ISC Class 11 Biology Syllabus 2023-24

BIOLOGY (863)
Aims:
1. To enable candidates to acquire the knowledge and to develop an understanding of biological terms,
concepts, facts, principles, formulae, etc.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge of biology in unfamiliar situations.
3. To develop experimental skills required in biology practical work.
4. To create awareness about the problems of the environment and the manner in which these problems can be
overcome.
5. To develop the ability to appreciate biological phenomena in nature and the contribution of biology to
human welfare.
6. To develop interest in plants and animals and in their respective environments.
7. To develop scientific attitude towards biological phenomena.
8. To create awareness of the fundamentals of human biology, food, health, nutrition and population control.

CLASS XI
Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks
There will be two papers in the subject: Project Work … 10 marks
Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ...70 marks Practical File … 5 marks

PAPER 1- THEORY: 70 Marks

There will be no overall choice in the paper. Candidates will be required to answer all questions. Internal choice
will be available in two questions of 2 marks each, two questions of 3 marks each and all the three questions of
5 marks each.

S.NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Diversity of Living Organisms 09 Marks

2. Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants 11 Marks
3. Cell: Structure and Function 15 Marks
4. Plant Physiology 17 Marks
5. Human Physiology 18 Marks
TOTAL 70 Marks

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 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks A brief idea of the role of different types
of archaebacteria (methanogens,
Note: All structures (internal and external) are halophiles and thermoacidophiles in
required to be taught along with diagrams. their extreme environments).
1. Diversity of Living Organisms Mycoplasma – three distinctive features.
(i) The Living World Economic importance with reference to
role of bacteria in sewage treatment,
What is living? Need for classification; antibiotics, energy production and house
three domains of life; taxonomy and hold products (curd and cheese only).
systematics; concept of species and
taxonomical hierarchy; binomial (c) Kingdom Protista – only two general
nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy- characteristics and two examples
museums, zoological parks, herbaria, of subgroups: (i) Chrysophytes
botanical gardens, key. (ii) Dinoflagellates, (iii) Euglenoids,
(iv) Slime moulds, (v) Protozoans (to be
Characteristics of living organisms. Need for studied under rhizopods, flagellates,
classification should be discussed. Three ciliates and sporozoans with two
domains of life – distinguishing features of characteristics including modes of
(archaea, bacteria, eukarya). Definition and locomotion and two examples of each).
explanation of the terms taxonomy
(numerical taxonomy, cytotaxonomy and (d) Kingdom Fungi: general characteristics
chemotaxonomy) and systematics. Concept of and mode of reproduction of each
species. Major taxonomical hierarchies (including types of spores and sexual
(phylum, class, order, family, genus, reproduction – definition of isogamy,
species): definition and examples with anisogamy, oogamy, plasmogamy,
reference to classification of man, house fly, karyogamy and dikaryophase).
mango and wheat. Rules of binomial Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes,
nomenclature and advantages of using Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes -
scientific names. Aids for study of taxonomy characteristics with examples. Role of
–– a very brief idea of museum and herbaria, fungi in the field of medicine, bakery and
zoological parks and botanical gardens. environmental decomposition. Definition
Definition of taxonomical keys. of lichens and mycorrhiza (ecto and
endo).
Three systems of classification – artificial,
natural and phylogenetic. Life cycles not required.
(ii) Biological Classification (e) Virus (characteristic features – link
between living and non-living, structure
Five kingdom classification; s alient of TMV and bacteriophage and
features and classification of Monera, contribution of the following scientists:
Protista, Fungi, P l a n t a e and Animalia. D.J. Ivanowsky, M.W. Beijerinck,
Lichens, Viruses and Viroids. W.M. Stanley) and Viroid (definition
(a) Five-kingdom system of classification only).
and characteristics of different kingdoms
(iii) Plant Kingdom
with examples.
(a) Algae - characteristics (morphology,
(b) Kingdom Monera: Bacteria - common name, major pigments, stored
classification of bacteria according to food, composition of cell wall, flagellar
shape, nutrition and mode of respiration; number and position of insertion, habitat,
differences between gram +ve and mode of sexual reproduction) and
gram –ve bacteria; types of reproduction examples of Chlorophyceae,
– definition of fission, conjugation, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae; Economic
transduction and transformation (details
importance of algae – any five.
not required).

