?ncma112 - Finals

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NCMA112 – FINAL

Autonomy
COVERAGE
1. Ethico-moral and Legal Foundation of Client Education - the right of self-determination or having authority and
2. Health Education Team confidence to make decision and the freedom to act in
3. Future Direction of Client Education accordance to professional knowledge base or condition of self-
4. Filipino Cultural Characteristics and Health Care Beliefs government. We can act or not act.
5. New Technologies, New Settings and Environmental Veracity
Linkages - Being honest and truthful or being exact and accurate and relate
to principle of autonomy it is the basis of trusting relationship
ETHICO-MORAL, LEGAL FOUNDATION OF est. bet nurses and pt. closely linked to decision making
HEALTH EDUCATION informed consent conformity to facts; accuracy. Sometimes
 Ethics – moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the hindi 100% napapractice.
conducting of an activity. - There are four elements that matching up the notion of informed
 Law – imposed by the State, concerned with the legality of an consents that such vital aspects of pt. education and is still falls
action. under veracity
 Moral – a lesson, especially one concerning what is right or 1. Competence – refers to the capacity of the pt. to make a
prudent, that can be derived from a story, a piece of information,
reasonable decision. Is our patient competent enough to
or an experience.
decide for itself? Minsan hindi kaya kaya kapag ganto we
Code of Ethics
have to ask somebody else and we use criteria.
- an articulation of nine provisions for professional values and
2. Disclosure of information – sasabihin info. requires
moral obligations with respect to nurse patients and co-workers’
sufficient information regarding risk and alternative
relationships.
treatment or sometimes no treatment to enable pt make
- As early as 1950’s the American association is able to develop
rational decision. Give the pros and cons.
and adopt ethical code of professional practice titled code of
3. Comprehension – speaks ind. ability to understand or
ethics for professional practice of nurses and interpretative
grasp intellectually the info. Being provided. Kung minsan
statements since been revised and updated several times.
kase bato ng bato ng info d nmn pala naiintindihan nung pt.
1. Honor human dignity of all patient and co-workers.
Dignity as human beings that we should not be treated as 4. Voluntarism – pt. make decision out of coercion or forced
animals or nobody. from others. Bawal pilitin pt. as you wish.
2. Establish Nurse-patient boundaries and focus on - Truth telling is important because it shows respect for people
interdisciplinary collaboration. Because as nurses we don’t and allows them to autonomy and decision making so give them
interact with our patients only but also with other health the information’s for them to choose.
care professionals. Confidentiality
3. Privacy and confidentiality
- associated with right to privacy of personal information that is
4. Accountable for actions and behaviors of those persons
the nurse has delegated the responsibilities. entrusted and protected privilege information via social contract,
5. Maintain competence, safety, integrity, and personal standard or code, legal covenant.
growth. Because nurse’s world is continuously evolving. - Nurse has duty to maintain confidentiality of all pt. information
6. Deliver a high quality of care. Nothing less than the very and only info. Pertinent to pt. treatment and welfare is being
best. Regardless of what status they have. Give the patient disclosed and only to those directly involve to pt. care.
the very best care that we can do, afford and perform. Non-maleficence
7. Contributes to advancement of his profession. Kaya we
have research to contribute in advancement of profession. - Nurses must do no harm intentionally. Minimize risk.
8. Participates in global efforts for health promotion and Negligence or malpractice.
disease prevention. Kasama pa din research pero global na - Example: Mercy killing, Cannot deprive pt. from food
9. Involve in professional nursing organization that - Causes of malpractice:
supports the development of social policy. Nurses are  Failure to follow standards of care.
required by law to join certain organization especially
 Failure to use equipment in responsible manner.
Philippine nurses association and we have subspecialty
organization.  Failure to communicate.
 Failure to document.
Application of Ethical Principles of Patient Education  Failure to aces and monitor.
- various theories and traditions frame a health professional  Failure to act as patient advocate
understanding to the ethical dimension of health care setting in  Failure to delegate task properly
considering the ethical and legal responsibilities inherent in the Beneficence
process of patient education nurses and even nurse students can - kindness and charity. The doing good. Req. action of nurse to
turn six major ethical principles benefit others

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HEALTH EDUCATION: 1ST YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL

Justice 3. The development of alternatives for analysis and comparison


- Being impartial and fair and the equitable distribution of goods 4. The selection of best alternatives and justification
and services the law is the justice. 5. The development of diverse, impractical ways to implement
- Nurses making impartial medical decision demonstrate this ethical decisions and actions
kaya wag tayong judgemental whether it is related to limited 6. The evaluation of effects and the development of strategies to
resources or treatments regardless of economic status of patient prevent similar occurrences
or gender dapat fair bibigay na treatment in similar situation.
Legality of Patient Education and Information
The ethics of education in classroom and practice settings - Patients’ bill of rights is the right of the patient to adequate
- Student and teacher have their own concepts of ethics. We have information regarding his physical condition, medication, risk,
our own individual perspective, values and preferences that are and access to information regarding alternative treatment
unknown to each other but these two differences come together - The JCI stated that the patient right to education and
in the classroom. information
- We must be able to negotiate and understand each other for - The state regulation pertaining to patient’s education are
process of education to proceed with trust and respect. published and enforced
- Students must be able to trust their teacher even instantaneously - Physicians are responsible and accountable for proper patient
sa mga binibigay nilang instruction and lecture are accurate, education
appropriate, and up-to-date. - Patient education is central to culture of nursing as well as to its
- Students have the right to assume their instructors are legal practice
competent and will employ that competence in the best interest Legal and Financial Implication of Documentation
of their students and the nursing profession. - To qualify for Medicare and medic-aid reimbursement; the
1. The teacher possesses discipline-specific responses which hospital has to show evidence that patient education has been a
is the key to students ‘academic success, career part of patient care.
achievement and competent care of patients. - Respondent superior provides that the employer may be held
2. Potential blurring of professional-personal boundaries. liable from negligence, assault, and battery, false imprisonment,
3. Specific criteria to distinguish between interactions that are slander, libel, and tort
appropriate in the context of education process and those Identification of patient and family education
that are less appropriate or sometimes inappropriate:  Readiness to learn
 Risk of harm to the students or to the teacher  Obstacles to learning (language, sensory visual or hearing, low
relationship literacy, cognitive deficit
 Presence of coercion or exploitation  Referrals, which include a patient advocate or ethic committee
 Potential benefit to students or the student – teacher Informed consent
relationship - has become the primary standard of protecting patient’s right
 Balance between students’ interest and teachers’ and assist in guiding ethical healthcare practice.
interest - Informed consent – binigay lahat ng info. The pros and cons
 Presence of professional ideal - Ordinary consent – nag agree lamg siya
Patient-provider relationship - Sino mag sesecure ng informed consent – Physician ang mag
- It is important to recognize the balance of power that exist papapirma hindi nurses what we need to do is to verify, and
between a nurse to nursing student and a patient. validate that the consent that was given came from the right
- Ethics of being a patient includes respecting nurses and trusting person.
them to have the best interest. - Consent must be done before operation. Patient rights to know
- Care rendered to patients as being ethical task what should and should not be done to his or her body
- Patients have moral claim on the nurse competence. Purpose of informed consent
Criteria to assist the teacher in counselling the patient 1. Legal – consent protect patient right to autonomy and self-
 Risk of harm to the students or to the teacher relationship determination against assault or battery from unwanted
 Presence of coercion or exploitation medication. Ex. nag sign patient DNR do not resuscitate and
 Potential benefit to students or the student – teacher relationship after surgery na comatose si patient and nag arrest nag flat line
 Balance between students’ interest and teacher’s interest e nurse naaawa sa nanay so CPR sya so may battery si nurse.
2. Ethical – consent protect patient right to autonomy and support
 Presence of professional ideals
goal in care. Nursing management should coincide what the
Steps designed to better guide ethical decision making
1. The identification of ethical problem patient or legal guardian wants.
3. Administrative – compliance involves physical process of
2. The collection of information to identify the problem and
completing informed consent the process should involve the
develop solutions
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HEALTH EDUCATION: 1ST YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL

physician proving the patient with information on the diagnosis, this is to include and to involve the patient in their plan of care
procedure, treatment options and risk and benefits of procedure. to also have them a better health overall and enjoy a better
Nurse should ensure was provided and pt. understand quality of life have fewer illness related complications tends to
Factors that affect obtaining informed consent be more compliant with medication and treatment regimen and
 Patient comprehension are less likely to be a train on health care resources.
- Opportunities are available to work hospitals, clinics, schools,
 Patient uses of disclosed information
healthcare organization and home health agencies.
 Patient autonomy - Nurse educators are said to be collaborators capable of bringing
 Demands on providers others together and building partnership (doctors, med tech,
 Physician meeting minimum standards therapies, midwifes, nursing attendants) and aside from nursing
Documentation of Patient Education staff they also coordinates student learning with professors
- The 89th Congress enacted the Comprehensive Health Planning across all discipline.
Act in 1965 (Public Law89-97, 1965). - Nurse educators also prepare students to work as a team in an
- The entitlements of Medicare and, to qualify for environment where collaborative relationship have directly
reimbursement, “a hospital has to show evidence that patient linked to have better patient outcomes.
education has been a part of patient care” (Boyd et al., 1998, p. Client advocate
- Nurse advocate supports the patients best interest whether
26).
respecting the families important role
- JCAHO (formerly JCAH) has reinforced the federal mandate
- Advocate become facilitators when patients and family
by requiring evidence (documentation) of patient and/or family members need to discuss uncomfortable information like cancer,
education in the patient record. debilitating disease or explore its complication. Nurses my
- Snyder (1996) presents an invaluable description of an sometimes need to advocate for patients against their families.
interdisciplinary method to document patient education. Because there are times where the patient not comfortable or
- The flowsheet includes identification of client and family they disagree with the decision with their family members.
educational: Clinical care teams/ health care team
 Readiness to learn - These are the ones involve in each other’s collaboration of care
 barriers to learning in order to provide the best possible for their patient. patient that
 Who was taught they share together.
 Groups of physicians, nurses, physician assistants,
 What was taught
 Clinical pharmacists, social workers,
 What method of teaching
 And other health professionals that help to establish new
 Clients’ response lines of collaboration, communication, and cooperation to
better serve their patient’s needs.
HEALTH EDUCATION TEAM Clinical care teams
- The nurse educator role is the key person responsible in  Physicians, nurses, physician assistants,
promoting healthy lifestyles, the nurse also assumes a role a as  Clinical pharmacists, social workers,
working in Healthcare facilities such as hospital setting,  And other health professionals that help to establish new lines
educational Institution or classroom setting, and assume a role of collaboration, communication, and cooperation to better
in community setting. serve their patient’s needs.
Nurses’ roles Role of members of the Health Care team in Education
Giver of information
Process access/entry point/referral guide
- they feed learners information necessary to progress student
- this is when nurses can play a vital role in shaping a supporting
nurse towards role to finish nursing.
Facilitator of learning appropriate patient referral assess the need to refer clients with
- As nurse educators they facilitate nursing by known strategies assistance with actual potential problem. Like client’s nana-
to assess and evaluate student learning in the classroom and amputate we refer them to physical therapy, or sa may mga
clinical, laboratory setting, design curricula, and program speech defect refer to speech therapies.
outcomes. - Recognize need for referrals and obtain necessary orders,
Coordinator/ collaborator of teaching identify community resources for the client. Like social
- The patient education coordinator is responsible for educating services, social workers so they can get discounts, teen age
their patients about their disease medication and all aspects of client pregnancy that need shelters. Abuse children or refer
care needed following hospitalization or clinic visit. alcoholic patients to alcoholic anonymous and problems on
- Patient education is intended to help patients and family cope drugs for rehabilitation.
with crisis gather information learn self-care and rules, attitudes Clinical leader/clinical decision maker
and strategy in order for them to promote optimal health.
- Clinical judgement and decision making is a required
- Patients who are well informed about their health actively
component of a professional nursing.
makes them their own health care decisions and the way to do

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HEALTH EDUCATION: 1ST YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL

- Expert nurses are known for their efficient and incisive Hard Nursing Skills
decision-making processes while novice nurses (new Urgent care and emergency care
nurses/graduate nurses) they are known for their effortful and - These are skills involving ability to respond promptly to
deliberate decision-making process. medical issues as a patient is experiencing.
Technical expert/consultant - The here and the now dapat mabilis response natin
- Technical procedure you learn in labs, clinical which allow you Checking and monitoring vital signs
to perform job effectively they include things like vital signs - One of the basic responsibilities of a nurse.
taking administering medication, providing wound care, - We have to know how to check patient’s heartbeat, rate,
inserting IV and catheters. respirations, BP, and temperature.
Support service/provide - VS provide nurses with important information to determine
- The goal of supportive care is to prevent or treat as early as which treatment protocols is to follow. Track how treatments
possible the symptoms of a disease side effects cause by are working and provide critical information to make life saving
treatment of disease and psychological, social, and spiritual decisions.
problem related to disease or its treatment. Patient and family education
- This is sometimes also called comfort care or palliative care and - Inform patient and family about their condition and how they
some books call it symptomatic management. care for themselves upon discharge and to prevent return to the
- Mostly we offer this kind of services to hospice care patients or hospital.
those terminally ill patients to make them as comfortable as - Allows patient to make informed decisions relating to their care.
possible and to ensure that their remaining days have whatever Patient safety
quality of life they can still salvage given the setting situation. - Involves properly educating patients and families creating safe
- Support service try to ensure that patients is safe comfortable, environment that minimize the risk of falls preventing errors
and able to refer to institution where they can be cared. and learning from errors when they occur.
Process coordinator/Resource manager/coordinator - Nurses play a vital role in keeping patients during their visit’s
- Nurse manager are responsible for managing human and patients safety helps minimize risk of patients’ harm maximize
financial resources ensuring patient and staff satisfaction. The recoveries and protects medical facilities and staff from liability
management of resources is to give responsibility to individual issues.
staff to in the care units. Technology skill
- Nurses as large group providing care in the hospital are the main - Ability to use wide range of technology to be successful in
use of resources and equipment at their workplace. working environment. It is very important for nurses to have
Information coordinator/communicator wide range of technology skills.
- The nurse coordinator assists the patient by providing support - Nurses may share technology to share patient and family
and helping them navigate the medical system the care and education information monitor their vital signs and maintain
treatment they need to prevent hospital re-admission. patient records more hospital nowadays moving towards
- We want patient to not return after discharge. electronic medical system like COW, this digital system means
Role of Family members in Health Education nurses must know how to use these electronic medical
- One of the variables in providing positive patient care. electronic systems to record their notes and information they
- The role of the family caregiver is essential to provide a quality gather from the patient and from the doctor.
care to patient. Soft Nursing Skills
- The family faced a challenge to develop confidence to do what Communication
is right for the patient. - Involves combination of active listening, talagang
- Education is the most powerful tool for the Nurse Educator to pinakikinggan we also read between the lines kahit ung mga
ensure the transfer of skills and knowledge to the family hindi sinasabi ng patient we also observe and speak with
members. empathize.
- Advantages of an effective health education program to the - These skills could be in the form of verbal or nonverbal
family: communication and written communication.
 Decrease the stress of hospitalization Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
 Reduce care of cost - Ability to handle complex situations in workplace and calmly
 Increase satisfaction with care develop creative solutions.
 Reduce hospital readmission - Nurses work in dynamic environment with many variables
 Prepare patient for self-care management being able to think quickly have pros and cons and make inform
patients decision with their life on the line it is critical for nurses
if make or break na kaya n adapt ni nurse to decide.

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HEALTH EDUCATION: 1ST YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL

Time Management & Stamina Increase satisfaction with care


- Help complete work responsibility in timely manner before - Understanding effective strategies for improving patient
deadline the ability to organize day and prioritize task is vital to satisfaction first necessitates a closer look at what the term
a nurse completing all her job responsibility each day. patient’s satisfaction means and factors help drive satisfaction
- Nurses also need stamina; it is the ability to work long hours course.
high precious situation when maintaining composure. - Patients’ satisfaction is levels of happiness with regard to
- Necessary for nurses because it is common for them to work healthcare services provider. Satisfaction typically is the term
extended shifts with limited breaks and numerous patients to by a patients’ response to a number of metrics know patients
care for. level of satisfaction:
Ethics and Confidentiality 1. Providing comprehensive information when it comes to
- Ethics are set of moral principles and guide individual behavior details with healthcare the phrase ignorance is a bliss is
and decision making. Nurses have strict code of ethics hey seldom embraced by patient.
should follow and because decisions or actions nurses take can 2. Information needs to be delivered in varying ways among
be difference between life and death ethics are fundamental skill patients’ population with factors such as patient’s wishes
to career in nursing. and levels health literacy determining how info. Relates.
- Nurses must also uphold strict patient confidentiality standards Manner of speaking, communication and significant others
to ensure they don’t really sensitive and personal medical should also be appropriate to the educational level the
information without patient permission. person we are talking to for example patients may benefit
Teamwork and dependability from one-on-one didactic conversations.
- Interpersonal skills that help nurses work together with doctors 3. Helping patients use technology.
and other medical staff in positive environment even if the 4. Displaying empathy and understanding.
hospital is stressful environment negative environment still as Reduce hospital readmission
nurses being able to do teamwork and is able to have - Several interventions that involve multiple components
interpersonal relationship with other health members then we example patient needs assessments medical reconciliation
can still make hospital as positive environment. patient education arrangement timely patient appointment and
- The ability for doctors and nurses and other medical staff to providing telephone follow up successfully reduced re-
work together as team is critical to patients receiving the care admission for patients discharge to home.
that they deserve. To have good team work skills they have to Prepare patient for self-care management
be dependable. Dependability means team can rely on you in - Ibig sabihin na discharge na patient
any situation ung kapag nag ka crisis hindi ka matutulala or - Patient ability to perform self-care can be direct observed by
hindi mo sila iiwan nurse, physical therapist, occupational therapists sometimes by
Advantages of an effective health education program to the standardized test that measures in terms of their basic and
family instrumental activities of daily living.
- The role of the family member in health education is one of the Characteristics of effective Healthcare team in the future
variables in providing positive patient care the role of the family 1. Team make up, such as having appropriate size and
caregiver is essential to provide quality care to patient. composition and the ability to reduce negative effects of status
- The family faced a challenge to confidence to do what is right differences between, for example, physicians and nurses
for the patient and education is the most powerful tool for the 2. Team processes, such as communication structures, conflict
nurse educator to ensure the transfer of skills and knowledge to management and leadership that emphasizes excellence and
the family member. conveys clear goals and expectation
Decrease the stress of hospitalization 3. The nature of teams’ task such as matching roles and training to
- Instead of instructing patient to relax demonstrate it keep in the level of complexity and promoting cohesiveness when work
mind that anxiety is contagious. Our demeanor can have is highly interdependent and
profound effect on patient emotional well-being so we to make 4. Environmental context, such as obtaining needed resources and
sure we stay cool and collected and we can relax them in doing establishing appropriate rewards.
so, consider relaxation techniques like breathing exercises to
help them cope with anxiety.
Reduce care of cost
- Nurses increasingly play integral part in helping health care
system to identify cost savings improve efficiency and deliver
patient care.

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HEALTH EDUCATION: 1ST YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL

FUTURE DIRECTION OF CLIENT EDUCATION - For example, teleconsultation (consultation over phone call
- With the increasing number of older patients and decreased or video call)
length of stay, nurses are faced with challenge of ensuring that o Relevant especially during this pandemic
the patient or caregiver can manage care after discharge  Interorganizational linkages to enhance cooperative
- Patient education facilitates the maintenance and promotion of endeavors in patient’s education.
self-care behavior. - Such as NGO’s, Alcohol anonymous, (for alcohol
Questions about Patient Education that addiction) women and child protection program. Promote
remain to be answered. awareness and education to those with disease.
1. Can patient teaching improve health status, decrease the  Emphasis on illness prevention and health promotion.
incidence of disease, and prevent costly complications?  Third party reimbursement will increase as cost benefit
- Through the health education that we are rendering, we ratios demonstrate the cost effectiveness of consumer
should be able to improve their health status or condition at education.
the moment. - Third party reimbursement are those insurance companies.
2. Does patient teaching reduce the chance of litigation for When a pt. receive treatment in a healthcare facility and
health care organizations and individual practitioners? insurance company are the one who pays for the service
- Every patient has their own way of learning and they have provider.
different cultures. Emphasis on greater wellness
3. How will staff shortages affect the ability to deliver effective  Raise awareness of the need for disease prevention and wellness
patient teaching? education.
- Talking about being sued minsan kase mas nakikinig pa sa  Health education and health information counseling has
mga sabi-sabi but with the help of our patient teaching, they become more important.
would also understand why we are doing things.
 The affordable care act these are mandated programs by gov. to
4. Are some strategies for patient teaching more effective than
ensure health plan are available in the individual and small
others?
group markets. Lahat dapat mabigyan ng benefit kaya tayo may
- Individualized approach. We try to consider each person as
phil health.
individual somebody who has diff. needs compared to the
- This act means everyone regardless of their socioeconomic
one in another bed. status must receive an affordable care
5. How can patient teaching be adapted to best meet the needs Health care reform legislation outlines, the following
of a variety of patients? requirements for workplace wellness programs:
- The quality of care or teaching being given would decrease.  Health awareness initiatives, including health education an
6. How should patient education be reimbursed? preventive screenings
- Reimburse: Money (In other cases)  Efforts to maximize employee to encourage employee
- By the means of them understanding what we’ve taught. participation
New Dimension on Patient Education According to
 Initiative to change unhealthy behaviors and lifestyle choices,
Anderson and Abruzzeze
counseling, seminars, online, programs and self-help materials
Abruzzeze
 Supportive environment efforts, including workplace policies
- James Louis Abruzzeze
to encourage healthy lifestyles, healthy eating, increased
- He is the chief of Duke Division Medical Oncology
physical activity and improved mental health.
(cancer)
Third party reimbursement
- He is the associate director of clinical research for duke
- It can be used in any business, but are most common in the
cancer institute.
health care industry.
- Field of specialization: Pancreatic Cancer
- The patient is the first party, the health care or service provider
- He is from Hatford, Connecticut, USA
is the second party and the third party is an insurance company.
 Most teaching will occur in the ambulatory care setting.
- The patient provides proof of insurance before receiving
- Ambulatory care setting means outpatient setting doesn’t
services.
need to be admitted in the hospital.
- The advantages to accepting health insurance include:
- Ambulatory means nakakapaglakad
 Patients who are more likely to see a doctor that accepts
 Use of interactive video program will increase.
their insurance
- Video presentation for the whole outpatient department
 Referrals from the insurance company
especially nowadays amidst pandemics.
 Easy handling of claims submission and quick claims
 Use of computer-based instruction for hospital, ambulatory
reimbursement
care settings, physician offices or homes will increase.

