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467Qmn.j0tJQAk>3,/0QPY79<-:=A3K;8CmsE9,9,/.I,3Pw,2xE9ADP<Dyz.141<O2546,37p{64jh<DlQl3.146mn<-@3.6A?|nK}mn4j2~>LK;l9P5,D/467QmnA
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32
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468 Tž+-E9,-F2xE3<G2I40 2xE9Aw25AD<-msE9ADPE3<-8W:=<-JQA)<'m5<D.6mn09.6<G254U,37zADP5P5,3P?T
58


Marks on Test 1

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10
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..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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Number of Students

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............................................. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Marks (out of 100)
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:=<G254U¡/0tAD8?K9∗8*,37/2I2n,/0325AD8J9AD8B 32:09.j2541l9.6AD8J9A T.1.6AD8W8*,37/2ž467QJ/4U ¡/0 A-AO8J3<-798W.6ASJ341<
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32 
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100 
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100
2n,/0325AD8.6AD8 ADl9P5AO0/3AO8GK8*,/4o2 A-gG<O.UA <  T3VWPI8s 4QAO.j.UAw,9@254UAO7/2I0Q7QAw7Q,25A)JQA J3<-798ž.6<
 
lQP5,9msE3<O467QA ADl9P5AO0/3A/Kt8s<':=,D>3AO797QA'8CADPƒ< ADgG<D.6A<  90 T;ÇD,3Pƒ8C¡30€Ó AO.j.UAS<O0QPƒ<S2570 ADP5:z417 A.6<
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10
 
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<-7QJ
T {i
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2(BA · BC + DA · DC) = 4R · BD
ªB8s417Qg){~M©|xK9{ ] |xK9{ [ |xK3<-7QJ={i
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p2
T
p2 = (AC + BD)2 + 4R(AC + BD) + 4d2
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mx,3P5P5AD8slt,37QJ38B25,2xE9AS:z<?ÆD46:0Q: {UP5AO8ClQA-m5254 3AO. >LAC +41:z
KQ:4673 BD0Q:'|,/h TYXY,25417Qg
2xE3<O2 AC · BD
2 2 2 K
2AC · BD = 8R − 4d − (AC − BD)
FSAmn,37Qmn.10tJ9Ae2xE3<O2)2xE9Ad:=<©Æ-41:z0Q:q{UP5AO8ClQA-m5254 3AO. >LK:z417346:0Q:k|),/h mn,3PnP5AO8ClQ,37QJ98
2n,z2xE9A:467341:z0Q: {UP5AO8ClQA-m5254 3AO. >LK:=<©Æ-41:z0Q:'|W,/h T'¦U2Bphi,/.1.6,-F8B2xE3<O2
468S:=<©Æ-41:z4o£sA-JdFSE9AD7 KI<-7QJ 468S:z41|AC7346:4j£s−ADJc BD| FSE9AO7 <D7QpJ
√ 1
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p2max = 16R2 − 4d2 + 8R 4R2 − 2d2
<-7QJ
p T
p2min = 16R2 + 16R R 2 − d2


É-Ϝ˜Р‰ ÎÍÐQËœÌ bcA„m5<-7d2xE9AO7p,9@/2ƒ<D417d2xE9Ahi,/.1.6,-F)467QgAsÆ-lQP5AO8C8x4U,3798Yhi,3P

<-7QJ
pmin
U Ò pmax

K
√ q q 2
p  √ √
pmax = 2 2
2R + 2R − d 2 = 2R − d + 2R + d
√ p p  T
pmin = 2 2R R+d+ R−d
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TeÇDA?2B2xE9AOP5A=@9A=g?4 3AD7c<'FSE9,/.6A730Q:„@9ADP K€7Q,2YJ34 3418s46@3.6Az@D> T
R€,3798x4UJ9ADP}2¢FS,8CA-¡/0tAD7QmnAD8,/h730Q:„@9ADPƒ8 <-7QJ n > 1Q
J AGŸt7QADJ=@D>
{ai }
1997
{bj }
U
ni { K K K K |LK
ai = i + i = 1 2 3 . . . 1996
1997
1997j { K K K K |€T
bj = j + j = 1 2 3 ... n − 1
n
¨3>'<DPnPƒ<D7Qg?467QgB2xE9A730Q:„@9ADPƒ8a,/h32xE9AO8*AB2¢FS,S8CA-¡/0tAD7QmnAD8ž417S467QmxP5AO<-8x467Qg,3P5J9ADPCKOFSAwgOA?2
2xE9A8*AD¡30tAO7QmxA T
c1 ≤ c2 ≤ · · · ≤ c1995+n
uQP5,D3AY2xE3<O2 hi,3PA*3ADP~> K K K T
3Ð
 DÌ  

[ ck+1 − ck < 2
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 3Ë6ϜÐÍeÐ Ð ‰ Í9Π˜Ì*ÏUÍ 

k = 1 2 . . . 1994 + n
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¤41Pƒ8x27Q,2nAž2xE3<O2 <-7QJ <-P5Až2¢FS,417QmxP5AD<D8s417Qg<-Pƒ4j2xE3:=AG2546mn<O.D8*AD¡30tAO7QmxAO8GK
{ai } {bj }
F)4j2xEzJ/41ԀADP5AO7QmxA n <-7QJ 1997 K/P5AD8sltADm5254o3AG.o>€T
α=1+ β =1+
1997 n
ÇDAG2 K D< 7QJ K K K K<D7QJr8s0Ql9lt,38CA„2xE3<O2
T i_ E9∈AD7 {1 . . . 1996} T„+O417QmxA j ∈ {1418)l9 . .P541.:„Az
n <D−
7QJ 1} K
aiAd=
FS J9A-bJ/j0tmxA=2xE3<O2 ni = 1997j T%1997
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Az2xE9AO7% E3<?3A
gcd(n,
K-FSE/4Ums1997)
Ek418a46:z= lt,318s8s46@3.6AQTž¦U2žhi,/.1.6,-F82xE3<G2 T
N!0 $" 2•/. "%
i ≡ 0 (mod 1997) ai 6= bj
T T
n < 1997
bcASAO<-8x41. >8CA-AY2xE3<G2
K {~M©|
α < 2 < β
<-7QJ K {~©|
a1 < b 1
FSE/4UmsEk46:zl9.j4UAO82xE3<G2 TW¥%,3P5AD,D3AOP*K a1996 1996n T _ E9AO7LK
c 1 = a1 = >1
bn−1 1997(n − 1)
K {] |
bn−1 < a1996
FSE/4UmsEk46:zl9.j4UAO82xE3<G2 T
%5*5 .
c1995+n = a1996
– › ¤3,3PaA*3ADP~> K K K/2xE9ADP5A'AxÆ-418x2ƒ8 K K 8x0tmsE
2xE3<O2 j T ∈ {1 . . . n − 2} i ∈ {1 . . . 1996}

 ‰ Ð9Ð 
b j < ai < bj+1
+O0Ql9lt,38CA3K^hi,3P 2xE9A l30QPnlQ,38*A ,/h mx,37/2nPƒ<-J346m5254U,37LK 2xE3<G2 2xE9ADP5A AxÆ-418x2ƒ8
K K 8x0tmsEd2xE3<O22xE9A=417/2nAOP~/<D. JQ,9AO8S7Q,2)mn,37/25<O467p<D7>
j,/hž∈2xE9{1
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@9Az2xE9AdgGP5AO<O25AD8n2w417QJQAxÆc8x0tms[b
Ecj2x,E3b<Gj+1
2 ] {U8x0tmsEp< J9,9AD8
ai p ap < b j p
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AsÆD468n2*Kt8s417QmxA |sT _ E9AD7 {U8x467QmnA |nK<D7QJ

a1 < b1 ≤ bjTY¦U2ahi,/.1.6,-F p8a<
2xE31996
<O2 bj < bn−1 < a1996 K
a < b < b
FSpE/4UmsEzmxj,37/2nPƒ<-j+1 < a
J346m5258B{~M©|CTp+1 α = a
_ E/0Q8?K/2xE9Aw.UAO:=:z<)468Wl9P5,D3ADJ T − ap > bj+1 − bj = β
p+1

¦U2Whi,/.j.U,-F8WhUP5,3:!2xE9AS.6AD:z:=<2xE3<O2*KQhi,3PWA*3ADP~> K K K3FSA
<-P5Aw467=,37QA,/ht2xE9Aw2xE3P5ADA)hi,/.1.6,-F)467Qgwm5<-8CAD8 k ∈ {1 . . . 1994 + n} U
{6<G| <-7QJ hi,3Pž8C,3:„A T _ E9AD7 T
ck = ai ck+1 = ai+1 i ck+1 − ck = α < 2
{i@-| <-7QJ hi,3Pt8*,3:=A {1hUP5,3: { ] |U|9<-7QJY8C,3:„A T
c_ kE9AO=7 ai ck+1<D7Q
=J bj i < 1996 T j ≤ n−1
bj < ai+1 ck+1 − ck < ai+1 − ai = α < 2
{imƒ| <-7QJ hi,3Pa8C,3:„A {1hUP5,3: {i?|U|I<-7QJz8*,3:=A T
c_ kE9AO=
7 bj ck+1<-7Q=
J ai i>1 T j ≤n−1
ai−1 < bj ck+1 − ck < ai − ai−1 = α < 2
¦~7„AO<msEzm5<-8CA3KDFSASE3<?3A K3<D8BJQAO8s41P5A-J€T
 %(6*™!D' /• . "%
ck+1 − ck < 2
T T
#U
n > 1997
_ /E 418Bm5<-8CAY468aAD8s8*AO7/2546<O.1. >S2xE9Aw8C<D:„Aw<D8ž2xE9AwŸQPƒ8x2žmn<D8*A L8s41:=l3.o>'417/2nAOP5msE3<-7QgOA
F)4j2xE ¯ <D7QJ F)4j2xE {6<-7QJz<O.68C, F)4o2xE |sT n
1997 a b α β
T ‚),-F±:=<D7>dh60Q7Qm5254U,3798
„ <DP5Ak2xE9ADP5Ak2xE3<G2Y8x46:09.j2ƒ<-7QAD,/0Q8s. >
8C<G25468xhj>'2xE9Aw2¢FS,'hi,/.1.6,-F)467Qgwmx,37QJ/4j25f46,3:798 HU


∗
→

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f (1) = 1
{64j4o|
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Å
f (n) · f (n + 2) = f (n + 1) + 1997 n∈
{ J9AD7Q,25AD82xE9A8CAG2,/hL<O.1.tlQ,38s4o254o3Aw417/2nADgOADPƒ8OT |

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 3Ë6ϜÐÍ ˆ Í Š Ð  dÌ?̀Ë1ÎwÐ ˆ  ˆ 9Ð-Î  
_ E/418}418GKDAD8s8*AO7/2546<O.1. >LKD,37QA,/h2xE9ABlQP5,9@/.UAO:=8I,/h2xE9A ¨t<O.UfD<D7¥r<O2xE9AO:=<G254Um5<D.
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2xE9ASmx,3:zltA?254j2546,37=@D>'2xE9Aw2nAO<-:z82xE3<O2aE3<-JzlQ<DPƒ2546mn46l9<O25A-J€T
– %5*5 .tT \ 8*AD¡30tAO7QmxA)418BJQAGŸt7QADJ=@D> K
a1 = a a 2 = b
K9<D7QJ

a2n+1 + c K K K K
an+2 = n = 1 2 ...
an
FSE9ADP5A K K <-P5ASP5AO<D.730Q:„@9ADPƒ8<-7QJ T _ E9AO7„<O.1. <-P5A)467/25A-gOAOPƒ8
a b c c>0 an (n ≥ 1)
41hL<D7QJ=,373.o>k4jh K K3<D7QJ a + b + c <DP5A)417/2nADgOADPƒ8OT
2 2
a b
 ‰ Ð9Ð ¦ih 
KL2xE9AO7 418w7Q,2YJQAGŸt7QADJT _ E/0Q8?K
ab
Tz+O41:z4j.6<DP5. >LK41h K
2xE9AD7 Ò 468Ba7Q=
,2B0
JQAGŸt7QADJT a_ 3 E/0Q8GK TY¦U2ahi,/.j.U,-F8W41a7QJ36=
0tm52504 3AO. >z2xE3<G2 b =
KQhi,30P
<D.j. a4 TW¥%,3P5A)lQP5ADmn468CAO. >LK9A*3AObP~>k 6=25AD0P5: AsÆD468n258a<-7QJ418W7Q,37Qn£sAOP5,€T an 6= 0
n≥1
¨3>k2xE9A)P5A-mn0QP5P5AD7QmnAwFSAwŸQ7QJLK/hi,3P<O.1. K
n≥2
K
an+2 an − a2n+1 = c = an+1 an−1 − a2n
 [

