu, A. O. C., Mbarane, V., & Ray, S. S. (2021). Plastic Pollution:
A perspective on matters arising: Challenges and opportunities. ACS Omega. 6(30).
19343–19355. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02760

Welden, N. A. (2020). The environmental impacts of plastic pollution. In Elsevier eBooks. 195–
222. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817880-5.00008-6
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the relevant theories, related literature and studies, and Paradigm of the
study.

RELATED THEORIES

Taro (Colocasia Esculenta)

The theory explores the physico-chemical properties and molecular structures of taro
starches from different cultivars and planting seasons. Specifically, it investigates how the seasonal
variations impact the starch characteristics. In the context of our research, understanding these
properties is crucial for designing taro-based bioplastics. The findings suggest that starch from
tubers planted in summer exhibits distinctive traits, such as larger granule size, unique
gelatinization behavior, and enhanced elasticity during heating. These insights into the relationship
between planting season, starch properties, and molecular structures provide valuable information
for tailoring the taro-derived bioplastic. For instance, the knowledge about granule size,
gelatinization uniformity, and elasticity can guide the optimization of processing conditions,
contributing to the development of a functional and efficient alternative to petroleum-based
plastics for food wrapping.

Glycerin

Glycerin is like a helper in making starch-based biodegradable films. When starch and
glycerol are heated and mixed, they become a gooey substance called thermoplastic starch. This
gooey material can be shaped into films using machines, and it's flexible because glycerol makes
the starch more movable. Glycerine does this by reducing stickiness between starch molecules,
making them slide around more easily. The exact amounts of starch and glycerol needed depend
on the type of starch used. Research suggests that about 20-25 kilograms of glycerol are needed to
make 100 kilograms of thermoplastic starch. This interaction between glycerol and starch can be
understood through things called hydrogen bonds; It can affect how substances behave, like
making water stick together or influencing the properties of materials in this research, such as the
interaction between glycerol and starch in creating bioplastic (Libretexts, 2023). This knowledge
is valuable for this research on turning taro into bioplastic as it helps in figuring out the right mix
of ingredients to make a flexible and ecological food wrap.

Acetic Acid
Acetic acid bacteria theory revolves around the fermentation process responsible for
vinegar production. Acetic acid bacteria, particularly strains like Acetobacter, play a key role in
converting ethanol (alcohol) into acetic acid, the primary component of vinegar. This microbial
process involves the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and further to acetic acid. Understanding
the dynamics of acetic acid bacteria in this fermentation process is crucial for ensuring the quality
and consistency of vinegar production. This theory is relevant to this research, as it underscores
the microbial aspects that might influence the fermentation process if vinegar is involved in the
production of bioplastic.

Silver Nanoparticles

Nano silver contributes to enhanced food preservation during storage by inhibiting the
growth of microorganisms. When incorporated into packaging materials like ANP films, nano
silver exhibits potent antimicrobial properties. These properties are crucial for inhibiting the
growth of microorganisms such as Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), which can cause mildew and
spoilage in stored rice. The presence of nano silver helps maintain the quality and safety of the
packaged food by reducing microbial contamination.

RELATED LITERATURES

The knowledge sector of the society has focused on creating sustainable materials to
replace non-biodegradable polymers. As stated by Abdelaal et. al. (2023), Biodegradable polymers
have been used for many applications such as medical technology application, orthopedic, food
packing, and drug delivery. The development of biodegradable material has been convenient
because of its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low-cost. With this in mind, there is still a
long way to develop knowledge for a widespread application of this material.

According to the most recent market statistics, global bioplastics production capacity is
expected to increase by 20%, from 2.04 to 2.44 million tons in 2017–2022 (Govil et al., 2021).
There are several notable firms that have pioneered and industrialized the manufacturing of
bioplastics, including Biomer (Germany), Novamont (Italy), Metabolix Inc. (USA), Tianjin
GreenBio Materials Co. Ltd. (China), Meredian Inc. (USA), and Shenzhen Ecomann Technology
Co. Ltd. (China). Bioplastics have already been established as a necessary tool in a wide platform
of industrial applications, including food packaging, agriculture, electrical and electronics,
composting bags, and other products. Additionally, their utilization is expanding in a variety of
industries, including biomedical, automotive, structural, and gastronomy (Gug & Sobkowicz,
2016). The profile of qualities and applications for bioplastics is expanding. Despite such
advantages, bioplastics continue to have a small market share (1% of the plastics market) (Govil
et al., 2021).

