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GENERAL PHYSICS II
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 2
Quarter 4

WAVE

OPTICS

http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/~hadlekat/COURSES/ph212/waveOptics/images/slide3.png?crc=175483291

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GENERAL PHYSICS II
Alternative Delivery Mode
Second Semester – Wave Optics

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 Explore

If you have witnessed the reds, blues, and greens in a sunlit soap bubble and wondered how
straw-colored soapy water could produce them, then you have hit upon one of the many
phenomena that can only be explained by the wave character of light. The same is true for
the colors seen in an oil slick or in the light reflected from a compact disc. These and other
interesting phenomena, such as the dispersion of white light into a rainbow of colors when
passed through a narrow slit, can be explained fully by wave optics (sometimes called
physical optics). Wave optics explains why the sky is blue. The white light which is emitted
by the sun is actually made up of all colors which are present in the beautiful rainbow. As per
wave theory of light, light travels in wave forms too. Some light moves in long waves
whereas, some other moves in the form of short waves. Here, blue light waves are shorter
than red light waves. All the light colors including blue light reaches the earth’s atmosphere
and is scattered in all directions. As blue light is shorter and smaller wave, it is scattered
more than any other colors in to the earth’s atmosphere.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

 Determine the conditions (superposition, path and phase difference, polarization,
amplitude) for interference to occur emphasizing the properties of a laser as a
monochromatic and coherent light source (STEM_GP12OPTIVf-32)
 Relate the geometry of the two-slit experiment set up (slit separation, and screen-to-
slit distance) and properties of light (wavelength) to the properties of the interference
pattern (width, location, and intensity) (STEM_GP12OPTIVf-33)
 Relate the geometry of the diffraction experiment setup (slit size, and screen- to-slit
distance) and properties of light (wavelength) to the properties of the diffraction
pattern (width, location, and intensity of the fringes) STEM_GP12OPTIVf-35

By the end of this module, learners are expected to:

 Determine the conditions (superposition, path and phase difference, polarization,
amplitude) for interference to occur emphasizing the properties of a laser (as a
monochromatic and coherent light source) (STEM_GP12OPTIVf-32)
 Relate the geometry of two-slit experiment et up (slit separation, and slit-to-screen
distance) and properties of light (wavelength) to the properties of interference pattern
(width, location, and intensity) (STEM_GP12OPTIVf-33)
 Predict the occurrence of constructive and destructive reflection from thin films based
on their thickness, index of refraction, and wavelength of illumination
(STEM_GP12OPTIVf-33)
 Relate the geometry of diffraction experiment setup (slit size, and screen-to-slit
distance) and properties of light (wavelength) to the properties of the diffraction
pattern (width, location, and intensity of the fringes) (STEM_GP12OPTIVf-35)

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 Learn
There is a reason why it is said that our lives is filled with light. Light allows us to appreciate
the magnificence of our surrounding world by distinguishing details, individual colors,
movement, and brightness. It has innumerable uses beyond what our eyes can see. It plays
a major role in the telecommunication industry by carrying telephone signals through fibers.
Life itself could not exist without light’s energy.

DO THIS
Activity 1. USING FINGERS AS SLITS
ogether. What type of pattern do you see? How does it change when you allow the fingers to move a little farther apart? Is it more distinc

EXPLORE
Activity 2. Define the following terms in two to three sentences.

1. Wave Optics
2. Wavelength
3. Reflection
4. Refraction
5. Diffraction

KEEP THIS IN MIND

THE WAVE ASPECT OF LIGHT

Visible light is an electromagnetic wave to which our eyes respond. The same with other
electromagnetic waves, it obeys the equation c = fλ, where c = 3 × 108 m/s is the speed of
light in vacuum, f is the frequency of the electromagnetic waves, and λ is its wavelength. The
range of visible wavelengths is approximately 380 to 760 nm. Light also travels in straight
lines and acts like a ray when it interacts with objects several times as large as its
wavelength. However, when it interacts with smaller objects, it displays its wave
characteristics prominently.