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HEALTH EDUCATION: 1ST YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL

- The advantage of the payment rate dictated by the insurance “Knowing which patients are dissatisfied with certain issues
company of the services, the patient cannot be bill for the helps staff identity.
difference.
Internet and Health Information FILIPINO CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
- With advent of internet pt. have become exposed to enormous Role of the nurse as health educator:
amount of health information. Can lead to confusion of what is  Giver of information
appropriate to them and their unique health concern.  Facilitator of learning
- Today’s health consumers want, and expect, to be a partner in  Coordinator of teaching
their health care decision making.  Advocate for the client
- Provide evidence-based health information. Role of family members in HCE:
- With the advent of Internet communication  Decrease the stress of hospitalization
 Patients have become exposed to an enormous amount of  Reduce care of cost
health information and can be confused about what is  Increase satisfaction with care
appropriate for them and their unique health concerns.  Reduce hospital readmission
 Health consumers want, and expect, to be a partner in their  Prepare patient for self-care management
health care decision making. Role of the members of the health care team in HE:
- Providing evidence-based health information that is easily  Process access/ entry point/ referral guide
understood and utilized is the challenge facing many health and
 Clinical leader/ clinical decision maker
medical practices today.
 Technical expert/ consultant
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) and
 Support service/ provider
hospitals identified these key guidelines which include:
 Process coordinator
- Placing the patient at the center of their health care decision
making treating the person as a whole  Resource manager/ coordinator
- Evidence based health education for the prevention and disease  Information coordinator/ communicator
management. Cultural Characteristics
- Medicard/Medicare initiatives - Knowledge of cultural customs enables health care providers to
New technologies, new settings, and environmental linkages offer better care and help avoid misunderstandings
- Patient education and entertainment systems allow hospital Purnell’s definition of terms
staff to deliver and document health education to patients, and  Acculturation – the willingness to adapt or modify one’s own
to train patients on how to access their health records online. culture as a result of contact with another culture.
- They also can be used to conduct surveys to gather data and  Assimilation – the ability to an individual to adopt and
improve the patient experience. incorporate characteristics of the prevailing culture.
- The tablet also lets hospitals deploy additional apps alongside  Culture – refers to the learned patterns of behavior and range
the platform —apps that will only run on an android or iOS of beliefs attributed to a specific group that are passed on
(iPad) tablet. through generations. It includes ways of life, norms and values,
- Smartphone, tablets and other devices offer important benefits, social institutions and a shared construction of the physical
they can be harder to manage and create an additional burden world.
on hospital staff.  Competence – used to describe behaviors that reflect
- Electronic whiteboards that use real-time locating system appropriate application of knowledge and attitudes.
(RTLS) technology are a relatively new development in patient  Cultural awareness – the recognizing and appreciating the
education and entertainment systems, external signs of diversity in other ethnic group such as art,
- SONIFI Health has developed is Staycast. uses Google Chrome music, dress and physical features.
cast to provide patients and families with the familiarity of  Cultural diversity – describe the variety of culture that exist in
home by enabling them to stream content — Netflix, Hulu and a society.
more — from their mobile apps to the TV in the hospital room  Cultural relativism – the belied of behaviors and practices of
- Data collection is another benefit of the latest patient education people that should judge from the context of their cultural
and entertainment systems, which connect with EHR and system.
RTLS.  Ethnic group – referred to as subculture, a population of people
- Real-time data is highly valuable to both patients and providers, who have experiences different from the dominant culture.
Displays can show information such as the names of providers  Ethnocentrism – the tendency of human beings to think that
or a patient’s most recent vitals. their own way of thinking, acting and believing are the only
- Pushing a patient satisfaction survey through the interactive TV right and proper.
can help identify and address concerns before patient discharge.

