Final Project Report

1. Course : Bachelor of Technology

2. Semester : VIIIth
3. Branch : Computer Science & Engineering
4. Project Title : Shopito - The E-commerce Website
5. Type of Project : E-commerce Website
6. Programming languages: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React,Node.js,
Express.js, MongoDB, Mongoose
Details of Students:

S. No Univ.Roll No Name Section Role as Signature

1 2002220100120 Pratyaksha B Back-End
Ratnapriya
2 202220100074 Ishika Seth B Back-End
3 2102220109010 Km. B Front-End
Amrita
4 2002220100116 Pooja Pal B Front-End

7. Project Supervisor :
( Prof : Mr. Manik Pandey)
Remarks from Project Guide:
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

DECLARATION
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This is to certify that the Project Report on “Shopito - The E-commerce Website” by,
Pratyaksha Ratnapriya, Ishika Seth, Km. Amrita, Pooja Pal have been submitted for
the partial fulfilment of the requirements of B.Tech. in Computer Science and
Engineering
(CSE). The report is our own work. Also we certify that it is our original work and
free from any plagiarism.

Pratyaksha Ratnapriya (2002220100120)

Ishika Seth (2002220100074)
Km Amrita (2102220109010)
Pooja Pal (2002220100116)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report on “Shopito” - The E-commerce Website” by
Pratyaksha Ratnapriya, , Ishika Seth, Km. Amrita, Pooja Pal have been submitted for
the partial fulfilment of the requirements of B.Tech. in Computer Science and
Engineering
(CSE). The work is carried out under my supervision and free from plagiarism.

Prof: Mr. Manik Pandey

Asst. Professor-CSE
(Supervisor)

Dr. Ashish Kumar

Head of Department CSE

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 Acknowledgement
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to everyone who contributed to the fruition of this
project, directly or indirectly. We would like to express our deepest appreciation to
Prof. Manik Pandey (Department of Computer Science and Engineering, I.T.S.
Engineering College, Greater Noida) whose guidance, mentorship, and unwavering
support steered this project toward success.
Our sincere thanks to the I.T.S. Engineering College for providing the necessary
resources, infrastructure, and opportunities for learning and growth. We are indebted
to the entire Project Team whose dedication, hard work, and collaborative spirit
propelled the "Shopito: The Ecommerce Website" project from conception to
realization.
We are grateful to all the instructors, contributors, and stakeholders whose
contributions enriched the platform's content and functionality. We would also like to
acknowledge the support received from friends, family, and colleagues whose
encouragement and understanding sustained us throughout this endeavor.
Lastly, we express our gratitude to the users and learners who engaged with the
platform, providing essential feedback and driving our commitment to continuously
enhance the learning experience.

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 Abstract
The rapid growth of e-commerce has revolutionized the way businesses operate, and
the development of efficient and scalable e-commerce platforms is crucial for success
in the digital age. This abstract provides an overview of an e-commerce website
developed using the MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js) stack, a powerful
and widely adopted technology stack for building full-stack web applications.

The proposed e-commerce website aims to provide a seamless and user-friendly online
shopping experience, incorporating essential features such as product catalog, user
authentication, shopping cart functionality, order processing, and payment integration.
The MERN stack is chosen for its versatility, allowing developers to build responsive
and dynamic user interfaces with React on the client side, while leveraging the
scalability and flexibility of Node.js on the server side.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

DECLERATION
CERTIFICATE
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 PROBLEM 1

1.3 OBJECTIVE 1

1.4 SCOPE 2

2. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 3

2.1 USER REQUIREMENTS 3

2.2 FUNCTION REQUIREMENTS 4

2.3 NON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 5

3. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 7

3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 7

3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 7

4. TECHNOLOGIES USED 9

4.1 DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES

4.2 TESTING TECHNOLOGIES

5. METHODOLOGY 22

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 5.1 SDLC 22

6. SOFTWARE FEATURES 26

7. PROJECT SNAPSHOTS 29

8. LIMITITATIONS 39

8. CONTRIBUTION OF PROJECT 41

9. CONCLUSION 42

10. FUTURE SCOPE 43

11. REFERENCES 44

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 General: "SHOPITO": An E-Commerce website is an online platform that enables businesses
to buy and sell products or services over the internet. It typically includes features such as product
listings, shopping carts, secure payment gateways, and order management. "SHOPITO "aim to
provide a seamless and convenient shopping experience for customers while allowing businesses to
reach a global audience. The success of an e-commerce website often depends on factors like user
experience, security, and effective marketing strategies

The proposed e-commerce website serves as a dynamic online marketplace, addressing the evolving
needs of modern consumers. Utilizing the MERN stack, the project amalgamates the strengths of
MongoDB for data storage, Express.js for server-side logic, React for front-end development, and
Node.js for a high-performance server.

1.2 Problem: Before ecommerce website both sellers and buyers encountered several challenges
when conducting business.
• Seller Problem: The Challenges faced by Sellers are High operating cost, Limited operating
hours, Competitive Pressure from other physical stores, Customer Data and Analytics (Collecting
and analyzing customer data for informed decision-making is more challenging in a physical store.),
etc.

• Buyer Problem: The Challenges faced by Buyers are Limited Product Selection (Restricted
choices according to availability of varieties of product present in the market), Physical Travel, Lack
of Product Information, Limited Payment Options, Limited Shopping Opportunities, Price
Comparison Difficulty, etc.

1.3 Objective:
The objective of this ecommerce website is to provide classic and user friendly interface to
customers who shops online, allowing them to browse the productions using features of searching
and filtering
the desired product using Rating and Price Filter. The Sellers can expand their business online
enabling to reach global audience.

The primary objectives of such a project include:

1.User-Friendly Interface:

Develop an intuitive and user-friendly interface to enhance the overall shopping experience, making
it easy for users to navigate, search for products, and complete transactions.

