DCC30122

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SULIT

BAHAGIAN PEPERIKSAAN DAN PENILAIAN


JABATAN PENDIDIKAN POLITEKNIK DAN KOLEJ KOMUNITI
KEMENTERIAN PENGAJIAN TINGGI

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR
SESI I : 2022/2023

DCC30122 : FLUID MECHANICS

TARIKH : 19 DISEMBER 2022


MASA : 02.30 PETANG - 04.30 PETANG (2 JAM)

Kertas ini mengandungi SEBELAS (11) halaman bercetak.

Bahagian A: Struktur (2 soalan)


Bahagian B: Esei (4 soalan)

Dokumen sokongan yang disertakan : Formula

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA DIARAHKAN

(CLO yang tertera hanya sebagai rujukan)

SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

SECTION A : 50 MARKS
BAHAGIAN A : 50 MARKAH

INSTRUCTION:
This section consists of TWO (2) structured questions. Answer ALL the questions.
ARAHAN :
Bahagian ini mengandungi DUA (2) soalan berstruktur. Jawab SEMUA soalan.

QUESTION 1
SOALAN 1

CLO1 (a) Fluid mechanics is the study of fluid behavior either liquid or a gas.Explain
C2 TWO (2) differences in physical characteristic between liquid and gas.
Mekanik bendalir adalah kajian mengenai perlakuan bendalir sama ada cecair
atau gas.Terangkan DUA (2) perbezaan ciri-ciri fizikal antara cecair dan gas.
[5 marks ]
[5markah]

CLO1 (b) Fluid possess different basis properties which can be used to characterize the
C2 fluids. Identify the formula for the fluid properties below:

Bendalir mempunyai beberapa sifat asas yang boleh digunakan dalam


pengelasan sifat cecair. Kenalpasti formula bagi sifat cecair dibawah:

i) Specific weight
Berat tentu
[4 marks]
[4 markah]

ii) Specific gravity


Graviti tentu
[4 marks]
[4 markah]

2 SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

CLO1 (c) An overhead tank has length, width and height of 2.5m, 3.0 m and 2.0m
C2 respectively. If the water is filled up to three quarters of its height, explain;
Sebuah tangki mempunyai panjang, lebar dan tinggi 2.5m, 3.0m dan 2.0m
masing-masing. Jika air diisi sehingga tiga per empat daripada tinggi tangki,
terangkan;

i) The mass and weight of the water inside the tank


Jisim dan berat air di dalam tangki

[6 marks]
[6markah]

ii) If a similar tank is filled to the same level with oil with a mass of 3500kg,
identify the density and specific gravity of the oil.
Jika tangki yang sama diisi dengan 3500kg minyak dengan ketinggian
yang sama, kenalpasti ketumpatan dan graviti tentu minyak tersebut.

[6 marks]
[6 markah]

QUESTION 2
SOALAN 2

CLO1 (a) Pressure measurements are generally indicated as being either absolute or
C2 gauge pressure. The absolute pressure at point A is 750x103 N/m2. Identify the
gauge pressure if the atmospheric pressure is 101.3kN/m2.

Pengukuran tekanan biasanya ditunjukkan sama ada dalam tekanan mutlak


atau tekanan tolok. Tekanan mutlak pada point A ialah 750x103 N/m2.
Kenalpasti tekanan tolok jika tekanan atmosfera ialah 101.3kN/m2.

[5 marks]
[5 markah]

3 SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

CLO1 (b) Liquid pressure at a point increases with the increase in height of the liquid.
C2 Explain the depth below the surface of oil with specific gravity of 0.8, that
produces a pressure of 220 kN/m2. Then, identify the depth of water using the
same pressure value.

Tekanan cecair pada satu titik meningkat dengan peningkatan ketinggian


cecair.Terangkan ketinggian di bawah permukaan minyak dengan graviti tentu
0.8, yang menghasilkan tekanan 220 kN/m2. Kemudian, kenalpasti ketinggian
air jika menggunakan tekanan yang sama.

[8 marks]
[8 markah]

CLO1 (c) A U- tube differential manometer is connected to pipe P and pipe Q as shown
C2 in Figure A2(c). Pipe P flows water with the density ρw = 1000 kg/m3 and in
pipe Q contains oil with the density ρo = 900 kg/m3. If the pressure in pipe P is
200kN/m2, and U-tube contains mercury (ρw = 13600 kg/m3)

Sebuah manometer bezaan disambungkan kepada paip P dan paip Q seperti


ditunjukkan dalam Rajah A2(c). Paip P mengalirkan air dengan ketumpatan,
ρw = 1000kg/m3, sementara paip Q mengandungi minyak yang berketumpatan
ρo = 900 kg/m3. Jika tekanan didalam paip P adalah 200 kN/m2 dan manometer
tiub U mengandungi Merkuri (ρw = 13600 kg/m3);

i) Express an equation for the pressure in the U-tube differential manometer


Tunjukkan persamaan dalam manometer U-tube tersebut.
[6 marks]
[6 markah]

ii) Identify a pressure in pipe Q


Kenalpasti tekanan di dalam paip Q

[6 marks]
[6 markah]

4 SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

Oil
Q
N

Water 0.7m

MP
2.5m

1.2 m

Mercury

Figure A2(c)/Rajah A2(c)

5 SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

SECTION B : 50 MARKS
BAHAGIAN B : 50 MARKAH

INSTRUCTION:
This section consists of FOUR (4) essay questions. Answers TWO (2) questions
only.
ARAHAN :
Bahagian ini mengandungi EMPAT (4) soalan esei. Jawab DUA (2) soalan sahaja.