<-7QJ=E9AO7QmxA/K
an+2 + an an+1 + an−1 T
=
an+1 an
_ E9AOP5AOhi,3P5A/K3hi,3Pž<D.j. K-FSASE3<?3A
n≥1

b2 +c
an+2 + an a3 + a 1 a
+a a2 + b 2 + c K
= = =
an+1 a2 b ab
<-7QJ=E9AO7QmxA/K
a2 + b 2 + c T
an+2 = · an+1 − an
ab
i¦ h K K a2 + b2 + c D< P5AS417/2nADgOADPƒ8?K92xE9AO7e<D7eAD<D8ƒ>z467QJ/0tm5254U,37„8CE9,-F8W2xE3<O2 468<D7
a b an
467/25A-gOAOPžhi,3P<O.1.
ab T
n≥1
R ,373AOPƒ8*AG.o>K<-8s8s0Q:=A„2xE3<O2
€ Kžhi,3P<O.1. T _ E9AD7 K
46:zl9.j4UAO8S2xE3<O2 K T ¥%,3P5A-,Oa3nADPC∈
KIFSAcE3<?3A n ≥K1x8 467QmnA a 1 a2 ∈ T
2
a b ∈ c ∈ c = aa3 − b
_ E9AOP5AOhi,3P5A/K a2 + b2 + c 418'Pƒ<O2546,379<D.¢TrbdPƒ4j25A a2 + b2 + c p K;FSE9ADP5A K
= p ∈
ab ab q
∗ <-7QJ TS¤3,3P ∗ K9FSAF)4j.1.€lQP5,O3A'467QJ/0tm5254o3AG.o>d,37 2xE9A
qhi,/.1∈.6,-F)467QgYlQP5,3gcd(p,

lQ,38s4o254U,3q)
P (s) q | an
U
7 = 1 s s ∈K/hi,3Pž<D.j.

T
n≥s+1
s

¤3,3P <D.j. Kp2xE9A P5A-mn0QP5P5AD7QmnA p g?4 3AD8

k ≥ 1 ak+2 = · ak+1 − ak
q
pak+1 Kž<-7QJ%E9AO7QmxA/K T +O467QmnA Kž4o2
= ak+2 + ak q | (pak+1 ) gcd(p, q) = 1
hi,/.1q.6,-F82xE3<G2 T _ E/0Q8?K hi,3P<O.1. K3<D7QJ 4682nPƒ0tAQT
q | ak+1 q | an n≥2 P (1)
+O0QlQlQ,38*Aa2xE3<G2 E9,/.UJ38hi,3P€8C,3:„A T _ E9AO7 s hi,3PL<D.j. T
P (s) s≥1 q | an n ≥ s+1
R€,3798x4UJ9ADPž<-7> TI+O467QmnA p K-FS
A E3<G3A
k ≥s+1 ak+2 = ak+1 − ak
q

ak+2 + ak pak+1 T
=
qs q s+1
¨3>2xE9A417QJ30tm52546,37E->3lt,2xE9AO8s418GK s <D7QJ s E9AO7QmxA/K T
_ 9 E AOP5AOhi,3P5A/K s+1 T+Oq467Qmn|A ak q | ak+2 K3FSA',9@/2ƒq<Ds417 | (ak+2 + ak ) T
s+1 s+1
_ E/0Q8?K s+1 q K3|hi,3(pa .j. )
P<Dk+1 gcd(p,
T _ E/418BlQqP5,O3AD)8 = 1 <-7QJ=mx,3q:zl9.6AG|25ADa8ak+1
2xE9A
467QJ/0tm525q4U,37T | an n ≥ s+2 P (s + 1)

XY,-F 6. AG2 @QAp<-Pn@34o2nPƒ<-P~>€T bcA«E3<G3A T±¤3,3P

s ≥ 1 c = an+2 an − a2n+1
K2xE/468ž>346AO.6J98 2 TIªB8x467Qg K
n=s+1 c = as+3 as+1 − as+2 P (s)
K K
q s | as+1 q s | as+3 q s | as+2 ==⇒ q 2s | (as+3 as+1 − a2s+2 )
T
==⇒ q 2s | c
_ E9AOP5AOhi,3P5A/K
hi,3Pž<D.j. T {~M©|
q 2s ≤ c s≥1
 

¦ih;FSA8s0Ql9lt,38CA K2xE9AD7 KtFSE/46msEcmx,37/2nPƒ<-J346m5258){~M©|CT _ E/0Q8GK

q > 1 lim q 2s = +∞
s→+∞
<-7QJ a2 + b2 + c 468W<D7z417/2nADgOADP©T _ E9A).6AD:z:=<)468Wl9P5,D3ADJT
q=1
ab
bcAw250QP57=7Q,-F 2n,'2xE9Aw46734o2546<O.tlQP5,9@/.UAO:pT
+O0QlQlQ,38*A ∗ ∗
468W<D7>h60Q7Qm52546,37=8x0tmsE'2xE3<O2 <-7QJ
f :
−→
f (1) = 1
K hi,3P<O.1. T
f (n + 2)f (n) = (f (n + 1))2 + 1997 n∈

∗

ÇDAG2 T)+O417QmxA 418<-7=467/25A-gOAOPWhi,3PW<D.j. K9FSAkE3<?3A{1hUP5,3: 2xE9AS.UAO:=:z<G|

b = f (2) f (n) n
2xE3<O2 <-7QJ 12 + b2 + 1997 T _ E/0Q8?K b2 + 1998 T _ E9AD7 1998 K
b∈ ∈ ∈ ∈
<-7QJk2xE9AOP5AOhi,3P5A/K 1 ·T b_ E/0Q8?K 418W<lt,38x4j254 3AJ34 3418*,3P,/h
b bT
b | 1998 f (2) = b 1998
R€,373AOPƒ8*AG.o>KL.UA?2 @QA<zlt,38x4j254 3AzJ/4o/468C,3P,/h T WAOŸQ7QA
@D> K b K<-7QJ 1998 f : ∗ Tw −→ +O467QmnA

2
f (1) =<-7Q 1J f (2) = b KtAO<msE f (n + As2) · f (n) = (f (n + 1)) + 1997
ÆD468n258B<D7QJz468B7Q,37Qn£sAOP5,={U<D8B4172xE9ASlQP5,9,/h,/h
f
2xE9(1)
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:=:z F 6= 0 K3<D7QJ f (n)
b∈

12 + b2 + 1997 b2 + 1998 1998

= = b+
1·b b b
468I<D7417/2nADgOADPCK-8s417QmxA TW¨3>w2xE9AB.UAO:=:z<9K 468I<D7417/2nADgOADP€hi,3P<D.j. T
_ / E 0Q8?K b | T 1998
\ c
7 O
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∗
8s417QmxA f : −→<D7QJ ∗ T _ E/0Q8?K f (n) > 0 n
∗ Kž<-7QJcFSAd,9@25<O467r<D7

∗
f (1) > 0
<J3:z418C8x4U@/.UA)8CA-¡/0tAD7QmnAQT f (2) > 0 f : −→

_ E9AS<@9,D3A'J/468Cmn0Q8C8x4U,37=P5A*3AO<D.18W2xE3<G22xE9AS730Q:„@9ADPW,/h€h60Q7Qm52546,3798W2xE3<O2a8C<G25468xhj>
@ ,2xE'mx,37QJ/4j2546,3798a{14o|€<D7QJ{1414 |L417S2xE9AYl9P5,9@3.6AD: 418I2xE9AY8s<-:=AY<D8I2xE9AY730Q:=@QAOPž,/hQlQ,38s46
Q
254o3AJ34 3418*,3Pƒ8I,/h T}+O467QmnA KO2xE9A730Q:=@QAOP},/h9lt,38x4j254 3AJ/4o/468C,3Pƒ8
,/h 418 1998 1998 = 2 · 33 · 37 TB{~¦U2a418f-7Q,-F7z2xE3<G22xE9AS730Q:=@QAOPB,/h
J34 31998
418*,3Pƒ8B,/h (1a+ 1) · (3 41+
ar
8 1) · (1 + 1) = 16 T |
1
p1 · · · p r (a1 + 1) · · · (ar + 1)
 T{6<G|¤417QJc<O.1.;lQ,/.o>37Q,3:z41<D.18),/h;.UAO<-8n2YJ9A-gGP5ADA3KtF)4j2xEePƒ<O2546,379<D.}mn,9AOy„mn4UAO7/258?K
8s0tmsE'2xE3<O2
√3
√3
√3 T
f( 3+ 9) = 3 + 3
{i@-| W,9AD82xE9AOP5ASAsÆD468n2<lQ,/.o>37Q,3:z41<D.3F)4o2xEk467/25A-gOAOPamn,9AOy„mn4UAO7/258W8s0tmsE'2xE3<O2

√
3
√
3
√
3 Å
f( 3+ 9) = 3 + 3

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 ‰ Ð9Ð  ÇDA?2

K K 8x0tmsEk2xE3<G2
α β γ∈

T {~M©|
αa2 + βa + γ = 0
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+O0QlQlQ,38*A2xE3<G2 T}+O417QmxA 418ž<YP5,9,2},/h32xE9AY¡/0Q<J3Pƒ<O2546m KOFSA

α 6= 0 √ a αx2 + βx + γ = 0
:z0Q8n2E3<?3A −β ± ∆ K3FSE9ADP5A T)XY,25A2xE3<G2 √
a= ∆ = β 2 − 4αγ ≥ 0 ∆∈
/
{U8x467QmnA |sT _ E9AD7 2α

a∈
/

√ T
−24α3 = β 3 + 3β∆ ± ∆(3β 2 + ∆)
¦U2;hi,/.1.6,-F8}2xE3<G2 2
KOFSE/46msE.UAO<J38}2n, T _ E9AD7)FSAwgOA?2 K
<=mn,37/2nPƒ<J/4Um52546,373β
T _ E9+ADP5∆
AGhi,3=P5A30K KL<D7QJcA-¡/0Qβ<O25= ∆{~M©=|W@9
46,37c 0A-mn,3:„AO8 α = 0T
+O467QmnA K-FSAJQADJ30tmnAw2xE3<O2 α = 0 K3<D7QJk2xE9A).6AD:z:=<)468Wl9P5,D3βaADJT + γ = 0
a∈
/ β=γ=0
ÇDAG2 s8 0tmsEe2xE3<O2 Tc¦ih E3<D8SJQADgGP5A-AeM/K€2xE9AD7

2
f ∈ hi[x]

,3PI8C,3:„A K f (a + T _ aE9AD)7LK = a + 3 2 f T _ E9AO7k2xE9A

f.UAO(x)
:=:z= αx
<B41:= l3.1+
46AD8€β2xE3<O2 α<-7QβJ ∈

K©FSE/4Umsα(a
EY468}mn+
.6AD<DaP5. )>w+
41:=βlQ,3=8C8xa4U@/+
.UA93 T _ E9ADP5AGhi,3P5A3K
mn<D797Q,2E3<?3AJQADgGP5A-αAz= M9T'0¦ih E3α<D8w
=J91A-gGP5ADA=/KQ2xE9AD7 hi,3P
f 8*,3:=A K K f
T _ E9AD7LK3hUP5,3: 2xE9A.6AD:z:=<3K f (x) = αx2 + 418βx
AD¡309+4 /<Dγ.6AD7/2
2
2n, α β γ∈
f (a + a ) = a + 3

α + β = 0
3α + β = 1T
6α +γ = 3
_ E9A)0Q7346¡30tA8C,/.1032546,37z,/ht2xE/418B8ƒ>38x25AD: 418 K K3<-7QJ T¦U2žhi,/.j.U,-F8
α = 21 β = − 21 γ=0
2xE3<O2t2xE9AOP5Aa418<a0Q734U¡/0tAWlt,/. >97Q,3:46<O. ,/hD.UAO<-8n2LJQ ADgGP5A-ABE3<?3417QgPƒ<O2546,379<D.-mn,9AOy„mn4UAO7/258
8s0tmsE'2xE3<O2 fK379<-:=AO. >
1 T
√3
√3
√ 3 1 2
f( 3+ 9) = 3 + 3 f (x) = 2
x − 2x
{i@-| _ E9A<D798nFSAOPI468W7Q,€T
+O0QlQlQ,38*A/KLhi,3Pa2xE9Al30QPnlQ,38*Az,/hImn,37/2nPƒ<J/4Um52546,37LKt2xE3<O2W2xE9AOP5AzAsÆD468n258
P ∈ [x]
n
8s0tmsE2xE3<O2 TvÇDA?2 X
i K}FSE9AOP5A hi,3P
P (a + a2 ) = a + 3 P (x) = αi x αi ∈
AD<-msE T^bcA:0Q8x2'E3<G3A Ka467p346A?F ,/h,/0QPS 8*,/.j03254U,37«25,¬{6<G|sTÈXY,25Ad2xE3<G2
i=0
i n ≥T _ 3E9O
A 7
(a + a2 )3 = 12 + 9(a + a2 )
2 n
X
X T
P (a + a2 ) = αi (a + a2 )i + 12 + 9(a + a2 ) αi (a + a2 )i−3
i=0 i=3
¦U2hi,/.j.U,-F8ž2xE3<G2I2xE9Alt,/. >97Q,3:46<O.

