Plant Galls

Biota Neotropica 21(3): e20201153, 2021
www.scielo.br/bn
ISSN 1676-0611 (online edition)
Article
Plant galls recorded from Guanacaste Conservation Area-Costa Rica as an integrated

concept of a biological database
Omar Gätjens-Boniche1* , Marylin Sánchez-Valverde2, Carla Trejos-Araya1, Roberto Espinoza-Obando3,
Adrián A. Pinto-Tomás4 & Paul E. Hanson5

1
Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Escuela de Ciencias Naturales y
Exactas, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Santa Clara, 223-21001 San Carlos, Alajuela, Costa Rica.
2
Corporación Bananera Nacional (CORBANA, S.A.), Centro de Investigaciones, Eje Fitoprotección; 32-7210,
Pococí, Limón, Costa Rica.
3
Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación (SINAC), Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Parque Nacional
Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
4
Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas y Departamento de
Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, San José 10102, Costa Rica.
5
Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología; San Pedro, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica.
*Corresponding author:ogatjens@itcr.ac.cr
GÄTJENS-BONICHE O., SÁNCHEZ-VALVERDE, M., TREJOS-ARAYA, C., ESPINOZA-OBANDO, R., PINTO-

TOMÁS, A.A., HANSON, P.E. Plant galls recorded from Guanacaste Conservation Area-Costa Rica as an integrated
concept of a biological database. Biota Neotropica 21(3): e20201153. https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1153
Abstract: Galling insects are specialist herbivorous that have the ability of manipulating plant tissue to form
complex biological structures called galls. Even though different organisms have the ability to induce galls in
plants, insect galls have the highest degree of structural complexity. The main goal of this study was to obtain a
preliminary systematic record of plant gall morphotypes from the Guanacaste Conservation Area in Costa Rica
and integrate the information into a biological database. Plant gall morphotypes were recorded, characterized and
deposited into a specialized herbarium established as a reference for the inventory. Moreover, organisms associated
with gall morphotypes were included in the inventory when it was possible to obtain and identify them. Galls
were collected in the rainy season over a period of three years. In total, we recorded forty-four families, seventy
genera, and eighty-seven host plant species. One hundred thirty-one morphotypes of plant galls were identified
in the Guanacaste Conservation Area. The family with the highest number of gall morphotypes was Fabaceae
(8.4%). Leaves were the organ with the largest number of galls (71%), followed by stems (17.6%), and apical buds
(6.9%). The predominant gall shape was globular (25.2%), followed by discoid (18.3%). Fifty-nine percent of
the galls had a glabrous texture, which was most common on leaves, with 77%. One hundred twenty of our field
records (91.6%) of plant galls were new morphotypes not only for Costa Rica but also the world. As a consequence
of this research and considering the prospect of future increases in new gall records (and associated organisms),
we proposed having the biological entities resulting from the inventory placed in a cecidiarium. This repository
represents a standardized and comprehensive way to manage the data and biological materials associated with the
plant galls. We also suggest a nomenclature for standardizing gall morphotype registries and identifications. This
work is the first and most detailed inventory of plant galls carried out thus far in the Guanacaste Conservation Area.
Keywords: Plant gall, morphotype, tropical dry forest, biological database, cecidiarium.
Registro de galhas em plantas da Área de Conservação Guanacaste, Costa Rica, como

conceito integrado de um banco de dados biológico
Resumo: Os insetos galhadores são herbívoros especializados, que têm a habilidade de manipular os tecidos
vegetais, formando uma complexa estrutura biológica. Diferentes organismos têm a capacidade de induzir galhas,
porém as de insetos têm maior grau de complexidade estrutural. O principal objetivo desse estudo foi realizar um
levantamento sistemático preliminar das galhas de insetos na Área de Conservação Guanacaste, na Costa Rica, e
inserir as informações em uma base de dados biológicos. Os morfotipos de galhas foram registrados, caraterizados e
https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1153 http://www.scielo.br/bn
2 Biota Neotropica 21(3): e20201153, 2021
Gätjens-Boniche O. et al.
depositados em um herbário estabelecido como base de referência deste inventário. Além disso, quando foi possível
obter e identificar os organismos associados a cada morfotipo de galha, eles foram incluídos no inventário. As
amostras de galhas foram coletadas na estação chuvosa, durante três anos. No total, foram registradas 44 famílias, 70
gêneros e 87 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Cento e trinta e um morfotipos de galhas foram identificados na Área
de Conservação de Guanacaste. A família com o maior número de morfotipos de galhas foi Fabaceae (8.4%). Os
órgãos vegetais com o maior número de galhas foram as folhas (71,0%), seguidas dos caules (17,6%), e das gemas
apicais com 6,9%. A forma predominante das galhas foi globoide (25,2%), seguida da lenticular (18,3%) e 59%
das galhas apresentaram textura glabra, observada mais frequentemente folhas (77%). Cento e vinte morfotipos de
galhas (91.6%) representaram novos registros não só na Costa Rica como também no mundo. Como consequência
desta pesquisa e considerando as perspectivas de aumentos futuros de novos registros de galhas (e organismos
associados), nós propomos que as entidades biológicas resultantes deste inventário sejam depositadas em um
cecidiário. Este repositório representa uma maneira padronizada e abrangente de gerenciar e integrar os dados e
os materiais biológicos associados às galhas das plantas. Também sugerimos uma terminologia para padronizar
os registros e identificações dos morfotipos de galhas. Este inventário de galhas em plantas é o primeiro e o mais
detalhado já realizado na Área de Conservação Guanacaste.
Palavras-chave: morfotipo, floresta seca tropical, banco de dados biológicos, cecidiarium.
Introduction
in the identification of galls, appears to be a rather rare phenomenon
Plant galls are atypical plant tissue structures induced by the action (Carneiro et al. 2009).
and activity of a foreign organism. Although several organisms have Thousands of gall-inducing insects have been identified around
the ability to induce galls in plants, the most diverse and complex the world, for the most part belonging to the orders Thysanoptera,
galls are formed by insects (Shorthouse & Rohfritsch 1992). Gall- Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera
inducing insects are highly specialized sedentary herbivores, which feed (Rohfritsch & Shorthouse 1982, Leitch 1994, Williams 1994, Hanson
specifically on certain specialized cells that are found within the plant & Gómez-Laurito 2005, Espírito-Santo & Fernandes 2007, Ansaloni et
structure whose formation they have induced (Shorthouse & Rohfritsch al. 2018). Gall-inducing insects induce the formation of galls in leaves,
1992, Tooker et al. 2008, Raman 2011). buds, flowers, stems, roots and other organs of the plant, depending on
Gall-inducing insects generally have specific host plants (Cuevas- the gall-inducing species. A growing number of studies on the diversity
Reyes et al. 2014). Gall biology is closely associated with the respective and abundance of plant gall morphotypes, and their respective inducing
inducing insect, in such a way that galls induced by a particular insect insects, allowed us to build upon the existing information. With a certain
species are basically always the same shape and can differ distinctly regularity reports are made of records and descriptions of new species of
from others induced by related species. On the other hand, there are some gall-inducing insects (Ronquist & Liljeblad 2001, Dalbem & Mendonça
gall morphotypes induced by different species of insects that present 2006, Güçlü et al. 2008, Coelho et al. 2009, Maia & Oliveira 2010,
similar shapes (Raman 2011). Distinctive characteristics of each type Maia et al. 2010a, Maia et al. 2010b, Medianero et al. 2010, Sano et al.
of gall are probably due to slight variations in the way that each insect 2011, Santos et al. 2011a, Maia 2014, De Araújo 2017, Bergamini et al.
species stimulates the development of the gall in the corresponding plant 2017, Coelho et al., 2017, Martins et al. 2018, Ley-López et al. 2019).
tissue (Shorthouse & Rohfritsch 1992). Li et al. (2017) suggested that Inventories of biological specimens are an important tool to know
gall development is influenced by the gall-inducing insects as well as and preserve biological diversity. To date, for tropical regions, detailed
by the tissue developmental stage and plant genotypes. inventories on the occurrence and diversity of gall morphotypes are scarce
The use of gall morphotypes is a commonly used and reliable and incomplete. In the Neotropical Region, the majority of plant gall
parameter because evidence indicates that each gall is unique to a morphotype records are from Brazil (Urso-Guimarães & Scarelli-Santos
particular gall-inducing insect (Stone and Schönrogge 2003), and each 2006, Saito & Urso-Guimarães 2012, Isaias et al. 2013, Carvalho-Fernandes
galling species is specific to a particular host plant (Abrahamson et al. et al. 2016, Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017, Araújo 2017, Liu et al. 2018,
1998). According to Isaias et al. (2013), a gall morphotype could be Flor et al. 2018, Ascendino & Maia 2018, Vieira et al. 2018, Silva et al.
defined as a characteristic phenotypic variation in a neo-formed plant 2018, Araújo et al. 2019, Ribeiro et al. 2019, among others) and some of
organ, which is produced by the species-specific interaction between them were conducted in different types of tropical dry forests or semi-arid
the inducing organism and a specific host plant. Due to the fact that ecosystems (Coelho et al. 2009, Santos et al. 2011b, Maia & Souza 2013,
each gall inducer is able to alter the morphogenesis in a predetermined Costa & Araújo 2019). Likewise, other reports have been done for the
organ (Rohfritsch 1992), and because specificity of galler taxa is strongly Mexican dry forest (Cuevas-Reyes et al. 2004, Cuevas-Reyes et al. 2014).
linked to an appropriate oviposition site in the host plant (Eigenbrode For the Costa Rican flora there are no systematic and detailed records of
& Jetter 2002), gall morphotype is widely used as a way to refer to plant galls for specific regions or ecosystems. Studies are restricted to
types of plant galls. The vast majority of gall-inducing arthropods are sporadic or general reports (Gómez & Kisimova-Horovitz 1997, Hanson
restricted to a single host plant species, thus corroborating the idea that & Gómez-Laurito 2005, Retana-Salazar & Nishida 2007, Retana-Salazar &
the gall morphotype can be used as reliable substitute of gall-inducing Sánchez-Chacón 2009, Hanson et al. 2014). Hanson et al. (2014) reported
species. In addition, gall polymorphism, which could lead to failures 1,100 morphospecies of gall-inducers, distributed in six orders of insects,
http://www.scielo.br/bn https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1153
Biota Neotropica 21(3): e20201153, 2021 3
Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database
from Costa Rica. Nevertheless, this survey was restricted to the identification trials that were perpendicular to existing trails were used occasionally
of the insect gall inducers and their associated parasitoids, using plant gall for sampling galls, with distances varying from 50 to 400 meters, but
morphotypes as indirect indicators of insect morphospecies, and therefore without a pre-established experimental design.
lacking detailed descriptions of the gall morphotypes found, usually without Plant galls were collected and processed from May 2010 to December
associated images. The work carried out by Ley-López et al. (2019) in the 2012 in different types of vegetation that comprised the ACG biome. Field
area of Sarapiquí, in northern Costa Rica provides primarily a checklist of sampling was carried out every 3 or 4 months per collection season, for a
the native vascular plants found to harbor galls. period of three days each, covering approximately 6-8 hours of field work per
The Guanacaste Conservation Area (Área de Conservación day. Sampling was conducted especially during the rainy season, when there
Guanacaste, ACG for its acronym in Spanish) is located in the northwest is a greater probability of finding leaves on the plants, due to the marked dry
region of Costa Rica, in the life zone categorized as tropical dry forest season and a predominantly deciduous forest. Gall samples were collected
(Holdridge & Tosi 1967). ACG is a conglomeration of several national mainly at lower-medium altitudes of 0 to 1100 m above sea level (m.a.s.l.):
parks and other natural areas (sectors), among which are Santa Rosa Santa Rosa Sector (La Casona area), Murciélago Sector, Santa Elena Sector,
National Park, Guanacaste National Park, Rincón de la Vieja National Pocosol Sector (Góngora Area, road to Cacao Volcano), and Rincón de
Park, Murciélago Sector, among others (SINAC 2014). ACG protects la Vieja National Park. Moreover, gall samples and their corresponding
the most emblematic tropical dry forest in Central America (Quirós- host plants were collected mostly from deciduous plant species typical of
Arias 2017). This Costa Rican national park was created to favor the non-riparian environments as well as near sites with original-natural forest
restoration process of old pasture areas into the primary and secondary with evergreen species. More typical riparian sites or similar environments
forest through natural succession. Since 1999 it it has been proclaimed followed comparable field zonification criteria of Frankie et al. (1974) and
a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (Quirós-Arias 2017). Borchert (1994). Two Bosque Viejo (Old Forest) patches were sampled: close
The present work is a first attempt to establish a detailed record and to La Casona (near the administrative area of Santa Rosa National Park)
inventory of plant gall morphotypes and their associated organisms in the and from the route to Playa Naranjo Sector. The Bosque Viejo patches are
Guanacaste Conservation Area utilizing an integrated approach consisting considered remnants of the original forest with little human disturbance and
of a biological database with a specialized herbarium (cecidiarium). is characterized by an abundance of evergreen plant species.