QUESTION 1
SOALAN 1

CLO2 (a) The Reynold’s Number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces within a
C3 fluid, which is subjected to relative internal movement due to different fluid
velocities. Identify the Reynold’s Number formula and the THREE (3)
categorization of Reynold’s Number.
Nombor Reynold adalah nisbah daya inersia kepada daya kelikatan di dalam
bendalir, tertakluk kepada pergerakan dalaman relatif disebabkan halaju
bendalir yang berbeza. Kenalpasti formula Nombor Reynold’s dan TIGA (3)
kategori Nombor Reynold’s.
[5 marks]
[5 markah]

(b) The Reynold’s Number (Re) is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid


CLO2
C4 mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in fluid flow situation. An oil
having dynamic viscosity of 0.205Ns/m2 and specific gravity of 0.9 is flowing
through a pipe of 775mm in diameter. The value of discharge through the pipe
is 120 liter/s. Determine the types of flow.
Nombor Reynold (Re) ialah kuantiti tanpa dimensi di dalam mekanik bendalir
yang digunakan untuk membantu meramal corak aliran dalam situasi aliran
bendalir. Minyak mempunyai kelikatan dinamik 0.205 Ns/m2 dan graviti tentu
0.9 sedang mengalir melalui paip berdiameter 775mm. Nilai kadar alir yang
melalui paip ialah 120liter/s. Tentukan jenis aliran..
[8 marks]
[8 markah]

6 SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

CLO2 (c) A student has conducted a Reynold’s experiment in hydraulic laboratory and the
C4 test result is as in Table B1(c).
Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan eksperimen Reynold di makmal hidraulik
dan keputusan ujian adalah seperti Jadual B1(c).
Table B1(c) / Jadual B1(c)
Diameter of pipe, d 0.01m
Diameter paip
Kinematic viscosity of water, ν 1 × 10−3 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑠𝑠
Kelikatan kinematic air, ν
Volume, V 450ml
Isipadu, V
Time 37.39s
Masa

Calculate:
Kirakan:

i) Area of cross section for the pipe


Luas keratan rentas paip
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
ii) Flow rate
Kadar aliran
[4 marks]
[4 markah]
iii) Flow velocity
Halaju aliran
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
iv) Reynold’s Number
Nombor Reynolds
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
v) Type of flow
Jenis aliran
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

7 SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

QUESTION 2
SOALAN 2

CLO2 (a) Flow measurement is an action to measure the flow of liquids, gases and vapors
C3 using a flow measurement instrument or device, which measures the rate of flow
or the quantity of flow. Explain the meaning of velocity, flow rate and continuity
equation.

Pengukuran aliran ialah aliran cecair, gas dan wap menggunakan alat atau
peranti pengukuran aliran, yang mengukur kadar aliran kadar aliran atau
kuantiti aliran. Terangkan maksud halaju, kadar alir dan persamaan keterusan.

[5 marks]
[5 markah]

CLO2 (b) Water flows at a rate of 15liters/s in a 100mm diameter pipe. Pipe AB branches
C4
into three pipes at its end which are pipes at its end which are pipes BC, BD and
BE as shown in Figure B2(b). The diameters of BD and BC are 25mm and BE
is 50mm. The flowrate in pipe BC is three times than pipe BE. The velocity in
pipe BD is 4m/s. Calculate the velocity in pipe BC and BE.

Air mengalir pada kadar alir 15liter/s dalam paip bergarispusat 100mm. Paip
AB bercabang kepada tiga paip di hujungnya iaitu paip-paip BC, BD dan BE
ditunjukkan seperti Rajah B2(b) di bawah. Garis pusat BD dan BC ialah 25mm
dan BE ialah 50mm. Kadalir di dalam paip BC ialah tiga kali ganda kadar alir
di dalam paip BE. Halaju didalam paip BD ialah 4m/s. kirakan kadar alir
didalam paip-paip BC serta halaju dalam paip BC dan BE.

Figure B2(b)/ Rajah B2(b)

[8marks]
[8 markah]

8 SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

CLO2 (c) A ventury meter is being used to measure discharge in a pipeline of diameter
C4 25cm which carries water. When the different in pressure on a mercury
manometer is 375mm, calculate the discharge in the pipeline. The venturi meter
has a throat diameter of 80mm with 0.96 coefficient of discharge. (Given
density of mercury = 13600kg/m3)

Sebuah meter venturi digunakan untuk mengira kadar alir di dalam sebuah paip
dengan diameter 25cm yang mengandungi air. Apabila perbezaan tekanan di
dalam manometer merkuri ialah 375mm, kirakan kadar alir di dalam paip
tersebut. Diameter di leher paip ialah 80mm dan pekali kadar alir adalah
sebanyak 0.96. (Diberi ketumpatan merkuri = 13600 kg/m3)
[12marks]
[12 markah]

QUESTION 3
SOALAN 3

(a) Pipe losses its energy due to several factors and occur as the fluid flows along
CLO2
C3 straight lengths of pipe. Identify FIVE (5) types of minor losses in pipe.