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2. Scalability:

Design the architecture to be scalable, allowing the platform to handle a growing number of users
and products without compromising performance. Scalability is essential for accommodating
increased traffic and expanding product catalogs.

3. Responsive Design:

Create a responsive design that ensures a consistent and optimal user experience across various
devices, including desktops, tablets, and smartphones. A responsive design contributes to increased
accessibility and user satisfaction.

4. User Authentication and Security:

Implement a secure user authentication system to protect user data and privacy. Ensure that the
platform complies with industry security standards and regulations, building trust with users.

5. Shopping Cart and Checkout Functionality:

Develop a comprehensive shopping cart system that allows users to easily add products, review their
selections, and complete the checkout process seamlessly. Integration with secure payment gateways
is crucial for facilitating secure transactions.

1.4 Scope : The website provides Product Catalog(include items available for sale, complete
description, images, prices, specifications and customer ratings), User accounts, Shopping carts,
Customer Review and Ratings, Search and filters, Secure online Transaction, Inventory
Management, Digital payment, Order Management, Check out Process that includes Shipping
details, Confirm Order and Payments. We are also providing Shortcuts to logged in user to go
directly to my order, profile, add to cart and logout options etc.

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 CHAPTER 2

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

Requirement analysis is a crucial phase in the development of an e-commerce website using the
MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js) stack. The purpose of this analysis is to gather,
document, and prioritize the functional and non-functional requirements of the system. Here's a
breakdown of the requirements for an e-commerce website using the MERN stack:

2.1 Functional Requirements:

1. User Registration and Authentication:

i. Users should be able to create accounts.
ii. Secure authentication mechanisms (password hashing, JWT, etc.).
iii. Social media login options.

2. Product Management:
i. Admin should be able to add, update, and delete products.
ii. Each product should have details such as name, description, price, images, and stock
availability.

3. Product Search and Filtering:

i. Users should be able to search for products.
ii. Filters based on categories, price range, and other relevant attributes.

4. Shopping Cart:
i. Users should be able to add/remove items from the cart.
ii. Real-time updates on the cart contents.
iii. Ability to view and edit the cart before checkout.

Checkout Process:
i. A step-by-step checkout process.
ii. User shipping address and payment details.
iii. Confirmation page before order placement.

Order Management:
i. Users should have an order history.
ii. Admin should be able to view and manage orders.
iii. Order status tracking (pending, shipped, delivered).
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User Reviews and Ratings:
i. Users can leave reviews and ratings for products.
ii. Display average ratings and reviews on product pages.
iii. User Account Management:
iv. Users can edit their profiles and account information.
v. Password recovery and update mechanisms.

Responsive Design:
i. Ensure a responsive design for a seamless experience on various devices.

Payment Gateway Integration:

i. Integration with popular payment gateways for secure transactions.
ii. Support for multiple payment methods (credit cards, digital wallets, etc.).

2.2 Non-Functional Requirements:

Performance:
i. Fast loading times for product pages and checkout.
ii. Scalability to handle increased user traffic.

Reliability:
i. System availability of at least 99%.
ii. Backup and recovery mechanisms for data.

Scalability:
i. Ability to scale the system horizontally to accommodate increased users and products.

Maintainability:
i. Code should be well-documented.
ii. Easy maintenance and updates to the system.

Security:
i. Regular security audits and updates.
ii. Compliance with data protection regulations.

Cross-Browser Compatibility:
i. Consistent user experience across major web browsers.

User Experience (UX):

i. Intuitive and user-friendly interface.

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 ii. Minimal steps in the checkout process.

SEO Optimization:
i. Implementation of SEO best practices for improved search engine rankings.

Admin Dashboard:
i. An easy-to-use admin dashboard for product and order management.

Integration with Third-Party Services:

i. Seamless integration with external services such as payment gateways and shipping
providers.

2.3 User Requirements: User Requirement Analysis for an E-commerce Website Using MERN
Stack involves understanding the needs and expectations of the end-users to ensure that the
developed system meets their usability, functionality, and satisfaction criteria. Here's a breakdown of
user requirements for such an e-commerce platform:

1. User Registration and Authentication:

User-Friendly Registration: Provide a simple and intuitive registration process with minimal required
information.
Social Media Integration: Allow users to register or log in through popular social media platforms
for convenience.
Secure Authentication: Ensure robust security measures to protect user accounts and sensitive
information.

2. Product Browsing:
Easy Navigation: Intuitive navigation through categories, filters, and search functionality.
Detailed Product Information: Display comprehensive details including images, descriptions, prices,
and customer reviews.
Personalized Recommendations: Provide personalized product suggestions based on user preferences
and browsing history.

3. Shopping Cart and Checkout:

User-Friendly Cart: Allow users to easily add, edit, and remove items from the cart.
Transparent Pricing: Clearly display itemized costs and any applicable taxes or fees.
Saved Cart Sessions: Preserve user carts for a certain duration to accommodate interrupted sessions.

4. Order Management:
Order History: Users should have access to a detailed history of their past orders.
Real-Time Order Tracking: Provide real-time updates on the status and location of their orders.
Order Confirmation: Send immediate order confirmation emails.

5. User Reviews and Ratings:

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Easy Review Submission: Allow users to submit reviews and ratings for products effortlessly.
Visible Ratings: Clearly display average product ratings on product pages.
Incentives for Reviews: Consider providing incentives for users to leave reviews.
6. User Account Management: Profile Customization: Enable users to customize their profiles with
personal information and preferences.
Password Management: Allow users to reset passwords securely.
Communication Preferences: Permit users to choose their communication preferences (e.g.,
newsletters, promotional emails).

7. Responsive Design:
Consistent Experience: Ensure a seamless and consistent experience across devices (desktops,
tablets, smartphones).
Mobile Optimization: Prioritize mobile responsiveness for users on the go.

8. Payment and Security:

Multiple Payment Options: Support a variety of payment methods to cater to user preferences.
Secure Transactions: Assure users of secure transactions and protection of sensitive information.
Guest Checkout: Allow users to complete purchases without mandatory account creation.