Figure 1 shows how a transverse wave looks as viewed

from above and from the side. A light wave can be
imagined to propagate like this, although we do not actually
see it wiggling through space. From above, we view the
wave fronts (or wave crests) as we would by looking down
on the ocean waves. The side view would be a graph of the
electric or magnetic field. The view from above is perhaps
the most useful in developing concepts about wave optics. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-
archive-read-only/wp-
content/uploads/sites/222/2014/12/20111350/
Figure_28_02_01a.jpg
Figure 1

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Interference

Interference is simply combination of waves passing the same medium at the same time.
According to superposition principle, when two or more waves travel simultaneously in the
same medium, each wave will proceed independently of the others. The resulting
disturbance is the sum of the individual waves. This wave characteristic is most prominent
when the wave interacts with an object that is not large compared with the wavelength.

Figure 2. (a) The laser beam emitted by an observatory acts

like a ray, traveling in a straight line. This laser beam is from
the Paranal Observatory of the European Southern
Observatory. (credit: Yuri Beletsky, European Southern
Observatory) (b) A laser beam passing through a grid of
vertical slits produces an interference pattern—characteristic
of a wave. (credit: Shim’on and Slava Rybka, Wikimedia

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/
courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-
content/uploads/sites/222/2014/12/20111346/
Figure_28_01_01a.jpg
Figure 2

Huygens’s Principle

Waves bend around obstacles in their path or spread out when they travel through narrow
slits. Diffraction demonstrates Huygens’ Principle. Huygens’ principle states that every point
on a wave can act as a new source of waves that spread out in the forward direction at the
same speed as itself. The new wavefront is a line tangent to all of the wavelets. This useful
technique was developed by Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695).

Figure 3 shows how Huygens’s principle is applied. A wavefront is the long edge that moves, for example, the crest o

222/2014/12/20111351/Figure_28_02_02a.jpg
Figure 3
Huygens’s principle works for all types of waves, including water waves, sound waves, and
light waves. We will find it useful not only in describing how light waves propagate, but also
in

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explaining the laws of reflection and refraction. In addition, we will see that Huygens’s
principle tells us how and where light rays interfere.

Waves and Reflection

Figure 4 shows how a mirror reflects an incoming wave at an angle equal to the incident
angle, verifying the law of reflection. As the wavefront strikes the mirror, wavelets are first
emitted from the left part of the mirror and then the right. The wavelets closer to the left have
had time to travel farther, producing a wavefront traveling in the direction shown.

Figure 4. Huygens’s principle applied to a straight

wavefront striking a mirror. The wavelets shown were
emitted as each point on the wavefront struck the
mirror. The tangent to these wavelets shows that the
new wavefront has been reflected at an angle equal to
the incident angle. The direction of propagation is
perpendicular to the wavefront, as shown by the
downward-pointing arrows.

Figure 4

Waves and Refraction

The law of refraction can be explained by applying Huygens’s principle to a wavefront

passing from one medium to another (see Figure 5). Each wavelet in the figure was emitted
when the wavefront crossed the interface between the media. Since the speed of light is
smaller in the second medium, the waves do not travel as far in a given time, and the new
wavefront changes direction as shown. This explains why a ray changes direction to become
closer to the perpendicular when light slows down.

Figure 5. Huygens’s principle applied to a

straight wavefront traveling from one
medium to another where its speed is less.
The ray bends toward the perpendicular,
since the wavelets have a lower speed in
the second medium.

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Waves and Diffraction

Diffraction is the bending of light around an obstacle and subsequent spreading of light
waves into the region behind the obstacle. The obstacle may be a slit, a wire, a hole, and the
likes. The amount of diffraction depends on the width of the slit compared to the wavelength
of light. When the slit is considerably larger than the wavelength, very little diffraction
occurs. The

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diffraction is substantial when the width of the slit is comparable to the wavelength of light. A
perfect analogy is the spreading of water waves through an opening. The smaller the
opening, the greater the wavelength, the more water will spread out.

