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Module 2:
Intellectual Revolution

Consolidated by:
Angelo M. Ordanel
Course Facilitator
College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education
Department of Biology

Objectives:

Examine Investigate Analyze

Examine the contributions of Investigate Charles Darwin's theory Analyze the Freudian Revolution as a
Nicolaus Copernicus in proposing of evolution by natural selection and transformative movement in
the heliocentric model and its implications for the diversity of psychology and the understanding of
challenging the geocentric view of life on Earth. the human mind.
the universe.

In the early times,

people questioned
what created days and
nights.

They wanted to
understand what
heavenly bodies like
stars, moons and
planets are.

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Modern: Scientific Revolution

1. Copernican Revolution

1. Nicolas
Copernicus
• Proposed the heliocentric model of
the universe, challenging the
prevailing geocentric view and
revolutionizing our understanding
of planetary motion.

• His work laid the foundation for

modern astronomy and set the
stage for subsequent advancements
in the field.

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On the
Revolutions of the
Celestial Spheres

Heliocentric
Theory
• The Sun is the center of the solar
system, with the planets, including
Earth, orbiting around it.
• It revolutionized our understanding
of celestial motion, challenging the
long-held geocentric view and
paving the way for advancements in
astronomy and our perception of the
universe.

2. Tycho
Brahe
• A prominent astronomer, who
observed and record the
positions of celestial bodies.
• His precise and extensive data
became a valuable resource for
Johannes Kepler, who used it to
develop his laws of planetary
motion and provide further
evidence for the heliocentric
model.

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1572
Supernova

• It was a supernova
explosion that Tycho
Brahe observed and
documented, leading
to a profound shift in
the understanding of
the universe.

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777 Stars

• Extensive observations of
stars, including his cataloging
of 777 stars, provided valuable
data that contributed to the
advancement of astronomy and
our knowledge of the celestial
sphere during his time.

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Parallax
• The effect whereby the position or
direction of an object appears to differ
when viewed from different positions

• He observed that nearby celestial bodies,

such as the Moon, would exhibit larger
parallax effects compared to more distant
stars. Brahe's observations of parallax,
though limited due to the technological
constraints of his time, provided important
insights into the relative distances and
positions of celestial objects.

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Geo-Heliocentrism
• Brahe's observations and measurements of planetary
positions led him to conclude that the planets,
including the Sun, revolved around the Earth. This
aligned with the geocentric model, which was the
dominant cosmological view of the time.

• Brahe believed that the Earth was fixed at the center

of the universe, while the Sun and Moon orbited
around it. On the other hand, he proposed that the
other planets orbited around the Sun, which itself
orbited around the Earth.

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Sun, Moon, and sphere of stars

orbit the Earth, while the five
known planets (Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) orbit
the Sun.

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3. Johannes
Kepler
• Formulated three fundamental laws of
planetary motion that revolutionized
our understanding of the solar system.

• Described the elliptical orbits of

planets, the equal areas law, and the
harmonic relationship between a
planet's orbital period and its distance
from the Sun, laying the foundation
for modern celestial mechanics.

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Kepler’s Law of
Planetary Motion

• (The Law of Ellipses)

• (The Law of Equal Areas)

• (The Law of Harmonies)

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4. Galileo Galilei

He was credited with significantly

improving the design of the
telescope and using it to make
groundbreaking astronomical
observations. Although he did not
invent the telescope, he made
important modifications that
allowed him to study celestial
objects in unprecedented detail.

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Discoveries:
1. Moon's Surface: Galileo observed that the moon's
surface was not smooth, as was commonly believed at
the time. He observed craters, mountains, and other
features that suggested the moon was a dynamic,
imperfect body.

2. Jupiter's Moons: Galileo discovered the four largest

moons of Jupiter, now known as the Galilean moons
(Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto). This
observation provided evidence that celestial bodies
could orbit a planet other than Earth.

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3. Phases of Venus: Galileo observed that Venus went

through phases like the moon, which supported the
heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus and
challenged the geocentric view.

4. Saturn's Rings: While he couldn't resolve the true

nature of Saturn's rings with the quality of his telescope,
Galileo observed a "triple form" around the planet, which
was likely the rings seen edge-on.

5. Sunspots: Galileo observed and documented sunspots

on the surface of the Sun, suggesting that the Sun was not
a perfect and unchanging celestial body.