9. Notifications:
Order Updates: Provide timely notifications on order status changes.
Promotional Alerts: Allow users to opt-in for promotional alerts or newsletters.

10. Accessibility:
Accessible Design: Ensure the website is accessible to users with disabilities.
Language Support: Provide multilingual support if targeting a diverse user base.

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 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
System requirements for software refer to the specific hardware, software, and network
components necessary for the successful installation, operation, and performance of that
software on a computer system. These requirements outline the minimum configurations and
specifications needed to run the software effectively.
System requirements typically include:

Hardware Requirements:
1. Server Infrastructure:
- Sufficient CPU and RAM to handle server-side processing and database operations.
- Consideration for scalability as the user base grows.

2. Database Server:
- MongoDB as the NoSQL database; ensure enough storage space for product data, user
information, and transactions.

3. Content Delivery Network (CDN) (Optional):

- Enhance website speed and reduce latency by using a CDN to cache and serve static assets
globally.

Software Requirements:
1. Operating System:
- Windom 10,11 is commonly used for hosting Node.js applications.
2. Node.js:
- Server-side JavaScript runtime for building scalable network applications.
3. Express.js:
- Web application framework for Node.js to simplify server-side development.
4. React:
- JavaScript library for building user interfaces; used for creating dynamic and responsive front-end
components.
5. MongoDB:
- NoSQL database for storing and retrieving data related to products, users, and transactions.
6. NPM (Node Package Manager):
- Package manager for Node.js; used to install and manage project dependencies.
7. Web Server:
- To handle HTTP requests and serve static assets.

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8. Payment Gateway Integration:
- Integration with a suitable payment gateway (e.g., Stripe, PayPal) for handling transactions
securely.
9. Code Editor: Visual Studio Code
10. Security Measures:
- SSL/TLS certificates for secure data transfer.
- Implementing best practices for securing both front-end and back-end code.

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 CHAPTER 4

TECHNOLOGIES USED

1) MongoDB(Database): As the project's database, MongoDB offers a flexible and scalable

NoSQL solution. Its document-oriented structure allows for efficient storage and retrieval of data,
accommodating the dynamic nature of modern applications.
Here are some key features and concepts associated with MongoDB:

NoSQL Database:

MongoDB is classified as a NoSQL database, which means it doesn't rely on the traditional relational
database management system (RDBMS) structure. Instead, it uses a flexible, document-oriented
model.

Document-Oriented:

Data in MongoDB is stored in flexible, JSON-like documents called BSON (Binary JSON). BSON
documents can contain various data types and nested structures, making it well-suited for
representing real-world entities.

Collections and Documents:

Data in MongoDB is organized into collections, which are similar to tables in relational databases.
Each collection contains documents, which are individual records representing data entities.

Schema-less:

MongoDB is schema-less, meaning that documents within a collection do not need to have the same
structure. This flexibility allows for dynamic and evolving data models.
Scalability:

MongoDB is designed to scale horizontally, allowing for the distribution of data across multiple
servers or nodes. This horizontal scaling is achieved through features like sharding.

Sharding:

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Sharding is a technique used to distribute data across multiple servers to improve performance and
handle larger data volumes. It involves dividing a collection into smaller, more manageable pieces
called shards.

Indexes:

MongoDB supports the creation of indexes on fields within documents, enabling faster query
performance by facilitating efficient data retrieval.

Query Language:
MongoDB uses a rich query language that supports a wide range of query operations, including
filtering, sorting, and projection. Queries are expressed as JSON-like documents.

Aggregation Framework:

MongoDB provides a powerful aggregation framework for performing data transformations and
computations within the database itself. This allows for complex data processing without the need
for extensive application code.

MongoDB Atlas is a fully managed cloud database service that simplifies the deployment, scaling,
and management of MongoDB databases in the cloud. It provides features such as automated
backups, monitoring, and security.

2)Express.js(Back-End): Serving as the backend framework, Express.js facilitates the creation

of a robust and RESTful API. It simplifies the development of server-side logic, middleware, and
routing, providing a foundation for seamless communication between the frontend and the
MongoDB database.
Here are key features and concepts associated with Express.js:

Middleware:

Express.js uses middleware, which are functions that have access to the request object (req), the
response object (res), and the next middleware function in the application’s request-response cycle.
Middleware functions can perform tasks such as modifying the request or response, terminating the
request-response cycle, and calling the next middleware in the stack.
Routing:

Express provides a simple and effective way to define routes for handling different HTTP methods
and URL paths. Route handlers can be used to process requests and generate responses.
HTTP Methods:

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Express supports various HTTP methods, including GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, and others. Each
method can be associated with a specific route and handler to define the behavior for different types
of requests.

Template Engines:

While Express itself does not have a built-in template engine, it allows developers to integrate with
various template engines such as Pug, EJS, and Handlebars. Template engines enable the dynamic
generation of HTML on the server.

Static File Serving:

Express makes it easy to serve static files (e.g., images, stylesheets, scripts) using the express.static
middleware. This simplifies the process of delivering static assets to clients.
Error Handling:

Express includes built-in error handling mechanisms. Middleware functions can be specifically
designated for error handling, and errors can be passed to the next error-handling middleware in the
stack.

Request and Response Objects:

Express provides a convenient way to access and manipulate the request and response objects. These
objects contain information about the HTTP request and response, allowing developers to read
parameters, set headers, and send responses.

Routing Middleware:

Express allows the creation of modular, mountable route handlers through the use of the
express.Router class. This enables the organization of routes into separate files or modules.

View Rendering:

While Express itself does not dictate a specific view engine, it is often used in conjunction with
template engines to render dynamic content on the server. Views can be rendered and sent to the
client in response to user requests.