If we pass light through smaller openings, often called slits, we can use Huygens’s principle
to see that light bends as sound does (see Figure 6). The bending of a wave around the
edges of an opening or an obstacle is called diffraction. Diffraction is a wave characteristic
and occurs for all types of waves. If diffraction is observed for some phenomenon, it is
evidence that the phenomenon is a wave.

Figure 6. Huygens’s principle

applied to a straight wavefront
striking an opening. The edges of
the wavefront bend after passing
through the opening, a process
called diffraction. The amount of
bending is more extreme for a small
opening, consistent with the fact
that wave characteristics are most
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp- noticeable for interactions with
content/uploads/sites/222/2014/12/20111357/Figure_28_02_06a.jpg objects about the same size as the
Figure 6

YOUNG’S EXPERIMENT

Christiaan Huygens thought that light was a wave, however Isaac Newton felt that there
were other explanations for color, and for the interference and diffraction effects that were
observable at the time. Owing to Newton’s stature, his view that there were other
explanations for color, interference, and diffraction still generally prevailed.

The acceptance of the wave characteristic of light came in many years later in 1801, when
the English Physicist and Physician Thomas Young performed his famous double slit
experiment. This is based on the premise that if light is a wave, then it should behave like
water waves in a pond or river.

Figure 7. Young’s double slit experiment. Here pure-

wavelength light sent through a pair of vertical slits is
diffracted into a pattern on the screen of numerous
vertical lines spread out horizontally. Without diffraction
and interference, the light would simply make two lines
on the screen.

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-
archive-read-only/wp-
content/uploads/sites/222/2014/12/20111358/
Figure_28_03_01a.jpg
Figure 7

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Why do we not ordinarily observe wave behavior for light, such as observed in Young’s
double slit experiment? First, light must interact with something small, such as the closely
spaced slits used by Young, to show pronounced wave effects. Furthermore, Young first
passed light from a single source (the Sun) through a single slit to make the light somewhat
coherent. By coherent, we mean waves are in phase or have a definite phase relationship.
Incoherent means the waves have random phase relationships.

Constructive and Destructive Interference

Why did Young then pass the light through a double slit? Two slits provide two coherent light
sources that then interfere constructively or destructively. Young used sunlight, where each
wavelength forms its own pattern, making the effect more difficult to see. We illustrate the
double slit experiment with monochromatic (single λ) light to clarify the effect.

Constructive interference results when the waves arrive together at a point in phase, that
is, crest to crest or trough to trough. The result is a reinforced wave of amplitude equal to the
sum of the amplitude of two waves. Destructive interference results when the waves arrive
together at a point 180o out of phase, that is, crest to trough. The resultant wave is of a
lesser amplitude equal to the difference of the amplitudes of the individual waves.

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/222/2016/02/20113154/Figure_28_03_02a-350x114.jpg
Figure 8

Figure 8. The amplitudes of waves add. (a) Pure constructive interference is obtained when
When light waves
identical passesare through
in phase.narrow
(b) Pureslits, it is diffracted
destructive interferenceinto semicircular
occurs waves.
when identical wavesPure
are
constructive
exactly outinterference occursby
of phase, or shifted where
half athe waves are crest to crest or trough to trough. Pure
wavelength.
destructive interference occurs where they are crest to trough. The light must fall on a
screen and be scattered into our eyes for us to see the pattern.

An analogous pattern for water waves is shown in the figure below. Note that regions of
constructive and destructive interference move out from the slits at well-defined angles to the
original beam. These angles depend on wavelength and the distance between the slits, as
we shall see below.

