V8 MAIN VJ 20

“FARMER FRIENDLY MULTI-OPERATIONAL AGRO MACHINE” 2023-2024
Chapter-01
INTRODUCTION
Agricultural productivity and efficiency have been significantly enhanced with
the advent of innovative machinery. In response to the growing demand for versatile
and efficient farming solutions, we introduce our cutting-edge multifunctional
agricultural machine. This state-of-the-art equipment combines grass cutting, pesticide
spraying, tilling, and seed sowing operations into a single, streamlined unit.
Grass Cutter equipped with high-precision blades, the grass cutter ensures a
clean and even cut, promoting healthy crop growth and easy maintenance of fields and
lawns.
The integrated pesticide sprayer features adjustable nozzles and a high-capacity
tank, enabling precise and effective application of pesticides, thus protecting crops from
pests and diseases.
The robust tiller mechanism prepares the soil efficiently by breaking up
compacted soil and incorporating organic matter, creating the ideal environment for
seed germination and root development.
The seed sowing module offers adjustable depth and spacing controls, ensuring
uniform seed distribution and optimal planting density for a wide range of crops. our
multifunctional agricultural machine represents a significant advancement in modern
farming technology. By integrating grass cutting, pesticide spraying, tilling, and seed
sowing into one efficient unit, it offers unparalleled versatility and efficiency. This
machine is poised to revolutionize agricultural practices, helping farmers achieve higher
productivity and sustainability in their operations.
The advancement of agriculture machinery has revolutionized modern farming
practices, enabling farmers to perform multiple operations with a single machine, thus
enhancing efficiency and productivity. These versatile machines are designed to execute
a variety of tasks, such as ploughing, seeding, fertilizing, and harvesting, all in one go.
This multi-functionality not only saves time and labor but also reduces operational costs
and minimizes soil compaction by reducing the number of passes required over a field.
For instance, a modern combine harvester can simultaneously reap, thresh, and clean
grain, streamlining the harvesting process significantly. Additionally, precision
agriculture technologies integrated into these machines allow for precise application of
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 1

inputs like seeds and fertilizers, optimizing crop yields and promoting sustainable
farming practices. The ability to perform multiple operations with a single piece of
equipment marks a significant leap forward in agricultural technology, catering to the
growing demand for food production while addressing the challenges of labor shortages
and environmental sustainability.
The integration of multiple operations in agricultural machinery has
revolutionized modern farming practices, enhancing efficiency and productivity. These
advanced machines are designed to perform several tasks simultaneously or in rapid
succession, reducing the need for multiple passes over the field. For example, a single
piece of equipment might combine soil tilling, planting, and fertilizing into one
seamless operation. This not only saves time and labor but also minimizes soil
compaction, which is crucial for maintaining soil health and crop yields. Additionally,
the use of multi-operation machines supports precision agriculture by incorporating
GPS and other technologies to optimize field management. As a result, farmers can
achieve higher levels of accuracy in planting and applying inputs, leading to better
resource utilization and reduced environmental impact. The development and adoption
of these sophisticated machines are pivotal in meeting the growing food demands of an
increasing global population while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
1.1 Farmer Friendly Multi-Operational Agro Machine

Chapter-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Shridhar Il S et, al. He was developed single wheel multi use weeder and it is
manually operated. Weeder performs only normal weeding that is it only cut small
size weed, it cannot work where stones and any obstacles are there. Some
advantages of weeders are it is manually operated, offers zero hazardous, not require
special type of maintains
2. Mr. Mahesh Gavali, Mr.Satish Kulkarni et.al. Had work on available portable
weeders and power tillers in Indian market. They work on comparative analysis
between them. They give information about different weeding method and which
method is mostly acceptable by farmers. They give comparison basis on power
source, power transmission method, engine power etc.
3. Subrata Kr. Mandal et.al. His team work on soil blade interaction. For study
of soil blade interaction they create soil bin. In soil bin all soil parameters like
density, type of soil, moisture contain, hardness this are manually controlled. They
obtained relation between moisture contain, speed, torque.
4. Substrata Kr. Mandal et.al. Tillage is one of important operation in agriculture.
In tillers rotary blades plays main function, rotary blades contact with soil in a
different way than normal plows and due to this blades are subjected to fatigue and
wear. So it is important to increase efficiency of blades or life of blades.
5. Laukik p. Raut et al. (81 have published a paper on the authors are working in
the field of manual operated pesticide sprayer using simple pinion and chain drive
mechanism. The equipment consists of a front wheel on which the sprayer and the
tank are present, as the wheel turns rotation is transferred to the pinion through a
chain drive.
The rotatory motion of the pinion is converted into the reciprocating motion of the
piston which pressurizes the pesticide and sprayed out through a nozzle. Multiple
number of nozzles can be fitted in order to spray on multiple line of crops.