According to Chávez Lara's research on bioplastic production from Chinese potato starch,
there is a significant opportunity to explore the potential of Colocasia esculenta (taro) as a
sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics in your study. Highlighting the environmental
risks posed by conventional plastics, the study emphasizes the importance of developing
bioplastics that degrade efficiently. Chávez Lara's empirical demonstration, employing a scientific
method and incorporating a chemical controller (vinegar), serves as a valuable reference for your
investigation into creating a spoil-preventive bioplastic from taro. The study's key findings,
particularly the enhanced properties and extended lifespan of bioplastics with vinegar, along with
the caution against high concentrations of chemical controllers, provide pertinent insights that can
inform your research methodology and contribute to the development of eco-friendly food wrap
alternatives.

According to the research, Colocasia Esculenta, commonly known as Taro, emerges as a

promising candidate for the development of bioplastics, offering a sustainable alternative to
conventional petroleum-based plastic food wraps. The investigation centers on mitigating the
environmental impact associated with plastic pollution by harnessing the potential of taro-based
bioplastics. The study delves into essential aspects such as the formulation of the bioplastic
material, evaluating its performance in terms of smoke emission, flammability, and anti-microbial
properties, while also considering user experience factors such as convenience and effectiveness.
The research distinctly narrows its focus to Colocasia Esculenta, emphasizing its suitability as a
sustainable foundation for bioplastics, and confines its examination to this specific material for a
more in-depth analysis.

The literature review underscores the critical need for alternatives to traditional plastics,
driven by the escalating concerns surrounding plastic pollution and its detrimental effects on
marine life and ecosystems. Taro, alongside other potential materials like sea grapes (Caulerpa
lentillifera), is identified as a viable source for producing bioplastics, presenting environmentally
friendly alternatives. Employing an experimental design, the study meticulously outlines its
methodology, detailing the process of creating and testing taro-based bioplastics. The results
showcase discernible variations in tensile strength, water absorbency, and biodegradability across
different concentrations of taro and sea grape extract. The research concludes by advocating for
the widespread adoption of bioplastics to pave the way for a more sustainable future, urging
legislative support for the integration of eco-friendly alternatives.

RELATED STUDIES

Taro (Colocasia Esculenta) as an Alternative Source of Organic Plastic

Alorro, K., Del Agua, K., Quintanar., et.al (2015)

A related study by Alorro. et.al (2015) conducted a study if it is possible to produce a

bioplastic made out of taro in which they succeed. In conducting this study, they use experimental
design. Based on their findings there is a notable difference in the effectiveness of taro as an
alternative source of biodegradable plastic compared with the other concentration. They conclude
that 100% taro starch is effective in producing organic plastic.
 Are bioplastics and plant-based materials safer than conventional plastics? In vitro
toxicity and chemical composition.
Zimmermann, L., Dombrowski, A., Völler, C., & Wagner, M. (2020)

Zimmermann et al. (2020) conducted a study about the potential toxicity of bioplastic. They
observed 43 bio-based plastics in which they found 67% of the sample contains toxic chemicals.
In their conclusion, they discovered that raw materials are much more toxic than when it is
produced as a final product. Their research can be a platform to conduct a more in-depth study
about the production of bioplastic that is not only eco-friendly but also safe.

A Research in Starch-Based Bioplastic using Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) and Taro

(Colocasia esculenta)
Bruno, M., Bucag, R., Cano, F., Cortez., et.al (2021)

According to Bucag et.al (2021) the starch-based bioplastic sample sheet that was produced
was proven useful and sustainable at the same time, due to its biodegradability. Based on the
analysis of the Ph level of starch-based bioplastic, jicama starch and taro starch is safe to use as a
packaging material. In addition, in the study it will not harm or affect the seawater if a mass of
plastic is thrown away in the sea. They conclude that using starch as a base for bioplastic is one of
the largest biomass produced in the world.