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 (b) Bryophyta – general characteristics, 2. Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
distinctive features of liverworts and (i) Morphology of Flowering Plants
mosses; graphic outline of life cycle of (a) Morphology and modifications of root,
Funaria with reference to alternation of stem, leaf.
generations. Economic importance of
Types of roots (tap, fibrous, adventitious),
bryophytes.
regions, modifications of roots for
(c) Pteridophyta: characteristics; storage (Tuberous – e.g. Mirabilis and
classification into classes: psilopsida sweet potato; fusiform – e.g. radish;
(Psilotum), lycopsida (Selaginella, conical – e.g., carrot; napiform – e.g.
Lycopodium), sphenopsida (Equisetum) turnip), respiration (pneumatophores)
and pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris and and support (stilt and prop).
Adiantum). Graphic outline of life cycle Stems – features (nodes internodes,
of a typical pteridophyte (fern). Definition buds), modifications – underground
of homospory and heterospory with (tuber, rhizome, corm) aerial (tendril,
relevant examples. Economic importance. thorn, Phylloclade, cladode) and sub-
(d) Gymnosperms: general characteristics aerial (runner, sucker, stolon, offset).
and graphic outline of life cycle of a Leaves - parts of a simple leaf, venation,
typical gymnosperm (Pinus). Economic types of leaves (simple and compound –
importance. pinnate and palmate), phyllotaxy –
(e) Angiosperms – general characteristics alternate, opposite, whorled (with an
and classification into monocots and example of each). Modifications for
mechanical support (tendril), protection
dicots; Graphic outline of life cycle of a
(spine), storage (bulb), reproduction
typical angiosperm.
(Bryophyllum); insectivorous plants
(f) Comparison of life cycle patterns of (pitcher plant, Venus-fly-trap).
different plant groups (haplontic, (b) Morphology of flower, fruit and seed.
diplontic and haplo-diplontic). Structure of a typical flower, types of
(iv) Animal Kingdom inflorescence (racemose and cymose).
Animal Kingdom: animal construction - body Structure of a typical flower,
plan (cell aggregate plan, blind-sac plan and bracteates/ebracteate, [symmetry
tube-within-tube plan), symmetry (spherical, (actinomorphic, zygomorphic),
radial and bilateral symmetry), coelom trimerous/tetramerous/pentamerous
development (diploblastic and triploblastic complete/ incomplete, non-essential
organisation in animals, acoelomate, whorls (calyx: gamosepalous,
pseudocoelomate, coelomate and polysepalous, corolla: gamopetalous,
haemocoelomate), segmentation. polysepalous, perianth, aestivation:
Non-chordata - five distinguishing valvate, twisted, imbricate, vexillary),
characters with two examples of Porifera, essential whorls (androecium: cohesion -
Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, syngenesious, synandrous,
Nematoda (Aschelminthes), Annelida, monadelphous, diadelphous,
Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, polyadelphous; adhesion – epipetalous,
Hemichordata. epiphyllous; number of lobes –
monothecous, dithecous; Gynoecium:
Chordata – sub-classification of Chordata
position of ovary – epigynous,
with reference to notochord - sub phyla
hypogynous, perigynous, cohesion –
Urochordata, Cephalochordata. Vertebrata
apocarpous, syncarpous, number of
(classes – cyclostomata, chondrichthyes, locules – unilocular, bilocular,
osteichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves and
multilocular], types of inflorescence
mammalia) – three distinguishing characters
(racemose and cymose – definition and
with two examples of each).
differences; subtypes not required).