2
X n
X
Q(x) = αi xi + (12 + 9x) αi xi−3
i=0 i=3
8C<G25468xŸAO8 K'FSE9ADP5A F)4o2xE
Q(a + a2 ) = PTz(a XY,-+ F a
2
FSAz ) m5<-=
7d<-a
l9l9+
. >„2x3E9A8C<D:„AP5Q AO<-8C,3∈73467Qg[x]
2n, 467
deg Q(x) = deg P (x) − 2
l9.1<mnAk,/h T \ 7„AD<D8ƒ>z467QJ/0tm5254U,37=.UAO<J38W2n,z<klQ,/.o>37Q,3:z41<D. ,/h;J9A-gGP5ADA'<G2W:„,3Q 8n2 K
F)4j2xEd417/2nADPgOADPYmx,9AGyemn46AD7/2ƒ8GKFSE/4UmsEc8s<O25418sŸtAD8 2
R Td¤/P5,3: {U<?|FS2A
:z0Q8n2aE3<?3A R(a + a ) = a + 3
1 2 1 KDFSE/4UmsEJQ,9AO8W7Q,2E3<?3Aw467/25A-gOAOPmx,9AGyemn46AD7/2ƒ8DT _ E/468
468W<Smx,37/2nPƒ<-J3R(x)
46m5254U,37=
T _ 2E9xASmx−
,37Q2mn.jx0Q8s46,37hi,/.j.U,-F8OT
 /

S T uQP5,D3A2xE3<O2*Khi,3P=A*3AOP~>^lQ,38s4o254o3Ap417/2nADgOADP KB2xE9ADP5A%AxÆ-418x2ƒ8„<rlt,38x4j254 3A

467/25A-gOAOP 8x0tmsE'2xE3<O2 468BJ/4o/468x4U@/.UA@D> n T n


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bcA=F)4j.1.JQAGŸt7QAd@D>«467QJ/0tm5254U,37r<d8*AD¡30tAO7QmxAc,/halt,38x4j254 3A„467/25A-gOAOPƒ8
8s0tmsE'2xE3<O2 n K/hi,3P<O.1. {kn }∞
∗T
n=1
kn
2 | (19 − 97) n∈
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8
K98x0QlQlQ19
,38*AY−
2xE397
<G2 ≡ 0 (mod
∗ s
8 O
< 2 564)
1
4 s
8 t
Ÿ D
A 8 n
k1 = k2 =T$·W
kn  · AG· Ÿt=
Q
7 A k6 = 8
n≥6 kn ∈
2 | (19 − 97)
( 14 h n+1 K
kn 2 | (19kn − 97)
kn+1 = 1
4 h T
kn (2n−5 + 1) 2n+1 - (19kn − 97)
bcAaF)41.j.lQP5,O3AB2xE3<G2 n+1 kn+1
T _ E/418}468I,9@D346,/0Q8}4jh 418žJ9AOŸQ7QA-JS@D>
2xE9AŸQPƒ8x2}m5<-8CAB467)2xE9AB2hi,3P5:z09| .1(19
<Y<-@Q,O3AQ−
Tž¦~97)
7)2xE9A8*ADmx,37QJSmn<D8*A/K-8x467QmnkA n+1
<-7QJ n+1 KQFSA':z0Q8n2E3<G3A 2n | (19hik,3nPW−8*,397)
:=A
kn kn n
2 T _ E9- AO(19
7 − 97) 19 − 97 = 2 (2m + 1)
m∈

19kn+1 − 97 = 19kn+1 − 19kn + 19kn − 97

 n−5
 T
= 19kn ·2 − 1 19kn + 2n (2m + 1)

XY,-FKD467',3P5JQAOP25,SlQP5,O3A2xE3<G2 K-4o2;418AD7Q,/0tgOE)2n,lQP5,O3A
2xE3<O2
19kn ·2
n−5
− 1 = 2n (2x + 1)
3
K
2n+1 | (19kn+1 − 97)
hi,3Pž8C,3:„A
x∈
T}bcA)8n25<DPƒ2a@D>khU<m525,3P5417Qg


8U
n−5



19kn ·2 − 1 = 19kn − 1 · 19kn + 1 · 192kn + 1 ·
 2
  n−6
 T
· 192 kn + 1 · · · 192 kn
+1
+O467QmnA KIFSE9ADP5A K}FSAcgOAG2)2xE3<G2 <D7QJ
2n | (19kTn \ −.18*97) ,KQhi,3P nK ≥
K 6 K9FSAE3<G3A 32 | (19kn − 1)
kn vkn
64
<-7QJ=- {6(19
8s417QmxA − 1)
468B*A 3AO7| v = 1 2 ... T _ E9AO19
P5AOhi,3P5A/+
K 1 ≡ 0 (mod 2)
kn 19vkn + 1 ≡ 2 (mod 4)
n−5 K
19kn ·2 − 1 = 25 · 2 n
| · 2{z· · · 2} ·(2x + 1) = 2 (2x + 1)
n−5
 



hi,3P8C,3:„A T
x∈
bcA)E3<G3AwlQP5,O3A-JS2xE3<O2 T _ E9AY467QJ/0tm5254U,37k418Wmn,3:=l3.UA?2nA9T

2n+1 | (19kn+1 − 97)

bcAk7QAsÆO2W250QPn7„2n,„8*,/.j03254U,3798Y@D>dP5AO<J9ADPƒ82n,„lQP5,9@/.UAO:=8w,/h2xE9A _ 0QPxf-A*> _ AD<D:

+-AO.6A-m52546,37 DÆD<D:z4179<O2546,37hi,3P}2xE9A
38
¦5¥%V MDNN/ ƒ
M 3M ` M ` N /T
 BU
Ä TS¦~7e<'2nPƒ46<D7Qg?.UA FSE/4UmsEeE3<D8Y<kP546gOE2<D7Qg?.UA'<O2 Kt.6AG2 JQAO7Q,2nAS2xE9A
hi,9,2B,/hL2xE9A'<O.j254o250tJQA'@QAGABC .U,37Qg?417Qg)25,2xE9AkE->3lt,25AD730Q8CAQT+-E9,-FÈA2xE3<O22xH E9AS8s0Q: ,/hL2xE9A
Pƒ<J/414D,/hO2xE9Až417Qmn46P5mn.6AD8,/hG2xE9AI2nP541<-7Qg?.6AD8 K KG<D7QJ 468AD¡30Q<O.?2n, T
ABC ABH AHC |AH|



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2xE9A)467Qmn41P5mn.UAO8B,/ht2xHBA E9AO8*AY2nP5HAC
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P5AO8ClQA-m5254 3AO. >T _ E9AO7 r 1 r2 r

r1 r2 r r1 + r 2 + r T
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a1997 = b1 b1997 = a1

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FSE9ADP5A 1999 (0, 0) (cos θk , sin θk )
π 2kπ { K K K |€T
θk = + k = 0 1 . . . 1997
3996 1998
_ ,)l9P5,D3Aa2xE/468}P5AO8s09.o2*K?FSABP5AD:z<-Pnf2xE3<G2*KOhi,3P€<D.j. KG2xE9Amn,3:=l3.UAxÆ730Q:„@9ADP
468Bg?4 3AD7=@D> n≥1
an+1 + ibn+1
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8*,d2xE3<O2 n {U8x467QmnA TcbcAF)41.j.E3<?3A
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J n = (α + iβ) 41h€<D7QJe,373. >z4jah 1 + ib1 = α + iβ) TYÇDAG2ƒ25417Qg
1997
a1997 = b1 K;FSbAc 1997 = a
E3<G3A„2xE9AdA-¡/0Q<O2546,37 1997
1 (α + iβ) KI25,r@Q= Adi(α
8C,/.o3−ADJ«iβ)
hi,3P T
\z 7 =,9@Dα346+ iβ8*,/.j03254U,37%418
,/0Q8z T \ 7> z7Q,37Q5£s= ADP5,%iz̄8*,/.j03254U,37 418z7QA-mnAD8s8Cz<DP54j∈.o>¬,/h
:„,9J/09.10Q8 KL417=FSE/4UmsEdmn<D8*zA = 0 <-7QJ=FSAE3<G3A 1998 z TS+O467QmnA'2xE9A8*,/.j0t
1
254U,3798B,/h 1998 <DP5Aw2xE9A z̄ = 1/z
mx,3:zl9.6AsÆS730Q:„@9ADPƒ8 z = i

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π 2kπ
K K z K = i 1998
KFSAE3<?3Aw2xE9A<D797Q,/0Q7QmxADJ=P5AO8s09.o2?T exp i 3996
+ 1998
k = 0 1 . . . 1997
 T _ E9ASA-J9gOA ,/hL<'mx,373AxÆklQAD7/2ƒ<gO,37 FSE9,38CAY3AOPƒ2546mxAO8W.146AS,37
2xE9A0Q734j2€mn41P5mn.UAlQ<D8C8CADAE ABCDE
82xE3P5,/0tgOE2xE9AWmxAO7/2nP5AW,/hD2xE/418; mn41P5mn.UA9TI¦ih K K
K <D7QJ 
K x
m 3
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: 9
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7 n
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<G2 2 = p2 |BE|2 = q 2 ABE T
2 2
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2
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@D> K38x0tnmsEk2xE3<G2 x 1 x 2 . . . x n y1 y2 . . . y n
p
K
x21 + y12 ≡ x22 (mod p)
K
x22 + y22 ≡ x23 (mod p)
T
T
T
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x2n−1 + yn−1
2
≡ x2n (mod p)
T
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2
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yi+1 ≡ kxi+1 (mod p) xi+2 ≡ (k + 2)xi+1 (mod p)
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p = 13 p = 4k + 1 k=3
K
12 + 92 ≡ 112 (mod 13)
<-7QJzl9P5,9mxADA-Jk25,zgOA?2I2xE9A)hi,/.1.6,-F)467Qgwmn41P5mn094j2 3U
K
112 + 82 ≡ 42 (mod 13)
K
42 + 102 ≡ 52 (mod 13)
K
52 + 6 2 ≡ 32 (mod 13)
K
32 + 1 2 ≡ 72 (mod 13)
T
72 + 112 ≡ 122 ≡ 12 (mod 13)

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msE9,9,38*A <D7QJ xi+1
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n
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Cn,k = C
j+1 j,k−1
n≥1 k≥2
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k
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  q ak =
AG2 KQ,37„J AOŸQ734j2 l9<-P K9l9<-P q − 1 8x4 K9AG2lQ<DP
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i−p i AE3<G3sA j−p . . . sj T

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s
AD7QJ/467Qg467 ∗ <D.1P5AD<-J>,9mxmn0QPƒ8417 s j =<D8 d n KOFSE9ADP5AO<-8ž2xE9ADP5Aw<-P5Aw7Qw,
FS,3P5J98a467 t ,/ht.UAO7Qg©2xE s . . . s s . . . s
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1 j−1 i−p i
s p+1 t
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Ÿt734o2nA730Q:=@QAOPI,/h/2546:=AD8OT _ E9ADP5AGhi,3P5A3KA*3AOP~>wFS,3P5JS<-l9ltAO<-Pƒ8I4173Ÿt734o2nAG.o>S:z<-7s>)2541:„AO8DT



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 x x x
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 x
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+ [(a + b)cx − c(ax + bx )] ln c
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T
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LU
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<-7QJ4o28x09yemnAD82n,l9P5,D3Aw2xE3<G2
T {] |
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 r−1
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2x
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+ 8 tan 11
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 S21@W@SlTH(gSlt-p@W LTL\ X;W X;W [0, π] V )n f (π) = 0 U [ W@ct=X;_ 0 ≤ x < π U
f

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x

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2 4
h g SW # ` S[ _ `^n f (x) > 0 t=X;_ [1`8` x ∈ [0, π] 7v S%ag;[`b`qx@_LX];S*THg;[TDTHgSMr [ * \brBp@r
XtGTHgS -t p@W L TL\-X;W J (x, y, z) = f (x) + f (y) + f (z) X1];S_QTHgSHX;rBx@["LTwaST
T = {(x, y, z) ∈ d 3
: 0 ≤ xU y U z ≤ π  x + y + z = π}

