CHAPTER FIVE

Analysis and Design Calculations

5-1 Description of the case study:

Consider a typical three storeys Loadbearing cross-wall building having the layout
shown in Figure. 5-1 and 5-2.It is assumed that the roof and floor slabs are of
continuous in situ reinforced concrete construction. The building is designed using
two type of local manufacturing clay brick. type one (clay block) with dimension of
280 mm length, 180 mm wide and 130 mm high masonry unit which have
compressive strength of 5 MPa and type two (clay brick) with dimension of 200 mm
length, 95 mm wide and 65 mm high masonry unit which have compressive strength
of 20 MPa. The structure has been kept simple to show the principle of limit state
design. Only two walls above ground level.-an internal wall A, heavily loaded
compared to the others, and wall B, have been considered.

Figure (5-1): Typical section of a building

[48]
 4m
2m
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
4m

Figure (5-2): Typical plan of a building

[49]
5-2 CALCULATION Final results
5-2-1 ANALYSIS CALCULATION weight of one
meter square
Type one (clay block) : = 1.766 KN/𝑚2
General :
Number of interior wall (A) = 12

Number of exterior wall (B) = 4

Total D.L =
Thickness of wall = 280mm 21.77 KN/m

Number of bricks in one meter square = 36 bricks

Live load =
Weight of one brick =5.0 kg =5.0 *9.81 =49.05 N = 0.04905 KN 6.0 KN/m

The weight of one meter square =36*0.04905 = 1.766 KN/𝑚2

Thickness of solid slab (roof & floor) =12.5 cm = 0.125 m

Density of concrete = 24 KN/𝑚3

loading:

Weight of roof (floor) =1*1* 0.125 * 24 = 3.0KN

Finishing loads = 1 KN
Total = 4.0 KN
Live load = 1.5 KN
Load per meter run (A* KN/m2) :
Wall dead load = 2*1*4.0= 8.0 KN/m
Wall live load =2*1*3 = 6 KN/m

Load on wall (interior &external) :

Weight of wall = 1*2.875*1.766 =5.077

D.L from slab = 8*2*1=16KN/m
Total D.L = 21.77 KN/m
Live load = 6.0 KN/m

[50]
The table below show the Load on interior wall (A) per meter
run:
Calculation for floor level Dead Cumulative Cumulative
considered load D.L to floor L.L to floor
GK QK
2 nd floor
Roof dead
weight=8.0*2=16 21.77 21.77 6 GK=65.31
Weight of
wall=1*2.875*1.766=5.077 QK=14.4
Total=21.77
Imposed
load=2*1*1.5*2=6
1 st floor
Floor dead weight=16
Wall weight=5.077 21.77 43.54 10.8
Total=21.77
Imposed
load=2*6*0.9=10.8
GF
Total dead weight=21.77 21.77 65.31 14.4
Imposed
load=3*6*0.8=14.4

Wind load calculation Vb (Z) =45 m/s

Vb, 0 =45.0 m/s
Vb (Z) = Cdir * Csea * Vb,0
=1*1*45= 45 m/s
Vm(z) =Cr(z) * C0(z) * Vb
= 45* Cr(z)
Cr(z) = kr *ln(z/z0) for zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax Vm(z) =44.3998
kr = 0.19 * (z0/ z0,ii)
= 0.19 * (0.05/0.05 )
= 0.19
There for
Cr(z) =0.19 * ln ( 9 / 0.05 ) =0.987
Vm(z) = 0.987 * 1 * 45 = 44.3998
σv = kr * kl * Vb
= 0.19 * 1 * 45 = 8.55 qp=2.976 KN/m2
Iv = σ v / Vm(z)
[51]
 = 8.55 / 44.3998
= 0.193
The basic wind pressure (qb) = 0.5 ρ * Vm
= 1265.625 N/mm2 =1.266 KN/m2
The maximum wind pressure (qp) = (1+ 7 * Iv (z)) * ((qb))
= 2.976 KN/m2 We net
The external wind pressure (We) = (qp ) * Cpe =3.274 KN/m2
The internal wind pressure (Wi) = (qp ) * Cpi
Windward side:
Cpnet = Cpe –(-0.3) = 1.1
(We net) = (qp ) * Cpnet
=2.976 *1.1
=3.274 KN/m2 Wi net =
nd
2 floor - 2.292 KN/m
F = 3.274 * 28 * 3 = 275.016 KN
1st floor
F = 3.274 * 28 * 6 = 550.032 KN
G floor
F =3.274 * 28 * 9 =825.048 KN
LEEWARD side
Cpnet = Cpi –(+2) = - 0.5 – 0.2 = - 0.7
(Wi net) = (qp ) * Cpnet
= 3.274 * (-0.7) = - 2.292 KN/m
nd
2 floor
F = - 2.292 * 28 * 3 = - 192.528
1st floor
F = - 2.292 * 28 * 6 = -385.056 KN
G floor
F = - 2.292 * 28 * 9 = - 577.584 KN
The net wind pressure force in each floor
F 2nd floor =275.016 – (- 192.528) = 467.544 KN
F1st floor =550.032 – (-385.056) = 935.088 KN
Fgfloor = 825.048 – (-577.584) = 1402.632 KN