Chapter-03
3.1 Problem statement
Modern agriculture demands efficient and versatile machinery to cope with

various tasks. Farmers often face the challenge of needing multiple machines for
different operations such as cutting grass, spraying pesticides, tilling soil, and sowing
seeds. This not only increases costs but also requires more storage space and
maintenance efforts. Therefore, a multi-functional agricultural machine that combines
these operations into a single unit is essential.
3.2 Primary Objectives

• Efficiency: Combine multiple agricultural tasks into one machine to save time
and labour.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Reduce the overall investment and maintenance costs for
farmers.
• Versatility: Ensure the machine can perform grass cutting, pesticide spraying,
tilling, and seed sowing efficiently.
• Ease of Use: Design the machine to be user-friendly, even for those with
minimal technical skills.
• Durability: Build the machine to withstand various agricultural environments
and prolonged use.
• Precision: Incorporate advanced technologies, such as GPS and sensors, to
enable precise application of inputs, improving resource utilization and crop
yields.
Environmental Sustainability: Design machines that minimize soil
compaction and optimize input application to reduce environmental impact and
promote sustainable farming practices.
Productivity: Increase overall farm productivity by streamlining operations and
reducing the time required for each task, allowing for more efficient use of labor
and resources.
Adaptability: Develop flexible machines that can be easily adjusted or
modified to handle different crops, soil conditions, and farming practices,
ensuring broad applicability.

Safety: Prioritize safety features to protect operators and reduce the risk of
accidents, making agricultural operations safer and more reliable.
3.3 Key features
• Grass Cutter:
Requirement: A mechanism to efficiently cut grass at varying heights.
Specification: Adjustable blade height, durable cutting blades, and a robust
motor to handle thick grass.
• Pesticide Sprayer:
Requirement: A system to evenly distribute pesticides over crops.
Specification: Adjustable spray nozzles, a reliable pump, and a sufficient tank
capacity for extended use.
• Tiller:
Requirement: A tilling mechanism to prepare the soil for planting.
Specification: Adjustable tilling depth, durable tines, and a powerful motor to
handle different soil types.
• Seed Sower:
Requirement: A mechanism to plant seeds at precise depths and intervals.
Specification: Adjustable seed depth and spacing, reliable seed delivery system,
and compatibility with various seed types.
3.4 Challenges faced
• Integration: Combining multiple functionalities into a single machine without

compromising performance or ease of use.
• Weight and Balance: Ensuring the machine remains balanced and easy to
maneuver despite the added functionalities.
• Power Source: Providing sufficient power for all operations while maintaining
efficiency.
• Maintenance: Designing components that are easy to maintain and replace if
necessary.

3.5 Methodology
Research and survey about
Multi-operational agro machine
Make a suitable Design
Select an appropriate material
Fabrication
NO
Project testing &

Analysis
YES
Completion of the project
Fig 3.1 Methodology

3.6 Components of machine
1. Solar panel
2. Battery
3. Connecting pipe
4. Pump
5. DC motor
6. Tank
7. Sprayer
8. Grass cutter blade
9. Frame
10. Wheels
11. T-Joint
12. Power weeder blades
13. Mild steel
14. Tiller motor
15. Plough
Solar Panel
Sun radiations are incident on the solar panel. Solar panel consist of photovoltaic
cells covert this solar energy in to the electric energy. Further this current generated by
the solar cells is supplied to the battery via electric wires. This battery is removable so
after fully charged it can be removed and placed in the sprayer. In this way charging is
done. Fig.3.4.1 shows a Solar Panel.
Fig.3.2 Solar Panel

Battery
In the modern era, electrical energy is normally converted from mechanical

energy, solar energy, and chemical energy etc. A battery is a device that converts
chemical energy to electrical energy. The first battery was developed by Alessandro
Volta in the year of 1800. In the year 1836, John Frederic Daniel, a British chemist
developed the Daniel cell as an improved version of the voltaic cell. From that time
until today, the battery has been the most popular source of electricity in many daily life
applications.
In our daily life, we generally use two types of battery; one of them is which can
be used once before it gets totally discharged. Another type of battery is rechargeable
which means it can be used multiple times by recharging it externally. The former is
called primary battery and the latter is called secondary battery. Batteries can be found
in different sizes. A battery may be as small as a shirt button or may be so big in size
that a whole room will be required to install a battery bank. With this variation of sizes,
the battery is used anywhere from small wrist watches to a large ship.
The batteries are used as a storage device for solar energy which can be further
converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine load such as
irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for storage, for small units with output
means. Since both the photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs, it is
necessary that the overall system be optimized with respect to available energy and local
demand pattern. To be economically attractive the storage of solar electricity
combination of properties:
(1) Low cost
(2) Long life
(3) High reliability
(4) High overall efficiency
DC battery is power source for the spray pump. This battery is charged by solar panel
and removable. The fig 3.4.2 shows a DC battery.

