Cloud Computing: Definition

Cloud computing is a model for on-demand access to computing resources, like

servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence, over
the internet. It allows users to pay for only what they use, offering flexibility,
scalability, and cost-efficiency.

Here's a breakdown of the key aspects:

On-demand delivery: Users can access resources instantly, whenever they need
them, without having to purchase and manage their own hardware or software.

Pay-as-you-go pricing: Users pay only for the resources they consume, eliminating
upfront costs and making it easier to budget. Flexibility: Cloud resources can be
easily scaled up or down, depending on changing needs.

Scalability: Cloud resources can be easily scaled up to accommodate growing

demands or scaled down to reduce costs during periods of low activity.

Global access: Cloud resources are accessible from anywhere with an internet
connection, enabling remote work and collaboration.

Security: Cloud providers offer robust security measures to protect data and
applications.

Benefits of Cloud Computing:

 Reduced costs: Eliminates the need for expensive upfront investments in

hardware and software.
 Increased agility: Enables businesses to quickly respond to changes in
demand.
 Improved scalability: Allows businesses to easily scale their resources up or
down.
 Enhanced collaboration: Makes it easier for teams to work together on
projects.
 Simplified IT management: Reduces the need for in-house IT staff.
 Increased uptime and reliability: Cloud providers offer high levels of uptime
and disaster recovery services.

Types of Cloud Computing Services:

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtual servers, storage, and

networking resources.
  Platform as a Service (PaaS): Provides a platform for
developing, deploying, and managing applications.
 Software as a Service (SaaS): Provides ready-to-use applications that users
access over the internet.

Popular Cloud Computing Providers:

 Amazon Web Services (AWS)

 Microsoft Azure
 Google Cloud Platform
 IBM Cloud
 Alibaba Cloud

Parallel Computing:

 Shared Memory Model: Multiple processors share the same memory

space, allowing them to access and modify data concurrently. This facilitates efficient
communication and data exchange between processors.
 Flynn's Taxonomy: Categorizes parallel architectures based on instruction
and data streams:
o SISD (Single Instruction, Single Data): Traditional single-processor
systems.
o SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data): Multiple processors execute
the same instruction on different data sets simultaneously.
o MISD (Multiple Instruction, Single Data): Different processors execute
different instructions on the same data set.
o MIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data): Most common parallel
architecture, where processors independently execute different
instructions on different data sets.

Distributed Computing:

 Independent Processing Units: Each node (computer) has its own memory
and CPU, enabling independent operation and execution.
 Message Passing: Processors communicate by exchanging messages
through a network. This model provides greater scalability and flexibility
compared to shared memory.
 Distributed Scheduling and Load Balancing: Algorithms distribute tasks and
data across available nodes to maximize resource utilization and minimize
execution time.
  Distributed File Systems: Enables sharing and access to data across
nodes, facilitating collaboration and data analysis.
 Fault Tolerance: Distributed systems are designed to handle failures and
errors by automatically migrating tasks to other nodes.

The History of Cloud Computing: From Mainframes to

Hyperscale
Cloud computing has evolved significantly since its conceptual inception in the
1960s. Here's a timeline highlighting key milestones:

1960s:

 Mainframe Era.
 Time-Sharing.
 Remote Job Entry (RJE).

1970s-1980s:

 Personal Computers.
 Virtualizationg.

1990s:

 Grid Computing.
 Web Services.
 First Cloud Service Providers.

2000s:

 Amazon Web Services (AWS.

 Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform.
 Cloud Adoption Across Industries.

2010s:

 Rise of SaaS and PaaS.

 Mobile Cloud Computing.
 Hyper-scale Cloud Providers.
2020s:

 Hybrid Cloud and Multi-Cloud.

 Edge Computing.
 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.

Future of Cloud Computing:

The future of cloud computing is expected to see continued growth and innovation
with key trends including:

 Serverless Computing: Pay-per-use model for running code without managing

servers, further increasing agility and cost-efficiency.
 Quantum Computing: Integration of quantum computing capabilities for
tackling complex problems beyond classical computing limitations.
 Cloud-native Applications: Development of applications designed specifically
for the cloud, leveraging its unique characteristics and capabilities.
 Focus on security and data privacy: Continued emphasis on ensuring data
security and privacy in the cloud environment.