4.4. MOMENT & SHEAR

M2ndfloor = 467.544 * 1.5 = 701.316 KN.m
M1stfloor = 935.088 * 3 = 2805.264 KN.m
Mgfloor = 1402.632 * 4.5 = 6311.844 KN.m

The second moment of inertia

[52]
Assumed section of wall resisting the wind moment the flange
which acts together with the web of the I section is the lesser of :
• 12 times thickness of flang + thickness of web IA =
(= 12 * 0.28 + 0.28 = 3.64 m ) 3. 812 m4
• Center line to center line of wall (= 4 m )
• One third of span ( 1.33 m )
There for the length of the flange = 1.33 m use (1.34 m) IB = 2.5 m4
For wall (A)
IA = 2 *( (((0.28)3 * 1.34)/12 )+ 0.28 * 1.34 * 1.862) + ( 3.723 *
0.28 ) / 12
= 3. 812 m4

For wall (B) ∑ I=

55.744 m4
IB = 2 *( (((0.28)3 * 0.67)/12 )+ 0.28 * 0.67 * 1.862) + ( 3.723 *
0.28 ) / 12
= 2.5 m4

∑ I = 12* IA + 4 * IB = 55.744 m4

MOMENT CARRIED BY WALL A

= (IA /∑ I ) * M = 0.0684 *M = MA

MOMENT CARRIED BY WALL B

= (IB /∑ I ) * M = 0.0448 *M = MB

SHEAR FORCE CARRIED BY WALL (A)

= FA = 0.0684 F

SHEAR FORCE CARRIED BY WALL (B)

= FB = 0.0448 F

[53]
Table below show the distributed of bending moment stresses
and shear force in walls

Just above floor WALL (A) WALL (B)

level Bending stress Bending stress
SF SF
N/mm2 N/mm2
KN KN
2nd floor
Wall (A) = MA * Y
/IA
= (0.0684 *701.316
*0.002)/ 3.812
SFA = FA* (IA /∑ I ) ± 0.025 32.12 ± 0.025 32.12
= (0.0684
*469.544)
Wall (B) = MB * Y
/IB
= (0.0448 *701.316
*0.002)/ 3.812
SFB = FB* (IB /∑ I )
= 0.576
1st floor
Wall (A) = MA * Y
/IA
= (0.0684
*2805.264 *0.002)/
3.812 ± 0.10 96.08 ± 0.10 96.078
SFA = FA* (IA /∑ I )
= (0.0684
*1404.632)
Wall (B) = MB * Y
/IB
SFB = FB* (IB /∑ I )

[54]
 G floor
Wall (A) = MA * Y
/IA ± 0.23 192.02 ± 0.23 192.015
= (0.0684
*6311.844 *0.002)/
3.812
SFA = FA* (IA /∑ I )
= (0.0684
*2807.264)
Wall (B) = MB * Y
/IB
SFB = FB* (IB /∑ I )

LOAD COMBINATION FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

2ndfloor :

WALL (A) :

Permentent + imposed = 1.35 GKI + 1.5 QKI

= 1.35 * 21.77 + 1.5 * 6
= 29.39 +9
Stress = (38.39)/280
= 0.137 N/mm2
WIND WARD SIDE:

Permanent + wind = 1* GKI – 1.5 * Wki

= 1 * (21.77)/280 – 1.5 * 0.025
Stress = 0.0403 N/mm2

Leeward side:

Permeant + wind = 1.35 * GKI + 1.5 * Wki

= (1.35 * 21.77)/280 + 1.5 * 0.025
stress = 0.142 N/mm2
Permenant + imposed +wind
= 1.35 * GKI + 1.35 * QKI + 1.35 * Wki

[55]
(wind ward )
= (1.35 * 21.77 + 1.35 * 6.0)/280 – 1.35 * 0.025 = 0.099 N/mm
(lee ward side )
= (1.35 * 21.77 + 1.35 * 6.0)/280 + 1.35 * 0.025 = 0.167N/mm2