Development and evaluation of taro (Colocasia esculenta) leaves and banana pseudo
stem (Musa acuminata) as an alternative hydrophobic Paper bag
Sanchez, J., Honorio, E., Mosquito J. C., Sanchez, P., et.al (2023)

Sanchez et al. (2023) The study explores the development of a hydrophobic paper bag
using taro leaves and banana pseudo stems. Different coating concentrations, including 1 coat, 2
coats, and 3 coats, significantly affect water absorption and degradation. The most desirable paper
bag is T3, and taro leaves and banana pseudo-stem fibers can be potential materials for this
purpose.
 PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

INPUT: PROCESS: OUTPUT:

Components:
• Identify the issue
• Colocasia Esculenta Biodegradable
• Acetic Acid
• Design the
• Glycerin project bioplastic food
• Silver Nanoparticles wrap made out of
• Distilled Water
• Propose the
project Colocasia
• Conduct an Esculenta
Equipment:
experimentation
• Heat Stove
• Blender
• Testing
• Heat proof container
• Drying Pan
• Foil
NOTES IN CHAPTER 2

Ahmed, Abdelaal & Negm, Ahmed & Mohammed, M. & El-Majeed, M. & Ali, A. &
Abdelmotalleib, M.. (2023). Biodegradable Polymers for Industrial Applications.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09710-2_37

Bilck, A. P., Müller, C. M. O., Olivato, J. B., Mali, S., Grossmann, M. V. E., & Yamashita, F.
(2015). Using glycerol produced from biodiesel as a plasticiser in extruded biodegradable
films. Polímeros. 25(4), 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.1803

BYJUS. (2023, August 18). Molecular Orbital Theory - Detailed Explanation with
Illustrations.https://byjus.com/jee/molecular-orbital-theory/

Chávez Lara, F. A. Bioplastic production based on starch taken from the Chinese potato (Colocasia
esculenta).
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=colocasia+esculenta+biopl
astic&oq=colocasia+esculenta+bio#d=gs_qabs&t=1707023656826&u=%23p%3DSZfwn
-B46RsJ

Del Agu a, K. (2015). TARO (COLOCASIA ESCULENTA) AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE

OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC. www.academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/18133315/TARO_COLOCASIA_ESCULENTA_AS_AN_A
LTERNATIVE_SOURCE_OF_BIODEGRADABLE_PLASTIC

Domingo, W. (2023). A Research on Starch-Based Bioplastic using Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus)

and Taro. www.academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/94951658/A_Research_on_Starch_Based_Bioplastic_using_Ji
cama_Pachyrhizus_erosus_and_Taro
Li, L., Chun-Hua, Z., Zhang, Y., Yao, J., Yang, W., Hu, Q., Wang, C., & Cao, C. (2017). Effect
of stable antimicrobial nano-silver packaging on inhibiting mildew and in storage of rice.
Food Chemistry, 215, 477–
482. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814616312432

Libretexts. (2023, January 30). Hydrogen bonding. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook
_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Propert
ies_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Intera
ctions/Hydrogen_Bonding

Lu, T., Lin, J., Chen, J., & Chang, Y. (2008). Characteristics of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Starches
Planted in Different Seasons and Their Relations to the Molecular Structure of Starch.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56(6), 2208–2215.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0727894

Sanchez, J., Honorio, E., Mosquito J. C., Sanchez, P., (2023). Development and evaluation of taro
(Colocasia esculenta) leaves and banana pseudo stem (Musa acuminata) as an alternative
hydrophobic Paper bag | 九大コレクション | 九州大学附属図書館. (n.d.). 九大コレク
ション | 九州大学附属図書館. https://catalog.lib.kyushu-
u.ac.jp/opac_detail_md/?lang=0&amode=MD100000&bibid=7157977