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 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/222/2016/02/20113156/Figure_28_03_03a.jpg
Figure 9

Figure 9. Double slits produce two coherent sources of waves that interfere. (a) Light spreads out
To(diffracts)
understand fromthe double
each slit, slit interference
because the slitspattern, we consider
are narrow. how two
These waves waves
overlap andtravel from
interfere
theconstructively
slits to the (bright
screen. Each
lines) andslit is a different
destructively (darkdistance fromcan
regions). We a only
givensee point
this on the
if the screen.
light falls
Thus, different numbers of wavelengths fit into each path. Waves start out
onto a screen and is scattered into our eyes. (b) Double slit interference pattern for water waves from the slits in
phase (crestidentical
are nearly to crest), but they
to that mayWave
for light. end action
up outisofgreatest
phase in
(crest to trough)
regions at the screen
of constructive if the
interference
paths differ in length by half a wavelength, interfering destructively. If the
and least in regions of destructive interference. (c) When light that has passed through double paths differ by a
whole wavelength, then the waves arrive in phase (crest
slits falls on a screen, we see a pattern such as this. (credit: PASCO) to crest) at the screen, interfering
constructively. More generally, if the paths taken by the two waves differ by any half-integral
number of wavelengths [(1/2)λ, (3/2)λ, (5/2)λ, etc.], then destructive interference occurs.
Similarly, if the paths taken by the two waves differ by any integral number of wavelengths
(λ, 2λ, 3λ, etc.), then constructive interference occurs.

Figure 10. Waves follow different paths

from the slits to a common point on a
screen. (a) Destructive interference
occurs here, because one path is a half
wavelength longer than the other. The
waves start in phase but arrive out of
phase. (b) Constructive interference
occurs here because one path is a
whole wavelength longer than the
other. The waves start out and arrive in
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-
content/uploads/sites/222/2016/02/20113158/Figure_28_03_04a.jpg
phase.
Figure 10

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Waves: Path Length Difference

Figure 11 shows how to determine the path length difference for waves traveling from two
slits to a common point on a screen. If the screen is a large distance away compared with
the distance between the slits, then the angle θ between the path and a line from the slits to
the screen is nearly the same for each path. To determine the difference between the paths,
simple trigonometry shows it to be d sin θ, where d is the distance between the slits.

To obtain constructive interference for a double slit, the path length difference must be an
integral multiple of the wavelength, or

d sin θ = mλ, for m = 0, 1, −1, 2, −2, . . . (constructive).

Similarly, to obtain destructive interference for a double slit, the path length difference must
be a half-integral multiple of the wavelength, or

d sin θ = (m sin 1/2) λ, for m = 0, 1,−1 ,2,−2,… (destructive)

Where:
λ is the wavelength of the light,
d is the distance between slits, and
θ is the angle from the original direction of the beam
m is the order of the interference (for example, m = 4 is fourth-order interference)

The equations for double slit interference imply that a series of bright and dark lines are
formed. For vertical slits, the light spreads out horizontally on either side of the incident
beam into a pattern called interference fringes. The intensity of the bright fringes falls off on
either side, being brightest at the center. The closer the slits are, the more is the spreading
of the bright fringes. We can see this by examining the equation

d sin θ = mλ, for m = 0, 1, −1, 2, −2,….

For fixed λ and m, the smaller d is, the larger θ must be, since sin θ = mλ/d. This is
consistent with our contention that wave effects are most noticeable when the object the
wave encounters (here, slits a distance d apart) is small. Small d gives large θ, hence a large
effect.

Figure 11. The paths from each slit to a common point on

the screen differ by an amount d sin θ, assuming the
distance to the screen is much greater than the distance
between slits (not to scale here).