Specimens of each plant harboring galls were prepared for reference
Materials and Methods as herbarium vouchers to be identified later. Plant gall specimens with
floral or fruit parts for host identification were dried when possible,
1. Study area otherwise the insects obtained, and relevant gall samples were preserved
in 70% ethanol. Since gall traits changed in dried samples, especially
Fieldwork and sample collection were carried out predominantly in their morphology and color, a printed photographic registry of each
the Pacific area of Guanacaste Conservation Area (Área de Conservación specimen is included in the inventory. All samples were deposited at
Guanacaste, ACG), Guanacaste province, Costa Rica, located in the the cecidiarium (specialized herbarium) established at the facilities of
northwest region of the country (10.839366, -85.618176, administrative Technological Institute of Costa Rica (Instituto Tecnológico de Costa
area) (Figure 1A). Plants and gall morphotypes were collected in Rica, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Escuela de Ciencias
different ecosystems in ACG. The Guanacaste Conservation Area Naturales y Exactas). Also, some selected gall samples were preserved
is characterized by having a long dry season, generally from late in FAA (formalin, acetic acid, alcohol) for later morphological studies.
November to mid-May, with a rainy season from mid-May to November Collected galls were classified according to place of origin, family,
(Borchert 1994, Lobo-Segura 2019). The sampled sites are located in genus, and species of the host plant, and according to the basic
the tropical dry forest ecosystem, as well as areas in the premontane morphological type. Sampling site description was registered for
wet transition, according to the Holdridge & Tosi (1967) classification. all samples, but when there were more than two accessions of plant
In the last decades, ACG has been affected by long periods of drought, materials in the inventory, only one description of the sampling site
being one of the areas most affected by the El Niño phenomenon and for each morphotype was included here. Collected samples were geo-
climate change projections (Quirós-Arias 2017). referenced by Global Positioning System (GPS). Each gall morphotype
The Guanacaste Conservation Area includes 296,526 acres on land location was geo-referenced using the Decimal Degrees (DD) format.
and 106,255 acres of marine habitats. Approximately 65% of all Costa A map to show the reference morphotypes collected per site at ACG
Rican species are present in this area, representing 2.6% of the world’s was made with QGIS version 3.10.5 (QGIS.org 2020) Development
biodiversity (SINAC 2014). Team and using the following layers from Atlas Digital CR 2008-
2014: Conservation Areas (AConservacionSINAC2014; SINAC
2. Field and laboratory work for gall morphotypes inventory
1998), Wild Protected Areas (Areassilvestresprotegidas2014crtm05;
and sampling associated insects
SINAC 1999), elevation level (Relieve 2008crtm05; CATIE N.D.),
Galls were sampled by randomly walking the trails and Rivers (Rios150000crtm05; Soto-Montoya 2007), and land cover
examining the vegetation along the pathways by two people searching (Cober2005crtm05; Earth Observation System Laboratory et al. 2006).
simultaneously on both sides of the road. All plants and their aerial To facilitate visualization of geographical location, some neighboring
organs were observed to a maximum height of approximately 3 meters. galls collected from nearby areas (i.e., spaced between 5 m to 400 m
Each gall and host plants found were collected and then packed in linear meters) were considered as a cluster, depending on the geographic
plastic bags for further processing. The photographic record of each gall characteristics of the site; for these clusters the same geographic position
morphotype, when possible, was made directly in the field. Randomized was assigned.
Figure 1. 1A) Guanacaste Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Guanacaste, ACG) map showing the Santa Rosa National Park, Guanacaste National
Park, and Rincón de la Vieja National Park sectors. Taken and modified from Área de Conservación Guanacaste- SINAC (https://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/
index.php), and Google Earth®. 1B) Plant Gall Herbarium (cecidiarium) organization. 1) Dried plant gall specimens, 2) Plant gall samples preserved in 70%
ethanol and FAA, 3) Insect collection of gall inducers, parasitoids, and inquilines preserved in 70% ethanol vials, 4) Digital database containing information
about gall morphotypes, host plants, gall makers, associated organisms, sampling sites, etc.
Results
In addition to the list of host plants harboring galls, the
morphological characterization of all gall morphotypes found is A total of eighty-seven species, in seventy genera and forty-four
provided. Gall morphotypes were used to register plant galls, as well families, of plants that host galls were recorded in the Guanacaste
as a reference for the galling insect collection, assuming that each Conservation Area (Table 1). We found one hundred thirty-one
morphotype is unique and each galling species is specific to its host morphologically distinct types of plant galls in ACG. The plant
plant (Espírito-Santo & Fernandez 2007, Abrahamson et al. 1998, families with the highest number of gall morphotypes were Fabaceae
Carneiro et al. 2009). The morphological characteristics used in gall (8.4%), Rubiaceae (7.6%), Malvaceae (6.1%), Sapindaceae (5.3%),
differentiation were basic gall form, external color and epidermial Boraginaceae (4.6%), and Nyctaginaceae with 4.6% (Table 2). Sixty
structure. Morphotype shape was established according to the most plant species harbored one gall morphotype, fifteen had two associated
usual morphological classifications found in the literature on this topic morphotypes, six plant species harbored three gall morphotypes,
(Maia 2001, Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003, Carneiro et al. 2009, Santos two species contained four gall morphotypes and three species
et al. 2011a, Saito & Urso-Guimarães 2012, Isaias et al. 2013). Since harbored five morphotypes. The species with the greatest number
these classification criteria could be ambiguous, we classified galls of galls were Acalypha diversifolia (Euphorbiaceae) and Psychotria
based on their basic general shapes considering that gall morphology horizontalis (Rubiaceae) with four gall morphotypes, as well as
could be a mixture of different shapes. Pisonia macranthocarpa (Nyctaginaceae), Sideroxylon obtusifolium
Gall morphotypes were named according to the two first letters (Sapotaceae), and Stegnosperma cubense (Stegnospermataceae) with
from the binomial scientific name, followed by the numerical order of five morphotypes each.
appearance in each plant species, and if necessary, the third letter of Some gall samples were so rare that there were not enough to obtain
the specific epithet might also be used. We propose this nomenclature insects, but in many cases, although we had enough plant material, it
designation to avoid confusion in the registry of gall morphotypes. was not possible to obtain adult insects for identification purposes.
Moreover, only detailed literature descriptions with photographs were Gall-inducer identification to family level was possible in many cases
considered for previous records of plant gall morphotypes. based on the larval stages encountered during the dissections of some
Adult stages of the gall-inducers and their parasitoids were obtained selected galls when enough material was available. Nevertheless,
by rearing galls in plastic bags until the adult emerged. Gall inducers, even when adult stages were obtained, identification of most insects
parasitoids, and inquilines were preserved in plastic vials containing beyond the family level was complicated by the lack of appropriate
70% ethanol and deposited in the cecidiarium. Roberto Espinoza carried taxonomic references, a limitation described by Hanson et al. (2014).
out the taxonomic identification of the host plants, and the inductor Therefore, most of the collected insects remain as unidentified
insects were identified by Paul Hanson as much as possible. species. The inducing insects that were identified belong to the family
Data from external gall epidermis lignification and trichome- Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Some parasitoids/inquilines (all belonging
covered galls from deciduous forest areas and evergreen tree areas to the order Hymenoptera) were identified to the family, subfamily
such as Bosque Viejo were statistically analyzed by a Chi-square test. or genus level.
Plant gall morphotype description, name and characteristics are
3. Gall morphotype inventory and collection of associated
presented below under host plant families, genera and species in
organisms in a specialized herbarium as an integrated
alphabetical order. They included gall morphology classification, color,
biological database
epidermial structure, organs attacked, associated organisms as well as
Inventories of biological specimens are a valuable tool to know host plant description, location and geographical coordinates.
and preserve biological diversity; for plant specimens, for instance,
a traditional herbarium is an appropriate way to carry out this task. A Acanthaceae
specialized herbarium of plant galls was created to become a reference
collection for Costa Rican plant galls. This herbarium began operating Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Morphotype Ap_sc_1 (Figure 2A).
in 2012 and currently has around 400 sample accessions. The collection Gall description: Irregular shape, white, induced on bud, hairy epidermis.
started with plant galls from the Guanacaste Conservation Area. To date, Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description:
the herbarium is made up of four basic units: the plant gall collection Shrub, nearly 2 m tall, on top of rock by the river. Location: Guanacaste,
of dried specimens, selected gall samples preserved in 70% ethanol Liberia, Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas Area, gallery
(some of them stored at -70ºC), associated insects preserved in 70% forest with remnant trees. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,7749444 N 85,35025
ethanol, and a digital database with all the collected information (Figure W, 955 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
1B). Due to the fact that gall traits change in dried samples, a printed Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
photographic registry of each specimen is included in the collection, and Avicennia germinans L. Morphotype Av_ge_1 (Figure 2B). Gall
for further morphological studies, a collection of selected galls in FAA description: Discoid shape, green or yelowish-brown, induced on
(formalin-acetic acid-alcohol) is expected to be included in the future. leaves and veins, glabrous epidermis, protruding on both surfaces of
A database with plant gall data and photographs, as well as information the leaf. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant
related to their associated organisms, is expected to be available using description: Shrub, nearly 3 m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
FileMaker-Pro software or another similar program. This specialized Nacascolo. Guanacaste National Park, Naranjo Beach Area, mangrove
herbarium functions according to appropriated technical standard and and beach area, coastal area in dry-forest. Coordinates/Altitude:
collections are maintained in a controlled environment at 20 C° with 10,78335 N 85,6644861 W, 14 m. Registry comments: Gall morphotype
relative humidity between 40-60%. resembles the one described by Oliveira dos Santos et al. (2013).
Table 1. Number of gall morphotypes per plant family in ACG (Guanacaste, Costa Rica).
NUMBER OF GALL NUMBER OF GALL
PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY
MORPHOTYPES MORPHOTYPES
Acanthaceae 2 Nyctaginaceae 6
Anacardiaceae 2 Ochnaceae 1
Annonaceae 2 Olacaceae 2
Apocynaceae 1 Phytolaccaceae 1
Asteraceae 3 Picraminiaceae 2
Bignoniaceae 4 Piperaceae 3
Boraginaceae 6 Poaceae 1
Burseraceae 1 Polygonaceae 2
Chrysobalanaceae 1 Primulaceae 3
Erythoroxylaceae 2 Rubiaceae 10
Euphorbiaceae 4 Rutaceae 1
Fabaceae 11 Sabiaceae 1
Fagaceae 2 Salicaceae 2
Hippocrateaceae 3 Sapindaceae 7
Krameriaceae 1 Sapotaceae 5
Lauraceae 3 Simaroubaceae 1
Malpighiaceae 3 Smilacaceae 1
Malvaceae 8 Solanaceae 1
Melastomataceae 1 Stegnospermataceae 5
Meliaceae 1 Urticaceae 1
Moraceae 5 Verbenaceae 3
Myrtaceae 3 Vitaceae 3
Total 131
Table 2. Number of gall morphotypes on each plant organ in ACG (Guanacaste, Costa Rica).
PLANT ORGAN N° GALL MORPHOTYPES %
Bud 9 6.87
Fruit 1 0.76
Inflorescence 1 0.76
Leaf midvein 5 3.82
Leaf midvein and petiole 1 0.76
Leaf veins 4 3.05
Leaves 80 61.07
Leaves and buds 2 1.53
Leaves and petiole 1 0.76
Petiole 4 3.05
Stem 23 17.56
Total 131 100
Anacardiaceae
Country Estate, along the Sonzapote riverside, area of farms and gallery
Astronium graveolens Jacq. Morphotype As_gr_1 (Figure 2C). Gall forests. Coordinates/Altitude: 11,11379167 N 85,57459722 W, 200
description: Globular shape, yellowish green to brown at maturity, induced m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
on leaves, lignified epidermis. Glabrous, on the adaxial surface of the leaves. Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world, although two galls
Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: induced on this plant species by Cecidomyiidae were reported, without
Sapling, nearly 5 m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. a reference image, by Medianero et al. (2010).
Santa Rosa National Park, Bosque Viejo Area between the entrance of the
park and La Casona. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321 Annonaceae
m. Registry comments: Gall recorded by Hanson & Nishida (2014).
Spondias mombin L. Morphotype Sp_mo_1 (Figure 2D). Gall Guatteria diospyroides Baill. Morphotype Gu_di_1 (Figure 2E).
description: Globular shape, green galls, brown at maturity, located on Gall description: Fusiform shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified
the adaxial surface of the leaf. Glabrous and lignified epidermis. Gall epidermis. On the steam nearly the leaf. Gall inducer: unknown.
inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly
Tree, nearly 4 m tall. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz. Cañas Castilla 1.5 m tall, barren. Alternate leaves, elongated (linear in shape), Woody
Figure 2. Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 2A) Gall induced in Aphelandra scabra (Vahl)
Sm., morphotype Ap_sc_1, 2B) Gall induced in Avicennia germinans L., morphotype Av_ge_1, 2C) Gall induced in Astronium graveolens Jacq., morphotype
As_gr_1, 2D) Gall induced in Spondias mombin L., morphotype Sp_mo_1, 2E) Gall induced in Guatteria diospyroides Baill., morphotype Gu_di_1, 2F) Gall induced
in Sapranthus palanga R.E.Fr., morphotype Sa_pa_1, 2G) Gall induced in Sapranthus palanga R.E.Fr., morphotype Sa_pa_1, 2H) Gall induced in Koanophyllon
albicaule (Sch. Bip. ex Klatt) R.M. King & H. Rob., morphotype Ko_al_1, 2I) Gall induced in Porophyllum punctatum (Mill.) S.F. Blake, morphotype Po_pu_1, 2J)
Gall induced in Wedelia sp. Jacq., morphotype We_sp_1, 2K) Gall induced in Arrabidaea patellifera (Schltdl.) Sandwith, morphotype Ar_pa_1, 2L) Gall induced
in Cydista diversifolia (Kunth) Miers, morphotype Cy_di_1, 2M) Gall induced in Cydista diversifolia (Kunth) Miers, morphotype Cy_di_2, 2N) Gall induced in
Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq.) Miers, morphotype Pl_va_1, 2O) Gall induced in Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken., morphotype Co_al_1, 2P) Gall induced in
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken., morphotype Co_al_2.
stemleaves, and hardened, lustrous dark green in color. Location: Sapranthus palanga R.E.Fr. Morphotype Sa_pa_1 (Figure 2F).
Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Rincón de la Vieja National Park, Gall description: Spherical shape, green and yellow, induced on leaves,
road to active crater, Los Gemelos Area, rainforest zone. Coordinates/ hairy epidermis. Yellowish green galls on the leaf underside, with
Altitude: 10,80032 N 85,35 W, 1000 m; 10,93202778 N 85,46 W, 1421 trichomes, brown at maturity. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small tree, 4 m tall, barren.
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Lookout point between
the main entrance of Santa Rosa National Park and La Casona, old Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Vine, barren.
secondary forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85648 N 85,6106 W, Bifoliate leaves with cuspidate apex. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
623 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, Bosque Viejo Area between the
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. entrance of the park and La Casona. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072
N 85,60796 W, 321 m; 10,83581 N 85,62347 W, 306 m. Registry
Apocynaceae comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
Area, Costa Rica, and the world. However, one gall induced by
Forsteronia spicata (Jacq.) G. Mey. Morphotype Fo_sp_1 (Figure Cecidomyiidae on this plant species was reported, without a reference
2G). Gall description: Irregular shape, green to yellowish at maturity, image, by Medianero et al. 2010.
induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis, protruding on the surface of the Cydista diversifolia (Kunth) Miers. Morphotype Cy_di_1 (Figure
leaves. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant 2L). Gall description: Fusiform shape, green or yellow, green to brown
description: Semi-scandent shrub, nearly 5 m tall, barren. Woody stem. color at maturity. Induced on stem, lignified and glabrous epidermis.
Opposite leaves, orbicular to ovate in shape. Location: Guanacaste, Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant
Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, Santa Rosa area, between description: Understory vine. Leaves with acute apex, bifoliate.
the Inter-American highway and La Casona, secondary oak forest area. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Santa Rosa National Park,
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,86577222 N 85,60990278 W, 290 m; 10,83581 Bosque Viejo Area between the main entrance of the park and La
N 85,62347 W, 306 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record Casona. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321 m;
for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. 10,85648 N 85,6106 W, 323 m; 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, 272
m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
Asteraceae Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world, although a gall induced
by Cecidomyiidae on this plant species was reported, without a reference
Koanophyllon albicaule (Sch. Bip. ex Klatt) R.M. King & H. Rob. image, by Medianero et al. (2010).
Morphotype Ko_al_1 (Figure 2H). Gall description: Conical shape, Cydista diversifolia (Kunth) Miers. Morphotype Cy_di_2 (Figure
green, induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Wider at the middle, 2M). Gall description: Discoid shape, yellow and red, yellowish
green, and protruding from the midvein. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. spots, brown center, induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall
Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description:
3 m tall, barren, acuminated leaves. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Understory vine. Leaves with acute apex, bifoliate. Location:
Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, Bosque Viejo Area between the Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, start of
entrance of the park and La Casona. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N the road to Naranjo Beach, old secondary growth area with clearings.
85,60796 W, 321 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83581 N 85,62347 W, 306 m. Registry
for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
Porophyllum punctatum (Mill.) S.F. Blake. Morphotype Po_pu_1 Area, Costa Rica, and the world, although a gall induced by
(Figure 2I). Gall description: Globulous shape, green, induced on leaves, Cecidomyiidae on this plant species was reported, without a reference
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: image, by Medianero et al. (2010).
unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 50 cm tall, white flowers. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq.) Miers. Morphotype Pl_va_1
Opposite simple leaves, 1-1.5cm in length. Location: Guanacaste, La (Figure 2N). Gall description: Globular shape, yellowish, induced
Cruz, Santa Elena. Santa Rosa National Park, Nancite Beach Area, on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
open area over a serpentinite rock. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,80485833 Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub of 2 m tall. Location:
N 85,69909167 W, 10 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park between the
record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Inter-American highway and La Casona, secondary oak forest area.
Wedelia sp. Jacq. Morphotype We_sp_1 (Figure 2J). Gall Coordinates/Altitude: 10,86577222 N 85,60990278 W, 290 m. Registry
description: Discoid shape, greenish or yellow, induced on leaves, comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
unknown. Plant description: Herbaceous plant, nearly 0.75 m tall,
pistillate yellow flowers, leaves with serrate margin. Location: Boraginaceae
Guanacaste, La Cruz. Guanacaste National Park, on the way to the
Maritza Biological Station, secondary growth open area, near high- Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. Morphotype Co_al_1 (Figure
voltage towers. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, 2O). Gall description: Spherical shape, green, induced on leaves, hairy
272 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste epidermis. Tomentose, on the surface of the leaf, brownish. Gall inducer:
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Cecidellis (Pteromalidae);
Entedoninae (Eulophidae). Plant description: Shrub, nearly 0,30m-
Bignoniaceae 2.5 m tall, barren. Alternate, simple leaves, lanceolate and pubescent.
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park,
Arrabidaea patellifera (Schltdl.) Sandwith. Morphotype Ar_pa_1 start of the road to Naranjo Beach, old secondary growth area with
(Figure 2K). Gall description: Conical shape, elongated galls, green, clearings. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83581 N 85,62347 W, 306 m;
induced on leaves, pubescent epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. 10,89222222 N 85,47077778 W, 701 m; 10,92638889 N 85,7292 W,
45 m; 10,83422222 N 85,6115 W, 324 m. Registry comments: First glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 1 m tall, procumbent
and the world, although a gall induced by Cecidomyiidae on this plant branches, and barren. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena.
species has been reported, without a reference image, by Medianero et Guanacaste Conservation Area, Murciélago Sector, El Hachal Bay,
al. (2010), Cuevas et al. (2014), and Ley-López et al. (2019). rocky beach and dry-forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,93408333 N
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. Morphotype Co_al_2 (Figure 85,73 W, 15 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for
2P). Gall description: Spherical shape, green and brown, induced on bud, Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
Cecidellis (Pteromalidae); Entedoninae (Eulophidae). Plant description: Chrysobalanaceae
Shrub, nearly 0,30m -2.5 m tall, barren. Alternate, simple leaves,
lanceolate and pubescent. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Hirtella racemosa Lam. Morphotype Hi_ra_1 (Figure 3F). Gall
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Santa Rosa National Park, monument description: Cylindrical shape, yellow and red, induced on leaves, soft
to the heroes of 1856. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83422222 N 85,6115 spines covered with hairs epidermis. With white appendages, reddish
W, 324 m. Registry comments: Gall morphotype resembles the one pilosity, on the upper or lower surface of the leaf. Gall inducer: unknown.
described by Medianero et al. (2010). Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, 2,5-3 m tall,
Cordia collococca L. Morphotype Co_co_1 (Figure 3A). Gall by the side of the road. Alternate leaves, with cuspidate apex and entire
description: Irregular shape, yellow or white, induced on bud, glabrous margin, pilose stipules. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo.
epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Entrance to the old forest (Bosque Viejo) between the welcome booth and
unknown. Plant description: Tree, nearly 15 m tall, discoid green fruits. La Casona at Santa Rosa National Park. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation N 85,60796 W, 321 m; 10,85245 N 85,600727 W, 335 m; 10,85072 N
Area, Góngora, roadside to the Cacao Volcano. Coordinates/Altitude: 85,60796 W, 321 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record
10,88683333 N 85,47311111 W, 597 m. Registry comments: First gall for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica,
and the world. Erythoroxylaceae
Cordia collococca L. Morphotype Co_co_2 (Figure 3B). Gall
description: Discoid shape, green (brown at maturity), induced on Erythroxylum macrophyllum Cav. Morphotype Er_ma_1 (Figure
leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/ 3G). Gall description: Spherical shape, beige, induced on leaves,
Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Tree, nearly 15 m tall, discoid glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
green fruits. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 2m tall, barren. Leaves
Conservation Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, Cacao Biological Station. with acute apex and entire margin. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92658333 N 85,47 W, 1129 m. Registry Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas Area, in the old
comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation secondary forest after the pasture, on the way to the crater. Coordinates/
Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Altitude: 10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955 m. Registry comments:
Cordia collococca L. Morphotype Co_co_3 (Figure 3C). Gall First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa
description: Globular shape, green, induced on petiole, glabrous Rica, and the world, although a gall on this plant species was reported,
epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines: without a reference image, by Ley-López et al. (2019).
unknown. Plant description: Tree, nearly 15 m tall, discoid green fruits. Erythroxylum macrophyllum Cav. Morphotype Er_ma_2 (Figure
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation 3H). Gall description: Spherical shape, white-yellow, induced on the
Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, Cacao Biological Station. Coordinates/ upper and lower surface of leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer:
Altitude: 10,92658333 N 85,47 W, 1129 m. Registry comments: First unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub,
gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, nearly 2m tall, barren. Leaves with acute apex and entire margin.
and the world. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park,
Cordia sp. L. Morphotype Co_sp_1 (Figure 3D). Gall description: Las Pailas Area, in the old secondary forest after the pasture, on the way
Conical shape, green, induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall to the crater. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955
inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
Tree, nearly 15 m tall, discoid green fruits. Location: Guanacaste, Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Góngora, roadside to
the Cacao Volcano. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,88683333 N 85,47311111 Euphorbiaceae
W, 597 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Acalypha diversifolia Jacq. Morphotype Ac_di_1 (Figure 3I).
Gall description: Irregular shape, greenish and yellow, induced on
Burseraceae leaves, more or less terminal on branch, glabrous epidermis. Gall
inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description:
Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. Morphotype Bu_gr_1 Shrub, nearly 1.70-2,5 m tall, barren, with scandent branches, in
(Figure 3E). Gall description: Cylindrical shape, greenish or yellow- understory, barren. Leaves with cuspitade apex and crenate margin.
brown, yellow apex, brownish black at senescence, induced on leaves, Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation
Figure 3. Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 3A) Gall induced in Cordia collococca L.,
morphotype Co_co_1, 3B) Gall induced in Cordia collococca L., morphotype Co_co_2, 3C) Gall induced in Cordia collococca L., morphotype Co_co_3, 3D)
Gall induced in Cordia sp. L., morphotype Co_sp_1, 3E) Gall induced in Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch., morphotype Bu_gr_1, 3F) Gall induced
in Hirtella racemosa Lam., morphotype Hi_ra_1, 3G) Gall induced in Erythroxylum macrophyllum Cav., morphotype Er_ma_1, 3H) Gall induced in Erythroxylum
macrophyllum Cav., morphotype Er_ma_2, 3I) Gall induced in Acalypha diversifolia Jacq., morphotype Ac_di_1, 3J) Gall induced in Acalypha diversifolia Jacq.,
morphotype Ac_di_2, 3K) Gall induced in Acalypha diversifolia Jacq., morphotype Ac_di_3, 3L) Gall induced in Acalypha diversifolia Jacq., morphotype Ac_di_4,
3M) Gall induced in Haematoxylum brasiletto H. Karst., morphotype Ha_br_1, 3N) Gall induced in Inga punctata Willd., morphotype In_pu_1, 3O) Gall induced
in Inga sp. Mill., morphotype In_sp_1, 3P) Gall induced in Inga sp. Kunth, morphotype In_sp_2.
Area, Góngora, roadside to the Cacao Volcano. Coordinates/Altitude: the trail to the biological station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92286111
10,88683333 N 85,47311111 W, 597 m. Registry comments: First gall N 85,46375 W, 1018 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype
morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
the world, alhtough a gall on this plant species was reported, without Inga sp. Mill. Morphotype In_sp_1 (Figure 3O). Gall description:
a reference image, by Ley-López et al. (2019). Elliptical shape, green and brown, induced on leaf midvein, lignified
Acalypha diversifolia Jacq. Morphotype Ac_di_2 (Figure 3J). Gall epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown.
description: Globular shape, yellow and red, induced on bud, glabrous Plant description: Shrub, nearly 4 m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste,
epidermis. Red-yellowish inflorescense galls. Gall inducer: unknown. Liberia, Curubandé. Rincón de la Vieja National Park, road to active
Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly crater, Los gemelos Area, forest zone. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,80032
1.70-2,5 m tall, barren, with scandent branches, in understory, barren. N 85,35 W, 1000 m; 10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955 m. Registry
Leaves with cuspitade apex and crenate margin. Location: Guanacaste, comments: Gall morphotype resembles the one described by Rodriguez
Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Góngora, roadside to et al. (2014).
the Cacao Volcano. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,88683333 N 85,47311111 Inga sp. Kunth. Morphotype In_sp_2 (Figure 3P). Gall description:
W, 597 m; 10,89222222 N 85,47077778 W, 701 m. Registry comments: Spherical shape, brown, induced on the adaxial surface of the leaf,
First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
Rica, and the world, although a gall on this plant species was reported, unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 4 m tall, barren. Location:
without a reference image, by Nieves-Aldrey et al. (2008). Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Cacao
Acalypha diversifolia Jacq. Morphotype Ac_di_3 (Figure 3K). Gall Volcano Sector, pasture area next to the forest and start of the trail to
description: Spherical shape, greenish and yellow, induced on leaves, the biological station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92286111 N 85,46375
hairy epidermis. Galls with spiny projections, green to brownish at W, 1018 m; 10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955 m. Registry comments:
senescence, Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Gall morphotype resembles the one described by Rodriguez et al. (2014).