RESTful APIs:

Express is commonly used to build RESTful APIs due to its simplicity and flexibility. It allows
developers to define API routes, handle different HTTP methods, and send JSON responses.
Middleware for Common Tasks:

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Express provides various built-in middleware for common tasks, such as parsing incoming requests
(body-parser), handling cookies (cookie-parser), and enabling cross-origin resource sharing (cors).

Security Features:

Express includes security features and best practices to protect against common web application
vulnerabilities, such as setting HTTP headers to enhance security.
Express.js is often used as part of the MEAN and MERN stacks (MongoDB, Express.js, Angular or
React, Node.js) to build full-stack web applications. Its simplicity and flexibility make it a popular
choice for developers working on a wide range of projects, from small-scale applications to large,
complex systems.

Node.js(Back-End) As the runtime environment for the server, Node.js ensures efficient
handling of concurrent requests. Its non-blocking I/O allows for scalable and performant server-side
operations, making it an ideal choice for building the backend of the application.

Here are key features and concepts associated with Node.js:

Non-blocking I/O:

Node.js is designed to be non-blocking and asynchronous, using an event-driven, single-threaded

architecture. This allows it to handle a large number of simultaneous connections efficiently.

V8 JavaScript Engine:

Node.js is powered by the V8 JavaScript engine, developed by Google for the Chrome browser. V8
compiles JavaScript directly to native machine code, resulting in fast execution.

NPM (Node Package Manager):

NPM is the package manager for Node.js, providing a vast ecosystem of open-source libraries and
tools. Developers can easily install, share, and manage dependencies using NPM.

Common JS Modules:

Node.js uses the Common JS module system for organizing and structuring code. Modules allow
developers to encapsulate code and manage dependencies effectively.

Event-Driven Architecture:

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Node.js follows an event-driven architecture, where actions or events trigger callbacks. This
approach is well-suited for handling concurrent operations and building scalable applications.

Single Thread Event Loop:

Node.js uses a single-threaded event loop to handle asynchronous operations. This eliminates the
need for traditional multi-threading and simplifies development.
Built-in HTTP Module:

Node.js includes a built-in HTTP module that allows developers to create HTTP servers and handle
HTTP requests and responses. This is fundamental for building web applications and APIs.

Cross-Platform Compatibility:

Node.js is designed to run on various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux,
making it a cross-platform solution.

Scalability:

Node.js is highly scalable due to its non-blocking I/O and event-driven architecture. It can handle a
large number of concurrent connections efficiently, making it suitable for real-time applications.

Streaming Data:

Node.js supports streaming data, enabling the efficient processing of large datasets and real-time
communication.

Middleware Support:

Middleware in Node.js is used to extend the functionality of the server. Middleware functions can be
easily integrated into the request-response cycle.

Community and Ecosystem:

Node.js has a vibrant and active community that contributes to its continuous development. The
ecosystem includes a vast array of libraries, frameworks, and tools that cater to various development
needs.

React.js(Front-End): At the forefront of the project's frontend, React.js enables the development
of a dynamic and interactive user interface. Its component-based architecture enhances code
modularity, reusability, and facilitates the creation of a responsive and engaging user experience.
Here are key features and concepts associated with React.js:

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Component-Based Architecture:

React is based on a component-based architecture, where the UI is broken down into reusable and
independent components. Each component encapsulates its own logic, state, and UI.
JSX (JavaScript XML):

JSX is a syntax extension for JavaScript that allows developers to write HTML-like code within
JavaScript files. JSX is used in React to define the structure of components in a more declarative and
readable way.

Virtual DOM (Document Object Model):

React utilizes a virtual DOM to optimize rendering performance. Instead of updating the entire DOM
when there's a change, React compares the virtual DOM with the actual DOM and updates only the
necessary parts, reducing the need for direct manipulation of the DOM.
Reactive Updates:

React follows a reactive programming paradigm. When the state of a component changes, React
automatically re-renders the component, updating the UI to reflect the new state.

One-Way Data Binding:

React enforces a one-way data flow, making it easier to reason about data changes. Data flows
downward from parent components to child components, and changes are managed through state and
props.

Components Lifecycle:

React components have a lifecycle with various phases, such as mounting, updating, and
unmounting. Developers can implement lifecycle methods to execute code at specific points in a
component's life.

State and Props:

Components in React can have both state and props. State represents the internal data of a
component, and props are properties passed down from a parent component.

Hooks:

React Hooks are functions introduced in React 16.8 that allow developers to use state and other
React features in functional components. Common hooks include use State, use Effect, use Context,
and more.

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Declarative Syntax:

React uses a declarative syntax, allowing developers to describe what they want the UI to look like,
and React takes care of updating the DOM to match that description.

Conditional Rendering:

React supports conditional rendering, enabling developers to show or hide components based on
certain conditions or state.
Reusable Components:

The component-based architecture of React promotes code reusability. Components can be reused
across different parts of an application or even in different projects.
React Router:

React Router is a library for handling navigation and routing in React applications. It enables the
creation of single-page applications with multiple views.

Context API:

The Context API allows for the sharing of state between components without having to pass props
through multiple layers. It simplifies state management in larger applications.

React Native:

React Native is a framework built on top of React that enables the development of mobile
applications for iOS and Android using React and JavaScript.

Community and Ecosystem:

React has a large and active community, contributing to a vast ecosystem of libraries, tools, and
resources. This community support makes it easier for developers to find solutions and stay updated
on best practices.

React has become a popular choice for building modern, interactive user interfaces in web
development. Its focus on simplicity, reusability, and performance has contributed to its widespread
adoption in both small projects and large-scale applications.

Development Tools and Utilities:

NPM (Node Package Manager):

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Package managers for managing and installing project dependencies.
NPM (Node Package Manager) is the default package manager for Node.js, and it is widely used in
the JavaScript ecosystem for managing project dependencies, scripts, and other aspects of the
development workflow. Here are key aspects and features of NPM:

Installation:

NPM is automatically installed with Node.js. When you install Node.js on your system, NPM is
included.
Package Installation:

Install packages using the NPM install command, followed by the package name.