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-
archive-read-only/wp-
content/uploads/sites/222/2016/02/20113200/
Figure_28_03_05a-350x318.jpg
Figure 11

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 Figure 12. The interference

pattern for a double slit has an

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-
content/uploads/sites/222/2016/02/20113202/ Figure_28_03_06a.jpg
Figure 12

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

Example 1
Suppose you pass a light from a He-Ne laser through two slits separated by 0.0100 mm and find that the th

Given:
The third bright line is due to third-order constructive interference, which means that m = 3. We are given d

Solution:
The equation is d sin θ = mλ. Solving for the wavelength λ gives:

d sin θ
λ = m

Substituting known values yields:

(0.0100 nm) (sin10.95∘)

λ = 3
λ = 6.33 × 10−4 nm

Example 2
At what angle is the first-order maximum for 450-nm wavelength blue light falling on
double slits separated by 0.0500 mm?

Knowns:
In double slit interference pattern, the angular position of the bright fringes is given by the
following relations
mλ = d sin (θm)

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 Givens
wavelength of the incident light (λ) = 450nm
distance between the centers of two slits (d) = 0.0500 mm

hence, we have:
λ = 450 x 10-9 m d = 0.0500 x 10-3 m

Calculations:
Substituting the givens in the equation, we can find the angular position of the first order maxim

Thus, the angular position of the first maximum is 0.516

THIN FILM INTERFERENCE

The figure shows streaks of color on a car

windshield shortly after it has been swiped
by a windshield wiper. The momentary
streaks of color are the result of interference
of light by the very thin film of water that
remains on the windshield. These streaks of
color are the result of the interference of
light by the very thin film of oil that is spread
over the water surface. This form of
interference is commonly called thin film
interference and provides another line of
evidence for the
wave behavior of light. http://brianrobin.ca/snow-sliding-on-windshields/

As noticed before, interference effects are most prominent when light interacts with
something having a size similar to its wavelength. A thin film is one having a thickness t
smaller than a few times the wavelength of light, λ. Since color is associated indirectly with λ
and since all interference depends in some way on the ratio of λ to the size of the object
involved, we should expect to see different colors for different thicknesses of a film.

Constructive or Destructive

Thin film interference occurs between the light reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of
a film. The kind of thin film interference whether constructive or destructive depends on the
refractive indices, film thickness, and the wavelength of light.

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 Refractive Indices

The figure shows how light reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of a film can interfere.
Incident light is only partially reflected from the top surface of the film (ray 1). The remainder
enters the film and is itself partially reflected from the bottom surface. Part of the light
reflected from the bottom surface can emerge from the top of the film (ray 2) and interfere
with light reflected from the top (ray 1). Since the ray that enters the film travels a greater
distance, it may be in or out of phase with the ray reflected from the top.

Figure 13. Light striking a thin film is partially reflected (ray 1) and partially refracted

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/ chapter/27-7-thin-film-interference/
Figure 13
For very thin films, the difference in path lengths of ray 1 and ray 2 in Figure 13 is negligible
meaning they interfere destructively and not constructively. This is due to the phase change
which can occur upon reflection. The rule states that when light reflects from a medium
having an index of refraction greater than that of the medium in which it is traveling, a 180º
phase change (or a λ / 2 shift) occurs.

Thin film interference is most constructive or most destructive when the path length
difference for the two rays is an integral or half-integral wavelength, respectively. That is, for
rays incident perpendicularly, 2t = λn, 2λn, 3λn,… or 2t = λn/2, 3λn/2,5λn/2,… To know whether
interference is constructive or destructive, you must also determine if there is a phase
change upon reflection. Thin film interference thus depends on film thickness, the
wavelength of light, and the refractive indices. For white light incident on a film that varies in
thickness, you will observe rainbow colors of constructive interference for various
wavelengths as the thickness varies.