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;n c\-_LS.LT)HX;rBxp;T [TL\-X;W U e S1@W@cMTHg;[/T

f (x)

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x

π−x
 
π−x

1
i
f 0 (x) = − f (x) sec2 + 24 tan2 sec2 −
1
2 h
2

2 π−x
2
  4 
2 π−x
4
 i
2 x
4
 i(Pj
= f (x) 12 tan 1 + tan − 1 − tan
2 4 4 2
 /S T r = tan x U s = tan π − x [ W@c t = tan x h7gS1W t=X;_ x 6= π e S
     

g;[/];S r = 2t U [ W@c s = 1 − t  `8\-r\-W[/TL\-W@Z t U e S ZS/T r = 1 − s   \-W #S

2 4 4
2

f (x) > 0
t=X;1_ −x t∈ [0, π) U a S/T TL\b1W@+Z ft 0 (x) = 0 n;\-S`-ca
2 2s

 2
1 − s2 (1 + s2 )2
12s2 (1 + s2 ) = 1 + =
X;_
2s
 4s2
(1 + s2 )(48s4 − s2 − 1) = 0
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√
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48s4 − s2 − 1 = 0 s2 =
96
r √
P5,9,2468 1 + 193 TI‚)AD7QmnA3K 468Y2xE9A
s0 = ξ0 = π − 4 tan−1 (s0 ) ≈ 1.64076
,373.o>rmxP54o254Um5<D.}/<O.10tAd,/h96 ,37 T+O417QmxA K K}<-7QJ
K/FSAfmx(x) (0,
,37Qmn.j0tJQAY 2xE3π)
<O2 f (0) = 0.125 f (π) = 0
f (ξ0 ) ≈ 0.640475
T
max{f (x) : 0 ≤ x ≤ π} = f (ξ0 ) = M
”¢”nT§}<D.j0tAD8B,/h ,37 K-2xE9AS@9,/0Q7QJ9<DP~>„,/h T
\ I 2 2xE9AY3AOPƒ2546mxAOJ8B(x,
,/h y, z)
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∂T
T
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<D.j. K-FSA∂T
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ξ ∈ (0, π)
√
9 3 T
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11
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41ԀADP5AO7/2546<G25467Qg){iM?f|€(x)
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f 00 (x) = f (x) f 0 (x)A(x) + 21 f (x)B(x)
FSE9ADP5A

π−x
 
π−x
  
x K
A(x) = 12 tan4 + 12 tan2 − tan2 −1
4 4 2
<-7QJ
   
π−x π−x
B(x) = A0 (x) = −12 tan5 − 18 tan3
4 4
      T
π−x 3 x x
− 6 tan − tan − tan
4 2 2
bcAz8*A?2 00 2n,d8*AO<-P5msEehi,3PY8C,/.1032546,3798Y467 T;ªB8s417Qg'2xE9A=JQAGŸt734o254U,37,/h
K/2xE9fAhU(x)
<-m52ž2x=
E3<G0
2 K3<-7QJk2xE9ASPƒ4UgOE2WE3<D(0,
7QJ=π)
8x4UJ9AS,/h{iM?|2n,8s0t@38x254o25032nA)hi,3P
f (x) K-FSA<DP5A).6A-J'2n,S
0
f (x)
f 2x(x)
E9ASAD>¡30Q0<G254U,37 U
h       i2
π−x π−x x
12 tan4 + 12 tan2 − tan2 −1
h 4   i4h  2
  
3 π−x x 5 π−x π−x
= 8 tan + tan 12 tan + 18 tan3
4
 2   4
 i T 4
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π−x 3 x x
+ 6 tan + tan + tan
4 2 2
~¦ 7=2nAOPn:z8Y,/h€2xE9A)/<-Pƒ46<-@3.6AD8 K 417/2nP5,9J30tmnA-JeAD<DP5.j4UAOP*KtA-¡/0Q<O2546,37d{~©|
@QADmx,3:=AD8 r s ∈ (0, 1)

T {] |
(12s4 + 12s2 − r 2 − 1)2 = (8s3 + r)(12s5 + 18s3 + 6s + r 3 + r)
]]

+O0t@98n254j250325417Qg 1 − s2 <D7QJ (1 + s2 )2 417/2n,z{ ] |nKFSAY2xE9AD7=E3<?3A

r= 1 + r2 =
2s 4s2

2  2  
1 + s2 1 − s2
12s4 + 12s2 − = 8s3 + 12s5 + 18s3 + 6s
4s2 2s


2 
1 − s2 1 + s2
+
8s3
,3P
2
2
h

1 + s2 48s4 − s2 − 1 = 16s4 − s2 + 1 8s3 12s5 + 18s3 + 6s


2 i T
+ 1 − s2 1 + s2
+O46:zl9.j41hj>/467QgK-FSA,9@/2ƒ<D417
T {[ |
4s2 (s2 + 1)(192s8 + 388s6 − 60s4 − 39s2 + 1) = 0
 É _ E/418kmn<D7%@9AdmsE9A-msf-ADJr<-7QJc3AOP54jŸADJ%AO<-8x41. >0Q8s417Qg¥ \ uÇ «,3P)8C,3:„Ae,2xE9ADP
mx,3:zl9Ò 0325ADP<O.UgOAD@9Pƒ<S8ƒ>38x25AD:T
9¡/0Q<O2546,37{ [ |E3<D8IAxÆD<m525. >2¢FS,w8C,/.1032546,3798€467 KG79<D:„AG.o> @U
<-7QJ
s2 ≈ 0.157625
Ka>/4UAG.UJ/467Qgc2xE9Aphi,/.1.6,-F)467Qgd(0, 1)mxPƒ4j2546mn<O.W/<D.js0t1AD8e
2¢FS,^ ≈,/0.595805
h 0
f (x) K
U
−1 D
< Q
7 J −1
ξP5AD18slt
=ADm5π − 4 tan (s 1 ) ≈ 0.992276 ξ 2 = π − 4 tan (s 2 ) ≈
254o3AG.o>€T \ .18*,K-hi,3P;2xE9Aw<-P5g?0Q:=AD7/2}2n,k@QAY0Q8*ADJk417du/<DPƒ2W¦6§%@QAG.U,-FKOFSAw7QA-ADJ'25,2.51623
Ÿt7QJd2xE9Ak/<O.10tA 417 8x0tmsEe2xE3<O2 0 23 T _ E/468mx,37QJ/4j2546,37
.UAO<J38a25,'2xE9Awhi,/.1ξ.6,-3F)467Q(0,gwA-¡/π)0Q<O2546,37467
s
U f (ξ3 ) = f 0 (0) = 128

23
(s2 + 1)(48s4 − s2 − 1) = (16s4 − s2 + 1)2
64
,3P T
(1 − s2 )(5888s6 + 2080s4 − 169s2 − 87) = 0
_ E9A 8CA-mn,37QJ hU<m525,3P 417 2xE9A A-¡/0Q<O2546,37 <-@Q,O3A E3<D8 < DÍ3Ï 3Ì lt,38x4j254 3A!P5,9,2
FSE/4UmsEd>346AO.6J98'<e0Q7346¡30tA −1 T
s¦~7Q3 mx,3≈P5lt0.439150
,3Pƒ<G25467QgY<O.1./2xE9AY4173hi,3Pn:z<O2546,37,9@/2ƒ<D417QξA-3Jk<-=@Q,Oπ3A3−
KOFS4A)tan
m5<-7k8s0Q(s:z3:=
) <D≈
P54o£s1.48641
A2xE9A/<
P541<O2546,37=,/h 0
f (x)
,37
[0, π]
417k2xE9ASmsE3<DPƒ2a@9AO.6,-F U
ξ1 ξ3 ξ0 ξ2
x 0 ··· ··· ··· π ··· ···
≈ 0.99 ≈ 1.49 ≈ 1.64 ≈ 2.51
23 23
f 0 (x) 128
% ≈ 0.449 & 128
& 0 & ≈ −0.526 % −0.5

” ˜ T \ 7QA-mnAD8s8C<DP~>kmx,37QJ/4j2546,37Shi,3P2xE9AYP5AG.6<G254o3AYAsÆO2nP5AD:z<),/h 2n,',9mnmn0QP
467k2xE9A)417/2nAOP546,3P,/h _ T J (x, y, z)
+O0QlQlQ,38*A <G2ƒ25<O46798z<«P5AO.1<O254 3A«AxÆD2nP5AO:z0Q: <O2S2xE9A417/2nAOP546,3Pklt,/417/2
,/h JT (x, _ E9AOy,7z)
2xE9A:=AG2xE9,9JS,/h€ÇO<gGPƒ<D7QgOA:z09.o2546l3.146ADPƒ8I<-8s8s0QP5AO8;2xE3<O2€2xE9AOP5A
(x
AsÆD4608n,25y8W0< , z0 ) T 8x0tmsEk2xE3<G2
λ0 ∈
K
Lx (x0 , y0 , z0 , λ0 ) = Ly (x0 , y0 , z0 , λ0 ) = Lz (x0 , y0 , z0 , λ0 ) = 0
FSE9ADP5A T _ E/0Q8?KtFSA
E3<G3A L(x, y, z, λ) = f (x) + f (y) + fF)
(z)
j
4 x
2 E − λ(x +K y +K z − π) 8xt0 msEd2xE3<G2
f 0 (x0 ) = f 0 (y 0
T 0 ) = f (z0 ) = λ0 0 ≤ x 0 y 0 z0 ≤ π
x0 + y 0 + z0 = π
 ]] N

bcAAsÆ-l9.6,3P5AW2xE9Alt,38s8s46@34j.14o254UAO8;hi,3PL2xE9AO8*Amn,37QJ34o254U,3798;25,@QA8C<G25468xŸADJS@D>)0Q8x467Qg
2xE9AS4173hi,3Pn:z<O2546,37e,372xE9A)/<DP541<O2546,37„,/h 0 25,.U,9,9fk<G22xE9ASlQ,38C8x4U@/.UA).U,9m5<O2546,37„,/h
2xE9AY/<D.j0tA 417k2xE9APƒ<-7QgOA,/h 0 T f (x)
λ0 f (x)
i¦ h 0 23 0 K32xE9AD7 0 0 0
FS,/09.UJd41:= f l3(ξ
.o>„2 )2xE3≤
<O2 λ0 < 128 = f (ξ3 ) fKQ(x
FSE/04U)msEe
=468w
f <„ (ymn,30) 7/2n=Pƒ<J/f4Um5(z ) TI=¤-0QλPx0
2546,307
2xE9ADP5:„,3P5A/KL4jh x 0 + y 0 + z
Kt2xE9AO7 0 > 3ξ 3 > π 46:zl9.j4UAO82xE3<O2 K
0
<-7Q,2xE9AOPwmn,37/2nλ Pƒ<0J/4U=
m52546f,37(ξTI1‚)AO7QmxA/KtFSxAz =0Q8ny2w0E3=
0 :z <?3A z023= ξ1 0

K 3ξ
6
4 e
7 1 FS=E/46πs
m E
mn<D8*A 0 E3<D8wAxÆD<m525. >=2¢FS,„8C,/.1032546,3798467 128 ≤T _λE90 AO< P5AOhif ,3P5A/(ξKt141)7c,3P5J9ADPWhi,3P
f (x) = λ0 [0, ξ
2n,zE9,/.UJK9<O2ž.UAO<-8n2ž2¢FS ]
3 ,z,/h K K3<-7QJ :z0Q8n2
0 0 0
f @QA2xE9AY8s<-:=A3KD<-7QJ2xE9AYl9P5,9@3.6AD: 7Q,-F P5ADJ30tmnAD8I25,Ÿt7QJ/467QgB2xE9Ax:=
(x 0 ) = f (y 0 ) = f (z 0 ) = λ 0 0 <©y Æ-410:z0Q: /z<D0.j0tAw,37
,/hQ2xE9A8x467Qg?.6AY/<DP541<@/.UAwh60Q7Qm5254U,37 ˜ T
[0, ξ3 ] J (x) = 2f (x) + f (π − 2x)
˜ L T ¥r<©Æ-41:z0Q:/<D.j0tAS,/h ˜ ,37 T
+O467QmnA ˜0 J (x) = 2f (x)KO+ S
F Y
A f 8*(π
D
A 
A −
x
2 3
E 2x)
G
< 2 [0, ξ3 ] 4jht<D7QJk,373.o>
41h J (x) = 2fTQ0 ªB
f 0 (x) = f (π − 2x)0
(x)
8x467Q−g)2f
0
{iM?|nK/(π
2xE/−
418W2x)
˜0
418BA-¡/094o/<O.UAO7/2I2n, J (x) = 0 U