Saray, I. J., Fuentes, A. G., & Casinillo, L. (2023). Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and sea grapes
(Caulerpa lentillifera) as potential materials for making bioplastic. EDUCATUM Journal
of Science, Mathematics and Technology, 10(2), 47-57.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=taro+bioplastic&oq=taro+
bio#d=gs_qabs&t=1707023911693&u=%23p%3DB10CShajQFEJ
Şengün, İ. Y., & Karabıyıklı, Ş. (2011). Importance of acetic acid bacteria in food industry. Food
Control, 22(5), 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.008

Zimmermann, L., Dombrowski, A., Völler, C., & Wagner, M., (2020). Are bioplastics and plant-
based materials safer than conventional plastics? In vitro toxicity and
chemical composition. Environment international, volume 145, 106066.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412020320213
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discussed several things such as Methods and Techniques of the Study, Research
Instrument, Materials and Equipment, Procedure and, Technical Design.

A. RESEARCH DESIGN

This research followed an experimental research design as the study aims to determine if a
bioplastic integrated with antimicrobial properties is effective for the environment and
food. Additionally, the researchers conducted a survey from different households of Limay and
Orion to prove the problem exists when it comes to plastic consumption. The respondents’
answers are expected to form the basis of this study.

According to Hassan (2024), experimental research design is ideal for testing out the
effects of one variable to another. Moreover, he stated that having a control group will provide a
baseline to compare the effects on the experimental group.

B. POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The participants in this study are people who use plastics for packaging food. This group
includes parents and individuals responsible for managing kitchen tasks.

C. SAMPLE & SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The researchers will use convenience sampling because they need information about the
experiences of people who use petroleum-based plastic regularly, like people who always cook in
their house. The researchers will select people who always cook in their house, and after they select
the respondents, the respondents will be given survey papers about their experience using
petroleum-based plastic products so that the researchers can collect the information that they need.
 D. DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

The research instrument that has been used for this study is a questionnaire that involves 12
questions due to several reasons. Firstly, a questionnaire allows the researchers to collect
quantitative data efficiently from a large number of respondents. This is crucial for gathering
insights into the awareness, perceptions, and potential adoption of bioplastic made from taro.
Secondly, a well-designed questionnaire helped the researchers systematically collect specific
information related to the research objectives, such as attitudes towards environmental
sustainability, preferences for biodegradable products, and potential concerns about bioplastic
usage. Additionally, using a questionnaire allows consistency in data collection, ensuring that all
respondents are asked the same set of questions, thus enhancing the reliability and comparability
of the study's findings.

E. STATISTICAL TOOL AND TREATMENTS

This research involves testing out and comparing the product to produce data to answer if
there is a significant difference. Therefore, A two-tailed t-test is to be used to compare different
sets of data that will be obtained from this research. Using a two-tailed t-test will gain a
conclusion whether the product is effective or not.

F. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT OF THE STUDY

TABLE 1: MATERIALS

MATERIAL USES
Taro ( Colocasia Esculenta) Used as a raw material in the production process,
where its starch content is extracted and processed
to create a biodegradable alternative to petroleum-
based plastics.
 Glycerol It is used to enhance the flexibility and to reduce the
stickiness between starch molecules during the
process.

Acetic Acid Used as catalyst and modifier to enhance properties

like flexibility and biodegradability.

Nano silver water Used for its antimicrobial properties, restraining the
growth of bacteria and other microorganisms.
 Distilled Water It serves as a solvent and ensures ingredient purity.

TABLE 2: TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

TOOLS & EQUIPMENT USES

Peeler It is used to peel the skin of taro.

Knife It is used to cut the taro into cube-sized pieces,

Food Processor It is used to grind the taro into small sizes.

Bowl It is used to place the small pieces of taro.

Strainer It is used to separate the small pieces of taro from

the liquid starch.
 Spoon It is used to push the small pieces of taro with
water, aiding in the separation of the liquid starch.

Transparent Rectangle Container It is used to collect the liquid starch and wait for an
hour for the starch to settle.

G. PROCEDURE OF PRODUCT CREATION

• Gather the materials and equipment needed.