Plant description: Shrub, nearly 1.70-2,5 m tall, barren, with scandent Lonchocarpus felipei N. Zamora. Morphotype Lo_fe_1 (Figure 4A).
branches, in understory, barren. Leaves with cuspitade apex and Gall description: Cylindrical shape, green and yellowish, induced
crenate margin. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Protruding on the underside, densely
Conservation Area, Góngora, road to the Cacao Volcano, secondary covering the entire leaf. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/
rainforest area, next to the road. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,89222222 Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Sapling, nearly 4 m tall, barren.
N 85,47077778 W, 701 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype Opposite and ovated in shape, with glabrous underside and pubescent
record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. surface. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National
Acalypha diversifolia Jacq. Morphotype Ac_di_4 (Figure 3L). Park, entrance to the lookout point of Naranjo Beach, Bosque Viejo
Gall description: Globular shape, green, induced on stem, soft spines Area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,80586111 N 85,64 W, 250 m. Registry
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
Plant description: Shrub, nearly 1.70-2,5 m tall, barren, with scandent Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
branches, in understory, barren. Leaves with cuspitade apex and Lonchocarpus felipei N. Zamora. Morphotype Lo_fe_2 (Figure 4B).
crenate margin. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Gall description: Cylindrical shape, green and yellowish, induced on
Conservation Area, Góngora, road to the Cacao Volcano, secondary leaves, hairy epidermis. Protruding on the underside, densely covering
rainforest area, next to the road. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,89222222 the entire leaf. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
N 85,47077778 W, 701 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype unknown. Plant description: Sapling, nearly 4 m tall, barren. Opposite
record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. and ovated in shape, with glabrous underside and pubescent surface.
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National
Fabaceae Park, Bosque Viejo Area between the park entrance and La Casona.
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321 m. Registry
Haematoxylum brasiletto H. Karst. Morphotype Ha_br_1 (Figure comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
3M). Gall description: Conical shape, red, induced on leaves, glabrous Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Torymus Lonchocarpus paviflorus Benth. Morphotype Lo_pa_1 (Figure
(Torymidae); Pteromalidae. Plant description: Woody sapling, nearly 4C). Gall description: Discoid shape, green and yellowish, induced
5 m tall. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Santa Rosa on leaves, hairy epidermis. Truncated at apex, pilose, on the underside
National Park, Nancite Beach Area, serpentinite rock. Coordinates/ of the leaf. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown.
Altitude: 10,80485833 N 85,69909167 W, 10 m. Registry comments: Plant description: Shrub, nearly 2 m tall, barren. Imparipinnate,
First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa opposite compound leaves. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo.
Rica, and the world. Guanacaste National Park, Santa Rosa area, entrance to the lookout
Inga punctata Willd. Morphotype In_pu_1 (Figure 3N). Gall point of Naranjo Beach, secondary forest area. Coordinates/Altitude:
description: Globular shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified 10,80586111 N 85,64 W, 250 m. Registry comments: First gall
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Pteromalidae. morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica,
Plant description: Tree, nearly 10 m tall, barren. Leaves elliptic in shape. and the world.
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Lonchocarpus phaseolifolius Benth. Morphotype Lo_pha_1 (Figure
Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, pasture area next to the forest, start of 4D). Gall description: Discoid shape, green, induced on leaves, hairy
Figure 4. Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 4A) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus felipei N. Zamora,
morphotype Lo_fe_1, 4B) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus felipei N. Zamora, morphotype Lo_fe_2, 4C) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus paviflorus Benth., morphotype
Lo_pa_1, 4D) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus phaseolifolius Benth., morphotype Lo_pha_1, 4E) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus Standl & Steyerm., morphotype
Lo_phl_1, 4F) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus sp. Kunth, morphotype Lo_sp_1, 4G) Gall induced in Senegalia tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose., morphotype Se_te_1, 4H)
Gall induced in Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham., morphotype Qu_ol_1, 4I) Gall induced in Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham., morphotype Qu_ol_2, 4J) Gall induced
in Semialarium mexicanum (Miers) Mennega, morphotype Se_me_1, 4K) Gall induced in Semialarium mexicanum (Miers) Mennega, morphotype Se_me_2, 4L) Gall
induced in Semialarium mexicanum (Miers) Mennega, morphotype Se_me_3, 4M) Gall induced in Krameria revoluta O. Berg, morphotype Kr_re_1, 4N) Gall induced in
Belischmiedia costaricensis (Mez & Pittier) C.K. Allen, morphotype Be_co_1, 4O) Gall induced in Belischmiedia costaricensis (Mez & Pittier) C.K. Allen, morphotype
Be_co_2, 4P) Gall induced in Nectandra salicina C.K Allen, morphotype Ne_sa_1.
epidermis. Truncated at apex, pilose, on the underside of the leaf. Gall the underside of the leaf, hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown.
inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly
Tree, nearly 20 m tall, fallen, racemes with green fruits, unripe fruits. 5 m tall, by the side of the road. Alternate, simple leaves, with entire
Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guanacaste Conservation margin, underside heavily pubescent. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
Area, Murciélago Sector, old secondary growth, road between El Hachal Nacascolo. Lookout point between the main entrance of the Santa Rosa
Bay and Murciélago Station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92638889 N National Park and La Casona, old secondary forest area. Coordinates/
85,7292 W, 45 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Altitude: 10,85648 N 85,6106 W, 623 m. Registry comments: First gall
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and
Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus Standl & Steyerm. Morphotype the world, although a gall on this plant species was reported, without
Lo_phl_1 (Figure 4E). Gall description: Irregular shape, green, induced a reference image, by Pascual-Alvarado et al. (2017).
on leaves, hairy epidermis. Flat on the underside of the leaf. Gall
inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Hippocrateaceae
Tree, nearly 4 m tall, by the side of the river. Location: Guanacaste,
La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guanacaste National Park, in the Murciélago Semialarium mexicanum (Miers) Mennega. Morphotype Se_me_1
Sector, old secondary forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,89686111 (Figure 4J). Gall description: Discoid shape, light green, induced on
N 85,7301111 W, 126 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype the underside of the leaf, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown.
record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Pteromalidae, Tetrastichinae Eulophidae),
Lonchocarpus sp. Kunth. Morphotype Lo_sp_1 (Figure 4F). Gall Torymus (Torymidae). Plant description: Shrub, nearly 3 m tall, barren.
description: Globular shape, yellow and brown, induced on leaf midvein, Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Guanacaste National Park,
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Santa Rosa Area, entrance to the lookout point of Naranjo Beach,
unknown. Plant description: Sapling, nearly 1 m tall, barren. Leaves with secondary forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,81105556 N 85,64
cuspidate apex. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste W, 246 m; 10,80485833 N 85,69909167 W, 10 m; 10,86577222 N
Conservation Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, pasture area next to the forest 85,60990278 W, 290 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype
and start of the trail to the biological station. Coordinates/Altitude: record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
10,92286111 N 85,46375 W, 1018 m. Registry comments: First gall Semialarium mexicanum (Miers) Mennega. Morphotype Se_me_2
morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and (Figure 4K). Gall description: Discoid shape, green, induced on leaves,
the world, although a gall on this plant species was reported, without glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
a reference image, by Cuevas et al. (2014) and de Souza Mendoca et Pteromalidae, Tetrastichinae (Eulophidae) Torymus (Torymidae). Plant
al. (2014). description: Shrub, nearly 3 m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste,
Senegalia tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose. Morphotype Se_te_1 Liberia, Nacascolo. Guanacaste National Park, Santa Rosa area,
(Figure 4G). Gall description: Irregular shape, brown, induced on apical entrance to the lookout point of Naranjo Beach, secondary forest
buds, lignified epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,81105556 N 85,64 W, 246 m. Registry
unknown. Plant description: Herbaceous plants, nearly 0.4 m tall, comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
barren. Paripinnate, compound leaves. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Nacascolo. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Santa Rosa National Park, Semialarium mexicanum (Miers) Mennega. Morphotype Se_me_3
roadside near the Bosque Viejo, next to the park entrance. Coordinates/ (Figure 4L). Gall description: Discoid shape, green, induced on the
Altitude: 10,85263889 N 85,607472 W, 310 m. Registry comments: underside of the leaf, like a shell, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer:
First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Pteromalidae, Tetrastichinae
Rica, and the world. (Eulophidae) Torymus (Torymidae). Plant description: Shrub, nearly 3
m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Santa Rosa
Fagaceae National Park, Nancite Beach Area, serpentinite rock. Coordinates/
Altitude: 10,80485833 N 85,69909167 W, 10 m. Registry comments:
Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham. Morphotype Qu_ol_1 (Figure First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa
4H). Gall description: Irregular shape, green, yellow at maturity, induced Rica, and the world.
on leaaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 5 m tall, Krameriaceae
by the side of the road. Alternate, simple leaves, with entire margin,
underside heavily pubescent. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Krameria revoluta O. Berg. Morphotype Kr_re_1 (Figure 4M). Gall
Santa Rosa National Park, between the Inter-American highway and La description: Elliptical shape, green and brown, induced on stem, hairy
Casona, secondary oak forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,86577222 epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Tetrastichinae
N 85,60990278 W, 290 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype Entedoninae (Eulophidae). Plant description: Herbaceous plant, 30
record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world, cm tall, lilac flowers with white filaments. Alternate, simple leaves,
although a gall on this plant species was reported, without a reference heavily pubescent, approx. 1 cm in legth. Small lilac flowers. Location:
image, by Pascual-Alvarado et al. (2017). Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Santa Rosa National Park, Nancite
Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham. Morphotype Qu_ol_2 (Figure Beach Area, open area over a serpentinite rock. Coordinates/Altitude:
4I). Gall description: Globular shape, orange and brown, induced on 10,80485833 N 85,69909167 W, 10 m. Registry comments: First gall
morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth. Morphotype By_cr_1 (Figure
and the world. 5C). Gall description: Conical shape, green or yellowish, induced
on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
Laureaceae Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 2m tall,
barren. Opposite, simple leaves, medium size, with trichomes on the
Belischmiedia costaricensis (Mez & Pittier) C.K. Allen. Morphotype underside. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz. Guanacaste National Park, on
Be_co_1 (Figure 4N). Gall description: Spherical shape, yellowish and the way to the Maritza Biological Station, secondary growth area along
brown, induced on the underside of the leaf, glabrous epidermis. Gall side the river. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,88683333 N 85,47311111 W,
inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: 272 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
Sapling, nearly 1.70 m tall, barren, alternate leaves with entire margin. Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation
Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, pasture area next to the forest, start of Malvaceae
the trail to the biological station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92286111
N 85,46375 W, 1018 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Morphotype Gu_ul_1 (Figure 5D).
record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Gall description: Globular shape, yellow and brown, induced on bud,
Belischmiedia costaricensis (Mez & Pittier) C.K. Allen. Morphotype glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
Be_co_2 (Figure 4O). Gall description: Conical shape, yellow or brown, Sycophila, “Eurytoma” (Eurytomidae), Tetrastichinae (Eulophidae).
induced on the underside of the leaf, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: Plant description: Sapling, nearly 3 m tall, barren. Ovate leaves with
unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Sapling, dentate margin. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste
nearly 1.70 m tall, barren. Alternate leaves with entire margin. Location: Conservation Area, Góngora, roadside to the Cacao Volcano.
Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Cacao Coordinates/Altitude: 10,88683333 N 85,47311111 W, 597 m. Registry
Volcano Sector, pasture area next to the forest, start of the trail to the comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
biological station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92286111 N 85,46375 Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
W, 1018 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Morphotype Gu_ul_2 (Figure 5E).
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Gall description: Irregular shape, green and yellow, distributed on
Nectandra salicina C.K. Allen. Morphotype Ne_sa_1 (Figure 4P). the glabrous adaxial surface of the leaf, glabrous epidermis. Gall
Gall description: Discoid shape, yellowish in the centre and green on the inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description:
borders, induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Sapling, nearly 3 m tall, barren. Ovate leaves with dentate margin.
Parasitoids/Inquilines: Braconidae, Entedoninae (Eulophidae). Plant Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation
description: Shrub, nearly 1.5 m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Area, Góngora, roadside to the Cacao Volcano. Coordinates/Altitude:
Liberia, Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas Area, in the 10,88683333 N 85,47311111 W, 597 m. Registry comments: First gall
forest after the pasture, on the way to the crater. Coordinates/Altitude: morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and
10,76955556 N 85,34519444 W, 744 m. Registry comments: First gall the world, although a gall on the same plant organ for this plant species
morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, was reported, without a reference image, by Coelho et al. (2014) but
and the world. gall description doesn’t match.
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Morphotype Gu_ul_3 (Figure 5F).
Malpighiaceae Gall description: Globular shape, green, induced on stem, hairy
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown.
Banisteriopsis cornifolia (Kunth) C.B. Rob. Morphotype Ba_co_1 Plant description: Sapling, nearly 3 m tall, barren. Ovate leaves with
(Figure 5A). Gall description: Discoid shape, yellowish, induced dentate margin. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste
on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/ Conservation Area, Góngora, roadside to the Cacao Volcano.
Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 3 m tall, Coordinates/Altitude: 10,89222222 N 85,47077778 W, 701 m. Registry
with procumbent branches, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, Bosque Viejo Area between the Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
entrance of the park and La Casona. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N Hampea appendiculata (Donn. Sm.) Standl. Morphotype Ha_ap_1
85,60796 W, 321 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record (Figure 5G). Gall description: Irregular shape, yellow, induced on leaves,
for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
Banisteriopsis cornifolia (Kunth) C.B. Rob. Morphotype Ba_co_2 unknown. Plant description: Sapling, nearly 1.5 m tall, barren. Location:
(Figure 5B). Gall description: Elliptical shape, green or yellowish, Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Cacao
induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Volcano Sector, pasture area next to the forest and start of the trail to
Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 3 m the biological station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92286111 N 85,46375
tall, with procumbent branches, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, W, 1018 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for
Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, Bosque Viejo Area between the Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
entrance of the park and La Casona. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav. Morphotype Ma_ar_1 (Figure
85,60796 W, 321 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record 5H). Gall description: Spherical shape, green, induced on leaves,
for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
Figure 5. Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 5A) Gall induced in Banisteriopsis cornifolia (Kunth)
C.B. Rob., morphotype Ba_co_1, 5B) Gall induced in Banisteriopsis cornifolia (Kunth) C.B. Rob., morphotype Ba_co_2, 5C) Gall induced in Byrsonima crassifolia (L.)
Kunth, morphotype By_cr_1, 5D) Gall induced in Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., morphotype Gu_ul_1, 5E) Gall induced in Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., morphotype Gu_ul_2,
5F) Gall induced in Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., morphotype Gu_ul_3, 5G) Gall induced in Hampea appendiculata (Donn. Sm.) Standl., morphotype Ha_ap_1, 5H) Gall
induced in Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav., morphotype Ma_ar_1, , 5I) Gall induced in Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav., morphotype Ma_ar_2, 5J) Gall induced
in Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb., morphotype Oc_py_1, 5K) Gall induced in Waltheria indica L., morphotype Wa_in_1, 5L) Gall induced in Miconia sp.
Ruiz & Pav., morphotype Mi_sp_1, 5M) Gall induced in Guarea glabra Kunth. , morphotype Gu_gl_1, 5N) Gall induced in Brosimum alicastrum Swartz, morphotype
Br_al_1, 5O) Gall induced in Ficus croata (Miq.) Miq., morphotype Fi_cr_1, 5P) Gall induced in Ficus ovalis Desf. ex Willd., morphotype Fi_ov_1.
unknown. Plant description: Shrub, 1.5 m tall, red flowers, on top of of the leaf, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
rock by the river. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Guanacaste Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 4 m tall, barren.
National Park, Las Pailas Area, in the forest after the fumaroles. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321 m. Registry Area, Góngora, road to the Cacao Volcano, secondary rainforest area,
comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation next to the road. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,89222222 N 85,47077778 W,
Area, Costa Rica, and the world. 701 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav. Morphotype Ma_ar_2 (Figure Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
5I). Gall description: Globular shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Moraceae
Plant description: Shrub, 1.5 m tall, red flowers, on top of rock by the
river. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Brosimum alicastrum Swartz. Morphotype Br_al_1 (Figure 5N).
Park, around La Casona at Santa Rosa National Park. Coordinates/ Gall description: Cylindrical shape, yellowish and brown, induced
Altitude: 10,76955556 N 85,34519444 W, 745 m; 10,77722222 N on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
85,35025 W, 955 m; 10,88683333 N 85,47311111 W, 597 m. Registry Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 3 m tall,
comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Guanacaste National
Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Park, Santa Rosa area, entrance to the lookout point of Naranjo Beach,
Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb. Morphotype Oc_py_1 secondary forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W,
(Figure 5J). Gall description: Irregular shape, reddish-brown on the 292 m; 10,80586111 N 85,64 W, 250 m; 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321
adaxial surface of the leaf and white on the underside of the leaf, induced m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
on leaves, hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world, although a gall on this
unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 1.7 m tall, barren. Location: plant species has been reported, without a reference image, by Cuevas
Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Góngora, et al. (2004), Cuevas et al. (2014), and Ley-López et al. (2019).
roadside to the Cacao Volcano, next to the Góngora River. Coordinates/ Ficus croata (Miq.) Miq. Morphotype Fi_cr_1 (Figure 5O). Gall
Altitude: 10,83422222 N 85,6115 W, 569 m. Registry comments: First gall description: Discoid shape, yellowish or red, induced on leaves, glabrous
morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
world, although a gall on this plant species was reported, without a reference unknown. Plant description: Tree, nearly 15 m tall, barren. Location:
image, by Ley-López et al. 2019. Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, around the
Waltheria indica L. Morphotype Wa_in_1 (Figure 5K). Gall historic Hacienda La Casona, isolated trees alongside the old corral.
description: Globular shape, green galls, yellowish/redish at maturity, Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83382 N 85,61269 W, 307 m. Registry
brown, on the underside of the leaf and petiole, hairy epidermis. Gall comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Small tree, nearly 5 m tall, by the side of the road. Location: Guanacaste, Ficus ovalis Desf. ex Willd. Morphotype Fi_ov_1 (Figure 5P).
La Cruz. Guanacaste National Park, on the way to the Maritza Biological Gall description: Globular shape, green, induced on leaves, glabrous
Station, secondary growth open area, near high-voltage towers. epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown.
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, 272 m. Registry Plant description: Tree, nearly 15 m tall, pedunculated infructescence,
comments: Gall recorded by Figueiredo et al. 2014. yellow, one or more by leaf bud. Alternate leaves, in several different
sizes. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National
Melastomataceae Park, around the historic Hacienda La Casona, isolated trees alongside
the old corral. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83382 N 85,61269 W, 307
Miconia sp. Ruiz & Pav. Morphotype Mi_sp_1 (Figure 5L). m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
Gall description: Irregular shape, green and brown, induced on bud Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
and leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/ Pseudolmedia glabrata (Liebm.) C.C. Berg. Morphotype Ps_gl_1
Inquilines: Torymus (Torymidae), Eupelmidae, Pteromalidae. Plant (Figure 6A). Gall description: Conical shape, green and yellow, induced
description: Shrub, nearly 2.5 m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Cacao Volcano Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 3 m tall, milky
Sector, pasture area next to the forest, start of the trail to the biological secretion, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste
station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,93202778 N 85,46 W, 1277 m. Conservation Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, next to the road. Coordinates/
Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Altitude: 10,88683333 N 85,47311111 W, 597 m. Registry comments:
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world, although a gall on this First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa
plant species has been reported, without a reference image, by De Souza Rica, and the world.
(2014), Medianero et al. (2014), and Ley-López et al. (2019). Pseudolmedia mollis (Liebm.) C.C. Berg. Morphotype Ps_mo_1
(Figure 6B1/6B2). Gall description: Globular shape, green on the adaxial
Meliaceae surface of the leaf, greenish-white and pilose on the abaxial surface
of the leaf, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
Guarea glabra Kunth. Morphotype Gu_gl_1 (Figure 5M). Gall Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Sapling, nearly 3 m tall, with
description: Cylindrical shape, green, on adaxial and abaxial surface milky secretion, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga.
Figure 6. Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 6A) Gall induced in Pseudolmedia glabrata (Liebm.) C.C.
Berg, morphotype Ps_gl_1, 6B1/6B2) Gall induced in Pseudolmedia mollis (Liebm.) C.C. Berg, morphotype Ps_mo_1, 6C) Gall induced in Eugenia sp. (Miq.) Miq., morphotype
Eu_sp_1, 6D) Gall induced in Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., morphotype My_sp_1, 6E) Gall induced in Psidium guajava L., morphotype Ps_gu_1, 6F) Gall induced in sp. Ruiz &
Pav., morphotype Ne_sp_1, 6G) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_1, 6H) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn.
Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_2, 6I) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_3, 6J) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa
(Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_4, 6K) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_5, 6L) Gall induced in Ouratea
lucens (Kunth.) Engl., morphotype Ou_lu_1, 6M) Gall induced in Schoepfia schreberi J.F. Gmel., morphotype Sc_sc_1, 6N) Gall induced in Schoepfia schreberi J.F. Gmel.,
morphotype Sc_sc_2, 6O) Gall induced in Trichostigma polyandrum (Loes.) H. Walter, morphotype Tr_po_1, 6P) Gall induced in Picramnia antidesma Sw., morphotype Pi_an_1.
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, pasture area N 85,59705556 W, 272 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype
next to the forest, start of the trail to the biological station. Coordinates/ record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Altitude: 10,92286111 N 85,46375 W, 1018 m. Registry comments: Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm. Morphotype
First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Pi_ma_2 (Figure 6H). Gall description: Irregular shape, green,
Rica, and the world. induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 4 m
Myrtaceae tall, unripe fruit are light green. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, La
Cruz. Guanacaste National Park, on the way to the Maritza Biological
Eugenia sp. (Miq.) Miq. Morphotype Eu_sp_1 (Figure 6C). Gall Station, secondary growth area along the river. Coordinates/Altitude:
description: Conical shape, greenish and reddish, induced on stem, 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, 272 m. Registry comments: First gall
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica,
unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 0,5 m tall, barren. Location: and the world.
Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm. Morphotype Pi_
Cacao Volcano Sector, Cacao Mountain range. Coordinates/Altitude: ma_3 (Figure 6I). Gall description: Spherical shape, yellow, induced on
10,93202778 N 85,46 W, 1421 m. Registry comments: First gall bud, soft spines on epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/
morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 2 m tall, barren.
and the world. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, La Cruz. Guanacaste National Park, on
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. Morphotype My_sp_1 (Figure 6D). the way to the Maritza Biological Station, secondary growth area along
Gall description: Globular shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified the river. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, 272
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
Plant description: Small tree, nearly 2 m tall, barren. Location: Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm. Morphotype
Góngora, road to the Cacao Volcano, sedimentary rock area next to the Pi_ma_4 (Figure 6J). Gall description: Globular shape, white, induced
Góngora River. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83422222 N 85,6115 W, 629 on bud, soft spines on epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 2 m tall. Location:
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world, although a gall on this Guanacaste, La Cruz. Guanacaste National Park, on the way to the
plant species was reported, without a reference image, by Ley-López Maritza Biological Station, secondary growth area alongside the river.
et al. (2019). Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, 272 m. Registry
Psidium guajava L. Morphotype Ps_gu_1 (Figure 6E). Gall comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
description: Elliptical shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm. Morphotype
Plant description: Sapling, nearly 0.5 m tall, barren. Location: Pi_ma_5 (Figure 6K). Gall description: Globular shape, brownish,
Guanacaste, La Cruz. Guanacaste National Park, on the way to the induced on stem, lignified epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown.
Maritza Biological Station, secondary growth open area, near high- Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 2 m
voltage towers. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, tall. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz. Guanacaste National Park, on the
272 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste way to the Maritza Biological Station, secondary growth area along
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world, although a gall on this the river. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, 272
plant species was reported, without a reference image, by Maia (2012). m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Nyctaginaceae
Ochnaceae
Neea sp. Ruiz & Pav. Morphotype Ne_sp_1 (Figure 6F). Gall
description: Fusiform shape, green, induced on leaves, glabrous Ouratea lucens (Kunth.) Engl. Morphotype Ou_lu_1 (Figure 6L).
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Gall description: Discoid shape, green (concolorous) to brownish
Plant description: Shurb, nearly 1.5 m tall, barren. Location: yellow galls on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown.
Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Rincón de la Vieja National Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Understory sapling,
Park, forest area on the way to active crater. Coordinates/Altitude: with red stipules. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Entrance
10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955 m. Registry comments: Similar to the old forest (Bosque Viejo), between the welcome booth and La
to gall recorded by Maia (2014). Casona at Santa Rosa National Park. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072
Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm. Morphotype N 85,60796 W, 321 m. Registry comments: Similar to gall recorded by
Pi_ma_1 (Figure 6G). Gall description: Irregular shape, yellow and Bergamini et al. (2017).
brown, induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown.
Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 2.5 Olacaceae
m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, La Cruz. Guanacaste
National Park, on the way to the Maritza Biological Station, secondary Schoepfia schreberi J.F. Gmel. Morphotype Sc_sc_1 (Figure 6M).
growth area alongside the river. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 Gall description: Discoid shape, white, induced on leaves, glabrous
epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines: epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown.
unknown. Plant description: Shrub, 3 m tall, by the side of the road. Plant description: Herbaceous plant, nearly 1m tall, by the side of the
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Entrance to the old forest road. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Entrance to the old
(Bosque Viejo), between the welcome booth and La Casona at Santa forest (Bosque Viejo), between the welcome booth and La Casona at
Rosa National Park. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,8336278 N 85,6132333 Santa Rosa National Park. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796
W, 292 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for W, 321 m. Registry comments: Gall morphotype resembles the one
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. described by Maia & Mascarenhas (2017) on P. richardiifolium.
Schoepfia schreberi J.F. Gmel. Morphotype Sc_sc_2 (Figure 6N). Piper sp. L. Morphotype Pi_sp_2 (Figure 7C). Gall description:
Gall description: Elliptical shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified- Spherical shape, green and yellow, induced on Petiole, hairy epidermis.
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant
unknown. Plant description: Shrub, 3 m tall, by the side of the road. description: Herbaceous plant, nearly 1m tall, by the side of the road.