2 h 
π−x
 
π−x
  
x
i
f (x) 12 tan4 + 12 tan2 − tan2 −1
4 4 2
 2 h  
4 x
 
2 x 2
i
= f (π − 2x) 12 tan + 12 tan − cot x − 1
2 2
,3P
h  i2h       i
x π−x π−x x
cot x + 8 tan3 12 tan4 + 12 tan2 − tan2 −1
2 4 4 2
h    i2
x π − x
= tan + 8 tan3 ·
2 4
h     i T {i
?|
x x
12 tan4 + 12 tan2 − cot2 x − 1
2 2
\ gG<D4170Q8s417Qg   <D7QJ
x

π−x
 K-FSAE3<G3A
r = tan s = tan
2 4


1 1 − tan2 x
1 − r2 −s4 + 6s2 − 1 T
cot x = x

= x

2 = =
tan 2 2
2 tan 2
2r 4s(1 − s2 )
+O0t@98n254j250325417Qg)467/25,„{i
?|I<D7QJ„8x46:zl9.j41hj>/467QgKFSAS,9@/2ƒ<D417z2xE9Ahi,/.j.U,-F)417QgAD¡30Q<G254U,37z467 K
FSE9ADP5A K s
s ∈ (0, 1)

(4 − 17s2 + 30s4 − 17s6 + 4s8 )2 (48s6 + 47s4 − 2s2 − 1)

= s2 (1 − s2 + 16s4 )2 ·
 K
12(1 − s2 )6 + 48s2 (1 − s2 )4 − s2 (−s4 + 6s2 − 1)2 − 16s4 (1 − s2 )2
,3P*K9,37h60QP¢2xE9ADP8x46:zl9.j41hj>/467Qgw<D7QJhU<-m52n,3Pƒ467QgK

4(s2 + 1)(1 − 3s2 )(192s18 − 212s16 − 1617s14 + 4406s12

T
− 5404s10 + 3258s8 − 1136s6 + 154s4 + 15s2 − 4) = 0
VW7%2xE9A417/2nAOP~/<D. KI2xE9Ac.6<D8x2kAD¡30Q<G254U,37 E3<D8=AsÆD<-m525.o>r2xE3P5ADAp8*,/.j03254U,3798?K
79<-:=AO. >LK K (0, 1) <-7QJ >346AO.6J3417Qgk2xE9Az2xE3P5ADA
1
σ0 = √
3
σ1 ≈ 0.521949 σ2 ≈ 0.477039
]G[

mxP54o254Um5<D.3/<O.10tAO8,/h ˜
J(x)
467
(0, ξ3 )
U
π K
x0 = π − 4 tan−1 (σ0 ) =
3
K
x1 = π − 4 tan−1 (σ1 ) ≈ 1.21738
<-7QJ T
x2 = π − 4 tan−1 (σ2 ) ≈ 1.36115
¨3>=J/46P5ADm52amx,3:zl9032ƒ<O2546,3798GK-FSAwŸt7QJ'2xE3<O2
√
9 3K K <-7QJ T
˜ 0) =
J(x J˜(x1 ) ≈ 1.41514 J˜(x2 ) ≈ 1.41615
11
+O467QmnA ˜ <-7QJ ˜ K
J(0) = 2f (0)+f (π) = 0.25 J(ξ ) = 2f (ξ )+f (π−ξ3 ) ≈ 1.4116
FSAzŸQ79<D.j.o>mx,37Qmn.j0tJQAk2xE3<O22xE9A=:z<?ÆD46:0Q: /O< 3.10tA=,/h ˜ 3 ,37 K€<-7QJmx,3798CA-
√
J(x) [0, ξ3 ]
¡30tAO7/25.o>«,/hI2xE9A=h60Q7Qm52546,37 ,O3ADP KL468 9 3 KFSE/46msE418<O2ƒ2ƒ<D417QA-Jc41h<D7QJ
J (x, y, z) T
,373.o>k41h πT
11
x=y=z=
 23  *  :  , (  , "  '%" :-9A
3


 Ku  E/. ,  * ,2/+-, 
* /9 %7 !#!H/!H.  '7J E121 ' E/. ,  * 6;.9 2A
F'+<I1! ,H+34-4(G.10b+<4" L'+ 3BJ@ ' 4-032 ' 1A(%71 ! #P0(.'@A ! > /+ 'q


=t 1 + 1 + 1 6= 2 U cS/TLS1_LrB\bW@S[`b`q_LS1[`FW;p@r V S_ a x U y U z a:p:g

THg;[T 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c
0 = (1 + 2a2 )x2 + (1 + 2b2 )y 2 + (1 + 2c2 )z 2

+ 2xy(ab − a − b) + 2yz(bc − b − c) + 2zx(ca − c − a)
!;.10324-+(.' ?"$#K+ L)7P0&%7;4 /+b080<PAQu.G2;'A&'!  ' H
h g S*Z\ ];S1W S1o;p@[/TL\ X;W/L[ W V S e _L\^T T#SWB[ a

(ax + by − z)2 + (ax − y + cz)2 + (−x + by + cz)2 = 0
 Twt=X`8` X e a THg;[/T \8T aaX`8p;TL\ X;Wa[1_LSlTHgX;a SXtGTHgS*gX;r X ZS1W@S1Xp@a`8\-W@S[ _ a na#T#Sr
ax + by − z = 0 U
ax − y + cz = 0 U
−x + by + cz = 0
h g S c@ST#S_#r\-W[1WTXtTHg\-a a na#T#Sr \-a*S1o;p@[`uT#X  h gS
HX;W@c\8TL\-X;W 1 − ab − bc − ca − 2abc
1 1 1
+ + 6= 2
\-alS1o;p\ ][1`-S1WTTLX 1 − ab − bc − ca − 2abc 6= 0  h gS_LSt=X;_LS U x = y = z = 0
1+a 1+b 1+c

\-a THgS X;W;`^nMa X`bp;TL\-X;WBXtTHgSgX;r XZS1W@S1Xp@aa n;aHTLS1r [1@W c%THgS X;W;`^nMaX`8p;TL\ X;WXt@THgS
Z\^];SW S1o;p@[/TL\ X;W 
 ]G[ M

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L1B; / G!H. > . ,/1J ? $#K+ L)7P0 %74-+80b0(AQu.G2;'A&' !L1'#
W THgS `8\-W@S a S Z/r S1WT AB U `-S/T C U D V S aHp:g THg;[/T AC = BD = 1 
 \-a#TL\-W LTQx@X\-WT a `8\ SlX;W[#\b_#` Sx@[1a aH\-W@Z THg;_LXpGZCB g B [1W@c DA [ W@cM[ 3_LS
a:p:g THg;[T ∠M BC M1 U M2 U M3 [ @
W c C
  gX1 THg;[=T 2∠M1 CB U ∠M \-a S12o;BC p\8`-[/T#= S_ [12∠M `  2 CB U ∠M3 AD =
2∠M3 DA e
!;.10324-+(.' ?" . ,)+<. !;+ +-1A # O 1,  " +bAE >  'q
4M1 M2 M3
 R1ST Sl[NT#_ \-[1W@Z` S e \^THg ∠B = 2∠C  ` ST D V STHgSt=XXT
_ t _LX;r AV TLX BC  [1W@cK
 
XtwTHgS x@S1_LxGSW@c;\,#p`-[14ABC `-S/T M V S THgS rB\-c@YHxGX\bWT*Xt BC 
h gSW AB = 2DM 
G!:.. 5 Fv S a S/T  h gSW  R1S/T
 h7gS1W b
\ 
a @
x 1
[
α _ 1
[ =8
` ` /
S ` ∠C #
T X ∠B = 2α [ @
W N c V STHgS r\ cY:x@X\-WTlXt 
AC
h gp@a U ∠N DC NM AB  \-WU #NS M = 12 AB U ND = NA = NC 
N M kAB U ∠N M C = ∠ABC = 2α
h gS_LSt=X;_LS = ∠N CD = α
aX
THg;[T DM U =∠M N D = ∠N M
N M = 21 AB 
H
T ;
g 
[
C T b
\
− a ∠N DC = 2α − α = α = ∠M DN U
U AB = 2DM
  R1S/T S 
[ #
T L
_ \b[ W@Z`-S \8THg ` ST STHgSlt=XXT
t _LX;r AV T#X BC  [ W@c e `-S/T MABV S <THgAC S%rB\- c@YHxGXD\bWT V Xt BC  =t
 
Xt THgS%xGS_#x@S1W@c\-#p`b[ _D4ABC
THgS1W 
AC =G2DM !:.. 5  R1U S/T ∠ABC SBTHgS rB\-c@YHxGX\bWT 2 Xt AC h gSW N M \bax@[1_ [1`8` S/`TLX AB U
= 90 ◦
+ 1
∠ACB 
[ W@c N D = N AN =V N C   \bW HS DM = AC = DN UQe
SKc@S1c;p#S THg;[/T
  \bW HS
1
2 S X V T [1\bW
90◦ + 12 ∠N DM NC U e   \-W #S
∠N M C
∠N DM = ∠N CD = ∠ACB U
=

a X H
T ;
g 
[ T ND =

N M kAB U e
Sg;[/];S ∠N M C = ∠ABC h gp@a U ∠ABC = 90◦ + 1 ∠ACB   ∠N M C = 90◦ + 12 ∠ACB

3 X S TLp@_LW T#X THgS X;_ \ Z\bW[1` x@_LX V ` Sr sv S [ a:a:p@r S 2 THg;[/T M
e e
[ W@c M `8\ S X;W THgS r [ (X;_*[ W@c r\-W@X;_*[1_#a BC U _LS1a:xGS.LTL\^];S/`^n  h gSW M `8\ S1a
X;W THgS 2rB[(X;_ [1_ BC  v S aST α = ∠M CB [1W@c β = ∠M CB  3h7gS1W
[ W@c ∠M BC = 2β   \-W #S ∠M 1 2
BM2 = 180◦ U
 
 v
eTHgSlS1W g;[/];S (α + β) + (2α + 2β) h gp@a Sa S/T AB = 4a 
∠M1 BC = 2α 2 1 CM2 + ∠M 1

[ @
W c = 180◦  R1ST α +SβTHg= N
S =
t 60
X 
X
◦

T 
X ;
t H
T gSNxGS_#x@S1W@c\-#pGY
= a U CD =
`-[1_Dt _LX;AC r M T#X AC @v 2aS*U a S/T x DB = a
1
R 
S T T V

S
V #S H
T 
g *
S B
r -
\ @
c H
Y G
x 
X b
\ 
W T Xt AD U THgS1W
3 = TC  M  -
\ W S
CM = i 1
(CD − AC) = 21P(2a j
g;[/];S V n ];\b_ TLpGSBXtu`-S1rBr [ M A = 2T M = 2 x + 1 a
= 2x + a  \-W #S
2
− a) = a2 ∠M3 AD = 2∠M3 DA  ;
U e
M3 T ⊥ AB U e
S*ZST M B 2 − M3 A2 = T B 2 − T A2  h 2gp@a Ue Sg;[];S
3 3

M3 B 2 = M 3 A2 + T B 2 − T A 2
= (2x + a)2 + (x + 3a)2 − (a − x)2 
= 4x2 + 12ax + 9a2 = (2x + 3a)2
]G[

‚AO7QmxA/K T
M3 B = 2x + 3a
ÇDAG2 @9Az2xE9A=:4UJ9slQ,/467/2w,/h 2xE9AD7 3a K
N CB T N = T C + CN = x +
,3P TB+-A?2 Tw¨3> .UAO:=:z<¬/KžFSArgO2A?2
2T N = 2x + 3aTQ+O=417QmxM
A 3 B γ = ∠M 3 BC K-FSAE3<G3A
∠M3 CB = 90◦ + 21 γ ∠M3 CM2 + ∠M3 BM2 = 180◦


90◦ + 12 γ + β + (γ + 2β) = 180◦
2xE3<O2W468?K ◦ ◦ KQhUP5,3:!FSE/46msEzFSAkgOAG2 ◦ T _ E9A-
P5AOhi,3P5A/K 180 + 3(γ + 2β) = 360 γ
}
K S
F +E/462β
s
m ¬
E =
1
4 =
: 60
3
l 1
. 6
4 AD8k2xE3<G2
∠M3 M1 M2 = ∠M3 BM2 = γ + 
T 
‚ 2β
O
A Q
7 x
m =
/
A K 60◦ 6
4 B
8 -
A /
¡ 0941.1<O25A-
◦
∠MPƒ<D.¢T 1 M3 M2 = ∠M1 CM2 = α + β = 60 4M1 M2 M3