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 (ii) Anatomy of Flowering Plants cartilage, T.S and L.S. of mammalian
bone(to be taught with the help of
(a) Plant Tissues: types of plant tissues:
diagrams); different types of muscles
Meristematic tissues: classification of
and their functions; structure of a
meristematic tissue. Permanent Tissues:
neuron (types – unipolar, bipolar,
structure and function of simple tissues
multipolar, myelinated, non-
(parenchyma, collenchyma and
myelinated). Neuroglial cells.
sclerenchyma) and complex tissues
(xylem and phloem), tissue system. (b) Cockroach
Internal structure of root, stem, and leaf. Morphology, anatomy and functions
Characteristics of meristematic tissue; of different systems (digestive,
classification of meristems based on circulatory, respiratory, nervous and
origin and location; structure, function reproductive) of an insect (cockroach) -
and location of permanent tissues; a brief account only.
simple and complex tissues; epidermal, 3. Cell: Structure and Function
ground and vascular tissue systems.
(i) Cell - the Unit of Life
Cellular diagrams of T.S. of roots and
stem and V.S. of monocot and dicot Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life:
leaves are required. Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
(b) Secondary growth in dicot stem and dicot cells; Plant cell and animal cell; cell
root envelope; cell membrane, cell wall
(including definition of plasmodesmata);
Basic idea of how secondary growth cell organelles – ultrastructure and
takes place in dicot stems and roots (with function; endomembrane system
the help of outline diagrams) and (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies,
formation of annual rings. Activity of the lysosomes, vacuoles), mitochondria,
cambium and cork cambium, formation ribosomes, plastids, microbodies;
of secondary tissues, differences between cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles;
heart wood and sap wood, early wood nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromatin,
and late wood. Definition of bark. nucleolus.
(iii) Structural Organisation in Animals
Historical aspects, cell theory, size and
(a) Animal tissues shape of cells; general structure of
Epithelial, connective, muscular and prokaryotic cell.
nervous tissues to be taught with the help General structure of eukaryotic cell, ultra-
of diagrams. structure and function of cell wall, cell
Location, structure and functions of membrane (description of fluid mosaic
epithelial tissues (simple, stratified, model; functions of the plasma membrane:
pseudostratified, specialised – active and passive transport, brief
transitional, neurosensory and explanation of facilitated diffusion (uniport,
pigmented) with examples, types of symport and antiport) with one example.
junctions (tight, adhering and gap Mitochondria, nucleus (structure and types
junctions) location and general of chromosomes on the basis of the position
structure of areolar tissue - functions of of centromere, satellite), types of plastids,
different types of cells (fibroblasts, endomembrane system (endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes and
macrophages, Mast cells, plasma cells,
vacuoles), ribosomes, microbodies,
adipocytes); fibrous connective tissue
cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella and centrioles;
(ligaments and tendon); difference difference between prokaryotic cell and
between bone and cartilage; types of eukaryotic cell, plant and animal cell,
cartilage (hyaline, white fibrous, yellow microfilaments and microtubules, flagella
elastic and calcified); T.S. of hyaline and cilia.