Kehilangan tenaga di dalam paip berlaku disebabkan beberapa faktor dan


berlaku sepanjang aliran paip. Kenalpasti LIMA (5) jenis kehilangan tenaga
kecil dalam paip.
[5 marks]
[5 markah]

CLO2 (b) The amount of energy lost depends on a number of factors such as the fluid’s
C4 speed and viscosity. Calculate the energy loss due to friction in a pipe, with the
pipe length of 400m and diameter of 20cm. Given velocity of water is 2m/s and
coefficient of friction = 0.01.

Jumlah tenaga yang hilang bergantung kepada beberapa faktor seperti


kelajuan dan kelikatan bendalir. Kirakan kehilangan tenaga bagi geseran
dalam paip, panjang paip ialah 400m dan diameter ialah 20cm. Diberi halaju
air ialah 2m/s dan pekali geseran = 0.01.
[8 marks]
[8 markah]

9 SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

CLO2 (c) Referring to Figure C3, two pipes are connected parallel to each other between
C4 two reservoirs. The diameter is 50mm for pipe 1 and 100mm for pipe 2 and both
pipes have the length of 150m. Calculate the discharge in pipe 1. Given
coefficient of friction, f = 0.008.

Merujuk Rajah C3, dua paip disambung secara selari di antara dua takungan.
Diameter paip 1 ialah 50mm dan diameter paip 2 ialah 100mm dan kedua-dua
paip mempunyai panjang 150m. Kira kadaralir aliran dalam paip 1. Di beri
pekali geseran, f=0.008.

H=10m

Figure C3(c) / Rajah C3(c)

[12 marks]
[12 markah]

QUESTION 4
SOALAN 4

(a) Newton’s law for fluids states that the rate of shear strain in a fluid is directly
CLO2
C3 proportional to applied shear stress. Explain the following law of motion for;
Hukum Newton untuk bendalir menyatakan bahawa kadar terikan ricih dalam
bendalir adalah berkadar terus dengan tegasan ricih yang dikenakan.
Terangkan Hukum pergerakan berikut;

(i) Newton’s Second Law


Hukum Newton’s kedua
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(ii) Newton’s Third Law
Hukum Newton’s Ketiga
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

10 SULIT
SULIT DCC30122: FLUID MECHANICS

CLO2 (b) A oil jet with 75 mm diameter having specific gravity 0.8 strikes normally a
C4 stationary flat plate. If the force exerted by the oil jet on the plate is 1200N,
calculate the velocity of jet oil.

Satu jet minyak berdiameter 75 mm yang mempunyai graviti tentu 0.8


menghentam sebuah plat rata. Jika daya hentaman jet minyak tersebut adalah
sebanyak 1200N, kirakan halaju jet minyak tersebut.
[8 marks]
[8 markah]

CLO2 (c) A water jet with 50 mm diameter and having a velocity of 25m/s enters
C4 tangentially a stationary curved vane without shock and is deflected though an
angle of 45o shown in Figure A4(c) below. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force on the vane.

Satu jet air yang berdiameter 50 mm dan mempunyai halaju 25m/s


menghentam plat lengkung pegun yang membias melalui sudut 45o ditunjukkan
dalam Rajah A4(c) di bawah. Kirakan daya dan arah tindakan daya pada
bilah tersebut.
20m/s
y(+)
450
x(+)

25m/s Fx

FR
Fy

Figure A4(c) / Rajah A4(c)


[12 marks]
[12 markah]

SOALAN TAMAT

11 SULIT
FORMULA DCC30122 - FLUID MECHANICS

ρ= m Qs = Cd.Ac 2 gh 2
1 V
V hL = ( − 1) 2 2
vc = Cv
CC 2g
2 gh
s = ρliquid / ρwater
(V1 − V2 ) 2
Cc = Ac / A hL =
2g
ω = W
V Cv = vc / v F = ρ A V. (V1 – V2)

v= μ/ρ Cd = Cc x Cv F = ρ A V2 kos q

P = ρgh Cv = F = ρ A V ( 1 + kos q )
2
x2
4 yh
Q = Av F = ρ A V2 sin q
2
Q = 2 Cd b 2g H 2
3/ 2
− H1
3/ 2

H= P + V +Z 3
ρg 2g
hf = 4. f .l.v 2
Q= A1 2 gH 2 gd
(m 2 − 1)
hf = flQ 2
Q = Cd A1 2 gH 3d 5
(m 2 − 1) V1
2
hL =
2g
H = ( sm ' − sl ) x
2
0 .5V
sl hL =
2g

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