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%74-+80b0(AQu.G2;'A&'!  ' H
 p@x@x@X;aSlTHg;[/T
AU B U C
[ T#_L\b[ W@Z`-S  %@_LX;] STHg;[T
[1_LSlTHgS [ W@Z `-S1a Xt l
8(cos A + cos B + cos C) ≤ 9 + cos(A − B) + cos(B − C) + cos(C − A)

≤ csc2 (A/2) + csc2 (B/2) + csc2 (C/2) 

!;.10324-+(.' ?" ,/+ .) .G2A4G.10 " ' .  21';+<4 ' .10b0(6AQCl+-'q4(/!)l;I1'A4',A  ! k 
 \-W #S \ba HX;W];S0* X;W (0, π)  @JM$  \b_LS"LT&#X;r x;p;TL[/TL\ X;WaQagX e


THg;[T f 00 (x) = 2 csc4 x + 4 csc2 x cot2 x > 0 U1e S*g;[];S

2
f (x) = csc x

       
A B C A+B+C
csc2 + csc2 + csc2 ≥ 3 csc2 = 12
2 2 2 6 
≥ 9 + cos(A − B) + cos(B − C) + cos(C − A)

! X;_THgS `-StbT \bW@S op@[1`8\8T(n U @W XTLS1@_ aHTTHg;[T

cos A + cos B + cos C

     
A+B A−B 2 C
= 2 cos cos + 1 − 2 sin
2 2 2
      
A−B A+B A+B
= 1 + 2 cos − cos cos
2 2 2
      
A B C
= 1 + 2 2 sin sin sin
2 2 2
 
A
 
B
 
C i(Pj
= 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
 ]G[9]

\ .68C,K

cos(A − B) + cos(B − C) + cos(C − A)

     
A−C A + C − 2B C−A
= 2 cos cos + 2 cos2 −1
2 2 2
     
C−A A + C − 2B C−A
= 2 cos cos + cos −1
2 2 2
{~©|
     
C−A C−B A−B
= 4 cos cos cos −1
2 2 2
¤/P5,3:!{~M©|}<-7QJ={i?|nKFSA)8CA-AY2xE3<O2I2xE9Aw.UAGh12ž417QA-¡/0Q<D.j4j2~>468BAD¡3094 /<D.6AD7/2I25,

C−A K
           
A B C A−B B−C
8 sin sin sin ≤ cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
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8F (a, b, c) ·
X
cos A ≤ 1 + 8F (a, b, c) +
X
cos(A − B)
( 
∗
     
*2  
√ √
√ √ √ √

! ! 
( a − b)2 ( b − c)2 ( c − a)2
F (a, b, c) = F = 1+ √ 1+ √ 1+ √
8 ab 8 bc 8 ca
?%  0$ F (a, b, c) ≥ 1
A I0:  ,  :-" :      * -" 2" X
cos A > 1
 $  ,  , '&G" 2&%"
  

8(F − 1) ·
X
cos A ≥ 8(F − 1)
*2  : , 
2 : 1  
:    (∗)
"-2"
  

X X X 
8 cos A ≤ 8 − 8F + 8F · cos A ≤ 9 + cos(A − B)
        
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H}4 3A'<'lQP5,9,/h;@D>3A-m525,3Pƒ8B2xE3<G22xE9A':„ADJ341<-798,/h<S2nP541<-7Qg?.6AkE3<?3A'<mn,3:=:=,37
U
_ E9A=3ADm52n,3P)lQP5,9,/hU8k,/h2xE/418kP5AO8s09.o2YF)4j2xEcFSE/46msE¬¦<D:#hU<D:z4j.141<-P)<D798nFSAOPw2xE9A
¡30tAO8x2546,37zlt,38CA-J'2xE/468žF<G> U
uQP5,D3AI2xE3<G2Q2xE9A:„ADJ341<-798,/h 417/2nAOPƒ8*ADm52<G2 −→ −→ −→ K
 
1
4ABC OA + OB + OC
3
F E9ADP5A
S 4682xE9A,3P546g?467T
O
_ E9AlQP5,9,/h¢KL,/hžmn,/0QPƒ8*A/Kt2xE9AO7c<-:=,/0Q7/258w8x46:zl9. >„25,d8CE9,-F)467Qg2xE3<O2W2xE/468wlQ,/467/2B468w,37
AD<-msEz:=A-J/46<D7T
3Ð

ÇDAG2
[
9Ë6Ï~ÐÍ   ‹9‰ Ï6ÎG˜Р ‹ Ì ‰ ‰ƒˆ ~Ì [  
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 œÌ 3Ì ‰ Ï6ÎG˜Ð
    T
@9A2xE9Aw,3Pƒ4Ug?417LK<D7QJ'.6AG2 → − <D7QJ → − @9AYP5ADl9P5AD8CAD7/2ƒ<O254 3AD8a,/h92xE9AB3ADm52n,3Pƒ8
<D7QJ A T _ E9A':4UJ3lt,/417/258 K b KQ<D7QJ c ,/h€8s46JQAO8 K KQ<D7QJ E3<?3A
AB AC L M N BC CA AB
lt,38x4j2546,37Y3ADm52n,3Pƒ8 1 → − → K -
< Q
7 J →
− O
K 5
P O
A C
8 Q
l -
A 5
m 5
2 4 3
 O
A . 
> T _ 9
E a
A 3
 -
A 5
m 5
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A 3
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0 G
< 5
2 4U,3798
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AL BM
K
− 1→ −
K/<-7QJ 2 ( b +<-P5cA))<-8a2hi,/c.1.6,-F8 2 b
CN
1
LU
→
− 
AL : →
−
r = b +→ −
c
1
s
2
→
− →
−  →
−
r = b +t →
1−
BM : c − b
2
 →  T
→
− →
− 1−
CN : r = c +u b −→
−c
2

_ 9 E AO8*Až2xE3P5ADA.1417QAD8€l9<-8s8L2xE3P5,/0tgOEY<Wmx,3:z:„,37YlQ,/467/2t4jh-<-7QJw,373. >4jhO2xE9ADP5AWAxÆ-418x23/<D.j0tAD8
,/h K K3<D7QJ 8s0tmsE'2xE3<O2
s t u
→
− →
− − T
1 →
+→
−
c ) = (1 − t) b + t→
1 −
c = (1 − u)→
−
1
s( b c + ub
2 2 2

+O467QmnAz2xE9A3ADm52n,3Pƒ8 →− <-7QJ → − <-P5Az.1417QAD<DP5. >c467QJ9ADlQAD7QJ9AD7/2*K€2xE9A=<@9,D3A=8ƒ>98n2nAO: ,/h

3A-m525,3PaAD¡30Q<G254U,3798a468BbAD¡3094 /<D.6cAD7/2I2n,

1 1 K
s = (1 − t) = u
2 2
1 1 T
s = t = (1 − u)
2 2
_ E9AS,373. >z8C,/.1032546,37k468 2 T
s=u=t=
  = -
 < ? +      + $ /&' %$ 6 ,  6   ?-I&?!  + &!   ! I  !9$
3

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 p@x@x@X;aS THg;[T
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ZS1W@S_ [1`8\8T(n UQe S r [n[1a aHp@r S THg;[/T BC [1W@c E [1_LS X;W THgS a [1r S aH\ cSKXt AC  
BD t A

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 =t \baD[c\-[1r ST#S_ Xt Γ U THgSW AC U t U [1W@c t [ _LSl[`b`@x@S1_LxGSW@c;\-Y
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e 
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 WTHgSlXTHgS_Qg;[1W@c
U EB · ED = EC 2 = EO · EM  THggp@\-:a g U

∠OF B = ∠EM B  m X;WaS1o;pGSWTL`^n
\-rBx`8\ Sa THg;∼
4EBM [T D 4EOD \baX;W Ω [ a e S/`b`  h gS_LSU t=∠EDO X;_LS OD ⊥ = ∠EM B
1
U e g\,:= S[ Wa BTHg;U [/e T F D
gMr ∠OF
HX\bW #\ cS1a e \8THg t  F D

 !.10 2;4-+<.' ?  ' )@! +b,4(. > ) !FE.4%7!LJ 0<+A ' 08+-534<.' ' .10b0(6A&%7! +b,4(.10-A # 
D

h[" SlTHgS#\b_#` S Γ T#XBg;[];S*S1o;p@[/TL\ X;W x2 + y2 = 1 U [1W@c` ST

 
1 − t2 2t
T = ,
1 + t2 1 + t2

VTHgSS [T [ x@W@XZ\-WSWTDT X;[/WMT THgS #\-_#p@r t=S1_LSW HS  h7gS*S op@[TL\-X;WaXt@THgSlT [ W@ZSWTD[/T A  t = a U
 [1W@cTHgS `b\bW@S  t _LX;r TLX  _LS1a:xGS.LTL\^];S/`^n
C t=c U BD t=b t=d U U
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<-P5A
tA : (1 − a2 )x + 2ay = 1 + a2
tC : (1 − c2 )x + 2cy = 1 + c2 T
BD : (1 − bd)x + (b + d)y = 1 + bd
¦ih2xE9AO8*A)<-P5Amx,37Qmn0QP5P5AD7/2*K2xE9AD7
 
1 − a2 2a −(1 + a2 ) T
det  1 − c2 2c −(1 + c2 )  = 0
1 − bd b + d −(1 + bd)
_ E3<G2418GK
T
−2(a − c)(ab + ad + cb + cd − 2ac − 2bd) = 0
+O467QmnA KDFSA)JQADJ30tmnAY2xE3<O2 T _ E/418BAxÆl9P5AD8s8s46,37k418
8ƒ>9:z:„aA?2n6= P546mnc<O.% 4o2JQ,9AO8Y7Q,2msE3(a<D7Q+gOA
c)(b
FSE9AD+7=d) =l92(ac
2xE9Ak +.6AGbd)
<D41P,/h 2ƒ25ADPƒ8 <D7QJ 418417/2nAOPx
msE3<-7QgOADJ)F)4j2xEw2xE9AlQ<O46P <-7QJ TR€,3798CA-¡/0tAD7/25. >LK K K-<D7QJ a <-P5AYmnc,37Qmn0QPnP5AO7/2
{i,3PžlQ<DPƒ<D.j.UAG.o|sT b d AC tB tD

  E -       +  .7 !5I$ (0' : 3  7:' E$ &  ' , $3 ' " :   !I(!
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 '%" :- )    3! @ $ /' , 2  " $ / :   3 "-23*13 019   A



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S1W 4 T#_ \-[1W@Z` S a S  op\b`b[T S _ [1p *Kc@X;WT*`-S1a5 X TS ar S1aHp@_LS1WT
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i c@S/p * t=X\ba` SBW@X;r _LS c X;_ j S/T T#_L\-Y

...
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√ ... ........ ...

[ W@Z`-S1a \-a X S `-S1a c@X;WT `-S xGSTL\8T  X TS  r S12aHp@_LS U 2 3 4 XTLS1_
V U
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o;p S1W x;`b\b[ WT ` S*c S ];S/` X;xxGSr SWT X;W xGS/p;TX TLS1W;\b_cSp *
... .... . ... ... .
.. ... ..
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xGX` n S1 c_LSa #X;W];S * Sa  WTHY#\b`baD` S r U S1 r S];X`8p@rV S y

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!;.10324-+(.' J@*.@?!4(%@+b08+ ';," +bA( 24=!H/ .' 4 A ' 

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....