Fig.3.3 12V DC battery
Connecting pipe:
Pesticide sprayers are essential tools in modern agriculture, used to distribute

chemicals for pest control. A critical component of these systems is the piping that
delivers the pesticide from the tank to the nozzles. Using transparent pipes in pesticide
sprayers offers several advantages that can enhance the efficiency, safety, and ease of
maintenance of the spraying process. Leaks in the system can be immediately spotted,
reducing the risk of pesticide wastage and potential harm to the environment.
Fig.3.4 Connecting pipe
Pump:
A pump is a device used to moves fluids by mechanical action. Pumps can be

classified into 2 types according to the method they use to move the liquid, dynamic

and positive displacement pumps. The pump used in here is a rotary vane pump which
is a positive displacement pump and has a wide range of applications such as pumping
water from wells aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration.
A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes

mounted to a rotor that rotates inside a cavity. In some cases, these vanes can have
variable length and/or be tensioned to maintain contact with the walls the pump rotates.
It was invented by Charles C. Barnes of Sackville, New Brunswick, who patented it on
June 16, 1874. There have been various improvements, including a variable vane pump
for gases.
The simplest vane pump has a circular rotor rotating inside a larger circular
cavity. The centres of these two circles are offset, causing eccentricity. Vanes are
allowed to slide into and out of the rotor and seal on all edges, creating vane chambers
that do the pumping work. On the intake side of the pump, the vane chambers are
increasing in volume. These increasing-volume vane chambers are filled with fluid
forced in by the inlet pressure. Inlet pressure is actually the pressure from the system
being pumped, often just the atmosphere. On the discharge side of the pump, the vane
chambers are decreasing in volume, forcing fluid out of the pump. The action of the
vane drives out the same volume of fluid with each rotation. Multistage rotary-vane
vacuum pumps can attain pressures as low as 10 mbar (0.0001 Pa). DC pumps use direct
current from motor, battery or solar power to move fluid in a variety of ways. Motorized
pumps typically operate on 6, 12, 24 or 32 volts of DC power. A 12V DC pump has
been connected to the battery and supply of pesticide is given through a connecting pipe
made of plastic to the pesticide tank or water tank. The fig 3.4.3 shows a DC pump.
Fig.3.5 DC pump

DC Motor:
ADC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct
current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic; to periodically change the direction
of current flow in part of the motor.
DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered
from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed
can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by
changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools,
toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a
lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC
motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in
drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of
DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
A brushed DC electric motor is an internally commutated electric motor

designed to be run from a direct current power source. Brushed motors were the first
commercially important application of electric power to driving mechanical energy, and
DC distribution systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in
commercial and industrial buildings.
Fig.3.6 DC motor

Polymer:
Polymer is used to make the product tank. Polymer is typically low densities,
whereas their mechanical characteristic is generally dissimilar to metallic and ceramic
materials and they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types. The fig
shows the Plastic tank. Its compact size makes it suitable for both indoor and outdoor
use, while its plastic construction ensures resistance to corrosion and ease of
maintenance. Whether used for water storage, chemical containment, or agricultural
applications, the tank provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for storing liquids
in various environments.
Fig.3.7 Plastic tank
Sprayer Device:
A sprayer is a mechanical device used to spray the liquid like pesticides,

fungicides and fertilizers to the crops in order to avoid any pest. Sprayer provides
optimum utilization of pesticides or any liquid with minimum efforts.
Spraying of pesticides is an important task in agriculture for protecting the crops

from insects. Farmers mainly use hand operated or fuel operated spray pump for this
task. This conventional sprayer causes user fatigue due to excessive bulky and heavy
construction.
Classification of spraying systems:
There are different types of sprayers can be used as follows:
1) Hand operated sprayer.

2) Engine operated sprayer/fuel operated sprayer.

3) Electric motor pump sprayer.
1) Hand operated sprayer: is operated by hand so that the discomfort occur while
spraying.
2) Engine operated sprayer/fuel operated sprayer: As we know that engine
operated sprayer is working on petrol. Petrol is costly fuel so in farmer economical
point of view it is not good.
3) Electric motor pump sprayer: Electric motor pump sprayer is used electricity for
charging Battery in this way the pump can drive according to battery charging.
The sprayer nozzle is a plastic 'hollow cylinder-shaped object which one side is
fitted to a connecting pipe which runs to a pump and the other side is fitted with a porous
cap to get a sprinkler effect when water flows through it. Fig 3.4.6 shows a plastic
nozzle.
Fig.3.8 Sprayer Device
Grass Cutter Blade:

A blade is the part which rotates about a axis cutting the gras and directly
connected to the DC motor. It is fitted at an optimum distance from the ground and the
blade is sharpened to a maximum extent. The blade is made from mild or stainless steel,
a centre plate is provided where two holes are drilled at the opposite ends and the blades
are held in place by a nut and bolt setup. The blade setup is set at the front of the steel
platform and the motor is at the top platform.
Fig.3.9 Grass Cutter Blade

Frame:
The frame has been created by using raw materials such as structural mild steel,
stainless steel sheet metal, screws, nuts and rivets. In order to hold all the different parts
of the machine in place. The structure was welded by using stick flux core welding
(MAW) process. Welding is a material joining process in which two or more parts are
coalesced at their contacting surfaces by a suitable application of heat and/or pressure.
Many welding processes are accomplished by heat alone, with no pressure

applied; others by a combination of heat and pressure; and still others by pressure alone,
with no external heat supplied. In some welding processes a filler material is added to
facilitate coalescence. The assemblage of parts that are joined by welding is called a
weldment.
Farm welding is an essential skill in agriculture, enabling farmers to maintain,

repair, and fabricate equipment and structures on their properties. This capability is
crucial for ensuring the longevity and functionality of various agricultural tools and
machinery, which are often subject to intense use and harsh conditions. Here are some
key points about farm welding:
Fig.3.10 welding

Wheel:
Material used is high strength rubber material, rotates smoothly. The front and
rear wheels we connected to the frame and held by stoppers at the end of the rod.
Fig.3.11 wheel
T-Joint:
"T-joints" for sprayer nozzles are simple connectors that allow multiple nozzles
to be attached to a single hose or pipe in a T-shaped configuration. T-joints serve as
junction points in the sprayer system, allowing for the distribution of liquid to multiple
nozzles from a single water source. When connected to the main hose or pipe, the liquid
flows through the T-joint and is split into two directions, supplying each sprayer nozzle
with the necessary liquid for spraying. T-joints offer flexibility in the arrangement of
sprayer nozzles, enabling users to customize the spraying pattern or coverage area
according to their needs. T-joints are designed for easy installation and removal,
requiring no special tools or expertise.
Fig.3.12 T-joints
Power weeder blades:

Power weeder blades are essential components of agricultural machinery used
for weed control and cultivation in fields. These blades are designed to efficiently cut
through vegetation while minimizing soil disturbance, thereby promoting crop growth
and health. Typically made from durable materials like hardened steel or alloy metals,

power weeder blades come in various shapes and sizes to suit different soil conditions
and weed types. Their sharp edges and sturdy construction enable them to slice through
weeds effectively, ensuring thorough weed removal without damaging the crops. Proper
maintenance and replacement of these blades are crucial for optimal performance and
prolonged equipment lifespan in agricultural operations.
Fig.3.13 Power weeder blades
Mild steel:
Mild steel which is used to make body parts. This material was chosen because
it is more resistance to corrosion. Allows products of mild steel to be basically formed
close to the end of the product’s design. The combination of corrosion resistance and
formability makes mild steel an ideal choice for producing body parts. It ensures that
the final products not only withstand environmental challenges but also meet design
specifications with precision and efficiency.
Fig.3.14 Mild steel
Tiller motor:
A tiller motor is a crucial component of small watercraft, typically used for

steering and propulsion. These motors are often mounted at the stern of the boat and
controlled by a tiller handle, allowing for easy manoeuvrability. Tiller motors come in
various sizes and power ratings to suit different types of vessels, from small fishing
boats to recreational pontoons. They are usually powered by gasoline or electric motors,
providing reliable performance for navigating rivers, lakes, and coastal waters.

Maintenance of tiller motors is important for optimal functionality, including regular

checks on fuel levels, lubrication, and overall condition to ensure safe and efficient
operation on the water.
Fig.3.15 Tiller motor
Plough:
A plough is an agricultural tool designed for breaking up soil and turning it over
to prepare for planting crops. It typically consists of a strong frame with a blade or
blades attached, which penetrate the soil as the plough is drawn forward by a tractor or
other means of power. The blade or blades can vary in shape and size depending on the
type of soil and the depth of tillage required. Ploughs have been used for thousands of
years and have evolved significantly over time, from simple wooden or stone
implements pulled by animals to modern mechanized versions. The invention of the
plough is often cited as one of the key advancements in agriculture, as it allowed for
more efficient cultivation of land and increased crop yields. Different types of ploughs
are used for various purposes, such as mouldboard ploughs for deep tillage and turning
over sod, disc ploughs for breaking up tough soil, and chisel ploughs for minimizing
soil disruption. Despite advances in technology, ploughs remain an essential tool in
agriculture, especially in areas where traditional farming methods are still practiced.
Fig.3.16 plough