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Entrance to the old forest Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Entrance to the old forest
(Bosque Viejo), between the welcome booth and La Casona at Santa (Bosque Viejo), between the welcome booth and La Casona at Santa
Rosa National Park. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,8336278 N 85,6132333 Rosa National Park. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321
W, 292 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for m. Registry comments: Gall morphotype resembles the one described
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. by Bergamini et al. (2017) on Piper arboreum Aubl.
Piper yucatanense C. DC. Morphotype Pi_yu_1 (Figure 7D).
Phytolaccaceae Gall description: Globular shape, green, induced on leaves, glabrous
Trichostigma polyandrum (Loes.) H. Walter. Morphotype Plant description: Herbaceous plant, nearly 1 m tall, barren. Location:
Tr_po_1 (Figure 6O). Gall description: Fusiform shape, brown, Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Cacao
induced on stem, lignified, and glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: Volcano Sector, pasture area next to the forest, start of the trail to the
unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, biological station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92286111 N 85,46375
nearly 1.5 m tall, procumbent branches, reddish petioles, and barren. W, 1018 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Area, Góngora, road to the Cacao Volcano, side the road, next to the
Góngora River. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83422222 N 85,6115 W, 569 Poaceae
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Paspalum sp. L. Morphotype Pa_sp_1 (Figure 7E). Gall description:
Globular shape, brown, on the inflorescense, glabrous epidermis. Gall
Picraminiaceae inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description:
Herbaceous plants, nearly 50 cm tall, by the side of the road, purple
Picramnia antidesma Sw. Morphotype Pi_an_1 (Figure 6P). Gall glumes. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National
description: Fusiform shape, brown, induced on leaves, lignified Park, between the Inter-American highway and La Casona, secondary
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. oak forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,86577222 N 85,60990278 W,
Plant description: Shrub, barren. Alternate leaves, with entire margin. 290 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Entrance to the old forest Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
(Bosque Viejo), between the welcome booth and La Casona at Santa
Rosa National Park. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321 Polygonaceae
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Coccoloba tuerckheimii Donn. Sm. Morphotype Co_tu_1 (Figure
Picramnia antidesma Sw. Morphotype Pi_an_2 (Figure 7A). 7F). Gall description: Globular shape, orange and brown, induced on
Gall description: Globular shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified on the underside of the leaf, hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown.
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 3 m
Plant description: Shrub, barren. Alternate leaves, with entire margin. tall, spiral leaves at the end of the branch, barren. Location: Guanacaste,
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Góngora, road to the
Park, Bosque Viejo area between the park entrance and La Casona Cacao Volcano, secondary forest area, next to the road. Coordinates/
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321 m. Registry Altitude: 10,89222222 N 85,47077778 W, 701 m. Registry comments:
comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa
Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Rica, and the world, although a gall induced on this plant species was
reported, without a reference image, by Ley-López et al. 2019.
Piperaceae Coccoloba venosa L. Morphotype Co_ve_1 (Figure 7G). Gall
description: Cylindrical shape, Yellow/brown, induced on the adaxial
Piper sp. L. Morphotype Pi_sp_1 (Figure 7B). Gall description: and abaxial surface of the leaf, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer:
Spherical shape, green and yellowish on the surface, whitish pubescence, unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub,
on petiole and leaf rachis. On abaxial or abaxial leaf position, hairy nearly 1.5 m tall, on rocky area, flowers with yellow petals and white
Figure 7. Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 7A) Gall induced in Picramnia antidesma Sw.,
morphotype Pi_an_2, 7B) Gall induced in Piper sp. L., morphotype Pi_sp_1, 7C) Gall induced in Piper sp. L., morphotype Pi_sp_2, 7D) Gall induced in Piper
yucatanense C. DC., morphotype Pi_yu_1, 7E) Gall induced in Paspalum sp. L., morphotype Pa_sp_1, 7F) Gall induced in Coccoloba tuerckheimii Donn. Sm,
morphotype Co_tu_1, 7G) Gall induced in Coccoloba venosa L., morphotype Co_ve_1, 7H) Gall induced in Ardisia compressa Schltdl., morphotype Ar_co_1, 7I) Gall
induced in Ardisia compressa Kunth, morphotype Ar_co_2, 7J) Gall induced in Ardisia revoluta Kunth, morphotype Ar_re_1, 7K) Gall induced in Psychotria deflexa
DC., morphotype Ps_de_1, 7L) Gall induced in Psychotria horizontalis Sw., morphotype Ps_ho_1, 7M) Gall induced in Psychotria horizontalis Sw., morphotype
Ps_ho_2, 7N) Gall induced in Psychotria horizontalis L., morphotype Ps_ho_3, 7O) Gall induced in Psychotria horizontalis Sw., morphotype Ps_ho_4, 7P) Gall
induced in Psychotria quinqueradiata Pol., morphotype Ps_qu_1.
anthers. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Guanacaste National Psychotria horizontalis Sw. Morphotype Ps_ho_2 (Figure 7M).
Park, Santa Rosa Area, old secondary forest area, road to Naranjo Gall description: Spherical shape, green, induced on leaves, presence
Beach. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,79383333 N 85,66 W, 15 m. Registry of trichomes epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation unknown. Plant description: Herbaceous plant, nearly 50 cm tall, by the
Area, Costa Rica, and the world. side of the road, greenish unripe fruits. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas Sector, in the old
Primulaceae secondary forest after the pasture, on the way to the crater. Coordinates/
Altitude: 10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955 m. Registry comments:
Ardisia compressa Schltdl. Morphotype Ar_co_1 (Figure 7H). First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa
Gall description: Discoid shape, green, induced on leaves, glabrous Rica, and the world.
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Psychotria horizontalis Sw. Morphotype Ps_ho_3 (Figure 7N).
Plant description: Small tree, 2 m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Gall description: Globular shape, brown, induced on stem, corrugated
Liberia, Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas Sector, and lignified epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
in the forest after the pasture, on the way to the crater. Coordinates/ unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 1.5 m tall, barren.
Altitude: 10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955 m. Registry comments: Location: Guanacaste, LaCruz. Parque Nacional Guanacaste, on the
First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa way to the Maritza Biological Station, secondary growth area along
Rica, and the world. the river. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, 272
Ardisia compressa Kunth. Morphotype Ar_co_2 (Figure 7I). Gall m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
description: Discoid shape, green, brown, and red at maturity, induced Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/ Psychotria horizontalis Sw. Morphotype Ps_ho_4 (Figure 7O).
Inquilines: Torymus (Torymidae). Plant description: Small tree, 2 m Gall description: Globular shape, green, induced on petiole, glabrous
tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown.
Conservation Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, Cacao mountain range. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 2.5 m tall, barren. Location:
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,93202778 N 85,46 W, 1421 m. Registry Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas
comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Sector, in the old secondary forest after the pasture, on the way to the
Area, Costa Rica, and the world. crater. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,76955556 N 85,34519444 W, 744m.
Ardisia revoluta Kunth. Morphotype Ar_re_1 (Figure 7J). Gall Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
description: Fusiform shape, green, induced on leaf midvein, glabrous Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Psychotria quinqueradiata Pol. Morphotype Ps_qu_1 (Figure 7P).
Plant description: Small tree, nearly 4m tall, barren. Location: Gall description: Fusiform shape, brown, induced on stem, glabrous
Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, Bosque epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown.
Viejo area between the entrance of the park and La Casona. Coordinates/ Plant description: Shrub, nearly 1 m, greenish fruits Location:
Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321 m. Registry comments: First Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas
gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, Sector, in the old secondary forest after the pasture, on the way to
and the world. the crater. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955
Rubiaceae Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Psychotria valerioana Standl. Morphotype Ps_va_1 (Figure 8A).
Psychotria deflexa DC. Morphotype Ps_de_1 (Figure 7K). Gall Gall description: Globular shape, green, induced on leaves and
description: Conical shape, green and yellow, induced on leaves, buds, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Inquilines: Entedoninae (Eulophidae). Plant description: Shrub, nearly
unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 1m tall, barren. Location: 1 m tall, greenish fruit, white flowers. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas Sector, in the old
Sector, in the old secondary forest after the pasture, on the way to secondary forest after the pasture, on the way to the crater. Coordinates/
the crater. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955 Altitude: 10,78427778 N 85,3484167 W, 955 m; 10,80669 N 85,35 W,
m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste 1074 m; 10,80032 N 85,35 W, 1000 m. Registry comments: First gall
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica,
Psychotria horizontalis Sw. Morphotype Ps_ho_1 (Figure 7L). and the world.
Gall description: Fusiform shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified Psychotria valerioana Standl. Morphotype Ps_va_2 (Figure 8B).
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Gall description: Conical shape, green on the base and the apex,
Plant description: Herbaceous plant, nearly 50 cm tall, by the side yellowish in the middle, induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall
of the road, greenish unripe fruits. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description:
Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, between the Inter-American Shrub, nearly 1 m tall, greenish fruit, white flowers. Location:
highway and La Casona, secondary oak forest area. Coordinates/ Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Rincón de la Vieja National Park, road
Altitude: 10,86577222 N 85,60990278 W, 290 m. Registry to active crater, Los gemelos Sector, forest zone. Coordinates/Altitude:
comments: Gall morphotype resembles the one described by Bergamini 10,80669 N 85,35 W, 1074 m; 10,92286111 N 85,46375 W, 1018 m.
et al. (2017) on a Rubiaceae sp.
Figure 8. Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 8A) Gall induced in Psychotria valerioana Standl.,
morphotype Ps_va_1, 8B) Gall induced in Psychotria valerioana Standl., morphotype Ps_va_2, 8C) Gall induced in Psychotria valerioana Standl., morphotype
Ps_va_3, 8D) Gall induced in Randia monantha Benth., morphotype Ra_mo_1, 8E) Gall induced in Zanthoxylum sp. L., morphotype Za_sp_1, 8F) Gall induced in
Meliosma glabrata (Liebm.) Urb., morphotype Me_gl_1, 8G) Gall induced in Casearia arguta Kunth, morphotype Ca_ar_1, 8H) Gall induced in Casearia arguta
Kunth, morphotype Ca_ar_2, 8I) Gall induced in Allophylus racemosus (Sw.), morphotype Al_ra_1, 8J) Gall induced in Allophylus racemosus (Sw) , morphotype
Al_ra_2, 8K) Gall induced in Allophylus racemosus (Sw) , morphotype Al_ra_3, 8L) Gall induced in Paullinia cururu L., morphotype Pa_cu_1, 8M) Gall induced
in Serjania pyramidata Radlk., morphotype Se_py_1, 8N) Gall induced in Serjania schiedeana Schltdl., morphotype Se_sc_1, 8O) Gall induced in Thouinidium
decandrum (Hump & Band), morphotype Th_de_1, 8P) Gall induced in Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult), morphotype Si_ob_1.
Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Alternate, simple leaves, with crenate margin. Location: Guanacaste,
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Liberia, Curubandé. Rincón de la Vieja National Park, road to active
Psychotria valerioana Standl. Morphotype Ps_va_3 (Figure 8C). crater, Los Gemelos Sector, forest zone. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,80669
Gall description: Globular shape, greenish and brown, induced on leaf N 85,35 W, 1074 m; 10,92286111 N 85,46375 W, 1018 m. Registry
midvein, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/ comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 1 m tall, Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
greenish fruit, white flowers. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Casearia arguta Kunth. Morphotype Ca_ar_2 (Figure 8H). Gall
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, pasture area next description: Elliptical shape, light brown mixed with green, induced on
to the forest and start of the trail to the biological station. Coordinates/ stem, lignified epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
Altitude: 10,92286111 N 85,46375 W, 1018 m. Registry comments: Entedoninae (Eulophidae). Plant description: Sapling, nearly 4 m
First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa tall, barren. Alternate, simple leaves, with crenate margin. Location:
Rica, and the world. Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Rincón de la Vieja National Park, road
Randia monantha Benth. Morphotype Ra_mo_1 (Figure 8D). Gall to active crater, Los Gemelos Sector, forest zone. Coordinates/Altitude:
description: Irregular shape, yellowish green (concolorous) on the surface, 10,80669 N 85,35 W, 1074 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype
pale green on the underside, near veins on the underside, protruding from record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
the abaxial surface, hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 6 m tall, barren. Sapindaceae
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Entrance to the old forest (Bosque
Viejo), between the welcome booth and La Casona at Santa Rosa National Allophylus racemosus Sw. Morphotype Al_ra_1 (Figure 8I). Gall
Park. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85072 N 85,60796 W, 321 m; 10,83581 N description: Globular shape, green-white, induced on leaves, hairy
85,62347 W, 306 m; 10,83382 N 85,61269 W, 307 m. Registry comments: epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 4 m tall, barren. Location:
Rica, and the world. Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guanacaste Conservation Area,
Murciélago Sector, old secondary growth, road between El Hachal
Rutaceae bay and Murciélago Station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92638889 N
85,7292 W, 45 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for
Zanthoxylum sp. L. Morphotype Za_sp_1 (Figure 8E). Gall Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
description: Irregular shape, green and yellow, induced on leaves, Allophylus racemosus Sw. Morphotype Al_ra_2 (Figure 8J).
bulging on the leaf border, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Gall description: Spherical shape, green or yellowish, induced on
Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Tree, nearly 3 m leaf midvein and petiole, hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown.