The Package. Json file is a key configuration file in Node.js projects. It includes metadata about the
project, as well as information about project dependencies, scripts, and more.

Dependency Management:

NPM manages project dependencies by recording them in the package. Json file. It also generates a
package-lock .json file to ensure consistent installations across different environments.
Global vs. Local Packages:

NPM allows you to install packages globally (accessible throughout the system) or locally (specific
to a project).

Scripts:

The scripts section in the package.json file allows you to define custom scripts that can be executed
using the npm run command. Common scripts include "start," "test," and others.

Versioning:

NPM uses semantic versioning (SemVer) to manage package versions. You can specify version
ranges in the package.json file to control which versions of packages your project uses.

Registry:

NPM packages are hosted on the NPM registry by default. You can also use private registries if
needed.

Audit:

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NPM provides a security audit feature that helps identify and fix security vulnerabilities in project
dependencies.

Scopes:

NPM supports scoped packages, allowing you to organize and namespace your packages.

Publishing Packages:

Developers can publish their own packages to the NPM registry for others to use.

Proxy Configuration:

NPM allows you to configure proxy settings for environments with restricted internet access.

Ecosystem:

NPM has a vast and active ecosystem, with a large number of open-source packages available for
various purposes.

NPM Workspaces:

NPM introduced workspaces, enabling the management of multiple packages within a single top-
level, root package.

Command-Line Interface (CLI):

NPM provides a command-line interface that allows developers to interact with the package manager
using various commands.
Using NPM, developers can easily manage dependencies, execute scripts, and streamline the
development process in Node.js projects. It is an essential tool for building modern JavaScript
applications and is widely adopted across the JavaScript community.

Git:

Version control system for tracking changes in the codebase. Git is a distributed version control
system widely used in software development to track changes in source code during the development
process. It allows multiple developers to collaborate on a project, tracks changes, and provides tools
for resolving conflicts.

Postman:

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Postman is a popular collaboration platform for API development. It provides a user-friendly
interface for sending HTTP requests, testing APIs, and managing the entire API development
lifecycle. API development and testing tool for testing HTTP requests and responses. Here are key
features and aspects of Postman:

API Testing:

Postman allows developers to create and send HTTP requests to test the functionality of APIs. It
supports various request methods such as GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.

Request Building:

Users can easily build and customize HTTP requests by specifying headers, parameters, request
bodies, and authentication details through a graphical interface.

Collections:

Collections in Postman are groups of requests that can be organized and executed together. This is
useful for grouping related API requests for a project.

Environments:

Environments allow users to manage variables that can be used across multiple requests. This is
particularly helpful when working with different server URLs or authentication tokens.

Tests and Assertions:

Postman allows the creation of tests using JavaScript (in the form of scripts) to automate the
validation of API responses. It supports assertions to check if the response meets specific criteria.

Automation and Workflows:

Postman enables the automation of API testing and the creation of workflows. This includes running
a series of requests in a specific order and using the results of one request as input for another.

Mock Servers:

Postman provides the capability to create mock servers, allowing developers to simulate API
endpoints and responses. This is helpful for testing before the actual backend implementation is
ready.

Monitoring:

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Postman offers monitoring tools to keep track of API performance and usage. It can generate reports
and alerts based on predefined criteria.

Collaboration:

Postman supports collaboration among team members. Collections, environments, and

documentation can be shared, facilitating teamwork in API development.

Documentation:

Users can generate and share API documentation directly from Postman. Documentation includes
details about the requests, responses, and usage examples.

Web View:

Postman provides a web view feature that allows users to share their collections with others without
requiring them to install the Postman app.

Export and Import:

Postman allows users to export and import collections, environments, and other settings. This is
useful for sharing configurations or backing up data.

API Monitoring:

Postman offers monitoring services to keep track of API performance, detect issues, and ensure that
APIs are working as expected.

GraphQL Support:

Postman supports testing and working with GraphQL APIs. Users can send GraphQL queries and
mutations using the same intuitive interface.

Integration with Other Tools:

Postman integrates with various tools and services, including version control systems, CI/CD
pipelines, and API gateways.
Postman is widely used by developers, testers, and API professionals for its versatility and ease of
use in API development and testing workflows. It simplifies the process of testing, documenting, and
collaborating on APIs, making it a valuable tool in the development lifecycle.

Visual Studio Code or Other Code Editor:

19
Code editor for writing and managing the project code. Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a free and
open-source source-code editor developed by Microsoft. It has gained immense popularity among
developers due to its lightweight nature, extensibility, and powerful features. Here are key aspects
and features of Visual Studio Code:

Cross-Platform:

VS Code is available on Windows, macOS, and Linux, making it a versatile choice for developers
using different operating systems.

Intuitive User Interface:

The user interface of VS Code is clean, simple, and intuitive. It includes a file explorer, integrated
terminal, and various panels for managing extensions, Git, and more.

Extensions and Marketplace:

VS Code has a rich ecosystem of extensions that enhance its functionality. Developers can install
extensions for programming languages, themes, debuggers, and more from the Visual Studio Code
Marketplace.

Built-in Git Integration:

VS Code includes built-in Git integration, allowing developers to manage version control directly
from the editor. It provides features such as commit, push, pull, and visual diffing.

Integrated Terminal:

VS Code has an integrated terminal that allows developers to run command-line commands directly
within the editor. The terminal supports multiple shells, including PowerShell, Bash, and Command
Prompt.

Code Editing Features:

VS Code offers advanced code editing features, including syntax highlighting, autocompletion,
bracket matching, and snippet support. It also has a powerful IntelliSense feature for smart code
suggestions.

Debugging Support:

VS Code provides a robust debugging experience with support for various programming languages.
Developers can set breakpoints, inspect variables, and step through code easily.

20
Task Automation:

Task running and automation are streamlined in VS Code. Users can define and execute tasks using
the integrated task runner, such as running build scripts or other custom commands.

