Lecture 14 Hip

BME 322
Biomechanics of The Hip

Introduction
• The Hip joint:
– Supports weight of upper body (head, arms and
trunk)
– Has ability to transmit forces (between torso and

lower extremities) vital to normal functioning of
human body
– Is a ball-and-socket joint (inherent stability)
– Provides stability and mobility

Anatomic Considerations
• Hipjoint composed of:

– Acetabulum
– Femoral head
– Femoral neck
– Acetabular labrum ( ring of cartilage that
surrounds the acetabulum)
– Hip capsule
– Muscles surrounding the hip
Hip Muscles
https://doctorlib.info/anatomy/sectional-anatomy/10.html
Hip Ligaments
The acetabulum is the concave portion of

the ball and socket hip joint structure.
The acetabular labrum is extremely

important to the proper functioning of the
hip joint. Unlike capsular tissue, labral tissue
is made up predominantly of fibrocartilage.
The labrum plays a role in containing the

femoral head in extremes of motion,
particularly in flexion.
In conjunction with the joint capsule, the

labrum also acts as a load-bearing structure
during flexion, meaning that subjects with a
deficient labrum, will experience instability
and capsular laxity.
The Femoral Neck
The femoral neck’s structure also plays a role in the proper functioning of the hip
joint, especially in terms of its angular relationships with the femoral shaft
Deviation alters the biomechanics of the hip and impacts the lever arms
to muscle forces and line of gravity
Kinematics
• Range of motions necessary

in daily activities:
– Hip flexion of at least 120º
– Abduction of at least 20º

(The movement of the leg away
from the midline of the body)
– Internal and external

rotations of at least 20º
Hip Motion During the Gait Cycle
Kinematics (continued)
• Range of motion decreases

with age due to
– Changes in motor control

– Loss of motor units
– Decreases in fast twitch
muscle fibers
Surface Motion
• Sliding/Gliding of the femoral
head on the acetabulum
• The gliding is produced by the
pivoting of the ball and socket in
three planes around the center
of rotation in the femoral head
• Inconsistency in the femoral
head results in non tangential
movement or Gliding , and leads
to compression or distraction of
the joint
Kinetics
• Magnitude of Joint Reaction Force (JRF) acting

on hip influenced by:
– Position of the upper body relatively to lower
body
– Ratio of abductor muscle force lever arm to
gravitational force lever arm
▪ Low ratio yields greater JRF than high ratio
• JRF = 3 times BW during single leg stance
Line of Gravity Shift
Kinetics (continued)
• Hip joint reaction force:

– ≥ 6 times BW during stance phase of gait cycle
– = BW during swing phase of gait cycle
– Increases with gait velocity
– = 8 times BW during running or skiing
• Gait involves motion in 3 planes.

– Rotation occurs during swing and stance
phases.
Quantitative Analysis for Implants
• Ratio of abductor muscle force lever arm ⁄ gravitational

force lever arm:
– Influences the magnitude of the joint reaction force
on the femoral head
– Is of importance in respect to prosthetics
• Joint reaction forces can be reduced by:

– Altering the center of motion in the prosthetic design
– Slightly changing abductor muscles lever arm through
surgery
Measurement of Forces in Vivo
Impact of Gender on Hip Kinematics
• Differences in forces in gait:
– Are found in extension and adduction
– Moments are higher in women.
▪ This suggests a narrower step width relative to
pelvic width in women.
Impact of Gender on Kinetics
• In a recent study, it was shown that
the greatest difference in gait
between genders was found for the
extension and adduction joint
moments (14.5). It was found that
females walked with greater
adduction angles at the hip, which
contributed to the greater adduction
moment, suggesting a narrower step
width relative to pelvic width (Boyer
et al., 2008). This implies that the hip
joint stress for the female population
is higher, not only in static situations,
but also in dynamic activities, as
compared with males.
Effect of External Support on Hip Joint
Force Reaction Force
• A cane:
– Should be used on the
opposite side
– Frequently decreases
magnitude of hip JRF
During walking, the electromyographic activity of the

hip abductor muscles was measured. Neumann
found that use of a cane on the contralateral side of
the affected hip joint, with careful instructions to use
with near maximal effort, could reduce the muscle
activity by 42% (Fig. 8-18). This calculates to a
reduction of approximately one times body weight:
from 2.2 times body weight with a cane to 3.4 times
body weight without. These studies provide
clinicians with important information about how
patients with hip problems can moderate hip
loading.
Homework:
1- Revise the topics taught in the class, and highlight the subjects that were
unclear
2- Survey those topics online, and present the list of sources that helped you
clear the subjects.
3- Answer the question:

Considering the Biomedical Engineering career, in which scenario do you
foresee the use of the subjects learned? Highlight its importance.

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BME 322

Biomechanics of The Hip

– Has ability to transmit forces (between torso and

– Is a ball-and-socket joint (inherent stability)

– Provides stability and mobility

• Hipjoint composed of:

The acetabulum is the concave portion of

The acetabular labrum is extremely

The labrum plays a role in containing the

In conjunction with the joint capsule, the

• Range of motions necessary

– Abduction of at least 20º

– Internal and external

• Range of motion decreases

– Changes in motor control

• Magnitude of Joint Reaction Force (JRF) acting

• Hip joint reaction force:

• Gait involves motion in 3 planes.

• Ratio of abductor muscle force lever arm ⁄ gravitational

• Joint reaction forces can be reduced by:

During walking, the electromyographic activity of the

3- Answer the question:

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