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 (ii) Biomolecules Definition of imbibition; factors affecting
imbibition; importance of imbibition,
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, characteristics and significance of diffusion;
enzymes. osmosis - endosmosis and exosmosis;
Carbohydrates: general classification and significance of osmosis and turgidity -
functions of: monosaccharides (glucose, osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, wall
ribose and deoxyribose), disaccharides pressure; definition of turgidity, plasmolysis,
(maltose, lactose and sucrose), deplasmolysis, importance of water; active
polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose, and passive absorption of water; apoplastic
inulin, and chitin). and symplastic movements, definition of
Proteins: amino acids – (structure: glycine, water potential and its components viz.
alanine, serine); amino acids as zwitter-ion; solute, matrix and pressure potential
examples of acidic, basic, neutral, sulphur (numerical problems based on this concept
containing amino acids; essential and are not required). Root pressure – definition
nonessential amino acids; levels of protein and experiment to demonstrate it.
structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and Explanation and definition of transpiration,
quaternary); functions of proteins. significance of transpiration. Stomatal
mechanism – starch sugar interconversion
Lipids: classification, structure and functions and K+-ion mechanism. Mechanism of ascent
of fats and oils. of sap by cohesion – tension and
Enzymes: general properties, nomenclature transpiration pull theory. Guttation –
and classification of enzymes according to definition, differences between transpiration
type of reactions, co-factors (prosthetic and guttation. Function of stomata, lenticel
groups, coenzymes and metal ions. Factors and hydathode. Mineral uptake by active and
affecting enzyme activity - temperature, pH, passive transport.
substrate concentration. Competitive Transport of solutes; evidences which
inhibitors. indicate that downward movement of organic
solutes takes place in phloem (girdling and
(iii) Cell Cycle and Cell Division tracer techniques), mechanism of
Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their translocation - mass flow hypothesis.
significance. (ii) Mineral Nutrition
Definition of C-value, different stages of cell Essential minerals, macro- and
cycle (G o , G 1 , S and G 2 and M). micronutrients and their role; deficiency
Different stages of mitosis and prophase – I symptoms; mineral toxicity; elementary idea
of meiosis with diagrams. Significance of of hydroponics nitrogen metabolism,
mitosis and meiosis. Differences between nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
mitosis and meiosis. Criteria for essentiality of minerals,
4. Plant Physiology hydroponics, macro and micronutrients; role
and deficiency symptoms (hunger signs) of
(i) Transport in Plants various elements. Mineral toxicity.
Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Root nodule formation, biological nitrogen
cell to cell transport, diffusion, facilitated fixation, non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation and
diffusion, active transport; plant-water symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Role of
relations, imbibition, water potential, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azolla, Anabaena
osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance and Nostoc; importance of nitrogenase
transport of water - absorption, apoplast, complex and leghaemoglobin pigment.
symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure Nitrogen cycle (graphic outline).
and guttation; transpiration, opening and (iii) Photosynthesis in higher plants
closing of stomata; uptake and translocation
of mineral nutrients - transport of food - Photosynthesis as a mean of autotrophic
phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis; nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments
diffusion of gases. involved in photosynthesis (elementary