Chapter-04
DESIGN AND FABRICATION
4.1 Designing:
Designing and fabricating a multifunctional agricultural machine that includes
a grass cutter, pesticide sprayer, tiller, and seed sowing operations requires a
comprehensive approach to integrate these functions effectively. Here’s a step-by-step
guide to help you through the process:
Designing and fabricating an agricultural machine that integrates multiple
functionalities grass cutting, pesticide spraying, tilling, and seed sowing requires a
multi-disciplinary approach to ensure efficiency, durability, and ease of use. The design
process begins with identifying the specific requirements and constraints of the target
agricultural activities, including the types of crops, soil conditions, and scale of
operations.
A robust chassis forms the backbone of the machine, designed to withstand the
stresses of various tasks. The grass cutter attachment needs to be equipped with sharp,
durable blades and a reliable motor to handle different grass densities. For the pesticide
sprayer, a system with adjustable nozzles and a pressurized tank ensures even
distribution and minimizes waste.
The tiller should feature strong tines capable of breaking up soil efficiently,
driven by a powerful motor to handle different soil types. Seed sowing mechanisms
must be precise, with adjustable settings to cater to various seed sizes and planting
depths. Integration of these components is facilitated through a modular design,
allowing for easy attachment and detachment based on the task at hand.
Additionally, the machine should be powered by a reliable engine or motor,
with considerations for fuel efficiency and environmental impact. Ergonomic controls
and user-friendly interfaces are essential for operator comfort and efficiency. Overall,
the fabrication of such a machine demands careful material selection, precision
engineering, and rigorous testing to ensure all components work harmoniously and
reliably in diverse agricultural settings.

4.2 Machine’s application :

Increased Productivity: Farmers can perform multiple tasks with a single machine,
leading to higher productivity.
Reduced Costs: Lower initial investment and maintenance costs compared to owning
multiple machines.
Environmental Impact: Efficient pesticide spraying and precision seed sowing can
reduce environmental impact and improve crop yields.
User Satisfaction: A versatile, easy-to-use machine that meets various agricultural
needs can enhance user satisfaction and adoption.
4.3 Material selection :

The material selection is one of the important and mandatory stage in the
designing any functional structures. The structural designer initial primary work is
material selection and using the market available materials. The selecting materials
based on the various factors, major factors like strength, cost, availability,
environmental condition having corrosion resistance, weight and manufacturability
includes weld ability and handling etc. For this project, materials were selected which
is easily and readily available in market and chosen the medium strength structural tubes
and plates.
4.31 Structural Steel Tubing:

A hollow structural section (HSS) is a type of metal profile with a hollow cross
section. HSS is sometimes mistakenly referenced as hollow structural steel. Rectangular
and square HSS are also commonly called tube steel or box section. HSS are sometimes
mistakenly called steel pipe, although true steel pipe is actually dimensioned and
classed differently from HSS. (HSS dimensions are based on exterior dimensions of the
profile; pipes are also manufactured to an exterior tolerance, albeit to a different
standard.).
Fig. 4.1 steel tubes

4.32 Sheet Metal Cladding:

Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet
metal is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent
into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal.
Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are considered foil or leaf,
and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate steel or "structural steel."
Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by running
a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter.
In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in
millimetres. In the US, the thickness of sheet metal is commonly specified by a
traditional, non-linear measure known as its gauge. The larger the gauge number, the
thinner the metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauges to about 7
gauges. Gauge differs between ferrous (iron based) metals and nonferrous metals such
as aluminium or copper. Copper thickness, for example, is measured in ounces;
representing the weight of copper contained in an area of one square foot. Parts
manufactured from sheet metal must maintain a uniform thickness for ideal results.
There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such as
aluminium, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses, some
important sheet metals include silver, gold, and platinum (platinum sheet metal is also
utilized as a catalyst.
Sheet metal is used in automobile and truck (lorry) bodies, airplane fuselages
and wings, medical tables, roofs for buildings (architecture) and many other
applications. Sheet metal of iron and other materials with high magnetic permeability,
also known as laminated steel cores, has applications in transformers and electric
machines. Historically, an important use of sheet metal was in plate Armor worn by
cavalry, and sheet metal continues to have many decorative uses, including in horse
tack.
Fig 4.2 Sheet Metal Cladding