Language Support:

VS Code supports a wide range of programming languages out of the box and offers extensions for
additional languages. It provides language-specific features like syntax checking and language
servers.

Intelligent Code Navigation:

VS Code includes features for intelligent code navigation, such as "Go to Definition," "Find All
References," and "Go to Symbol." These features enhance code exploration and understanding.

21
 Chapter – 5
METHODOLOGY
SDLC or the Software Development Life Cycle is a process that produces software with the
highest quality and lowest cost in the shortest time. SDLC includes a detailed plan for how to
develop, alter, maintain, and replace a software system.

SDLC involves several distinct stages, including planning, design, building, testing, and
deployment. Popular SDLC models include the waterfall model, spiral model, and Agile
model.

5.1 How SDLC Works

SDLC works by lowering the cost of software development while simultaneously improving
quality and shortening production time. SDLC achieves these apparently divergent goals by
following a plan that removes the typical pitfalls to software development projects. That plan
starts by evaluating existing systems for deficiencies. Next, it defines the requirements of the
new system. It then creates the software through the stages of design, development, testing,
and deployment. By anticipating costly mistakes like failing to ask the end user for
suggestions, SLDC can eliminate redundant rework and after-the-fact fixes.

5.2 Stages and Best Practices of SDLC

Following the best practices and/or stages of SDLC ensures the process works in a smooth,
efficient, and productive way.

1. Identify the current problems. “What don’t we want?” This stage of SDLC means
getting input from all stakeholders, including customers, salespeople, industry experts, and
programmers. Learn the strengths and weaknesses of the current system with improvement as
the goal.

2. Plan. “What do we want?” In this stage of SDLC, the team defines the requirements of the
new software and determines the cost and resources required. It also details the risks involved
and provides sub-plans for softening those risks. In this stage, a Software Requirement
Specification document is created.
3. Design. “How will we get what we want?” This phase of SDLC starts by turning the
software specifications into a design plan called the Design Specification. All stakeholders
then review this plan and offer feedback and suggestions. It’s crucial to have a plan for
collecting and incorporating stakeholder input into this document. Failure at this stage will
22
almost certainly result in cost overruns at best and total collapse of the project at worst.
4. Build. “Let’s create what we want.” This SDLC stage develops the software by generating
all the actual code. If the previous steps have been followed with attention to detail, this is
actually the least complicated step.

5. Test. “Did we get what we want?” In this stage, we test for defects and deficiencies. We
fix those issues until the product meets the original specifications.
6. Deploy. “Let’s start using what we got.” Often, this part of the SDLC process happens in a
limited way at first. Depending on feedback from end users, more adjustments can be made.

7. Maintain. “Let’s get this closer to what we want.” The plan almost never turns out perfect
when it meets reality. Further, as conditions in the real-world change, we need to update and
advance the software to match.

The DevOps movement has changed the SDLC in some ways. Developers are now
responsible for more and more steps of the entire development process. We also see the value
of shifting left. When development and Ops teams use the same toolset to track performance
and pin down defects from inception to the retirement of an application, this provides a
common language and faster handoffs between teams. APM tools can be used in
development, QA, and production. This keeps everyone using the same toolset across the
entire development lifecycle.
A systems development life cycle is composed of a number of clearly defined and distinct
work phases which are used by systems engineers and systems developers to plan for, design,
build, test, and deliver information systems. Like anything that is manufactured on an
assembly line, an SDLC aims to produce high-quality systems that meet or exceed customer
expectations, based on customer requirements, by delivering systems which move through
each clearly defined phase, within scheduled time frames and cost estimates.

23
 1.1.1 Fig. 5.1: SDLC Methodology

 Agile Methodologies

 Agile is a process by which a team can manage a project by breaking it up into several
stages and involving constant collaboration with stakeholders and continuous
improvement and iteration at every stage. The Agile methodology begins with clients
describing how the end product will be used and what problem it will solve. This
clarifies the customer's expectations to the project team. Once the work begins, teams’
cycle through a process of planning, executing, and evaluating — which might just
change the final deliverable to fit the customer's needs better. Continuous
collaboration is key, both among team members and with project stakeholders, to
make fully- informed decisions.

 We will take you through the agile journey in a step by step manner until you
understand the philosophy behind using Agile, its advantages and how to practice it.
This series aims to equip and enable the readers to apply Agile and Scrum learning
into their work.

24
  This particular tutorial is dedicated to explaining to you why there was a need for
Agile and how it got created. The fundamental here is to make you understand
the concept of Agile Adoption in Software Development Industries.

 An agile software development process always starts by defining the users and
documenting a vision statement on a scope of problems, opportunities, and values
to be addressed. The product owner captures this vision and works with a
multidisciplinary team to deliver on this vision. Here are the roles in that process.

 Agile processes always begin with the user or customer in mind. Today, we often
define them with user personas to illustrate different roles in a workflow the software
is supporting or different types of customer needs and behaviors.

 Agile Methodologies

 Agile is a process by which a team can manage a project by breaking it up into several
stages and involving constant collaboration with stakeholders and continuous
improvement and iteration at every stage. The Agile methodology begins with clients
describing how the end product will be used and what problem it will solve. This
clarifies the customer's expectations to the project team. Once the work begins, teams’
cycle through a process of planning, executing, and evaluating — which might just
change the final deliverable to fit the customer's needs better. Continuous
collaboration is key, both among team members and with project stakeholders, to
make fully- informed decisions.
 We will take you through the agile journey in a step by step manner until you
understand the philosophy behind using Agile, its advantages and how to practice it.
This series aims to equip and enable the readers to apply Agile and Scrum learning
into their work.

 This particular tutorial is dedicated to explaining to you why there was a need for
Agile and how it got created. The fundamental here is to make you understand
the
 concept of Agile Adoption in Software Development Industries.