224
 idea); photochemical and biosynthetic definition; measurement of growth by direct
phases of photosynthesis; cyclic method and use of auxanometer, factors
and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; affecting growth.
chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; Discovery and physiological role of growth
C 3 and C 4 pathways; factors affecting regulators in plants (such as auxins,
photosynthesis. gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and
Contributions of Priestley, Sachs, abscisic acid – four effects of each);
Engelmann, van Neil; differences between application of growth regulators, Definition
absorption and action spectra. of dormancy and quiescence; causes and
methods of breaking seed dormancy.
Brief idea of photosynthetic pigments
(difference between chlorophyll ‘a’&‘b’, Photomorphogenesis in plants.
carotenoids and xanthophyll), photochemical A brief idea of short day, long day and day
phase - pigment systems, cyclic and non- neutral plants; critical day length,
cyclic photophosphorylation, chemiosmotic definition and differences between
hypothesis; biosynthetic phase - C 3 and C 4 photoperiodism and vernalisation.
cycles – graphic representation in correct 5. Human Physiology
sequence (carboxylation, glycolytic reversal
and regeneration of pentose); Differences (i) Digestion and Absorption.
between C 3 and C 4 plants, C 3 and C 4 cycles, Alimentary canal and digestive glands,
Photosystems I and II, Photorespiration role of digestive enzymes; peristalsis,
pathway in brief - explanation of how RuBP digestion, absorption and assimilation of
carboxylase acts as RuBP oxygenase. proteins, carbohydrates and fats; calorific
Kranz anatomy. Blackman’s Law of limiting values of proteins, carbohydrates and
factors, factors affecting photosynthesis. fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive
(iv) Respiration in Plants disorders.
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration -
glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA Calorific value of carbohydrates, proteins
cycle a n d electron transport system and fats per gram; Structure and functions
(aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP of the digestive organs and their associated
molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; glands, types of dentition (thecodont,
heterodont, diphyodont) and dental formula
respiratory quotient.
of human; diagram of the digestive system
Types of respiration; mechanism of with correct position of the organs and the
respiration: glycolysis, Krebs’ cycle, ETS associated glands; diagrammatic
(only flowchart). Oxidative phosphorylation representation of T.S. of gut showing the
– definition; Brief idea of fermentation and four layers - histology of individual organs
Amphibolic pathway. Definition of not required; physiology of digestion and
respiratory quotient and RQ values of absorption of food; definition of bolus,
carbohydrates, proteins and fats. peristalsis, deglutition, emulsification;
(v) Plant Growth and Development assimilation of digested food; disorders of
Seed germination; phases of plant the digestive system – Protein Energy
growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation Malnutrition ( PEM), indigestion,
and redifferentiation; sequence of constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea.
developmental processes in a plant cell; (ii) Breathing and exchange of gases.
growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin,
cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; Respiratory organs in animals (recall only);
vernalisation; photoperiodism. Respiratory system in humans; mechanism
of breathing and its regulation - exchange
A brief idea about differentiation, of gases, transport of gases and regulation
dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. of respiration, respiratory volumes;
Phases of growth in meristems, growth rate – disorders related to respiration.
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 Organs involved in respiration; mechanism formation, osmoregulation; regulation of
of pulmonary gas exchange; breathing kidney function, renin - angiotensin, atrial
process should be explained showing the natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes
action of diaphragm and intercostal insipidus; role of erythropoietin; role of
muscles, regulation of respiration; other organs in excretion; disorders of the
transport of oxygen in the blood, excretory system - uraemia, renal failure,
oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve; renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial
transport of CO 2 ; chloride shift, pulmonary kidney.
air volumes and lung capacities; disorders Define, differentiate and explain the terms
of respiratory system such as - asthma, ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism;
emphysema, occupational respiratory external and internal structure of the kidney
disorders. (L.S.); structure of nephron; physiology of
(iii) Body fluids and circulation. urine formation - ultra filtration, selective
reabsorption and active (tubular) secretion.
Composition of blood, blood groups,
Counter current system, regulation of urine
coagulation of blood; composition of lymph
formation, definition of micturition, renin-
and its function; human circulatory system
angiotensin system, role of atrial natriuretic
- structure of human heart and blood
factor, ADH and erythropoietin.
vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output,
ECG; double circulation; regulation of Role of skin, liver and lungs in excretion.
cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory Homeostasis – definition. Disorders of the
system. excretory system - uraemia, renal failure,
renal calculi, nephritis.
Composition of blood plasma, functions of
plasma proteins, blood corpuscles. Haemodialysis and artificial kidney.
Difference between closed and open vascular
(v) Locomotion and Movement
system; external and internal structure of
heart; working of the heart and blood flow Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar,
through the heart during different phases muscular; skeletal muscles - contractile
should be described under the following proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal
headings - auricular systole, auricular system and its functions; joints; disorders
diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular of muscular and skeletal system.
diastole and joint diastole; definition of Locomotion: Basic aspects of human
stroke volume and cardiac output, regulation skeleton (number and names of the bones of
of heart beat, ECG; arterial blood pressure
axial and appendicular skeleton).
(systolic and diastolic), double circulation.
The internal structure of artery, vein and Functions of human skeleton; different types
capillary. Importance of ABO groups in of joints - their location and function;
blood transfusion, Rh factor and its general properties of muscles; structure of
importance in transfusion and pregnancy; skeletal muscle - sliding filament theory of
clotting of blood to be taught briefly; muscle contraction; chemical events during
lymphatic system – a brief idea of lymph muscle contraction; definition of summation,
(composition and function), lymphatic tetanus, rigor mortis, differences between red
capillaries and lymph nodes; disorders of the and white muscles.
circulatory system such as hypertension, Disorders of muscular and skeletal system:
coronary artery disease, angina pectoris and (i) Myasthenia gravis, (ii) Tetany,
heart failure. (iii Muscular dystrophy, (iv) Arthritis,
(iv) Excretory products and their elimination. (v) Osteoporosis, (vi) gout.
Modes of excretion - ammonotelism,
ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory
system - structure and function; urine
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(vi) Neural Control and Coordination PAPER II