• Start by peeling the taro, after that cut the taro into cube-sized pieces.
• Put the taro in the food processor to grind the taro into small sizes.
• Get a strainer to get the liquid starch, and collect it by using a container.
• Wait for about an hour for starch to settle. Repeat this process 2 times to make sure than
any other impurities are separated.
• Get a pan and put 1 1/2 cup of water, then put the 1 1/2 tablespoon of starch in the water
while stirring it.
• When the starch is already dissolved, open the stove on low heat then start stirring it.
• After 10-15 mins pour 15 ml of vinegar along with 15 ml of glycerin.
• Continue stirring the mixture until it becomes viscous. This process would take about an
hour.
• When the mixture becomes viscous, add 10 ml of silver nanoparticles.
• After about 10 minutes, the mixture is going to be sticky or in gel-like consistency
indicating that the mixture is ready.
• In a drying plate, put a foil where the mixture can be spread out and be dried for about 2
days.

H. TECHNICAL DESIGN OR PRODUCT/PROJECT

NOTES IN CHAPTER 3

Hassan, M. (2023, August 14). Experimental Design - Types, methods, guide. Research Method.
https://researchmethod.net/experimental
 CHAPTER IV

This chapter deals with the detailed presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data
gathered from the respondents. This study aims to identify if the creation of starch-based
antimicrobial bioplastic film made from taro is feasible. The results presented in this chapter
include tables, graphs, and detailed explanation of the data gathered.

Statement of the Problem NO. 2.1

Figure 1

Effectivity of the anti-spoilage capability of the bioplastic film

Perishable Period (hr)

Figure 1 shows the perishable period of each food product from the experimental and
control group to determine the effectivity of the bioplastic film when it comes to its anti-spoilage
capability. It can be observed that the perishable period of different food products between
experimental and control group differ with each other. It is evident that using the developed
bioplastic film extends the perishable period of food products. It is important to note that bioplastic
film absorbs most of the moisture of the food product inhibiting the growth of pathogens and germs
that can affect the consumable period of foods.

The controlled group had a mean value of 21, while the experimental group had a higher
mean of 39, indicating a significant difference between the two groups. This suggests that the
experimental treatment has a substantial impact. Additionally, the controlled group showed a
standard deviation of 18.52, whereas the experimental group had a smaller standard deviation of
12.12. This indicates that the data in the experimental group is more consistent and closely aligned
with the mean value of 39 compared to the controlled group. These results imply that the
experimental treatment produced a more reliable outcome.

The experimental group and control group reveals a t-value of 1.41, while the critical value
is 2.776. Hence, accept the null hypothesis.
Figure 2

Question number 1: How satisfied are you with the appearance of the bioplastic film?

Figure 2 shows the satisfaction level of the respondents when it comes to the appearance
of the bioplastic film. 65.38% of the respondents said that they are satisfied with the appearance
of the bioplastic film, 23.07% are neutral about it, 7.69% are very satisfied with the appearance,
while 3.85% are not satisfied with the overall appearance of the bioplastic film.

It is evident that most of the respondents are satisfied with the appearance of the bioplastic
film given for them to try. This highlights the fact that there will only be a minimal change to the
appearance of the prototype.
Figure 3

Question number 2: How satisfied are you with the durability of the bioplastic film?

Figure 3 shows the responses from 26 respondents regarding their satisfaction with the
durability of the bioplastic film. The data shows that 7.7% of respondents were very satisfied,
42.3% were satisfied, 19.2% were neutral, 26.9% were not satisfied, and 3.8% were not very
satisfied with the durability of the bioplastic film.

Overall, most respondents (50%) were either satisfied or very satisfied with the durability
of the bioplastic film, indicating a generally positive perception of this aspect of the bioplastic's
performance. However, there is also a notable proportion of respondents who expressed some level
of dissatisfaction, suggesting areas for potential improvement in the durability of the bioplastic
film.
Figure 4

Question number 3: How would you rate the usage of bioplastic?

Figure 4 shows the level of satisfaction of the respondents when it comes to the
effectiveness of usage of the bioplastic film. From the result, most of the respondents are satisfied
with it (42.31%). While 38.46% are neutral about it, 11.54% are not satisfied, and 7.69% are
satisfied with how they used it.

This goes to show that the development of bioplastics in the integration of food preserving
is efficient.
Figure 5

Question number 4: Did the bioplastic affect the taste of the food product you use it in, in any
way?