4.33 Hard Rubber Wheels or Airless Wheels:

Airless tires or non-pneumatic tires (NPT), are tires that are not supported by air
pressure. They are used on some small vehicles such as riding lawn mowers and
motorized golf carts. They are also used on heavy equipment such as backhoes, which
are required to operate on sites such as building demolition, where risk of tire punctures
is high. Tires composed of closed-cell polyurethane foam are also made for bicycles
and wheelchairs.
The main advantage of airless tires is that they do not go flat. Other advantages
are that airless tires need to be replaced less, resulting in savings. Heavy equipment
outfitted with airless tires will be able to carry more weight and engage in more rugged
activities,
Airless tires generally have higher rolling resistance and provide somewhat less
suspension than similarly shaped and sized pneumatic tires. Other problems for airless
heavy equipment tires include dissipating the heat build-up that occurs when they are
driven. Airless tires are often filled with compressed polymers (plastic), rather than air
or can be a solid melded product.
Fig 4.3 Hard Rubber Wheels
4.34 Welding:
The joining of steel tubes together is carried out by the process of arc welding.
Arc welding is a welding process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity
to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when cool result in a binding
of the metals. It is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an
electric are between a metal stick ("electrode") and the base material to melt the metals
at the point of contact.

Arc welders can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and
consumable or non- consumable electrodes.
To supply the electrical energy necessary for are welding processes, a number
of different power supplies can be used. The most common classification is constant
current power supplies and constant voltage power supplies. In arc welding, the voltage
is directly related to the length of the arc, and the current is related to the amount of heat
input. Constant current power supplies are most often used for manual welding
processes such as gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding, because
they maintain a relatively constant current even as the voltage varies. This is important
because in manual welding, it can be difficult to hold the electrode perfectly steady, and
as a result, the arc length and thus voltage tend to fluctuate.
Constant voltage power supplies hold the voltage constant and vary the current,
and as a result, are most often used for automated welding processes such as gas metal
arc welding. Aux cored are welding, and submerged arc welding. In these processes,
arc length is kept constant, since any fluctuation in the distance between the wire and
the base material is quickly rectified by a large change in current. For example, if the
wire and the base material get too close, the current will rapidly increase, which in turn
causes the heat to increase and the tip of the wire to melt, returning it to its original
separation distance.
Advantages
There are a number of advantages to using are welding compared with many other
formats:
1. Cost-equipment for arc welding is well-priced and affordable, and the process often
requires less equipment in the first place because of the lack of gas
2. Portability-these materials are very easy to transport
3. Works on dirty metal
4. Shielding gas isn't necessary processes can be completed during wind or rain, and
spatter isn't a major concern.

Disadvantages
There are a few reasons why some people look to other options beyond arc welding for
certain kinds of projects. These downsides can include:
1. Lower efficiency more waste is generally produced during arc welding than many
other types, which can increase project costs in some cases
2. High skill level operators of arc welding projects need a high level of skill and
training, and not all professionals have this
3. Thin materials - it can be tough to use arc welding on certain thin metals.
4.35 Blade Material:

The blade can be made from a variety of materials, the most common being
carbon steel, stainless steel, tool steel and alloy steel. As hardness increases, the blade
becomes capable of taking and holding a better edge, but is more difficult to sharpen
and more brittle (commonly called less "tough"). Laminating softer steel between a
harder one is an expensive process that to some extent gives the benefits of both types.
Fig 4.4 blade material
4.4 Fabrication
In this project, a lot of fabrication work need to be applied to make sure the
project done well and satisfying. The main adhesive agent that have been used are
welding. Stick welding, also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA), is a manual
arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode covered in flux to create a weld.
Stick welding is effective even when it's windy or raining. The equipment required is
not very expensive. It needs no external shielding gas, which saves money. It's less

sensitive to paint, corrosion, and dirt at the welding point, saving time on pre-welding
clean-up.
Fig 4.5 Welding
4.5 Expected Outcome of the project

The expected outcome of the project on multiple operation agriculture machines
is to significantly enhance farming efficiency and productivity. By integrating various
functions such as ploughing, seeding, and fertilizing into a single machine, it reduces
labour costs and time. This innovation aims to improve crop yields by ensuring timely
and precise agricultural operations. Additionally, it supports sustainable farming
practices by optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental impact. Ultimately,
the project strives to boost the economic viability of farming operations and promote
food security.
Fig.4.6 CAD Design
4.6 Testing
Testing a multi-operational agricultural machine equipped with a grass cutter,
pesticide sprayer, tiller, and seed sowing functions requires a systematic approach to
ensure each component performs optimally. Initially, the grass cutter should be tested
for its efficiency in cutting various types of grass, ensuring it provides a clean and
uniform cut without damaging the machine. Following this, the pesticide sprayer needs

to be evaluated for its spraying coverage and consistency, ensuring it distributes the
pesticide evenly across the target area without any leaks or blockages. The tiller should
then be tested on different soil types to assess its ability to effectively till the soil to the
desired depth and consistency, promoting optimal soil health and preparation for
planting. Finally, the seed sowing function must be examined for precision and
uniformity in seed placement and depth, ensuring that seeds are sown at the correct
intervals and depths for optimal germination and growth. Comprehensive testing of
these operations ensures the machine's overall reliability and effectiveness in enhancing
agricultural productivity.
Fig: 4.7 Testing of the project
4.6 Procedure
The agricultural process involving weed and grass cutting, pesticide spraying,
tilling, and seed sowing with machinery is a streamlined operation aimed at maximizing
efficiency and crop yield. Initially, weed and grass cutting is performed using
specialized machines equipped with sharp blades or trimmers to clear unwanted
vegetation from the fields. This step is crucial to reduce competition for nutrients and
sunlight, allowing the crops to thrive.
Following weed removal, pesticide spraying is carried out to protect the crops from
pests and diseases. This is done using sprayers attached to tractors or self-propelled
units, which ensure an even and controlled application of pesticides across the field.