Neuron and nerves; nervous system in PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks

humans - central nervous system; peripheral 1. Scientific Techniques
nervous system and visceral nervous
system; generation and conduction of To study parts of a dissecting microscope and
nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory compound microscope.
perception; sense organs; elementary The students should know all parts of dissecting
structure and functions of eye and ear. and compound microscope and be able to handle
Structure and functions of various parts of the microscope independently.
the brain and spinal cord; conduction of 2. Physiology
nerve impulses through nerve fibre (non-
(i) Food tests: test for starch, glucose, sucrose,
myelinated and myelinated) and through
proteins and fats.
synapse; physiology of reflex action, natural
reflex and conditioned reflex - definition, Food tests: tests should be reported in
examples and differences; reflex arc to be tabular form. Both positive and negative tests
taught with diagram showing the pathway by should be reported.
means of arrows; eye and ear: structure and
(ii) To study the effect of thawing, heat and
working to be done along with the help of
alcohol on permeability of beet root cells.
diagrams. Elementary idea of nose (olfactory
receptor) and tongue (gustato receptor). To study the effect of heat on permeability of
cell membrane of beet root cells: students
(vii) Chemical Co-ordination and Integration
should record the observations at very low
Endocrine glands and hormones; human temperature, room temperature and higher
endocrine system - hypothalamus, pituitary, temperature to see the degree of leaching
pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and conclude accordingly. Experiment on
pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone effect of alcohol on the permeability with
action (elementary idea); role of hormones regard to leaching.
as messengers and regulators, hypo - and
(iii) Separation of plant pigments from leaves by
hyperactivity and related disorders;
chromatography.
dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goitre,
exophthalmic goitre, diabetes mellitus and (iv) Effect of different carbon dioxide
diabetes insipidus, Grave’s disease, concentrations on the rate of photosynthesis.
Addison's disease. (v) Demonstration of plasmolysis (using Rhoeo
Brief idea of location of endocrine glands; leaf / onion bulb).
role of hypothalamus; hormones secreted by
(vi) Demonstration of osmosis in living plant
different lobes of pituitary and their
cells (potato osmoscope).
functions; feedback control of tropic
hormones to be discussed giving examples; 3. Morphology
hormones of pineal, thymus, thyroid, (i) Morphology and modification of roots, stems
parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, GI and leaves.
tract (gastrin, secretin, GIP, CCK-PZ) and
gonads; mechanism of hormone action Teachers can show examples of roots, stems
(through cAMP and steroid hormones only); and leaves modified for mechanical support,
effects of hypo secretion and hyper secretion storage, reproduction or perennation –
of various hormones of the above mentioned students should learn to identify and draw the
glands. specimens.
Note: Diseases related to all the human Leaves: phyllotaxy – alternate, opposite
physiological systems to be taught in brief. whorled (with an example of each), shape,
venation, simple and compound.

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 (ii) Preparation of temporary slides of Mucor / (viii) Sponge
Rhizopus. (ix) Hydra
The teacher should guide the students on the (x) Tape worm
technique of culture, staining and mounting (xi) Leech
the material and then observing under the
microscope. The students should also be able (xii) Silk Worm
to make labelled diagrams and record (xiii) Rohu fish
observations. Students should be taught how to identify,
4. Cytology draw, label and give at least two significantly
visible characteristics, as observed, of each
Preparation of temporary slides of - spot, in a given time of three minutes.
(i) Onion peel (to study the plant cell) (c) Comment on experimental set up studied in
(ii) Stages of mitosis in onion root tips. physiology.
Correct method of selecting the root tip, fixing, (a) Osmosis
staining and mounting should be taught. (b) Transpiration
Different stages should be observed first in low
power and after locating the area, the students (c) Photosynthesis
should see it under high power. Various stages (d) Transpiration pull.
should be drawn and labelled. Students should identify (aim of the
(iii) T.S of monocot and dicot stem. experiment), draw a labelled diagram of the
(iv) T.S. of monocot and dicot root. physiological set-up and write observation
and inference of the experiment within the
After staining and mounting the tissue students allotted time i.e., 3 minutes.
should be able to draw the diagram and label all
the parts as seen under the low power of PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE –
microscope. 15 Marks
5. Spotting: (Three minutes to be given for each Project Work – 10 Marks
spot which includes identification, drawing a Candidate is to creatively execute one
labelled diagram and writing at least two project/assignment on any aspect of Biology.
characteristics). Preference is to be given to investigatory projects.
(a) Identification of stained preparations of the Following is only a suggestive list of projects.
following: Teachers may assign or students may choose any one
project of their choice.
(i) Stages of meiosis.
(i) Project related to experiment on any aspect of
(ii) Identification of mammalian blood cells. plant life/animal life.
(iii) Bacteria (ii) Project related to any aspect of environment.
(iv) Spirogyra (iii) Diabetes.
(v) Amoeba (iv) Endocrine disorders.
(vi) Yeast (v) Yeast fermentation and production of alcohol or
(b) Identification of the following specimens - any other commercial industry dependant on
(i) Liverworts plants and/or animals or their products.
(ii) Moss In addition, students may be taught how to
culture:
(iii) Fern
Earthworms.
(iv) Pinus
Protozoans.
(v) Mushroom
Moulds.
(vi) One monocot plant – bamboo
Setting up of an aquarium.
(vii) One dicot plant – Petunia