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Controversy

• These findings, published in his influential

work "Sidereus Nuncius” (Starry Messenger),
ignited both awe and controversy across
Europe.

• In 1632, he published "Dialogue Concerning

the Two Chief World Systems," which openly
advocated the heliocentric model and
questioned the geocentric beliefs held by the
Catholic Church. This placed him at odds with
the Inquisition, resulting in a trial and house
arrest.

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5. John Ray
He introduced the concept of
"species" as a distinct category
of living organisms,
contributing to the development
of the modern concept of
species in biology.

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6. Carl
Linnaeus
Linnaeus is known for
developing the modern
system of biological
classification (taxonomy)
and binomial
nomenclature.

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7. Andreas
Versalius
Pioneered modern human
anatomy with his work
"De Humani Corporis
Fabrica."

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1. Arteries – (oxygenated) away from the heart.

2. Veins – (deoxygenated) back to the heart.

Basic
Terminologies 3. Cappillaries – are the smallest blood vessels
in the body, responsible for exchanging
Commonly nutrients, oxygen, and waste products
between the blood and surrounding tissues.
Used:
4. Pulse – beat of the heart and the movement
of blood through the arteries at various
points of the body.

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8. William
Harvey
William Harvey was a pioneering
physician who discovered and
accurately described the circulation
of blood in the human body,
fundamentally transforming our
understanding of cardiovascular
physiology.

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9. Isaac
Newton
Newton's work in physics,
including his laws of
motion and law of
universal gravitation, laid
the foundation for modern
physics and mechanics.

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Abraham
Maslow

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Darwinian Revolution
• One of the most controversial intellectual revolution.

• Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and

geologist, published his book, On the Origin of
Species. In this book, Darwin introduce the theory of
evolution, which posited that populations pass through
a process of natural selection in which only the fittest
would survive. He stated that organisms can adapt to
their environment and would gradually change into
something that would be more competitive to survive,
a process known as evolution.

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• However, this theory became very

controversial as people perceived it to be
contradictory to the church’s teachings
that the source of life is a powerful
creator. The theory emerged at time when
most of the population believed and
accepted the biblical version of the
Earth’s creation. Because of this conflict,
the people were divided-some believed
that the theory explained the origin of
life, but the religious and the faithful
strongly refuted it.

• It even sparked a massive debate between

science and religion. It was only after
some time that people came to
understand that Darwin's theory of
evolution as not in fact against the
teachings of the church and both coexist.

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Freudian
Revolution

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Psychoanalysis is the study that

explains human behavior. In this theory,
Freud explained that there are many
conscious and unconscious factors that
can influence behavior and emotions.

He also argued that personality is a

product of three conflicting elements: id,
ego, and superego. Science hardliners
brushed off the legitimacy of
psychoanalysis as a science since its
concepts were more philosophical and
supernatural.

Many believed that Freud’s theory had

no scientific basis as no empirical or
experimental data could support it.

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Id: The id represents our instinctual desires and needs, operating based on
pleasure principles without considering moral or social constraints. It's neither
inherently good nor bad but can lead to impulsive or self-centered behavior.

Ego: The ego balances the id's desires with reality, making rational decisions
and mediating between the id and superego. It helps manage conflicts and
strives to satisfy needs in socially acceptable ways, which can be seen as
positive.

Superego: The superego represents our internalized moral standards and

societal norms. While it aims to guide behavior in accordance with ethical
values, it can sometimes lead to guilt or overly strict self-criticism.

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Example: Eating a Cake

Id: The id would be the part of the person's mind that is driven by immediate
pleasure and gratification. It might urge the person to eat the cake without
considering the consequences, simply because it desires the taste and enjoyment.

Ego: The ego would come into play as the person weighs the options and considers
the reality of the situation. It might acknowledge the desire for the cake but also
consider factors like dietary goals, health concerns, and potential guilt.

Superego: The superego would represent the person's moral compass and societal
standards. It might remind the person of their commitment to healthy eating or
caution against indulging in something considered "unhealthy" or excessive.

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Despite criticism, Freud continued

to work on refining his theory and
in fact tried to explain how
psychoanalysis can be a clinical
method in treating some mental
disorders.

Soon enough, people were able to

understand the concepts of
psychoanalysis, which eventually
resulted in classifying psychology
as a science.

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References:

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