1st floor :
WALL (A) :

Permentent + imposed = 1.35 GKI + 1.5 QKI

= (1.35 * 43.54) + 1.5 * 10.8
= 58.779 +16.2
Stress = (74.979)/280
= 0.268 N/mm2
WIND WARD SIDE

Permenant + wind = 1* GKI – 1.5 * Wki

= (1 *43.54)/280 – 1.5 * 0.10
Stress = 0.006

Leeward side:

Permeant + wind = 1.35 * GKI + 1.5 * Wki

= (1.35 * 43.54)/280 + 1.5 * 0.10
Stress = 0.360
Permenant + imposed +wind
= 1.35 * GKI + 1.35 * QKI + 1.35 * Wki

(Wind ward)
= (1.35 * 43.54+ 1.35 * 10.8)/280 – 1.35 * 0.1 =0.127 N/mm
(Lee ward side)
= (1.35 * 43.54+ 1.35 * 10.8)/280 + 1.35 * 0.1 = 0.397 N/mm2

G floor :

WALL (A) :
Permentent + imposed = 1.35 GKI + 1.5 QKI
= 1.35 * 65.31 + 1.5 * 14.4
= 88.1685 +21.6
Stress = (109.769)/280
= 0.392 N/mm2
[56]
WIND WARD SIDE

Permenant + wind = 1* GKI – 1.5 * Wki

= (1 * 65.31)/280 – 1.5 * 0.23
Stress = -0.112

Leeward side:

Permeant + wind = 1.35 * GKI + 1.5 * Wki

= (1.35 * 65.31)/280 + 1.5 * 0.23
Stress = 0.660
Permenant + imposed +wind = 0.695 N/mm2
= 1.35 * GKI + 1.35 * QKI + 1.35 * Wki (max stress)

(Wind ward)
= (1.35 * 65.31 + 1.35 * 14.4)/280 – 1.35 * 0.23 = 0.074 N/mm
(Lee ward side)
= (1.35 * 65.31 + 1.35 * 14.4)/280 + 1.35 * 0.23
= 0.695 N/mm2 (max stress)

[57]
Type two (clay brick): The weight of one
meter square
General: = 4.448 KN/𝑚2

Number of interior wall (A) = 12

Number of exterior wall (B) = 4

Thickness of wall =300mm

Number of bricks in one meter square = 225 bricks Total D.L =

28.788 KN/m
Weight of one brick Live load =
6.0 KN/m
= 2.015 kg =2.015*9.81 =19.767 N = 0.01977 KN

The weight of one meter square =225*0.01977 = 4.448 KN/𝑚2

Thickness of solid slab (roof & floor ) =12.5cm = 0.125 m

Density of concrete (γc) = 24 KN/𝑚3

loading
Weight of roof (floor) =1*1* 0.125 * 24 = 3 KN
Finishing loads = 1 KN
Total = 4.0 KN
Live load = 1.5 KN
Load per meter run (A* KN/m2) :
Wall dead load = 2*1*4= 8 KN/m
Wall live load =2*1*3 = 6 KN/m
Load on wall (interior &external) :
Weight of wall = 1*2.875*4.448=12.788
D.L from slab = 8*2*1=16KN/m
Total D.L = 28.788 KN/m
Live load = 6.0 KN/m

[58]
The table below show the Load on interior wall (A) per meter GK=86.349
run: QK =14.4
Calculation for floor level Dead Cumulative Cumulative
considered load D.L to L.L to
floor GK floor QK
2 nd floor
Roof dead
weight=8.0*2=16.0 28.783 28.783 6
Weight of
wall=1*2.875*4.448=12.788
Total=28.783
Imposed load=2*1*1.5*2=6
1 st floor
Floor dead weight=16.0
Wall weight=12.788 28.783 57.566 10.8
Total=28.783
Imposed load=2*6*0.9=10.8
GF
Total dead weight=28.783 28.783 86.349 14.4
Imposed load=3*6*0.8=14.4

(qp)=2.976
KN/m2

We net=
3.274 KN/m2

[59]
Wind load calculation
Vb, 0 =45.0 m/s
Vb (Z) = Cdir * Csea * Vb,0
=1*1*45= 45 m/s
Vm(z) =Cr(z) * C0(z) * Vb
= 45* Cr(z)
Cr(z) = kr *ln(z/z0) for zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax
kr =0.19 * (z0/ z0,ii)
= 0.19 * (0.05/0.05 )
= 0.19
There for
Cr(z) =0.19 * ln ( 9 / 0.05 ) =0.987
Vm(z) = 0.987 * 1 * 45 = 44.3998
σ v= kr * kl * Vb
= 0.19 * 1 * 45 = 8.55
Iv = σ v / Vm(z)
= 8.55 / 44.3998
= 0.193
The basic wind pressure (qb) = 0.5 ρ * Vm
= 1265.625 N/mm2 =1.266 KN/m2
The maximum wind pressure (qp ) = ( 1+ 7 * Iv(z) ) * ((qb))
= 2.976 KN/m2

