OPERATING SYSTEMS

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT-1
Write a C program simulate the following CPU scheduling algorithms:
a) FCFS b)SJF c) Round Robin d) Priority

a) FCFS

DESCRIPTION
Assume all the processes arrive at the same time.
FCFS CPU SCHEDULING ALGORITHM
For FCFS scheduling algorithm, read the number of processes/jobs in the system, their CPU burst
times. The scheduling is performed on the basis of arrival time of the processes irrespective of their
other parameters. Each process will be executed according to its arrival time. Calculate the waiting
time and turnaround time of each of the processes accordingly.

CPU SCHEDULING

Maximum CPU utilization obtained with multiprogramming CPU–

I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU
execution and I/O wait
CPU burst distribution
a) First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:

0 24 27 30
Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27
Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17

1
ALGORITHM

1. Start
2. Declare the array size
3. Read the number of processes to be inserted
4. Read the Burst times of processes
5. calculate the waiting time of each process
wt[i+1]=bt[i]+wt[i]
6. calculate the turnaround time of each process
tt[i+1]=tt[i]+bt[i+1]
7. Calculate the average waiting time and average turnaround time.
8. Display the values
9. Stop

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,bt[10],n,wt[10],tt[10],w1=0,t1=0;
float aw,at;
printf("enter no. of processes:\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter the burst time of processes:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
wt[0]=0;
tt[0]=bt[0];
wt[i+1]=bt[i]+wt[i];
tt[i+1]=tt[i]+bt[i+1];
w1=w1+wt[i];
t1=t1+tt[i];
}
aw=w1/n;
at=t1/n;
printf("\nbt\t wt\t tt\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t %d\t %d\n",bt[i],wt[i],tt[i]);
printf("aw=%f\n,at=%f\n",aw,at);
}

2
INPUT

Enter no of processes
3
enter bursttime
12
8
20

EXPECTED OUTPUT

bt wt tt

12 0 12
8 12 20
20 20 40
aw=10.666670
at=24.00000

3
b) SJF

SJF CPU SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

For SJF scheduling algorithm, read the number of processes/jobs in the system, their CPU burst times.
Arrange all the jobs in order with respect to their burst times. There may be two jobs in queue with
the same execution time, and then FCFS approach is to be performed. Each process will be executed
according to the length of its burst time. Then calculate the waiting time and turnaround time of each
of the processes accordingly.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: Intel based Desktop Pc

RAM of 512 MB
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Turbo C/ Borland C.

THEORY:
Example of Non Preemptive SJF

Process Arrival Time Burst Time

P1 0.0 7

P2 2.0 4

P3 4.0 1

P4 3.0 4

P1 P3 P2 P4
0 7 8 12 16

Example of Preemptive SJF

Process Arrival Time Burst Time

P1 0.0 7

P2 2.0 4

P3 4.0 1

P4 3.0 4

4
 P1 P2 P3 P2 P4 P1
Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 = 3

ALGORITHM

1. Start
2. Declare the array size
3. Read the number of processes to be inserted
4. Read the Burst times of processes
5. sort the Burst times in ascending order and process with shortest burst time is first executed.
6. calculate the waiting time of each process
wt[i+1]=bt[i]+wt[i]
7. calculate the turnaround time of each process
tt[i+1]=tt[i]+bt[i+1]
8. Calculate the average waiting time and average turnaround time.
9. Display the values
10. Stop

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,bt[10],t,n,wt[10],tt[10],w1=0,t1=0;
float aw,at;
printf("enter no. of processes:\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter the burst time of processes:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i;j<n;j++)
if(bt[i]>bt[j])
{
t=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[j];
bt[j]=t;
}
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d",bt[i]);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
wt[0]=0;
tt[0]=bt[0];

5
wt[i+1]=bt[i]+wt[i];
tt[i+1]=tt[i]+bt[i+1];
w1=w1+wt[i];
t1=t1+tt[i];
}
aw=w1/n;
at=t1/n;
printf("\nbt\t wt\t tt\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t %d\t %d\n",bt[i],wt[i],tt[i]);
printf("aw=%f\n,at=%f\n",aw,at);
}

INPUT:
enter no of processes
3
enter burst time
12
8
20

OUTPUT:
bt wt tt
12 8 20
8 08
20 20 40
aw=9.33
at=22.64

6
c) Round Robin

DESCRIPTION
Assume all the processes arrive at the same time.

