NEUROTRANSMITTERS

 NAME: Hashmat Amin
 CLASS: MSc 1st year

 SUBJECT: Mental health Nursing
 TOPIC: Autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters
 SUBMITTED TO : Miss kheema
 DATE:
1
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
 Introduction: Neurotransmitters play an essential function in the role of human emotion
and behavior. These are chemicals that convey information across synaptic cleft to
neighboring target cells .
 Definition:-Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across
synapses, the gaps between nerve cells (neurons), and allowing communication within
the nervous system. ers are stored in small vesicles in the axon terminals of neurons.
When electrical impulse reaches this point, the neurotransmitters are released from the
vesicles. They cross the synaptic cleft and find with receptor sites on the cell body of
dendrites of the adjacent neuron to allow the impulse to enter to continue its course or
to prevent the impulse from continuing After the neurotransmitters has performed its
function in the synapse it either turns to the vesicle to be stored or used again or it is
inactivated and dissolved by enzymes. The process of being stored reuse is called
reuptake.
 Functions:
 Signal Transmission: Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons,
allowing communication within the nervous system. Synaptic
 Communication: They facilitate communication across synapses, the junctions
between nerve cells. Mood Regulation: Neurotransmitters like serotonin and
dopamine influence mood and emotional states.
 Memory Formation: Certain neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, play a role
in memory formation and learning.
 Muscle Control: Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine are crucial for transmitting
signals between nerves and muscles, enabling movement.
 Autonomic Functions: They regulate involuntary functions like heart rate,
digestion, and respiratory processes
 Pain Perception: Neurotransmitters are involved in the transmission and

modulation of pain signals in the nervous system
 Sleep Regulation: Substances like serotonin and gamma-amino butyric acid
(GABA) contribute to the regulation of sleep patterns.
 Cognitive Function: Neurotransmitters are essential for cognitive processes such
as attention, concentration, and problem-solving.
 Hormone Release: They can influence the release of hormones in various
glands, affecting overall physiological balance.
2
 They play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including mood, memory, and
muscle control.
 Mechanism:-Neurotransmitt
 Chemical classification of neurotransmitters:-
There are many ways to classify neurotransmitters
 Amino acids: glutamate aspartate,D serine,GABA,glycine.

 Monoamines: dopamine norepinephrine, noradrenaline, epinephrine, histamine,
serotonin.
 Trace amines: phenethyalamine,N- methylphenethylamine tyramine.
 Peptides:somatostatin,substance P ,cocaine and amephetamine,opeiod peptides
 Gastrotransmitters:nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide.
 Others: acetylcholine, adenosine, anandamide, etc.
1) Monoamines:
a) Norehinephrine:is the neurotransmitter that produces activity at the sympathetic
postsynaptic nerve terminals in the ANS , resulting in fight or flight responses in the
effector organ. The fuction of nor epinephrine include the regulation of
mood ,cognition, perception, locomotion, cardiovascular functioning and sleep and
arousal .
The activity of norephinephrine also has been implicated in certain mood disorders such
as depression and mania, in the anxiety states, and in schizophrenia.
b) Dopamine: dopamine pathways arise from the mid brain and hypothalamus and
terminate in the frontal cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, and thylmus.Dopamine
functioning include regulation of movement and coordination, emotions and voluntary
decision making ability . Increased levels of dopamine are associated with mania and
schizophrenia.
c) Serotonin: serotonin pathway orginate from cell bodies located in the Pons and medulla.
Serotonin play role in sleep and arousal, libido ,appetite, mood aggression and pain
perception. The seritoninegeric system has been implicated in the etiology of certain
psychopathological conditions including anxiety states, mood disorders and
schizophrenia.
d) Histamine: the role of histamine is mediating allergic and inflammatory reactions.Some
data suggests histamine play a role in depressive illness.
2) Amino Acids:
a) Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: GABA has a widespread distribution in CNS.Alterations in
the GABA system has been implicated in the etiology of anxiety disorders, movement
disorders ( eg Huntigton’s disease) and various forms of epilepsy.
3
b) Glutamate and Aspertate:glutamate and aspertate function in the relay of sensory
information and in the regulation of various motor and spinal reflexes. Alteration in the
systems has been implicated in the etiology of certain neurodegenerative disorders such as
Huntington’s disease , temporal lobe epilepsy and spinal cerebellar degeneration .Recent
studies have implicated increased levels of glutamate in anxiety and depressive disorders and
decreased levels in schizophrenia.
3) Peptides:
a) Opioid peptides: include endorphins and enkephalines. They are found in various
concentrations in the hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic structures midbrain and brain
stem. Opioid peptides have natural morphine like properties and are thought to have
role in pain modulations. Opioid peptides alter the release of dopamine and affect the
spontaneous activity of dopaminergic neurons. These findings may have some
implications for opeioid peptide-dopamine interaction in the etiology of schizophrenia.
b) Substance P: the first neuro peptide to be discovered, is present in high concentrations
in the hypothalamus, limbic structures midbrain and brainstem. Recent studies
demonstrated that people with depression and PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorders)
had elevated level of substance P in cerebral spinal fluid.
c) Somatostatin: also called growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) is found in
cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cord. In its
fuction as a neurotransmitter, Somatostatin exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory
effect.it has been to stimulate dopamine serotonin,norepinephrineand acetylcholineand
to inhibit histamine ,NE and glutamate. Low concentrations have been found in those
with Alzheimer’s disease.
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
SOMATIC AUTONOMIC
BRAIN SPINALCORD NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMATHETIC PARASYMPATH
NERVOUS ETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
 The autonomic functioning unconsciously or visceral nervous system is a part of