Thin Film Interference Applications

An important application of thin film

interference is found in the manufacturing
of optical instruments. Car manufacturers
are offering special paint jobs that use thin
film interference to produce colors that
change with angle. This expensive option
is based on variation of thin film path
length differences with angle. Security
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features on credit cards, banknotes,
driving licenses and similar items prone to
forgery use thin film interference,
diffraction gratings, or holograms.
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/camera-lens-mounts-types-adapter/

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 Example 3
Sophisticated cameras use a series of several lenses. Light can reflect from the surfaces of these various
Strategy
Let the us consider the following indices of refraction (refer to figure 13)
n1=100 for airn2 = 1.38n3 = 1.52λ = 550 nm

Both ray 1 and ray 2 will have a λ/2 shift upon reflection. Thus, to obtain destructive interference, ray 2 w

Solving for t and entering known values yields:

=λ/n2 550nm/1.38=
t = 99.6 nm
4 4

Engage

Solve the following problems.

1. A soap bubble is 100 nm thick and illuminated by white light incident
perpendicular to its surface. What wavelength and color of visible light is most
constructively reflected, assuming the same index of refraction as water?
2. Calculate the minimum thickness of an oil slick on water that appears blue
when illuminated by white light perpendicular to its surface. Take the blue
wavelength to be 470 nm and the index of refraction of oil to be 1.40.

Apply

1. Young’s double slit experiment breaks a single light beam into two sources.
Would the same pattern be obtained for two independent sources of light,
such as the headlights of a distant car? Explain.
2. While contemplating the food value of a slice of ham, you notice a rainbow of
color reflected from its moist surface. Explain its origin.
3. An inventor notices that a soap bubble is dark at its thinnest and realizes that
destructive interference is taking place for all wavelengths. How could she use
this knowledge to make a non-reflective coating for lenses that is effective at
all wavelengths? That is, what limits would there be on the index of refraction
and thickness of the coating? How might this be impractical.

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 Assess

Write T if the statement is true and F if otherwise.

1. The shape of the pattern is dependent on the shape of the slit.

2. Diffraction refers to the combination of waves passing the same medium at the same
time.
3. Superposition principle states that when two or more waves travel simultaneously in
the same medium each wave will proceed independently of the others.
4. Huygens’ principle states that every point on a wave can act as a new source of
waves that spread out in the forward direction at the same speed as itself.
5. Refraction is the bending of light around an obstacle and subsequent spreading of
light waves into the region behind the obstacle.
6. The amount of interference depends on the width of the slit compared to the
wavelength of light.
7. The result of constructive interference is a reinforced wave of amplitude equal to the
sum of the amplitude of two waves.
8. Destructive interference results when the waves arrive together at a point 180o out of
phase, that is, crest to trough.
9. Thin film interference depends on the refractive indices, film thickness, and the
wavelength of light.
10. The diffraction is not substantial when the width of the slit is comparable to the
wavelength of light.

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ANSWER KEY

Activity 1. Answers may vary.

Activity 2
1. Wave optics or physical optics is the branch of optics that studies interference,
diffraction, and polarization. It is where the wave nature of light is essential in defining
its propagation.
2. Wavelength refers to the distance between any two successive points in a wave train
that are in phase with each other.
1. Reflection is the turning back of a wave to the original direction it is traveling upon
hitting an object.
2. Refraction is a change in direction and change in wavelength or velocity of the wave
that occurs as the wave travels from one medium to another.
3. Diffraction is the spreading of waves through an opening or through an obstacle.

Engage
1. 532 nm (green)
2. 620 nm (orange)

Apply. Answers may vary.

Assess
1. True 6. False
2. False 7. True
3. True 8. True
4. True 9. True
5. False 10. False

References

College, O. S. (n.d.). Lumen. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/austincc-

physics2/chapter/27-2-huygenss-principle-diffraction/
Open Stax College. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/austincc-
physics2/chapter/27-3-youngs-double-slit-experiment/
Open Stax College. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/austincc-
physics2/chapter/27-2-huygenss-principle-diffraction/
Silverio, A.A. (2017). General Physics 2. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House.
Silverio, A. A. (2011). Physics . Quezon City : Phoenix Publishing House.
The Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Thin-Film-Interference

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