 An agile software development process always starts by defining the users and
documenting a vision statement on a scope of problems, opportunities, and values
to be addressed. The product owner captures this vision and works with a
multidisciplinary team to deliver on this vision. Here are the roles in that process.

25
 Agile processes always begin with the user or customer in mind. Today, we often
define them with user personas to illustrate different roles in a workflow the software
is supporting or different types of customer needs and behaviors.

Fig.5.2: Agile Methodology

26
 Chapter 6
SOFTWARE FEATURES
Software features refer to specific functionalities or capabilities that a software program or
application offers to its users. These features are the building blocks that define what the software
can do and how it can be used to address various needs or solve particular problems. They
encompass a wide range of elements, from basic functions to advanced tools, and are designed to
enhance user experience, increase efficiency, and fulfil specific requirements.
1. User Authentication and Authorization:
- Secure user registration and login.
- JWT (JSON Web Token) for authentication.
- Different user roles (customer, admin, etc.) with corresponding access permissions.
2. Product Management:
- CRUD operations for managing products.
- Product categories and attributes.
- Image uploads for products.
3. Shopping Cart:
- Add/remove products to/from the cart.
- Update quantity and view total price.
- Save and retrieve carts for logged-in users.
4. Checkout and Payments:
- Secure checkout process.
- Integration with payment gateways (e.g., Stripe, PayPal).
- Order confirmation and receipt generation.
5. Order Management:
- View order history and status.
- Admin dashboard for managing orders.
- Order fulfillment and tracking.
6. Search and Filters:
- Search functionality with autocomplete.
- Filters for sorting and categorizing products.

7. User Reviews and Ratings:

- Allow users to rate and review products.

26
 - Display average ratings and reviews.
8. User Profiles:
- User dashboards with order history.
- Profile settings and customization options.
9. Responsive Design:
- Ensure the website is accessible and functional across devices.
- Mobile-friendly design.
10. Security:
- HTTPS for secure data transfer.
- Input validation and sanitization.
- Protection against common web vulnerabilities (e.g., XSS, CSRF).
11. Real-time Updates:
- Implement real-time notifications for order updates.
- Live chat support for customer inquiries.
12. Analytics and Reporting:
- Track user behavior and sales data.
- Generate reports for business insights.
13. Social Media Integration:
- Share products on social media.
- Social login options.
14. Localization:
- Multi-language support.
- Currency and region-specific settings.
15. Admin Panel:
- Admin dashboard for managing products, users, and orders.
- Analytics and reporting tools.

27
28
 Chapter 7

PROJECT SNAPSHOTS

HOME PAGE

Fig 7.1

29
 LOGIN & REGISTER PAGE

Fig 7.2 Fig 7.3

OVERLAY NAVBAR

Fig 7.4

30
PRODUCTS

Fig 7.5

ADD TO CART

Fig 7.6

31
ADD SHIPPING DETAILS

Fig 7.7

CONFIRM ORDER

32
Fig 7.8

PAYMENT

Fig 7.9

33
Fig 7.10

Fig 7.11

34
 Fig 7.12

ADMIN DASHBOARD

35
 Fig 7.13

36
 Fig 7.14

Fig 7.15

37
Fig 7.16

Fig 7.17

38
 Fig 7.18

ABOUT US

39
 Fig 7.19
Chapter 8
LIMITATIONS
While the MERN stack is powerful for developing e-commerce websites, there are some limitations to
consider:

1. Scalability Challenges:
- As the application grows, scaling might become complex, especially with the monolithic architecture
of some MERN stack applications.

2. SEO Friendliness:
- Single-page applications (SPAs) built with React may initially have challenges with SEO, although
server-side rendering (SSR) or other SEO techniques can be implemented.

3. Learning Curve:
- Developers need to be proficient in multiple technologies (MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js),
which might require more time and effort to learn and master.

4. Performance:
- Poorly optimized React applications may suffer from performance issues, impacting the user
experience, especially on slower networks or devices.

5. Security Concerns:
- Security vulnerabilities might arise if best practices are not followed, such as proper validation,
authentication, and authorization.

40
6. Community Support:
- While the MERN stack has a strong developer community, some niche or specific issues may have
limited community support compared to more established stacks.

7. Integration Challenges:
- Integrating third-party services or APIs may be challenging due to differences in technology stacks
or compatibility issues.

8. Real-time Updates Complexity:

- Implementing real-time features can be complex and may require additional tools or libraries,
potentially impacting the overall project complexity.

9. Complexity in Microservices Architecture:

- Breaking down a monolithic MERN application into microservices for better scalability can
introduce complexities in managing service-to-service communication and data consistency.

10. MongoDB Limitations:

- MongoDB's schema-less nature, while flexible, may lead to challenges in managing complex
relationships between data entities compared to traditional relational databases.

11. Browser Compatibility:

- Ensuring compatibility across various browsers can be challenging, especially with certain React
features that might not be supported universally.

12. Continuous Integration and Deployment:

- Setting up effective CI/CD pipelines might be challenging, particularly for teams new to the process
or for applications with specific deployment requirements.

It's essential to carefully assess these limitations and consider whether they align with the specific
requirements and goals of your e-commerce project before opting for the MERN stack.

41
 Chapter 9
CONTRIBUTION OF PROJECT
Contributing to an e-commerce website can take various forms, depending on your skills and interests.
Here are different areas where you can make valuable contributions:

1. Front-end Development:
- Enhance the user interface and user experience.
- Implement responsive design for mobile compatibility.
- Integrate new features and improve existing ones using React.

2. Back-end Development:
- Work on server-side logic using Node.js and Express.js.
- Implement and optimize database interactions with MongoDB.
- Enhance security measures and implement authentication/authorization.

3. Database Management:
- Optimize database queries and indexes for better performance.
- Ensure data integrity and security.
- Implement data migration strategies when necessary.

4. Full-stack Development:
- Contribute to both front-end and back-end development tasks.
- Collaborate with different teams to ensure seamless integration of features.