peripheral nervous system that acts as a control nervous system system .
 It is controlled by medulla oblongata and hypothalamus.
 It regulates the activities of cardiac muscle,smooth muscle and glands.
 It is divided into two which works antagonistally.
1. Sympathetic nervous system.
2. Parasympathetic nervous system.
 Certain involuntary responses to external stimuli are also mediated by the ANS.These
include:
 Constriction of pupil in bright light and dilation of pupil in the dim light.
 Vasodilation of the skin and sweating in response to high core temperature.
 Vasoconstriction( goose bumps)and increased fat metabolism in response to loe
core temperature. .
 The flight or fight response to threatening stimuli
 Sympathetic nervous system:
 Sympathetic nervous system otherwise called as thoracolumbar system.
 Neurotransmitter:norephinephrine.
 Sympathetic stimulation prepare the body to deal with exciting and stressful
situations eg, strengthening its defenses in nature, sympathetic stimulation
mobilizes the body for fight or flight.
 Fight or flight noticeable effects:
 pupil dilates
 constant surveillance of surroundings
 breathing becomes shallow and fast
 heart beat is faster and noticeable
5
 increase sweating.
 Inhibition of excretions
 Insomnia
 Mouth gets dry
 Neck ,arm, shoulder muscle become tense and stronger
 Fight or flight adaptive effects include:
 Increased cardiac activity, increased blood pressure, dilation of skeletal muscle blood
vessels.
 Constriction of blood vessel in skin
 Dilation of pupil in dark
 Inhibition of gut and urinary bladder contractions
 Increase in blood sugar and free fatty acid levels
 Dilation of bronchial smooth muscles
 Secretion of viscous saliva
 Sweating
 Liver produces glucose to provide energy for muscle contraction
2.Parasympathethic nervous system:
 Parasympathetic nervous system otherwise called as craniosacral outflow

 Neurotransmitter:acetylcholine
 It count balances the sympathetic function
 Its function is rest and digest
 It does maintenance function and relaxes the body
 It has the tendency to slow down body processes except digestion and absorption of
food and the function of the genitourinary systems.
Summary:
Definition, functioning and classification of neurotransmitters
Autonomic nervous system ( definition and types)
Conclusion: in conclusion, the autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters work
hand in hand, regulating our body’s function. From stress response to moments of calm,
this partnership influences our well being.
Bibliography:
1. Mary C Townscend,karyn I. Morgan Psychiatric Mental Health
Nursing :concepts of care in evidence based practice.9 th
edision.India.jaypee;2020:34 -38
2. Parasuraman subramani https:\\www.slideshare .net\
ParasuramanParasuraman\ autonomic –nervous system-122037114

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 NAME: Hashmat Amin

 CLASS: MSc 1st year

 Pain Perception: Neurotransmitters are involved in the transmission and

There are many ways to classify neurotransmitters

 Amino acids: glutamate aspartate,D serine,GABA,glycine.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

 The autonomic functioning unconsciously or visceral nervous system is a part of

2.Parasympathethic nervous system:

 Parasympathetic nervous system otherwise called as craniosacral outflow

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