Figure 5 shows the data collected from the respondents regarding whether the bioplastic
affected the taste of the food product they used it in. Out of the 26 respondents, 3 (11.5%) reported
that the bioplastic did affect the taste, while the majority, 23 (88.5%), reported no effect on the
taste of the food product. This indicates that bioplastic has a minimal impact on the taste of the
food product, as most of the respondents did not perceive any difference in taste when using the
bioplastic.
Figure 6

Question number 5: If yes, is there an aftertaste in the product?

Figure 6 shows the frequency of respondents who experienced an aftertaste on the food
upon using the bioplastic. The data shows that 66.67% of the respondents have not experienced
any aftertaste in their food, while 33.33% are positive that there was an aftertaste in their food.

This shows that results will vary depending on where they used that bioplastic film. Even
with the fact that most of the respondents have not experienced any aftertaste, it is important to
consider that bioplastic film can influence the taste of the food product.
Figure 7

Question number 6: How would you rate your overall satisfaction using bioplastic films?

Figure 7 presents the responses gathered from the respondents regarding their overall
satisfaction using the bioplastic film. The data shows that the majority of the respondents reported
being either "Satisfied" or "Very satisfied" with the bioplastic film, with 16 respondents (61.5%)
indicating satisfaction and 2 respondents (7.7%) indicating a high level of satisfaction.
Additionally, 7 respondents (26.9%) expressed a neutral stance, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied,
while only 1 respondent (3.8%) reported being "Not satisfied" with the bioplastic film.

Overall, the figure indicates a positive perception of the bioplastic film among the
respondents, with a total of 88.5% expressing some level of satisfaction. This suggests that the
bioplastic film shows promise as a potential alternative to petroleum-based polyethylene film,
particularly in terms of user satisfaction.
Figure 8

Question number 7: Can you suggest things to improve the bioplastic in terms of its appearance
or effectiveness?

Figure 8 displays the suggestions of the respondents on how the researchers can improve
the bioplastic film. 53.8% of the respondents recommended improving the durability of the
bioplastic film, while 30.8% suggests that the overall appearance of the film needs improvement,
and 15.4% of the respondents are in favor of making the film much thicker.

From this data, it is evident that the development of bioplastic film needed more
improvement when it comes to its durability, appearance, and add more thickness to the film itself.
Along with the durability of the bioplastic film, it is also important to note that elasticity and heat
resistance of the film are some of the hindering factors for the overall satisfaction of the
respondents when using the bioplastic film. With this data, we can conclude that the development
of bioplastics needed development when it comes to its appearance, and overall durability.
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The research successfully demonstrated the feasibility of turning Colocasia esculenta (taro)
into a bioplastic integrated with silver nanoparticles. The bioplastic closely resembles conventional
plastic in appearance, as reported by nearly all respondents. Despite this similarity, the durability
of the bioplastic is not as strong as that of traditional plastic, as noted by the respondents. These
characteristics suggest that while the bioplastic may be an alternative with its visual similarity to
traditional plastic, further enhancements may be necessary to match or exceed the durability of
conventional plastics in various applications.

Moreover, the decision to incorporate silver nanoparticles was driven by their known
antimicrobial properties, which could enhance the bioplastic's resistance to microbial growth.
However, it's important to note that the study did not investigate the specific impact of silver
nanoparticles on anti-spoilage properties. Further research must focus on this aspect and to fully
understand the potential of this innovative bioplastic as a sustainable film material with enhanced
antimicrobial characteristics.

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the results and findings of the research, our experimental treatment had a
significant impact on the outcome, suggesting a favorable opportunity for further study. For
further study regarding the utilization of taro in making bioplastic we suggest investigating the
potential of taro tubers and its bio wax in creating a bioplastic film that fully utilizes the usage of
Colocasia Esculenta (taro). Additionally, a recommendation to further investigation about the
presence of silver nanoparticles can impact the spoil-preventive capability of the bioplastic film.
Furthermore, we suggest to further look into the other components that can create the bioplastic
durable and capable of fighting pathogens such as the utilization of chitosan and other fibrous
plants.