5. UI/UX Design:
- Improve the visual design and overall user experience.
- Create and implement design elements for new features.

6. Innovation and Research:

- Stay updated on industry trends and technologies.
- Propose and implement innovative features to enhance the platform.

42
 Chapter 10
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, developing an e-commerce website using the MERN stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React,
Node.js) offers a versatile and scalable solution for creating a robust online shopping platform. The
combination of these technologies provides a full-stack development framework that empowers
developers to build dynamic, interactive, and efficient e-commerce applications.

The MERN stack's flexibility allows for the seamless integration of various features, including user
authentication, product management, shopping cart functionality, and secure payment processing. The
real-time updates and responsive design capabilities enhance the overall user experience, making the
platform accessible across different devices.

However, it's crucial to be mindful of potential challenges such as scalability issues in monolithic
architectures, SEO concerns with single-page applications, and the learning curve associated with
mastering multiple technologies. Addressing these challenges through best practices, continuous
optimization, and staying informed about the latest developments in the MERN stack can contribute to
the long-term success of the e-commerce website.

Ultimately, the MERN stack provides a solid foundation for developing feature-rich, secure, and
scalable e-commerce websites, offering businesses the tools they need to create a seamless online
shopping experience for their customers.

43
 Chapter 11

FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope of e-commerce websites built on the MERN stack is promising, with several trends and
opportunities shaping the landscape. Here are key aspects indicating the continued relevance and growth
of MERN stack-based e-commerce applications:

1. Progressive Web Applications (PWAs):

- MERN stack, particularly with React, is well-suited for building PWAs, providing a more app-like
experience for users. This aligns with the trend towards lightweight, fast-loading web applications.

2. Microservices Architecture:
- Breaking down monolithic structures into microservices is a growing trend. The MERN stack's
modular nature makes it adaptable to such architectural shifts, allowing for better scalability and
maintainability.

3. Serverless Architecture:
- The adoption of serverless architecture, where applications run in response to events without the
need for server management, aligns well with Node.js. This can lead to cost savings and increased
scalability.

4. Real-time Features:
- The demand for real-time updates, such as live notifications and chat features, is expected to grow.
The reactive nature of React and the event-driven capabilities of Node.js make MERN well-suited for
implementing real-time functionalities.

5. Enhanced Security Measures:

- As e-commerce platforms handle sensitive user data and transactions, the emphasis on security will
continue to grow. Ongoing updates and improvements to security features in the MERN stack will be
crucial for meeting evolving security standards.

6. Cross-Platform Development:
- React Native, part of the React ecosystem, facilitates cross-platform development for mobile
applications. This is advantageous for reaching a broader audience and providing a consistent experience
across devices.

7. International Expansion and Localization:

- The MERN stack's flexibility supports efforts to expand e-commerce platforms globally. Features
such as multi-language support and currency localization become increasingly important for catering to
diverse markets.

44
 Chapter-12
REFERENCES

] Chanana, N., & Goele, S. (2012). Future of e-commerce in

India. International Journal of Computing & Business
Research, 8.
[2] Mai, N. (2020). E-commerce Application using MERN stack.
[3] Ullah, S. E., Alauddin, T., & Zaman, H. U. (2016, January).
Developing an E-commerce website. In 2016 International
Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and
Communications (MicroCom) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
[4] King, D. N., & King, D. N. (2004). Introduction to
e-commerce. Prentice Hall.
[5] Nemat, R. (2011). Taking a look at different types of
e-commerce. World Applied Programming, 1(2), 100-104.
[6] Niranjanamurthy, M., Kavyashree, N., Jagannath, S., &
Chahar, D. (2013). Analysis of e-commerce and
m-commerce: advantages, limitations and security
issues. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering, 2(6),
2360-2370.
] Chanana, N., & Goele, S. (2012). Future of e-commerce in
India. International Journal of Computing & Business
Research, 8.
[2] Mai, N. (2020). E-commerce Application using MERN stack.
[3] Ullah, S. E., Alauddin, T., & Zaman, H. U. (2016, January).
Developing an E-commerce website. In 2016 International
Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and
Communications (MicroCom) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
[4] King, D. N., & King, D. N. (2004). Introduction to
e-commerce. Prentice Hall.
[5] Nemat, R. (2011). Taking a look at different types of
e-commerce. World Applied Programming, 1(2), 100-104.
[6] Niranjanamurthy, M., Kavyashree, N., Jagannath, S., &

45
Chahar, D. (2013). Analysis of e-commerce and
m-commerce: advantages, limitations and security
issues. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering, 2(6),
2360-2370.
] Chanana, N., & Goele, S. (2012). Future of e-commerce in
India. International Journal of Computing & Business
Research, 8.
[2] Mai, N. (2020). E-commerce Application using MERN stack.
[3] Ullah, S. E., Alauddin, T., & Zaman, H. U. (2016, January).
Developing an E-commerce website. In 2016 International
Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and
Communications (MicroCom) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
[4] King, D. N., & King, D. N. (2004). Introduction to
e-commerce. Prentice Hall.
[5] Nemat, R. (2011). Taking a look at different types of
e-commerce. World Applied Programming, 1(2), 100-104.
[6] Niranjanamurthy, M., Kavyashree, N., Jagannath, S., &
Chahar, D. (2013). Analysis of e-commerce and
m-commerce: advantages, limitations and security
issues. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering, 2(6),
2360-2370.
1. Chanana, N., & Goele, S. (2012). Future of e-commerce in India. International Journal of
Computing & Business Research, 8.
2. Mai, N. (2020). E-commerce Application using MERN stack.
3. Ullah, S.E., Alaudding , T., & Zaman, H. U. (2016,January). Developing an E-commerce
website. In 2016 International Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and Communications
(MicroCom) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
4. King, D. N., & King, D. N. (2004). Inroduction to e-commerce. World Applied Programming,
1(2), 100-104.
5. Online Web tutorial from https://www.w3schools.com/ .

46
47