ROUND ROBIN CPU SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

For round robin scheduling algorithm, read the number of processes/jobs in the system, their CPU
burst times, and the size of the time slice. Time slices are assigned to each process in equal portions
and in circular order, handling all processes execution. This allows every process to get an equal
chance. Calculate the waiting time and turnaround time of each of the processes accordingly.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: Intel based Desktop Pc RAM of 512 MB

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: Turbo C/ Borland C.
THEORY:
Round Robin:

Example of RR with time quantum=3

Process Burst time

aaa 4
Bbb 3
Ccc 2
Ddd 5
Eee 1

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare the array size
3. Read the number of processes to be inserted
4. Read the burst times of the processes
5. Read the Time Quantum
6. if the burst time of a process is greater than time Quantum then subtract time quantum form the
burst time
Else
Assign the burst time to time quantum.
7. calculate the average waiting time and turn around time of the processes.
8. Display the values

9. Stop

7
PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int st[10],bt[10],wt[10],tat[10],n,tq;
int i,count=0,swt=0,stat=0,temp,sq=0;
float awt=0.0,atat=0.0;
printf("Enter number of processes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter burst time for sequences:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
st[i]=bt[i];
}
printf("Enter time quantum:");
scanf("%d",&tq);
while(1)
{
for(i=0,count=0;i<n;i++)
{
temp=tq;
if(st[i]==0)
{
count++;
continue;
}
if(st[i]>tq)
st[i]=st[i]-tq;
else
if(st[i]>=0)
{
temp=st[i];
st[i]=0;
}
sq=sq+temp;
tat[i]=sq;
}
if(n==count)
break;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i]=tat[i]-bt[i];
swt=swt+wt[i];

8
stat=stat+tat[i];
}
awt=(float)swt/n;
atat=(float)stat/n;
printf("Process_no Burst time Wait time Turn around time");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n%d\t %d\t %d\t %d",i+1,bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
printf("\nAvg wait time is %f Avg turn around time is %f",awt,atat);
}

Input:
Enter no of jobs
4
Enter burst time
5
12
8
20
Output:

Bt wt tt
505
12 5 13
8 13 25
20 25 45
aw=10.75000
at=22.000000

9
d) Priority

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: Intel based Desktop Pc

RAM of 512 MB
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Turbo C/ Borland C.

THEORY:
In Priority Scheduling, each process is given a priority, and higher priority methods are executed
first, while equal priorities are executed First Come First Served or Round Robin.
There are several ways that priorities can be assigned:
• Internal priorities are assigned by technical quantities such as memory usage, and file/IO
operations.
• External priorities are assigned by politics, commerce, or user preference, such as
importance and amount being paid for process access (the latter usually being for
mainframes).

ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare the array size
3. Read the number of processes to be inserted
4. Read the Priorities of processes
5. sort the priorities and Burst times in ascending order
5. calculate the waiting time of each process
wt[i+1]=bt[i]+wt[i]
6. calculate the turnaround time of each process
tt[i+1]=tt[i]+bt[i+1]
7. Calculate the average waiting time and average turnaround time.
8. Display the values
9. Stop

10
PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,pno[10],prior[10],bt[10],n,wt[10],tt[10],w1=0,t1=0,s;
float aw,at;
printf("enter the number of processes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("The process %d:\n",i+1);
printf("Enter the burst time of processes:");
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
printf("Enter the priority of processes %d:",i+1);
scanf("%d",&prior[i]);
pno[i]=i+1;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(prior[i]<prior[j])
{
s=prior[i];
prior[i]=prior[j];
prior[j]=s;

s=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[j];
bt[j]=s;

s=pno[i];
pno[i]=pno[j];
pno[j]=s;
}
}
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
wt[0]=0;
tt[0]=bt[0];
wt[i+1]=bt[i]+wt[i];
tt[i+1]=tt[i]+bt[i+1];
w1=w1+wt[i];
t1=t1+tt[i];
aw=w1/n;

11
 at=t1/n;
}
printf(" \n job \t bt \t wt \t tat \t prior\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d \t %d \t %d\t %d\t %d\n",pno[i],bt[i],wt[i],tt[i],prior[i]);
printf("aw=%f \t at=%f \n",aw,at);

Input:
Enter no of jobs
4
Enter bursttime
10
2
4
7
Enter priority values
4
2
1
3

Output:

Bt priority wt tt
4104
2246
7 3 6 13
10 4 13 23
aw=5.750000
at=12.500000

12
13