R[Nx@_LSrB\ S1 _LS#X;W 17Zp@_ [/TL\ X;W%SaHTqp@W*XLTL[ S  c;_LS t=X;_# r SN c@S x n;_ [ r\ cS1a #X`b`S  Sa
[ `-[ V [ a S  R1SNx[T#_LX;WMcS
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 X T S1 a S/T c p@W@S x@[\-_LS c@SwT#_L\b[ W@Z`-S1aS1 o;p\8`-[/T S1 _ [p *NS/Tqc p@W@Sx[1\b_LScSwT#_L\b[ W@Z`-S1a
\-a X S `-2S1a  2τ U
R[ g;[p;T#S/p@_fcS1aT#_L\b[ W@Z`-S1 a S  op\b`b[T S _ [1p *
r Sa:p@_LS τ √3  ;WBp;TL\b`8\-a:[ WTw`b[%a n; r S T#_L\-S%c@Sax nY √ .........
... .. ...
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τ 3
.. .. ..
.
. .. ... ..... .. .....
. .. ...
...

r [1WTp@W T#_ \-[1W@Z` S _LS.LTL[1W@Z` S HX;rBxGX;aS  c p@W@S

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g;[1p;TLSp@_*c@S T#_ \-[1W@Z`  S S  op\b`b[T S _ [1`DS/T p@W@S cS1r\ Y
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R[ g;[p;T#S/p@_ c@S `b[ x n;_ [ r\ cS S1a#T c@X;W 

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x@[1_wx nTHg;[ZX;_LS 
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3τ 2 − 1
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VW7z<'J9,37Qm

¨t<D8*A E3<O032nAG0QP √
§I,/.10Q:=Au/>9Pƒ<D:z46JQA · 4τ 3τ 2 − 1
= =
3 3
√
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3τ − 1 0Q734o2 A 2 T
= ≈ 11,2962 
3

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¡ 094aAD8n2P A-g?09.j4UAOPSJÓ <DP A? 2nA
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hi,3Pn: AD8kmsE3<-mn0Q7%JQA 2τ
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<-l9l AG .U AOP5,37983,/.10Q:=A 2 T   2
B
37 03254j.1418C<D7/2e.1< 8ƒ>9: AG2nPƒ4UA J/02 A?2nPƒ<AD J9P5A K
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.....
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<-7Qg?.6AeP5A-m52ƒ<-7Qg?.6A„hi,3P5: A„<G3ADm0Q7QAeE3<D0325AO0QPJQAz2nP546
.. .
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<-7Qg?.6A A-¡/0941.1<O2 AOPƒ<D.AG2Y0Q 7p2546ADPƒ8'JQAeE3<D0325AO0QPJQAz2nP546

... . .
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<-7Qg?.6A A- ¡/0941.1<O2 AO Pƒ<D.<O.1.1<-7/2aJQA).6<'@3<-8CASJQA).6<'E3<O032nAG0QP

.
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3 √
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2
... ... ... ...
288V 2 = 1 d221 0 d223 d224
..... ...
.... ....
......... .......................... .
.. .
..................................... ....................
V4
1 d231 d232 0 d234
1 d241 d242 d243 0
R€AG.6<SJQA*/4UAO7/2 ¡/0948CA8x46:zl9.j41ŸtAAO7
288V 2 = 384τ 4 − 128τ 2
§I,/.j0Q:„A 2
p T
B = τ 3τ 2 − 1
3
\ 46798x4Q.6<Smn,373Ÿg?0QPƒ<G254U,37„<)0Q7k3,/.j0Q:„AY2n,2ƒ<D.J9A
√
2τ 3 2 4
p 0Q734o2 A 2 T
+ τ 3τ 2 − 1 ≈ 9, 64189 
3 3
VW73,/4j2;41:=: A-J/46<G2nAO:„AO7/2ž¡30tA.6<wl9P5AD:4AO P5A)mn,373Ÿg?0QPƒ<G254U,37AO8x2}l9.j0Q8}3,/.10Q:467QAG0Q8*A9T


%3C%$&%D63% U
5M )E2ƒ2nl U -:z<O2xE-FS,3Pƒ.UJ€T FS,/.1hUPƒ<D:pTjmn,3: _ A?2nPƒ<E9ADJ9P5,37TjE2n:.
I'" : *' 7:13 < ? +     + $ /&'% $6 ,  A  ;5; .!"  I!  $ 9 % #"$
!  $ 5I   ; + %+ ) A !@!/$  :-  5%: 7:" $< : %$?$ 9I    "3@13 019 ' A


  f/ G!H. > . ,/1J ?  ' )@! +b,4(. > ) !*E.%7!LJ 0<+A ' 08+-534<.'
' .10b0(6A&%7! +-,/4<.10bA  # 
! \bW@c%[1W*\bWT#S1ZS1_#Y:aH\ cS c*a L[1`-S1W@S T#_ \-[1W@Z` S\bW e g\,:g THgSN`-S1W@ZPTHg;awXtTHgSN\bWT#S_HY
W[1` V \baS.LT#X;_ a[`b`7g;[];S \-WTLS ZS_][`bpGSa 
!;.10324-+(.' ?"   #7+ E/.)@';,/.';A(%F;I1!4<.';A qA  ! k 
v S#[1W 1GW@c a:p:g >@[ > T#_L\b[ W@Z`-S n #X;Wa:\-c@S_L\bW@Z  S_LX;W;\-[1W T#_L\b[ W@Z`-S1a i g\-:g
g;[/];S \bWT#S1ZS1_aH\ cS1a%[1W@cK\-WTLS ZS_[ _LSV [ j:  T\ba W@X e W THg;[T \8t p U q U r [1_LS e x@X;a:\-Y
TL\^];S \-WTLS ZS_ a e \8THg r2 > pq U THgSWBTHgS t=X`8` X e \bW@Zt=X;_#rp`-[1a x@_LXcpHS*[  S1_LX;W;\b[ W
T#_L\b[ W@Z`-S e \^THga:\-c@Sa Xt7`-S1W@ZPTHg a U b U [1W@c c 

a = p(q 2 + r 2 ) U b = q(p2 + r 2 ) U c = (p + q)(r 2 − pq)
 TN\bal[1`baX W@X W THg;[T THgSMTHg;_LS1SB[1W@Z` S V \-a S"LTLX;_ a XtuTHgSMT#_L\b[ W@Z`-S e \^THg a:\-c@Sa Xt
` SW@ZPTHg a U b U c e [1_LS
s   s  
a2 b2
wa = bc 1 −
(b + c)2
U wb = ac 1 −
(a + c)2
U
 ]G[ N

s
T
 
c2
wc = ab 1 −
(a + b)2
+O0t@98n254j250325417QgS2xE9Ak<@9,D3A/<O.10tAO8Yhi,3Pa2xE9Ak8s46JQAO8w,/h;<„‚AOP5,37346<D7„2nP541<-7Qg?.6A<D7QJd8x46:=
l9.j41hj>/467Qg)g?4o3AO8

2qr(r 2 − pq)(p + q) p 2 K
wa = 2 2 2
p + r2
pr + 2qr − pq
2pr(r 2 − pq)(p + q) p 2 K
wb = q + r2
2pr 2 − p2 q + qr 2
2pqr p 2 T
wc = 2 (p + r 2 )(q 2 + r 2 )
r + pq
{ _ E9A„J9AD7Q,3:4679<G2n,3Pƒ8)<DP5Azlt,38x4j254 3A4jh 2 T | _ E9A2xE3P5ADAz<-7Qg?.6A=@3418*ADm52n,3Pƒ8F)41.j.
E <G3ABPƒ<O2546,379<D.-.6AD7Qg©2xE38;41h 2
3 -
< Q
7 J r > pq<DP5ABltAOP5hiADm52;8C¡30Q<DP5AD8OTž¦ih2xE9AB8s46JQAO8I,3P
2 2 2
<-7Qg?.6A'@/468CA-m525,3Pƒ8B<DP5Aw2xE9AD7= p Pƒ<G+r
254U,379<O.L@/03q2a7Q+r,2417/2nADgGPƒ<D.~KFSASm5<-7z8*m5<D.6A)0Ql2xE9A'AO7/2546P5A
2nP541<-7Qg?.6A„@D><-7<-l9lQP5,3l9P541<O25AzhU<m525,3P25,c:=<-f-A2xE9AD: <O.1.;417/2nADgOADPƒ8OTc¦U2Y418)7Q,2)E3<DP5J
2n,cŸt7QJp8*,3:=A„<mnmxAOl32ƒ<@/.UA/<D.j0tAD8)hi,3P K K U K K {jF)4o2xE
2
<-8WP5A-¡/0946P5ADJ|nKQ:z<pfD467Qqg r2 p =2 7 q 2=<D7Q32 J 2r = 224 T
r _ E9AO−8*Apq/<D= .j0tAD352
8ž>346AO>.6J 0 K pK + r = 25T q + r = 402
a = 11200 b = 20000 c = 13728
b A=8s0t@38x254o25032nA2xE9AO8*Ak/<O.10tAO8S,/h K K 467/25,d2xE9Azhi,3P5:z09.1<-8<-@Q,O3Azhi,3P2xE9A
c
<-7Qg?.6A«@/468CA-m525,3Pƒ8z<-7QJ gOAG2'Pƒ<O2546,379<D.B730Q:= a @QbAOPƒ8kc F)4j2xE¬JQAO7Q,3:z4179<O25,3Pƒ8„,/h K K
<-7QJ
1
T+-mn<O.1417Qg@D>¬<hU<-m52n,3Pk,/h
529 · 779
>/4UAG.UJ38z<p8C,/.1032546,37r25,r2xE9A527 l9P5,9@3779
.6AD: U
K K K/FSE/4UmsE'>346AO.6J=<-7Qg?.6A
a = 4 597 969
@3418*ADm52n,3Pƒ8B,/h 600 b = 8 210 660
K 000 c = 4 635K 797 024 T
 wK= 256
a
" 2 658
13 019688
  $ w*2=  75963
b
 1 888 2&% w7:-&= 5 517- 563
c
%"-2 315
520
$
$ 
 
  A &
6  " 
2 : -
" 
 : 
 
  -  -
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2  : 3
 "  (
 
 
  
 :  , "   
   409 500$

388 584 504$  426 433 644AGE &'7$" 2 : &%: ' "-23 " : 0 : E 312 405
: "600
 
A

278 555 200 375 350 976

r = 104 085 135


lNL1B;   G!:. > . , J ?"$# =  !! ,4=!1A&%7 ';6 /0<.!HA&('7J + 
 S1_ \^];SN[a S/TXta:\-c@S`-S1W@ZPTHg*S * x@_LSa aH\ X;Wat=X;_qTHgSNt [1rB\8`^n*Xt  S1_LX;W T#_L\b[ W@Z`-S1a
\-W e g\-:gBTHgS%W;\-W@S1Y:x@X\-WT #S1WT#_LS V `b\-S1aNX;W a:\-c@S BC i   S1_LX;W T#_ \-[1W@Z` S
g;[ a \-WTLS ZS_laH\ cS1a [ W@c \-WTLS ZS_l[1_LS1[  js  S1S x_LX V `-S1r "" i  x@_ \b` jL1 Kq  
ABC
B; 1; 
!;.10324-+(.' ?"$#K+ L)7P0&%7;4 /+b080<PAQu.G2;'A&'!  ' H
! _LX;r x@_LX V ` Sr
  S/W@X THg;[/T \-aX;W THgSB`8\-W@S \8t [ W@c X;W;` n \8t
H
T ;
g 
[ T b
\ a e e π X;V_ π v S
e \8`b`ucS/TLS1_LrB\bW@S
BC
cos(B − C) = 0  U B =C+ 2 C =B+ 2
THgS aH\ cS1aBXt THgS S1_LX;W T#_ \-[1W@Z` SaBa [/TL\-aHt8n;\bW@Z B = C + π  THgX;aS a:[TL\ba:t8n\-W@Z


C=B+
π [ _LSX T [1\bW@S c
V V n\-WTLS1_:g;[1W@Z\-W@Z b [1W@c c  2

R1S/T K2 V S THgS [1_LS1[ XtDa X;r S a:p\^TL[ V `-S 4ABC  h gSW THgSKR[ e Xt  \bW@S1a
n;\-S`-ca b = c = abc U a XMTHg;[/T cos C = 2K [ W@c sin C = 2K   S1W #S U
cos C sin C 2K ac ab
]

K}<D7QJdFSA„8*ADAz2xE3<G2 468<elQADPƒhiA-m52)8C¡30Q<DP5A3K}8s<G>
4K 2 (b2 + c2 )T¤=0QP¢a 2 2 2
2xE9ADbP5:„
c ,3P5A/K b2 + c2
2 2 2
b +c =λ
 
b 2 + c 2 − a2 π
= cos A = cos − 2C
2bc 2
8K 2
= sin 2C = 2 sin C cos C =
a2 bc
E9AD7QmnA3K 2 2 T E/0Q8GK 2
2 _
hi,3P}8C,3:„Alt,38x4j254 3A
467/25A-gOAOP a (b T'XY+ c22xE3
,25AS −<Oa 2 2 2
2 ) = 16K <D7QJ b + c −KLa8C,z=
2xE3<Oµ2
2
T _ E9AD8CA
P5AD8x09.j2ƒ8AOµ<-8x41. >k.UAO<J'25, 2λK = abc 4K = µa λµ = 2bc