The external wind pressure (We) = (qp ) * Cpe

The internal wind pressure (Wi) = (qp ) * Cpi
Windward side :
Cpnet = Cpe –(-0.3) = 1.1
(We net) = (qp ) * Cpnet
=2.976 *1.1
=3.274 KN/m2
nd
2 floor
F = 3.274 * 28 * 3 = 275.016 KN
1st floor
F = 3.274 * 28 * 6 = 550.032 KN
G floor
F =3.274 * 28 * 9 =825.048 KN
LEEWARD side
Cpnet = Cpi –(+2) = - 0.5 – 0.2 = - 0.7
(Wi net) = (qp ) * Cpnet
= 3.274 * (-0.7) = - 2.292 KN/m
[60]
1st floor
F = - 2.292 * 28 * 3 = - 192.528
1st floor
F = - 2.292 * 28 * 6 = -385.056 KN

G floor
F = - 2.292 * 28 * 9 = - 577.584 KN
The net wind pressure force in each floor
F 2nd floor =275.016 – (- 192.528) = 467.544 KN
F1st floor =550.032 – (-385.056) = 935.088 KN
Fgfloor = 825.048 – (-577.584) = 1402.632 KN

MOMENT & SHEAR

M2ndfloor = 467.544 * 1.5 = 701.316 KN.m
M1stfloor = 935.088 * 3 = 2805.264 KN.m
Mgfloor = 1402.632 * 4.5 = 6311.844 KN.m
IA=4.64 m4
The second moment of inertia IB=3.97 m4
Assumed section of wall resisting the wind moment the flange ∑ I=
which acts together with the web of the I section is the lesser of : 71.56 m4
•12 times thickness of flang + thickness of web
(= 12 * 0.3 + 0.3 = 3.90 m )
•Center line to center line of wall (= 4 m )
•One third of span ( 1.33 m )
There for the length of the flang = 1.33 m use (1.34 m)

For wall (A)

IA = 2 *( (((0.30)3 * 1.34)/12 )+(0.30 * 1.34 * 1.862) + ( 3.723 *

0.30) / 12
= 4.64 m4

For wall (B)

IB = 2 *( (((0.30)3 * 0.67)/12 )+ 0.30 * 0.67 * 1.862) + ( 3.723 *

0.30 ) / 12
= 3.97 m4

∑ I = 12* IA + 4 * IB = 71.56 m4

[61]
MOMENT CARRIED BY WALL A
= (IA /∑ I ) * M = 0.0648 *M = MA

MOMENT CARRIED BY WALL B

= (IB /∑ I ) * M = 0.0555 *M = MB

SHEAR FORCE CARRIED BY WALL (A)

= FA = 0.0648 F

SHEAR FORCE CARRIED BY WALL (B)

= FB = 0.0555 F

Table below show the distributed of bending moment stresses

and shear force in walls

Just above floor WALL (A) WALL (B)

level Bending stress Bending stress
SF SF
N/mm2 N/mm2
KN KN
2nd floor
Wall (A) = MA * Y
/IA
= (0.0648 *701.316
*0.002)/ 4.64
SFA = FA* (IA /∑ I ) ± 0.0196 30.43 ± 0.0196 30.43
= (0.0648
*469.544)
Wall (B) = MB * Y
/IB
= (0.0555 *701.316
*0.002)/ 4.64
SFB = FB* (IB /∑ I )
= 0.576

[62]
1st floor ± 0.078 91.02 ± 0.078 91.02
Wall (A) = MA * Y
/IA
= (0.0648
*2805.264 *0.002)/
4.64
SFA = FA* (IA /∑ I )
= (0.0648
*1404.632)
Wall (B) = MB * Y
/IB
SFB = FB* (IB /∑ I )

G floor
Wall (A) = MA * Y
/IA
= (0.0648
*6311.844 *0.002)/
4.64
SFA = FA* (IA /∑ I ) ± 0.176 181.91 ± 0.176 181.91
= (0.0648
*2807.264)
Wall (B) = MB * Y
/IB
SFB = FB* (IB /∑ I )

[63]
LOAD COMBINATION FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

2ndfloor :
WALL (A) :