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Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Project Work: 22. Singer and Nicolson – Proposed fluid mosaic
model of plasma membrane
Format of the Project:
23. Sutherland – cyclic AMP as second messenger
– Content
– Introduction 24. T. O. Diener – Discovered viroids
– Presentation (graphs, tables, charts, newspaper 25. Thomas Addison – Father of endocrinology
cuttings, diagrams, photographs, statistical 26. Van Neil – Oxygen released during
analysis if relevant) photosynthesis comes from water
– Conclusion/ Summary 27. W. M. Stanley – Crystallised TMV
– Bibliography 28. Waldeyer – Coined the term chromosome
Practical File – 5 Marks 29. Whittaker – Five kingdoms of life
Each practical done during the year, needs to be 30. William Harvey – Discovered circulatory system
recorded by the student in the Practical file and LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO BE STUDIED
the same must be checked, signed and dated by
the teacher. 1. 2,4-D – 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
Teachers are required to assess students on the basis 2. ABA – Abscisic Acid
of the Biology Practical file maintained by them 3. ANF – Atrial Natriuretic Factor
during the academic year.
4. CCK –Cholecystokinin
SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
5. DPD – Diffusion Pressure Deficit
1. Beijerinck – Contagium vivum fluidum
6. ECG – Electrocardiogram
2. Carl Woese – Three domains of life
7. ERV – Expiratory Reserve Volume
3. Curtis – Transpiration is a necessary evil
8. ETS – Electron Transport System
4. Engelmann – Action spectrum of photosynthesis
9. FAD – Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
5. Ernst Mayr – Biological species concept
10. FRC – Functional Residual Capacity
6. F.F. Blackman – Law of limiting factor
11. GA – Gibberellic acid
7. F W Went – Isolated Auxins
12. GFR – Glomerular Filtration Rate
8. Farmer and Moore – Discovered meiosis
13. GIP – Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
9. G.N. Ramachandran – Analysis of Protein
14. IBA – Indole Butyric Acid
structure
15. IRV – Inspiratory Reserve Volume
10. Garner and Allard – Photoperiodism
16. LHC – Light Harvesting Complex
11. George Palade – Discovered ribosomes
17. NAA – Naphthalene Acetic Acid
12. Huxley and Niedergerke – Sliding filament
theory 18. NADPH – Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Phosphate (reduced)
13. Ivanowsky – Discovered Tobacco Mosaic Virus
19. OAA – Oxaloacetic Acid
14. Karl Landsteiner – Blood groups
20. PEM – Protein Energy Malnutrition
15. Katherine Esau – Anatomy of plants
21. PGA – Phosphoglyceric Acid
16. Levitt – Active K+ transport theory of stomatal
movement 22. PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators
17. Munch – Proposed mass flow hypothesis 23. PPLO – Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism
18. Peter Mitchell – Chemiosmotic coupling 24. PZ – Pancreozymin
hypothesis 25. RQ – Respiratory Quotient
19. Priestley – Plants restore oxygen in the air 26. RUBISCO – Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase
20. Renner – Coined the terms active and passive oxygenase
absorption of water 27. RuBP – Ribulose Bisphosphate
21. Robert Brown – Discovered nucleus 28. TMV – Tobacco Mosaic Virus
229