tall, barren, and fallen. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 2.5
Rincón de la Vieja National Park, road to active crater, Los Gemelos m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, La Cruz. Guanacaste
Sector, forest zone. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,80032 N 85,35 W, 1000 National Park, on the way to the Maritza Biological Station, secondary
m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste growth area along the river. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 N
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. 85,59705556 W, 272 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype
record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Sabiaceae Allophylus racemosus Sw. Morphotype Al_ra_3 (Figure 8K). Gall
description: Globular shape, green and yellowish, induced on petiole,
Meliosma glabrata (Liebm.) Urb. Morphotype Me_gl_1 (Figure 8F). hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
Gall description: Discoid shape, green and yellow, induced on leaves, unknown. Plant description: Shrub, nearly 4 m tall, barren. Location:
sometimes with black dots, rough, on both the surfaces of the leaves, glabrous Guanacaste, La Cruz, La Cruz. Guanacaste National Park, on the way
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant to the Maritza Biological Station, secondary growth area along the river.
description: Sapling, nearly 1.5 m tall, barren. Oblong shaped leaves, with Coordinates/Altitude: 10,95072222 N 85,59705556 W, 272 m. Registry
cuspidate apex. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Rincón de la comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
Vieja National Park, road to active crater, Los gemelos Sector, forest zone. Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,80032 N 85,35 W, 1000 m. Registry comments: Paullinia cururu L. Morphotype Pa_cu_1 (Figure 8L). Gall
First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, description: Discoid shape, green-yellowish and brown, induced
and the world, although a gall on this plant species was reported, without a on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/
reference image, by Ley-López et al. (2019). Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Understory, scandent,
herbaceous plant, nearly 3 m tall. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
Salicaceae Curubandé. Guanacaste National Park, Las Pailas Sector, in the forest
after the fumaroles. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,76955556 N 85,34519444
Casearia arguta Kunth. Morphotype Ca_ar_1 (Figure 8G). Gall W, 744 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for
description: Irregular shape, green, induced on leaves, glabrous Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world, although a
epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Entedoninae gall on this plant species was reported, without a reference image, by
(Eulophidae). Plant description: Sapling, nearly 4 m tall, barren. Cuevas et al. (2014).
Serjania pyramidata Radlk. Morphotype Se_py_1 (Figure 8M). Gall Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guancaste National Park,
description: Globular shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified epidermis. Murciélago Sector, old secondary forest area, on serpentinized peridotite
Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: on the edge of the Murciélago River. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,89686111
Vine, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National N 85,7301111 W, 126 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype
Park, between the Inter-American highway and La Casona, secondary record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
oak forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,86577222 N 85,60990278 W, Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn.
290 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Morphotype Si_ob_4 (Figure 9C). Gall description: Elliptical shape,
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. brown and yellow-green, induced on stem, bulging galls on thorns,
Serjania schiedeana Schltdl. Morphotype Se_sc_1 (Figure 8N). lignified epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines:
Gall description: Discoid shape, yellow or brown, induced on leaves, Cecidellis (Pteromalidae). Plant description: Small tree, nearly 3 m
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: tall, simple axillary white flowers, unripe fruits (green). Location:
unknown. Plant description: Sapling, nearly 25 cm tall, barren. Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guancaste National Park, Murciélago
Rhomboid shaped leaves, with cuspidate apex and denticulate margin, Sector, old secondary forest area, on serpentinized peridotite on the
trifoliate/ternate leaves. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. edge of the Murciélago River. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,89686111
Santa Rosa National Park, next to the research laboratories, old N 85,7301111 W, 126 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype
secondary forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83926 N 85,61808 W, record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
310 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn.
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Morphotype Si_ob_5 (Figure 9D). Gall description: Globular shape,
Thouinidium decandrum Hump & Band. Morphotype Th_de_1 (Figure green, induced on inflorescence, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer:
8O). Gall description: Discoid shape, green to black, induced on leaves, unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. tree, nearly 3 m tall, simple axillary white flowers, unripe fruits (green).
Plant description: Small tree, nearly 3 m tall, barren. Imparipinnate, alternate, Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guancaste National
compound leaves, with slightly serrate margin. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Park, Murciélago Sector, old secondary forest area, on serpentinized
Nacascolo. Guanacaste National Park, Naranjo Beach Area, mangrove and peridotite on the edge of the Murciélago River. Coordinates/Altitude:
beach area, coastal area at dry-forest. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,77928 N 10,89686111 N 85,7301111 W, 126 m. Registry comments: Gall
85,6654 W, 14 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for morphotype resembles the one described by Rodrigues et al. (2014).
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Simaroubaceae
Sapotaceae
Simarouba glauca DC. Morphotype Si_gl_1 (Figure 9E). Gall
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. description: Irregular shape, green and yellowish, induced on leaves
Penn. Morphotype Si_ob_1 (Figure 8P). Gall description: Fusiform (foliar midrib), glabrous epidermis. Sometimes twisting the leaf. Gall
shape, brown, induced on stem, lignified epidermis. Gall inducer: inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description:
Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small tree, nearly 4 m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
Small tree, nearly 3 m tall, simple axillary white flowers, unripe fruits Mayorga. Santa Rosa National Park, lookout point between the main
(green). Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guancaste entrance of the park and La Casona. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,85648 N
National Park, Murciélago Sector, old secondary forest area, on 85,6106 W, 323 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record
serpentinized peridotite on the edge of the Murciélago River. for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,89686111 N 85,7301111 W, 126 m. Registry
comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Smilacaceae
Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn. Smilax spinosa Mill. Morphotype Sm_sp_1 (Figure 9F). Gall
Morphotype Si_ob_2 (Figure 9A). Gall description: Irregular shape, description: Discoid shape, green and yellowish, induced on leaves, glabrous
green, induced on leaves (midvein), glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Eurytomidae.
unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small Plant description: Vine on shrubs, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
tree, nearly 3 m tall, simple axillary white flowers, unripe fruits (green). Mayorga. Guanacaste Conservation Area, Cacao Volcano Sector, Cacao
Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guanacaste National Park, Mountain range. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,93202778 N 85,46 W, 1421
Murciélago Sector, old secondary forest area, on serpentinized peridotite m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
on the edge of the Murciélago River. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,89686111 Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
N 85,7301111 W, 126 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype
record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Solanaceae
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn.
Morphotype Si_ob_3 (Figure 9B). Gall description: Conical shape, Lycianthes multiflora. Morphotype Ly_mu_1 (Figure 9G). Gall
green and yellowish, induced on fruit, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: description: Fusiform shape, brown, induced on leaf veins, glabrous
unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown.
tree, nearly 3 m tall, simple axillary white flowers, unripe fruits (green). Plant description: Herbaceous vine on shrub. Alternate leaves. Location:
Figure 9. Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 9A) Gall induced in Sideroxylon obtusifolium
(Roem & Schult), morphotype Si_ob_2, 9B) Gall induced in Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult), morphotype Si_ob_3, 9C) Gall induced in Sideroxylon
obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn., morphotype Si_ob_4, 9D) Gall induced in Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D.
Penn., morphotype Si_ob_5, 9E) Gall induced in Simarouba glauca DC, morphotype Si_gl_1, 9F) Gall induced in Smilax spinosa Mill., morphotype Sm_sp_1,
9G) Gall induced in Lycianthes multiflora, morphotype Ly_mu_1, 9H) Gall induced in Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_1, 9I) Gall induced
in Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_2, 9J) Gall induced in Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_3, 9K) Gall induced in
Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_4, 9L) Gall induced in Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_5, 9M) Gall induced in Urera
simplex Wedd., morphotype Ur_si_1, 9N) Gall induced in Lippia oxyphyllaria (Donn. Sm.) Standl., morphotype Li_ox_1, 9O) Gall induced in Rehdera trinervis
(S.F. Blake) Moldenke, morphotype Re_tr_1, 9P) Gall induced in Rehdera trinervis (S.F. Blake) Moldenke, morphotype Re_tr_2.
Urticaceae
Guanacaste, Liberia, Curubandé. Rincón de la Vieja National Park,
road to active crater, Los Gemelos Sector, rainforest zone. Coordinates/ Urera simplex Wedd. Morphotype Ur_si_1 (Figure 9M). Gall
Altitude: 10,80032 N 85,35 W, 1000 m. Registry comments: First gall description: Irregular shape, green and yellow, induced on leaves,
morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and distributed throughout the upper leaf surface and underside, glabrous
the world, although a gall induced on this plant species was reported, epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown.
without a reference image, by Ley-López et al. (2019). Plant description: Shrub, nearly 3 m tall, inflorescence with white
stamens, pink petals and pedicels. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
Stegnospermataceae Curubandé. Rincón de la Vieja National Park, road to active crater,
Los gemelos Area, rainforest zone. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,80032 N
Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich. Morphotype St_cu_1 (Figure 9H). 85,35 W, 1000 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for
Gall description: Fusiform shape, grayish, induced on stem, lignified Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Plant description: Decumbent shrub, nearly 2.5 m and 1m tall, barren. Verbenaceae
Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Guanacaste National Park,
Naranjo Beach Area, mangrove and area, coastal area in dry-forest. Lippia oxyphyllaria (Donn. Sm.) Standl. Morphotype Li_ox_1
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,7791389 N 85,66594444 W, 14 m. Registry (Figure 9N). Gall description: Spherical shape, light green, induced
comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation on leaves (midvein or secondary veins), hairy epidermis. Gall inducer:
Area, Costa Rica, and the world. Cecidomyiidae. Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description:
Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich. Morphotype St_cu_2 (Figure Herbaceous plant or shrub, up to 2 m tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste,
9I). Gall description: Discoid shaped galls, green, induced on leaves, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, Santa Rosa Area, between
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: the entrance of the Inter-American highway and La Casona, secondary
Eulophidae. Plant description: Decumbent shrub, nearly 2.5 m and 1m oak forest area. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,86577222 N 85,60990278 W,
tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Guanacaste 290 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste
National Park, Naranjo Beach Area, mangrove and beach area, coastal Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
area in dry-forest. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,77928 N 85,6654 W, 14 Rehdera trinervis (S.F. Blake) Moldenke. Morphotype Re_tr_1
m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste (Figure 9O). Gall description: Elliptical shape, green and brown,
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. induced on leaf midvein, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown.
Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich. Morphotype St_cu_3 (Figure Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small woody
9J). Gall description: Globular shape, light green, induced on leaves, sapling, nearly 3 m tall, strong secondary growth. Location:
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park between
unknown. Plant description: Decumbent shrub, nearly 2.5 m and 1m the Inter-American highway and La Casona, secondary oak forest area.
tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Guanacaste Coordinates/Altitude: 10,86577222 N 85,60990278 W, 290 m. Registry
National Park, Naranjo Beach Area, mangrove and beach area, coastal comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
area in dry-forest. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,7791389 N 85,66594444 W, Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
14 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Rehdera trinervis (S.F. Blake) Moldenke. Morphotype Re_tr_2
Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. (Figure 9P). Gall description: Discoid shape, green and yellowish,
Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich. Morphotype St_cu_4 (Figure 9K). induced on leaves, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown.
Gall description: Discoid shape, yellow to greenish, induced on leaves, Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Small woody
glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: sapling, nearly 3 m tall, strong secondary growth. Location:
unknown. Plant description: Decumbent shrub, nearly 2.5 m and 1m Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park between
tall, barren. Location: Guanacaste, La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guanacaste the Inter-American highway and La Casona, secondary oak forest area.
Conservation Area, Murciélago Sector, old secondary growth, road Coordinates/Altitude: 10,86577222 N 85,60990278 W, 290 m. Registry
between El Hachal Bay and Murciélago Station. Coordinates/Altitude: comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation
10,92638889 N 85,7292 W, 45 m. Registry comments: First gall Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica,
and the world. Vitaceae
Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich. Morphotype St_cu_5 (Figure
8L). Gall description: Globular shape, white to greenish, induced on Cissus fuliginea Croat. Morphotype Ci_fu_1 (Figure 10A). Gall
the underside of the leaf, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. description: Fusiform shape, green to yellowish green, induced on
Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Decumbent shrub, stem and leaf veins, hairy epidermis. Gall inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
nearly 2.5 m and 1m tall, barren. Prominent globularl galls,. Location: Parasitoids/Inquilines: unknown. Plant description: Vine, near by the
Guanacaste La Cruz, Santa Elena. Guanacaste Conservation Area, mud pits. Tropical dry forest area. Trifoliate leaves with serrate margin
Murciélago Sector, old secondary growth, road between El Hachal and tendrils. On top of Sweetenia, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia,
Bay and Murciélago Station. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,92638889 N Nacascolo. Administrative area of the National Park. Coordinates/
85,7292 W, 45 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for Altitude: 10,83694444 N 85,62 W, 406 m; 10,76955556 N 85,34519444
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. W, 744 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record for
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world.
Figure 10. Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 10A) Gall induced in Cissus fuliginea
(Croat.), morphotype Ci_fu_1, 10B) Gall induced in Cissus fuliginea (Croat.), morphotype Ci_fu_2, 10C) Gall induced in Cissus fuliginea (Croat.),
morphotype Ci_fu_3, 10D) Gall morphology vrs incidence in plant organs, 10E) Gall epidermis texture and their incidence by plant organ. For 10D and
10E, the values on the X-axis represent the total number of morphotypes.