K K T
a2 = λ 2 − µ 2 (b − c)2 = λ(λ − µ) (b + c)2 = λ(λ + µ)
XY,-FK/hUP5,3: KDFSASE3<?3ASAG4j2xE9AOP
λ2 = a 2 + µ 2
{ | K K K9,3P
1 a = 2dmn µ = d(m2 − n2 ) λ = d(m2 + n2 )
{ | K K K
2 a = d(m2 − n2 ) µ = 2dmn λ = d(m2 + n2 )
hi,3PB8C,3:„A'lQ,38s4o254o3AS417/2nADgOADPƒ8 K K 8x0tmsEz2xE3<O2 K <-P5Akmx,3l9P541:„A/KL,/h},3l9lt,38x4j25A
lQ<DP54o2œ>K9<D7QJ T d m n m n
m>n
~¦ 7mn<D8*AB{iM?|nK 2 2 2 2 2
K©FSE/46msE)m5<D.j.68€hi,3P
hi,3PL8C,3:„AalQ,38s4o254o3Až(b−c)
467/25A-gOAOP =T2d ¨Q032tn2xE/(m
468€418€+n
46:zlt,3)8s8s46@3.6Aa8x467QmnA 2(m4128;+n 2 2
,9J9JT ) _ =E/0Qk8GK
2 2
FSAY:0Q8x2I@9A417kmn<D8*AY{i?|nKOFSE/ k4UmsE.UAO<J38}2n, m +n K<D7QJ
2 2
T (b − c) = d (m − n)2 (m2 + n2 )
2 2 2 2 2
(b + c) = d (m + n) (m + n )
‚AO7QmxA/K 2 2 hi,3P}8*,3:=AYlt,38x4j254 3A467/25A-gOAOP T _ E/468ag?4o3AO8
<-7QJ m kmx2,37Qmn.j0tJQAY2xE3<O2I2xE9A8x4UJ9AD8
<-7QJS+FSnA:z=<G>z K kK D< P5ASg?4 3AD7=@Db> = dkm
c = dkn a b c
K K
a = d(m2 − n2 ) b = dkm c = dkn
FSE9ADP5A 418z<pl9P541:z4o254o3A¬u/>2xE3<gO,3P5AO<-7%2nPƒ46l3.UAp{oF)4j2xE |<D7QJ <
(m,
lt,38x4j254 3Aw467/25n,
A-gOAOk)
P?T m > n d

R€,373AOPƒ8*AG.o>KY8x0QlQlQ,38*A2xE3<O2 K KY<D7QJ 8s<O25418shj>%2xE9AD8CArP5AG.6<G254U,3798OT ¤/P5,3:

a b c
a m + n K}<-7QJ b + c k KI<D7QJ K
= = (m − n)2 < k2 < (m + n)2
FSAcAO<-8x41. >rJ9A-J/0tmxA„2xE3<O2
b − c k a m − n K<D7QJ 418'<m5250Q<O.1. >«<e2nPƒ46<D7Q
g?.UA9Tr‚)ADP5,37LÓ 8Shi,3P5:z09.1<dg?b4o3− AO8 c <2 a < 4b +2 c2 2 ABC 2 2 FSE9AO7QmxA/K 418S<D7
467/25A-gOAOPI{i@9A-m5<D0Q8CA ,3P 468žA*34K =AO7QdmxA/m
AD7|sT‚ K n (m 468I −<Sn‚)AD)P5,372nPƒ46<D7Qg?.UA9K
T¥%,3P5A-
m n 4ABC
,D3AOP*KI2xE9AdP5AO.1<O2546,37 a2 + c2 − b2
2K 418AO<-8x41. >%msE9ADmsf-A-Jr<-7QJr:„AO<-798S2xE3<G2
= −
2ac ab
2xE3<O2ž418GK π <D7QJ 468B,37 T
]
cos B = − sin C
ÐQËœÌ T
V
B=C+
2
V
418 ,37
BC
2xE9A .1417QA Î?Ì
dÌGÍLË 4jh=2xE9A<-JQJ/4j2546,379<D.=mx,37QJ/4j2546,37
E9,/.6J98}{i@9A-m5<D0Q8CA BCKO8s0Ql9lt,38CA-J),37w2xE9Aa.1417QA KDE3<D8
cos(A−B)·cos(C −A) > 0 hi,3PžˆD‰ Ì ˆ  mn,9V,3P5J34179<O25AD8P5AO.1<O254 3A25, BC |sT
(0, b mncos(C
_ E9Ae ,37QJ34o254U−
,37pA),
:z<Ga>cos(A
<D.18*,@9− B))
AF Pƒ4j2ƒ25AD7p<D8 (A, B, C),3P
cos(C − B) + cos(3A − π) > 0
 ]
-M

T _ E/418I>/4UAG.UJ38 π ,3P p T¤P5,3: 2xE9AwP5AO8s09.o258<@9,D3A/K

cos(3A) < 0 C< cos C > 3/2
4j2ž418BAD<D8ƒ>'2n,8CA-AY2xE3<G2I2xE/468žF)41.j.@9Aw
6 2xE9Amn<D8*Aw41h
2 2T
  ? -I  !; +  .A     + $/?% m : " >?3 3n
% $ 3: "  $"  ! $5;3 
?3 '%:"  ?3 - $ : "   % %$ 6 0$ 9I     ! @ 3$ /' , 2  " $ /  :    "-23

13 019   A
6& 1  : , :"/ 1 -  ,  "   '9" " 2    *  ( *23   u$ v
 @   %" :-  *13:  197:" :@: " 7$ v <mu < (√2 + 1)v)$  nu  −'0v"" 22uv @    A : 
2 2

:d  #:" ( 197:-" :-*: 3"  %  A  23 

( ( 
a = d|u4 − 6u2 v 2 + v 4 | b = d(u4 − v 4 ) c = 2duv(u2 + v 2 )
 23    : A
I  "-(uv(u
0$9:  &−:-v" :-)|u" 13− %6u:-: v+ v '%| " :- " 2: @13    -"  (" :"-  %"  3"
2 2 4 2 2 4

13    $ 2  " 2&%"" 2  - @:  13 019 #" :     ':- 0 3"

   & ! & $  ! & % " & %  ! ',& 

1 BC
 π
2 |B − C| =

2

3 tan B tan A = −1
 
4 OAkBC
 ! ' %  & )& % %  %   "#! #"  "#! #"   3 
5 AH 4ABC
 ! ' %  & )& % %  %   & ! & $  ! & % " ! "#   3 
6 AH 4ABC
 ! '  " % ' 
7 BC AH
 1 
8 AN = 2 OH
 ( % ! '  " % 
9 AC BC ∠OCH


lNL1Bu1 G!:. > . , J ?  # =  ! !11,/4=!A(%71'610(.!:PAQ&=' J +-@

h gSx@X\-WT a O(0, 0) U A(1, 0) U B(0, 1) [1_LS Z\ ];S1W  R1S/T D(a, 0) U E(1−a, a) U
V S][ _ \-[ V `-S x@X\-WT aMX;W THgS a:\-c@Sa%Xt 4OAB i 0 < a < 1j  R1ST
F (0, c@SW@XT#S THgS xGX\bWT*Xt#X;W #p@_#_LSW HS Xt THgS #\-_#`-S1a ODF U DEA U [ W@c BF E 
1 − a)
P  S/TLS1_LrB\bW@SlTHgS `-X#p@a Xt 
' . ?1+ '4-+(.'B. 5;,/.10324-+(.', ? .@?!4 %@+80b+-', " +-A4 24=!H/ .' 4 A ' 1' J G 4<!
P
 QCM.. A(%@+(.10  F'+<I1! ,H+34-1A ,1$#K+ ! ;JA ' k A  ! k 

7S"L[1p@a S P \-aDX;x@x@X;a:\^T#SNTHgSl_ \ ZgT [1W@Z` Sl[T O X;W%THgS#\b_#` S ODP F i e g\-:g



\-rBx`8\ SaFTHg;[T F D \-aFTHgSc;\b[ r S/TLS1_ j Ue S a S SDTHg;[/T  a , 1 − a  rBp@a#T V SDTHgS HSWT#_LS 

gS1W #S U \8T a S op@[TL\-X;WB\ba 2 2

2 2
 i(Pj
x − ax + y − (1 − a)y = 0
! X;_ #\-_#`-S AED U \^TLa #S1WT#_LS K \-a7THgS#X;_#W@S_ Xt [1WN\-a X;a #S`-S1a _L\-ZgTGT#_ \-[1W@Z` S KN M
i
e \8THg%_ \ ZgTQ[1W@Z` S[TFTHgSlr\ cY:x@X\-WT M 1 +2 a , 0 Xt DA Ue g\b`-S N e gS1_LSNTHgS
 

xGS_#x@S1W@c\-#p`b[ _ V \-a S"LTLX;_ KN Xt AE r S STLa OAj \-a (1 − a, 0)   S1W #S U K \ba
 [ W@c%THgS#\-_#`-Sl\-a
U

1 + a 3a − 1
,
2 2
2 2
 i(Pj
x − (1 + a)x + y − (3a − 1)y = −a
]
-

¤3,3Pw2xE9Ae.6,9mn0Q8,/h FSAcAO.j46:4679<G2nA @D>r8s0t@2nPƒ<m525417Qgd{~©|YhUP5,3:q{~M©|25,%gOA?2

T

P a
x − 2y K2xE9AD7z8s0t@38x254o250325467Qg)@3<msf467/25,z{~M©|CT L,/0325467QA<O.UgOAD@9Pƒ<).UAO<J38a25,
a=
1 − 4y

{] |
   
3 2 3 2 1
x− + y− =
8 8 32
E9AD7QmnA3K .j4UAO8B,37k2xE9Amn46P5mn.6AYF)4o2xEzmxAO7/2nP5A 3 3
<-7QJzPƒ<-J34j0Q8 √ T
P ,
8 8
1/(4 2)
bcAp7QAsÆO2k4173AD8n254UgG<G2nAeFSE3<O2klt,3P¢254U,37 ,/hB2xE9Armn41P5mn.UAp{ ] |4182nPƒ<-mxADJ^@D> <D8
Pƒ0Q798'hUP5,3: 25, TvXY,25A„2xE3<O2)2xE9AdlQ,/467/2
3
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7 x
2 9
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A „
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a 8C<G25468xŸAO8SAD¡300Q<G254U,317«{~©|Bhi,3Pw<O.1. K}8*,e2xE3<O2 U 418S , 5 <D.j.}2xE9A„mn46P5mn.6AD8
5 ,37p T%¨3>
B8ƒ>9:z:„A?2nP~>LK3,37QA)m5<-7k<-P5g?0tA2xE3<O2;2xE9aAwlt,/417/2 1 U2
,37S2xE9Aw:=A-J/46<D7'2xE3P5,/AED 0tgOE .j4UAO8
,37 hi,3Pž<O.1.//<O.10tAO8B,/h T¦U2žhi,/.j.U,-F8I2xE3<O52},2x5E9Aw.6,9mn0Q8Wmn<D7=@9AJQAO8*mxPƒ4U@9A-J<DA82xE9A
8*A?2BBF ,/h€lQE,/467/2ƒ8{U,2xE9ADPž2xE3<-7 a |FSE9ADP5AS<kmn41P5mn.UA)4672xE9ASltAO7Qmn41.€,/hmn41P5mn.UAO8W2xE3P5,/0tgOE
<-7QJ 467/25ADPƒ8CA-m52ƒ8W2xE9A'mn,3PnP5AOE8ClQ,37QJ3417QgSmn46P5mn.6A',/h2xE9ASlQAD7Qmn4j.t2xE3P5,/0tgOE <D7QJ TA ¦U2
U
468SAD<D8s46ADPCKIE9,-FSA*3AOP*K25,p,9@/2ƒ<D4172xE9A„mx,9,3P5J/4679<G2nAO8',/h B
<-8w2xE9A„lQ,/467/2),2xE9ADP2xE3<-7 V

D(a, 0)
8s<O25418shj>/467Qgw{~M©|}<-7QJ={i?|}8x46:09.j2ƒ<-7QAD,/0Q8s. > P U
T
 
4a2 − 5a + 2 4a2 − 3a + 1
P = ,
16a2 − 16a + 5 16a2 − 16a + 5
VW7QAw8s41:=l3.o>kmsE9ADmsf8I2xE3<O2 FSE9AD7 K 468I2xE9AY:z46JQxlt,/417/2ž,/h FSE9AD7
3
K D
< Q
7 J S
F 9
E D
A P
7 = U T _ E/0Q8GaK = 850FSP -
A O
A Q
l B
8 /
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0 }
2 x
2 9
E 
A D
< 5
P W
m /
, t
h x
2 9
E 
A AB
n
m 6
4 5
P n
m .6A{ ] |
1
a
<@9=,D3Aw P = V hUP5,3:
2 2xE9Aw.1417QA
a 2n=
, 1 <D8 gO,9PAO8ahUP5,3: 25, T
UV U V a 0 1
  G 
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