Types of Cloud Computing

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

 Provides virtualized servers, storage, networking, and other essential

infrastructure components.
 Users have control over the operating system, applications, and data.
 Examples: Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines, Google Compute
Engine.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):

 Provides a platform for developing, deploying, and managing applications

without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.
 Users focus on building and running applications, leaving infrastructure
management to the provider.
 Examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Azure App Service, Google App Engine.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS):

 Delivers complete applications over the internet, ready to use without

installation or configuration.
 Users pay a subscription fee for access to the application and its features.
 Examples: Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365, Google Workspace.

4. Serverless Computing:

 Allows users to run code without managing servers.

 Developers focus on writing and deploying code, while the cloud provider
handles server provisioning, scaling, and maintenance.
 Examples: AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, Google Cloud Functions.

5. Hybrid Cloud:

 Combines public cloud services with on-premises infrastructure.

 Offers greater flexibility and control but requires managing both environments.
 Examples: AWS Outposts, Azure Stack, Google Anthos.

6. Multi-Cloud:

 Utilizes multiple cloud providers simultaneously for different purposes or

components of an application.
 Provides greater flexibility, redundancy, and vendor independence.
 Requires careful planning and management to avoid complexity and ensure
seamless integration.

Additional Types of Cloud Services:

 Backup and Disaster Recovery: Securely stores data and enables recovery
in case of disasters.

 Database as a Service (DBaaS): Provides managed database solutions for

easier deployment and management.

 Internet of Things (IoT) Cloud Services: Connects and manages devices

and sensors in the internet of things.

 Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS): Provides access to machine

learning tools and infrastructure.
The cloud computing major players:

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS):

 Market Share: Approximately 33% (as of 2023)

 Strengths: Extensive collection of services, strong global presence, mature
offerings and infrastructure.
 Weaknesses: May be less cost-effective for smaller businesses and specific
workloads.

2. Microsoft Azure:

 Market Share: Approximately 21% (as of 2023)

 Strengths: Deep integration with Microsoft products and services, strong
enterprise focus, hybrid cloud capabilities.
 Weaknesses: Less mature offering compared to AWS in some areas.

3. Google Cloud Platform (GCP):

 Market Share: Approximately 9% (as of 2023)

 Strengths: Competitive pricing, strong focus on AI and machine
learning, advanced containerization technologies.
 Weaknesses: Smaller market share and fewer services than AWS and Azure.

4. Alibaba Cloud:

 Market Share: Approximately 6% (as of 2023)

 Strengths: Strong presence in the Chinese market, competitive
pricing, growing range of services.
 Weaknesses: Limited global reach compared to the other major players.

5. IBM Cloud:

 Market Share: Approximately 4% (as of 2023)

 Strengths: Long history in the IT industry, strong focus on security and
compliance, hybrid cloud solutions.
 Weaknesses: Smaller market share and fewer services than the other major
players.
 UNIT -2

Types of Cloud services

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
 Description: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the
internet. It offers fundamental computing infrastructure like virtual
machines, storage, and networking.
 Use Cases:
 Hosting applications and websites.
 Development and testing environments.
 Storage and backup solutions.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):
 Description: PaaS provides a platform that includes not only the
infrastructure but also tools and services to help develop, test, and
deploy applications. Users can focus on application development
without worrying about managing the underlying infrastructure.
 Use Cases:
 Web application development.
 Database management.
 Application hosting and deployment.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS):
 Description: SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a
subscription basis. Users can access the software through a web
browser without worrying about installation, maintenance, or
infrastructure.
 Use Cases:
 Email and collaboration tools (e.g., Google Workspace, Microsoft
365).
 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software.
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software.
4. Function as a Service (FaaS) or Serverless Computing:
 Description: FaaS allows developers to execute individual functions or
units of code in response to events without managing the
infrastructure. It abstracts away the server management, and users are
billed based on the actual execution of functions.
 Use Cases:
 Event-driven applications.
 Microservices architecture.
 Automation of specific tasks.