Cissus fuliginea Croat. Morphotype Ci_fu_2 (Figure 10B). Gall be described could significantly exceed the number of known species
description: Fusiform shape, reddish-brown or green, induced on stem, (Espírito-Santo & Fernandes 2007). New gall morphotypes have been
lignified epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/Inquilines: reported continuously, especially from Brazil, mainly as a consequence
unknown. Plant description: Vine, near by the mud pits. Tropical dry of an active community of researchers in that country.
forest area. Trifoliate leaves with serrate margin and tendrils. On top of Based on the reviewed literature, it appears that 120 morphotypes
Sweetenia, barren. Location: Guanacaste, Liberia, Mayorga. Guanacaste described and registered in this study are new records, not only for
Conservation Area, Góngora, road to the Cacao Volcano, sedimentary Costa Rica, but also for the world. Although samples were collected in
rock area next to the Góngora River. Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83422222 the rainy season, when plants have a greater amount of green biomass,
N 85,6115 W, 569 m; 10,76955556 N 85,34519444 W, 744 m. Registry we estimate that the galls recorded here represent a small portion of the
comments: First gall morphotype record for Guanacaste Conservation total plant galls present in the Guanacaste Conservation Area. This is
Area, Costa Rica, and the world. based on the higher plant diversity and topographic characteristics of
Cissus fuliginea Croat. Morphotype Ci_fu_3 (Figure 10C). Gall the AGC, as well as the difficulties in searching and obtaining samples
description: Irregular shape, green to yellowish green, induced on from the canopy, particularly in tall trees like those in the Bosque Viejo
leaf veins, glabrous epidermis. Gall inducer: unknown. Parasitoids/ (old forest). The canopy is the forest stratum with the greatest active
Inquilines: Tetrastichinae (Eulophidae). Plant description: Vine, near growth, and so this is an area where it would be more probable to find
by the mud pits. Tropical dry forest area. Trifoliate leaves with serrate galls. Additionally, many galls are hidden inside fruits and other plant
margin and tendrils. On top of Sweetenia, barren, exposed. Location: organs such as roots (Ley-López et al. 2019), and the high plant density
Guanacaste, Liberia, Nacascolo. Santa Rosa National Park, start of interferes with searching for and finding galls.
the road to Naranjo Beach, old secondary growth area with clearings. Most of the galling species in the Mexican tropical dry forest, for
Coordinates/Altitude: 10,83581 N 85,62347 W, 306 m; 10,83422222 instance, occurred on trees and shrubs, with fewer on herbs and climbing
N 85,6115 W, 569 m. Registry comments: First gall morphotype record plants (Cuevas-Reyes et al. 2014). For the ACG tropical dry forest, the
for Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, and the world. panorama was similar, based on our results. Moreover, in the tropical dry
From the 131 gall morphotypes recorded, the leaves were the organ forest of the Caatinga (Pernambuco, Brazil), most galls were induced on
with the largest number of galls with sixty-one percent (n=80), followed leaves (73.44%), stems (20.31%), and on apical buds (6.25%) (Santos
by stems (17.6%), and apical buds (6.9%) (Figure 10D). Eight different et al. 2011b). These results were similar to data obtained for ACG,
morphotype forms of galls were identified: conical, cylindrical, discoid, where 61% of galls were formed on leaves, followed by stems (17.6%),
elliptical, fusiform, globular, irregular, and spherical. The most frequent and on apical buds (6.9%) (Figure 10D). In contrast to the Caatinga,
gall shape was globular (globulous) (25.2%), followed by discoid where the most frequent gall shape was spheroid (32.81%), followed
(18.3%), irregular (14.5%), spherical (11.5%) and conical with 8.4%. by discoid with 25% (Santos et al. 2011b), for ACG the most frequent
The greatest number of gall shapes on leaves were discoid (30%), gall shape was globular (25.2%), but, the percentage of discoid galls
followed by irregular (17.5%), globular (15%), and spherical (14%) was similar with 18.3% (the second one in frequency). Furthermore,
(Figure 10D). We also described six different types of gall epidermal glabrous epidermis shows the highest frequency in both tropical dry
texture: hairy, presence of trichomes, glabrous, soft spines, soft spines forests, with 78% for the Caatinga and 77% for the ACG, surprisingly
covered with hairs, and lignified. Fifty-nine percent of galls were similar values. Additionally, green was the predominant surface color
glabrous, twenty-one percent were hairy and eighteen were lignified, of galls with 27% for ACG, while it was 73% for the Caatinga (Santos
which were among the most abundant. The most common epidermal at al. 2011b). Moreover, as in the ACG, for the tropical dry forest of
texture on leaves was glabrous (77%), as well as hairy about 61%). Parque da Sapucaia-Brazil (Costa & Araújo 2019), the plant family with
Lignified epidermis (74% prevalence) was the most frequent texture on the greatest richness of gall morphotypes was Fabaceae. Similarly, the
stems (Figure 10E). Green was the predominant color of galls, with 27%. most affected plant organ was the leaf (82.2%). Otherwise, globular
Except for 11 records, 120 of all recorded galls are new records for (20.6%) and discoid (13.7%) were the most abundant gall shapes in
ACG, Costa Rica and the world. The collected plant gall morphotypes and the aforementioned study, which are comparable with the values for
their associated organisms from the Guanacaste Conservation Area, were ACG (globular 25.2% and discoid with 18.3%). Glabrous was the
characterized and recorded in a biological database within a specialized predominant external texture with 82.7% and green the most frequent
herbarium. We named this integrated herbarium a cecidiarium. gall color (44.8%) in the tropical dry forest of Parque da Sapucaia,
When we compare trichome-like structures and lignified external while in the ACG 59% of the galls were glabrous and 27% were green.
texture in the recorded gall morphotypes between the deciduous and The presence of trichomes on gall epidermis (“hairy” or
evergreen forest (Bosque Viejo), 55% of the total morphotypes exhibit pilose) could be important due to the known properties of these
trichome-like structures and 43.5% has lignified texture in the evergreen anatomical structures in protecting plants against insect attack
forest. The chi-square test did not show significant statistical differences (especially the phytophagous insects), temperature regulation, and
between the two types of forest for these two phenotypic variables drought resistance by reducing water loss and moisture retention.
(p>0.05, 𝜒 2(α =0,.05, df=1) = 3.84). Moreover, accumulated evidence suggests that trichomes can absorb
UV radiation and reduce the damage by UV-B to photosystem II,
Discussion preventing stomatal closure (Xiao et al. 2017). Lignins have been
associated with plant mechanical support, growth, resistance to
A large number of galling insects have been described in recent insect pests, temperature regulation, and drought tolerance, among
years and estimates clearly suggest that the number of species yet to other functions (Liu et al.2018). Leaving aside the hypothesis that
tissue lignification protects the plant against natural enemies, in collection different from a traditional plant herbarium, and for this
galls lignification has also been associated with water conduction reason the name cecidiarium was suggested as a general concept
(Guedes et al. 2019), as well as protection from UV and oxidative for summarizing these types of biological records. Considering the
damages generated by excess light exposure and water deficiency diversity of plant galls, this effort represents an important reservoir of
(Detoni et al. 2011, Arriola et al. 2018). Our data from ACG shows germplasm that should be conserved under proper conditions.
that only 21% of morphotypes exhibit trichomes on the epidermis Despite the increasing number of new gall morphotypes being
while 17.6% of gall morphotypes were lignified, which represents reported, some problems still remain beforeachieving a standardized
less than expected according to the adaptive advantages attributed to classification. Problems include poor gall morphotype characterization,
both phenotypic traits. Nevertheless, the lignified epidermis was the lack of referenced photos or poor quality images, and the non-existence
most frequent texture in stem galls with 74% (Figure 10E). Given of a standardized nomenclature. Here, we propose a standardized
the function that both anatomical traits could have as a selective codification system for plant gall morphotype classification, with the
response to abiotic conditions, when we compare the deciduous aim of avoiding confusion in the registry of these structures. Gall
and evergreen forest (e.g. Bosque Viejo), our results contrast with morphotypes were named using the two first letters from the binomial
what might be expected, since in the evergreen forest 55% of the scientific name of the host plant, followed by the numerical order in
total morphotypes showed trichome-like structures and 43.5% of which they were discovered (Figures 2-10).
all galls exhibit lignified external texture (p>0.05, 𝜒 2(α =0,.05, df=1) = Detailed maps with geographic coordinates, altitudinal distribution,
3.84). Hence, the values for these two phenotypic variables did not forest cover, and other data are useful tools for understanding the
show significant statistical differences between the two types of ecological context of gall occurrence. Therefore, georeferenced maps
forest. The role of lignified and trichome-covered galls in different with an appropriate data will allow us to pinpoint and contrast host plant
biomes of the tropical dry forest are still open questions that should distribution with insect-inducer distribution and habitat (Figure 11).
be studied in greater detail.
The low success rate in obtaining adult gall-inducers from a given Acknowledgments
sample can be explained by the lack of knowledge of insect and gall
phenologies. The most practical way of increasing the success rate The authors thank to Marvin Quesada, Luis Fernando Benavides
of rearing adults is probably by collecting the same gall morphotype and Gerald Sanchez for their assistance and technical support, as well
throughout the year since many galls are seasonal. Furthermore, as to Gregorio Dauphin for his initial contribution to this research.
multiple samples would be needed from each plant species, a task that
is frequently not possible because of the time and resources required. Author Contributions
In recent years new gall morphotypes are being reported
continuously (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2008, Hanson et al. 2014), Goetz Omar Gätjens-Boniche: substantial contribution in the concept
et al. 2018, Araújo et al. 2019, Costa & Araújo 2019). The evidence and design of the study; contribution to data collection; contribution
from these new reports suggests that gall diversity is directly to data analysis and interpretation; contribution to the data registration
correlated with the richness of plant species in the areas under study and processing; obtained the financial support and wrote the article.
(Cuevas-Reyes et al. 2014, Araújo 2017, Coelho et al. 2017). Thus, Paul Hanson: contribution in the concept and design of the study;
the previous assumption that gall diversity in tropical regions is less contribution to critical revision, adding intellectual content; contribution
than that in xeric temperate regions is not sustainable considering to manuscript preparation; contribution to identify the inductor and
the biodiversity in tropical ecosystems and the results of the latest insects associated with plant galls.
studies on the diversity of galls in tropical regions. Cuevas-Reyes Marilyn Sanchez-Valverde: contribution to the data registration and
et al. (2004) found a significant positive correlation between gall- processing; contribution to manuscript preparation.
inducing insect species richness and plant species abundance in a Carla Trejos-Araya: contribution to data analysis and interpretation;
Mexican tropical dry forest. contribution to critical revision; contribution to manuscript preparation.
Given the above evidence that future inventories in tropical Roberto Espinoza: substantial contribution in the taxonomic
regions will continue to discover an increasing diversity of gall identifications of the host plants.
morphotypes, we proposed organizing the plant galls and associated Adrian Pinto-Tomás: contribution to critical revision, adding
organisms in a specialized herbarium. This allowed us to have wet intellectual content.
and dry collections of plant samples, and preserved specimens of the
organisms associated with the galls, in combination with physical Conflicts of Interest
records and digital databases providing detailed information about the
collected morphotypes, including proper image registration. A detailed The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to
repository for the inventory will avoid failures in gall descriptions as the publication of this article.
well as prevent mixing samples and information from plant galls with
other unrelated data. For instance, Ley-López et al. (2019), reported Ethics
that around 25% of plant specimens previously recorded with galls
in the herbarium were ambiguous as to whether the tissue alteration Host plants and their galls were collected under the permission of the
was a gall or not. The specialized herbarium established as a direct Comisión Nacional para la Gestión de la Biodiversidad (CONAGEBIO)
consequence of this research represents a unique kind of biological of Costa Rica.
Figure 11. Spatial distribution of gall morphotypes collected in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste province, northwest region of Costa Rica.
Diamond symbols represent sites were only one gall morphotype was collected. Circle symbols represent cluster sites where two or more gall morphotypes were
found; circle diameters vary according to the number of gall morphotypes collected in this area. Larger circles mean that more gall morphotypes were found at a
specific area. Cluster size varies between 5-400 linear meters.
Funding BORCHERT, R. 1994. Soil and stem water storage determine phenology and
distribution of tropical dry forest trees. Ecology 75: 1437-1449.
This survey was funded and supported by the Technological Institute CARNEIRO M.A.A, BLANCO C.S.A., BRAGA C.D.E., ALMADA E.D.,
of Costa Rica (Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Vicerrectoría de COSTA M.B.M., MAIA V.C. & FERNANDES G.W. 2009. Are gall midge
species (Diptera, Cecidomiiydae) host-plant specialists? Revista Brasileira
Investigación y Extensión) by the project number 5402- 2160- 3101. de Entomologia 53: 365-378.
CARVALHO-FERNANDES, S. P., ASCENDINO, S., MAIA, V. C. & COURI,
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Published online: 19/07/2021

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Biota Neotropica 21(3): e20201153, 2021

Plant galls recorded from Guanacaste Conservation Area-Costa Rica as an integrated

Omar Gätjens-Boniche1* , Marylin Sánchez-Valverde2, Carla Trejos-Araya1, Roberto Espinoza-Obando3,

Adrián A. Pinto-Tomás4 & Paul E. Hanson5

GÄTJENS-BONICHE O., SÁNCHEZ-VALVERDE, M., TREJOS-ARAYA, C., ESPINOZA-OBANDO, R., PINTO-

Registro de galhas em plantas da Área de Conservação Guanacaste, Costa Rica, como

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

Plant Galls Recorded in a Biological Database

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