The machinery used for spraying can be calibrated to deliver precise amounts of
chemicals, minimizing waste and environmental impact.
Once the field is clear and protected, tilling is conducted using a tiller or cultivator. This
machine breaks up and aerates the soil, preparing it for planting by improving soil
structure and drainage. Tilling also helps in mixing organic matter into the soil,
enhancing its fertility. The final step is seed sowing, which is executed using seed drills
or planters. These machines accurately place seeds at the correct depth and spacing,
ensuring uniform germination and growth. Modern seed Sowers can be adjusted for
different seed types and planting densities, which optimizes the conditions for various
crops. By integrating these processes with advanced machinery, farmers can achieve
higher productivity, better crop management, and more sustainable agricultural
practices.
Advantages
Cost Efficiency:
Reduced Equipment Costs: Farmers save money by purchasing one machine that can
perform multiple tasks instead of several specialized machines.
Lower Maintenance Costs: Maintaining a single multi-operation machine is generally
cheaper than maintaining several single-purpose machines.
Labour Efficiency:
Reduced Labour Requirements: One machine can do the work of several, reducing the
need for multiple operators.
Time Savings: Multi-purpose machines streamline farming operations, saving time by
performing multiple tasks in one pass.
Space Efficiency:
Storage Space: Less space is needed to store one machine compared to multiple
machines.
Operational Footprint: A single machine performing multiple tasks can reduce soil
compaction and minimize the disruption to the field.
Versatility and Flexibility:
Adaptability: These machines can be used for various crops and tasks, making them
versatile for different farming needs.

Ease of Switching Tasks: Quick adjustment mechanisms allow farmers to switch

between different operations seamlessly.
Technological Integration:
Advanced Features: Modern multi-operation machines often come with
advanced technologies such as GPS, sensors, and automation features that enhance
precision and efficiency.
Disadvantages
High Initial Cost:
Investment: The initial purchase price of a multi-operation machine can be very
high, which may be a barrier for small-scale farmers.
Complexity:
Maintenance and Repairs: These machines can be complex, requiring
specialized knowledge for maintenance and repairs.
Operator Training: Operators need to be trained to handle the multifunctional
capabilities of the machine, which can take time and resources.
Reliability Issues:
Dependence on One Machine: If the machine breaks down, multiple operations
are halted, potentially causing significant delays.
Wear and Tear: Since the machine is used for multiple tasks, it may experience more
wear and tear, leading to more frequent maintenance needs.
Field Conditions:
Suitability: Multi-operation machines may not perform as well in all field
conditions or crop types, potentially limiting their effectiveness in certain situations.
Limited Customization:
Specialized Tasks: These machines might not be as effective for highly
specialized tasks as dedicated equipment, potentially compromising on quality or
efficiency in specific operations.

Chapter-5
5.1 Discussion
Modern agriculture benefits significantly from the use of multi-operation
machines, which integrate various functionalities to streamline farming processes.
These sophisticated machines, such as combine harvesters and multifunctional tractors,
enable farmers to perform several tasks simultaneously, thereby increasing efficiency
and productivity. For example, a single piece of equipment might combine ploughing,
seeding, and fertilizing operations, reducing the need for multiple passes over the field.
This consolidation not only saves time and labor but also minimizes soil compaction
and fuel consumption, leading to more sustainable farming practices. Additionally,
advanced features like GPS and automated controls enhance precision in planting and
harvesting, ensuring optimal use of resources and improving crop yields. As technology
continues to evolve, the integration of data analytics and IoT (Internet of Things) in
these machines allows for real-time monitoring and adjustments, further optimizing
agricultural operations and supporting the growing demand for food production.
Overall, the development and deployment of multi-operation agricultural machines
represent a significant advancement in modern farming, contributing to greater
efficiency, sustainability, and profitability.
5.2 Future Scope

The future scope of multiple operations in agricultural machinery is vast and
transformative, promising to revolutionize the agricultural sector. Advances in
technology are enabling the development of multifunctional machines capable of
performing several tasks simultaneously, thereby increasing efficiency and productivity.
These machines can combine processes such as planting, fertilizing, and harvesting into
a single operation, reducing the time and labor required. Automation and robotics play
a crucial role, with autonomous tractors and drones being integrated to manage various
tasks like soil analysis, crop monitoring, and pest control. The use of artificial
intelligence and machine learning allows these machines to adapt to changing
conditions and optimize their performance in real-time. Precision agriculture, further
enhances the accuracy and effectiveness of these operations, ensuring minimal waste
and maximum yield. As research and development in this field continue to progress, the
future of agriculture machinery holds the promise of smarter, more efficient, and
environmentally friendly farming solutions.