Additionally, cloud services can also be categorized based on deployment models:

 1. Public Cloud:
 Services are provided by third-party cloud service providers and are
available to the general public over the internet.
2. Private Cloud:
 Cloud resources are used exclusively by a single organization. The
infrastructure may be hosted on-premises or by a third-party provider.
3. Hybrid Cloud:
 Combines both public and private cloud services, allowing data and
applications to be shared between them.

Monitoring as a Service (MaaS)

MaaS is a cloud-based service that provides real-time monitoring and management

of applications, infrastructure, and networks.

It eliminates the need for businesses to invest in and manage their own monitoring
tools and infrastructure.

MaaS offers several benefits, including:

 Cost-effectiveness: Eliminates upfront costs of hardware and software.

 Scalability: Easily scales to accommodate changing needs.
 Expertise: Provides access to expert monitoring and analysis.
 Improved uptime and performance: Identifies and resolves issues before they
impact users.
 Enhanced security: Monitors for security threats and vulnerabilities.

Communication as a Service (CaaS)

 CaaS is a cloud-based service that provides unified communication and

collaboration tools.
 It allows businesses to replace on-premises phone systems, email servers,
and other communication infrastructure with a cloud-based solution.

CaaS offers several benefits, including:

 Reduced costs: Eliminates the need for expensive hardware and software.
 Increased flexibility: Provides access to communication tools from anywhere
with an internet connection.
 Improved productivity: Enables collaboration and communication across
different locations and devices.
  Enhanced scalability: Easily adds or removes users as needed.
 Disaster recovery: Provides redundancy and disaster recovery capabilities.

Database as a Service (DBaaS)

Database as a Service (DBaaS) is a cloud-based service that provides managed
database solutions .

database types, including relational and non-relational.

It eliminates the need for managing database infrastructure, patching, backups, and
performance optimization, allowing businesses to focus on their core applications.

Benefits:

 Reduced Costs: Eliminates the need for expensive hardware and software
investments for database infrastructure.
 Simplified Management: DBaaS providers manage the database
infrastructure and handle tasks like backups, patching, and security, freeing
up IT resources.
 Scalability: Quickly scales database resources up or down to meet changing
needs.
 High Availability: DBaaS providers offer high availability and disaster recovery
features, ensuring data accessibility and business continuity.
 Improved Security: DBaaS providers implement robust security measures to
protect sensitive information stored in databases.

Examples:

 Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS)

 Microsoft Azure SQL Database
 Google Cloud SQL
 IBM Cloud Databases
Service providers- Google, Amazon, Microsoft Azure, IBM, Sales force.

1. Google Cloud Platform (GCP):

 Overview: Google Cloud Platform is a suite of cloud computing
services provided by Google. It offers a wide range of services,
including computing, storage, databases, machine learning, and more.
 Key Offerings: Compute Engine, App Engine, Kubernetes Engine,
Cloud Storage, BigQuery, TensorFlow, etc.
2. Amazon Web Services (AWS):
 Overview: Amazon Web Services is a comprehensive and widely used
cloud computing platform provided by Amazon. AWS provides a vast
array of services for computing power, storage, databases, machine
learning, analytics, and more.
 Key Offerings: Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, AWS Lambda,
Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon SageMaker, etc.
3. Microsoft Azure:
 Overview: Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing platform by Microsoft,
offering a variety of services, including virtual computing, storage,
databases, AI, and developer tools.
 Key Offerings: Azure Virtual Machines, Azure Blob Storage, Azure SQL
Database, Azure Cognitive Services, Azure DevOps, etc.
4. IBM Cloud:
 Overview: IBM Cloud provides a range of cloud computing services,
including infrastructure as a service (IaaS), software as a service (SaaS),
and platform as a service (PaaS).
 Key Offerings: IBM Virtual Servers, IBM Cloud Object Storage, IBM
Db2 on Cloud, Watson AI services, etc.
5. Salesforce:
 Overview: Salesforce is known for its cloud-based customer
relationship management (CRM) platform. In addition to CRM,
Salesforce also offers a variety of cloud services, including application
development and marketing automation.
 Key Offerings: Salesforce Sales Cloud, Service Cloud, Marketing Cloud,
Salesforce Platform, etc.