Permentent + imposed = 1.35 GKI + 1.5 QKI

= 1.35 * 28.783 + 1.5 * 6
= 38.857 +9
Stress = (38.857 +9)/300
= 0.1595N/mm2
WIND WARD SIDE:

Permanent + wind = 1* GKI – 1.5 * Wki

= 1 * (28.783)/30 – 1.5 * 0.0196

Stress = 0.0665 N/mm2

Leeward side:

Permeant + wind = 1.35 * GKI + 1.5 * Wki

= (1.35 * 28.783)/300 + 1.5 * 0.0196
stress = 0.159 N/mm2
Permenant + imposed +wind
= 1.35 * GKI + 1.35 * QKI + 1.35 * Wki
(wind ward )
= (1.35 * 28.783+ 1.35 * 6.0)/300 – 1.35 * 0.0196= 0.131 N/mm
(lee ward side)
= (1.35 * 28.783+1.35 * 6.0)/300 + 1.35 * 0.0196= 0.183N/mm2

1st floor :
WALL (A) :

Permentent + imposed = 1.35 GKI + 1.5 QKI

= (1.35 * 57.566) + 1.5 * 10.8
= 77.714 +16.2
Stress = (77.714 +16.2)/300
= 0.313 N/mm2

[64]
WIND WARD SIDE

Permenant + wind = 1* GKI – 1.5 * Wki

= (1 *57.566)/300 – 1.5 * 0.078
Stress = 0.075

Leeward side:

Permeant + wind = 1.35 * GKI + 1.5 * Wki

= (1.35 * 57.566)/300 + 1.5 * 0. 078
Stress = 0.376 N/mm
Permenant + imposed +wind
= 1.35 * GKI + 1.35 * QKI + 1.35 * Wki

(Wind ward)
= (1.35 * 57.566+ 1.35 * 10.8)/300 – 1.35 * 0.078 =0.203 N/mm
(Lee ward side)
= (1.35 * 57.566+1.35 * 10.8)/300 + 1.35*0.078= 0.413 N/mm2

G floor :

WALL (A) :

Permentent + imposed = 1.35 GKI + 1.5 QKI

= 1.35 * 86.349 + 1.5 * 14.4
= 116.571 +21.6
Stress = (116.571 +21.6)/300
= 0.461 N/mm2
WIND WARD SIDE

Permenant + wind = 1* GKI – 1.5 * Wki

= (1 * 86.349)/300 – 1.5 * 0.176

Stress = -0.0238

Leeward side: Max.stress

= 0.691N/mm2
Permeant + wind = 1.35 * GKI + 1.5 * Wki
= (1.35 * 86.349)/300 + 1.5 * 0.176
Stress = 0.653
[65]
Permenant + imposed +wind
= 1.35 * GKI + 1.35 * QKI + 1.35 * Wki

(Wind ward)
= (1.35 * 86.349 + 1.35 * 14.4)/300 – 1.35 * 0.176 = 0.215 N/mm
(Lee ward side)
= (1.35 * 86.349 + 1.35 * 14.4)/300 + 1.35 * 0.176 = 0.691N/mm2

[66]
5-2-2 DESIGN CALCULATION NRd= 146.359 ϕim

Type one (clay block):

Types and grouping of masonry units

clay units
group 2b
mortar M4 = 4N/mm2

Normalised compressive strength of clay unit, fb = conditioning

factor x shape factor x declared mean compressive strength
fb = 1* 0.96 *5 = 4.8 N/mm2
fk = 0.4 * 4.80.65 *40.25 = 1.568 N/mm2
NRd = ϕim * t * fk/γm
= ϕim * 280 *1.568/3 = 146.359 ϕim

Not OK

[67]
Type two (clay brick): NRd=238.982˃207
Types and grouping of masonry units OK
clay units
group 2a
mortar M4 = 4N/mm2

fb = 1* 0.0.7 *20 = 14 N/mm2

fk = 0.4 * 140.65 *40.25 = 3.145 N/mm2

NRd = ϕim * t * fk/γm

= ϕim * 300 *3.145 /3 = 314.45 ϕim

ϕim = (1-2ei)/t
ei = (Mi/Ni)+ ehi+ea ≥ 0.05 t
heff = 0.75*2850=2137.5 mm
(Mi/Ni) = 0.0 (concentric load )
ehi= Mwindload/ Ni
= (3.274*(1*2.875)*2.875)/(10*86.349) = 31.0 mm
ea=2.150/450 = 4.8 mm

ϕi= 0.76

ϕm (from table ) = 0.88

then use ϕi= 0.76

NRd=314.45*0.76 = 238.982˃207 OK

[68]
[69]