5.3 Conclusion
The integration of multiple operations in agricultural machinery significantly
enhances efficiency, productivity, and sustainability in modern farming practices. By
combining functions such as planting, fertilizing, and tilling into a single pass, these
advanced machines reduce the time and labour required for crop management. This
multifunctionality not only lowers operational costs but also minimizes soil
compaction, preserving soil health and structure. Furthermore, the reduced fuel
consumption and emissions from fewer passes contribute to environmental
conservation efforts. Overall, the adoption of multi-operation agricultural machinery
represents a pivotal advancement in the quest for more efficient and eco-friendly
agricultural practices, addressing the growing demand for food production while
mitigating environmental impact.
References
[1] Shridhar I1 S, Varun Krishnan,T.V Arjun ,Vignesh, Nitin Joshwa “ design and
Fabrication of multipurpose farming equipment” International Journal of research
in engineering, Science &Management (2020).
[2] Mr. Mahesh Gavali, Mr.Satish Kulkarni An efficient design and development of
multipurpose agro machine” journal of Xi’anUniversity of architecture and
Technology.
[3] Subrata Kumar Mandal, Somenath Mukherjee and Ashok Kumar Prasad are
working as Scientists;Basudeb Bhattacharyya as Professor DOI:
http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.14741/Ijcet/22774106/6.4.2015.3
[4] Subrata kr Mandal, Shivangi Gupta, Keshav Pureha and Shreya Verma “fabrication
and automation of seedsowing machine using IOT” International Journal of
mechanical engineering and technology (IJMET)(2018).
[5] Laukik p. Raut et al, Shaikh Ajaharuddin ,Deore Ganesh, Choure Ganesh, prof.
P.G. Tathe “multipurpose agriculture vehicle” International Journal of Advanced
research in computer and communication engineering (IJARCCE) (2018).
[6] Topakci, M., Celik, H. K. and Yilmaz, D. (2008), Stress analysis on transmission
gears of a rotary tillerusing finite element method. Akendiz Ünivresitesi Ziraat
Fakultesi Dergisi. 21(2): 155-160. as
[7] Subrata Kumar Mandal, Somenath Mukherjee and Ashok Kumar Prasad are
working Scientists;Basudeb Bhattacharyya as
http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.14741/Ijcet/22774106/6.4.2015.31

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“FARMER FRIENDLY MULTI-OPERATIONAL AGRO MACHINE” 2023-2024

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 1

1.1 Farmer Friendly Multi-Operational Agro Machine

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 2

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 3

3.1 Problem statement

Modern agriculture demands efficient and versatile machinery to cope with

3.2 Primary Objectives

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 4

3.4 Challenges faced

• Integration: Combining multiple functionalities into a single machine without

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 5

Research and survey about

Multi-operational agro machine

Make a suitable Design

Select an appropriate material

Project testing &

Completion of the project

Fig 3.1 Methodology

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 6

3.6 Components of machine

Fig.3.2 Solar Panel

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 7

In the modern era, electrical energy is normally converted from mechanical

(1) Low cost

(2) Long life

(3) High reliability

(4) High overall efficiency

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 8

Fig.3.3 12V DC battery

Pesticide sprayers are essential tools in modern agriculture, used to distribute

Fig.3.4 Connecting pipe

A pump is a device used to moves fluids by mechanical action. Pumps can be

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 9

A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 10

A brushed DC electric motor is an internally commutated electric motor

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 11

Fig.3.7 Plastic tank

A sprayer is a mechanical device used to spray the liquid like pesticides,

Spraying of pesticides is an important task in agriculture for protecting the crops

Classification of spraying systems:

There are different types of sprayers can be used as follows:

1) Hand operated sprayer.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 12

2) Engine operated sprayer/fuel operated sprayer.

Fig.3.8 Sprayer Device

Grass Cutter Blade:

Fig.3.9 Grass Cutter Blade

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 13

Many welding processes are accomplished by heat alone, with no pressure

Farm welding is an essential skill in agriculture, enabling farmers to maintain,

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 14

Power weeder blades:

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 15

Fig.3.13 Power weeder blades

Fig.3.14 Mild steel

A tiller motor is a crucial component of small watercraft, typically used for