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HEALTH EDUCATION: 1ST YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL

 Ideology – the thoughts, attitudes and belief that reflect the


social needs and desire of an individual or ethnocultural group.
 Subculture – group of people who have different experiences
form the dominant culture by status, ethnic background,
residence, religion, education or other factors that functionally
unify the group and act collectively on each other
 Transcultural making comparison for similarities and
differences between culture
 Worldview – the way individual or groups of people look at the
universe to from values about their lives and the world around
them
Cultural Care Theory (Madeleine Leininger)
- Transcultural Nursing
- The cultural care theory aims to provide culturally congruent
nursing care through "cognitively based assistive, supportive,
facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-
made to fit with individual's, group's, or institution's cultural
values, beliefs, and lifeways" (Leininger, M. M.,1995).
- As substantive area of study and practice focused on
comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs and practices
of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures.
8 Characteristics of Filipinos
1. Hospitality. This is one of the most popular qualities of Purnell model depicted in a circle:
Filipinos.  Global society – outermost
2. Respect. This is often observed—not just by younger people
 Community - second sphere
but also by people of all ages
3. Strong Family Ties and Religions  Family – third sphere
4. Generosity and Helpfulness. Filipinos are generous people  Individual – fourth sphere
5. Strong Work Ethic Nursing Management of Culturally diverse groups
6. Love and Caring - It is necessary to respect each patient's cultural heritage,
7. Fatalism – “come what may” beliefs and practices
8. Crab mentality
- A health care provider not fully aware of patient's background,
Filipinos Health Practices and Beliefs
maybe unable to understand many of the patient’s health belief
 Self-medication – over the counter drugs
 Home remedies – Chinese oils or ointments and practices
 Traditional healing techniques – albularyo (Folk healers) - Lack of knowledge and understanding may unintentionally
 Belief in supernatural ailments – faith healers turn what should be therapeutic experience into degrading
 Concept of wind illnesses – Ventosa technique (to treat kabag) humiliating experience for patients
 Laying of hands - When caring for patient be conscious of ethnocentrism
 Blessing of holy water or oil - When planning for educational material for patient whose
 Psychic surgery primary language is not English, must obtain interpreter
 Spiritual healing
Purnell Framework Purnell 19 assumptions
Primary characteristics of culture 1. One culture is not better than another- they are different
 Nationality 2. The primary and secondary characteristics of culture determine
 Race the degree to which one varies form dominant culture
 Color 3. Culture has a powerful influence on one’s interpretation of and
 Gender response to health care
 Age 4. Every individual has the right to be respected for his own
 Religious affiliation uniqueness and cultural heritage
Secondary Characteristics of culture 5. Prejudices or biases can be minimized with cultural
 SES understanding
 Physical characteristics 6. Caregivers who are intervene in culturally competent manner
 Education status improve the care of patients and their health outcome
 Occupational status 7. Cultural differences often require adaptations to standard
 Place of residence (urban and rural) professional practices

Aki | 8
HEALTH EDUCATION: 1ST YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL

General Areas to assess when first meeting with patient  It is an exceptionally rich resources for education for
 The patient’s perception of health and Illness professional and consumer use
 His or her traditional remedies and folk practitioner  It was conceived by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau
 The patient perception of nurses  It is composed of a network information server around the
 His or her beliefs about the role of family and family world connected to internet. The servers make up the Internet
relationship  The www supports a type of document called webpages
 His or her perceptions of and need of emotional support  Link on webpage allow the user to move from one page to
Questions to be use to understand patient perspective of health another
1. What do you think caused your problems?  Internet is a huge global network of computers establish to
2. Why do you think the problems started when it did? allow the transfer of information form one computer to another
3. Which major problems does your illness cause you?  World wide Web created to display information
4. How has being sick affected you?  It evolves form simple static information delivery system to
5. What do you think caused your problems? interactive platform to allow users control and interaction. Web.
6. Why do you think the problems started when it did? 2.0
7. Which major problems does your illness cause you?  WWW resides on a small section of internet and will not exist
8. How has being sick affected you? without the internet computer network
The following guidelines used regardless of culture Social Media
 Identify patient primary language. Assess ability to understand, - Web 2.0 also known as social networking that provides
read and speak the language of the nurse communication for people with similar interest to come together
 Observe interaction between the patient and his family to exchange ideas and share information.
 Listen to patient. find out what the patient want differs from - It is also known as INTERNET sites e.g., Facebook and
what the family wants and how they differ from what you think LinkedIn.
is appropriate - Social proven to be a powerful force to educate and empower
 Consider the patient communication abilities and pattern people to quickly send messages to worldwide audience to gather
 Observe behavior and clarify beliefs and practices that may information about public perceptions and health issues.
interfere with the treatment plan Blogs
 Become oriented to individual and family sense of time and - Blogs developed in 1990 are popularly mechanism for
time frame individuals to share information and experiences related to
 Determine which communication approaches are appropriate given topic.
with respect - These includes images, media objects and links that allow for
 Assess religious practices and determine how his or her public responses.
religious belief influence perceptions of illness and treatment - Health focused blogs on the web covers a wide range.
- Because of the ease of use and popularity of this form of
electronic communication Blogs remains an effective way
TECHNOLOGY OF PATIENT EDUCATION to provide consumers with health-related information.
- Information Age also known as Computer Age or digital age Wikis
characterized by change in focus from industry to information. - Wiki means quick is a website that allows multiple users to
- Consumer’s informatics which has a great influence on health come together to collaboratively write and edit the content and
education use to strengthen the relationship between patient and structure of a collection of webpages.
healthcare provider and teach and empower patient dealing with - It is more social in their construction, easily expanded and all
issues related to health and wellness. users can add or edit and remove content (http://wikipedia.org)
Impact of technology on the teacher and learner: Webcast and Webinars
 Access of information bridge the gap between teacher and - Webcasts or live broadcast over internet permit audio and video
learner transmitted to participants in multiple locations.
 Teachers becomes the facilitator of learning rather than - They provide a unique mechanism for delivering presentation
providers of information to users around the globe.
 Creates a collaborative atmosphere in the teaching and learning - It allows for limited interaction.
environment
 The need for memorization becomes less important than the
ability to think critically
Strategies of using technology in healthcare education
 World wide web is a virtual space for information

Aki | 9
HEALTH EDUCATION: 1ST YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL

patient engagement with families with enhance interaction such


as scheduling of appointment and obtaining a test result.
- It is not relevant to them.
Interventions in encouraging older adult engage in computer-
based education
- Reinforce principles of ergonomics by suggesting bout the
equipment and posture that minimize physical problem related
to computer use
- Identify resources that will provide computer access and
support older adults home communities
- Motivate older adults to use computer by helping them how to
identify how the computer can meet their needs
- Create a supportive and non-threatening environment to teach
older people about using computer for education
Technology for professional development in nursing
- E-learning any learning that can be applied to learning that is
applied that is delivered via a technology
- The goal is to provide an individual with the information for
practice opportunity required to perform a task or solve a
problem
- E-learning for nursing has potential to deliver training programs
that are efficient and cost effective Promotes positive outcomes
leading to staff satisfaction
Approach to e-learning
- E-learning modules can be delivered via world wide web
- It can be delivered in small modules that can be completed in a
little as 15 minutes
- Can be customized at variety of levels, the organization, the
staff position and the individual
- E-learning programs can track completion and create
performance report for individual staff members
- E-learning modules are interactive, and reality based
Trends, Challenges, and Educational Technologies in higher
Education
- The classroom or online lecture will start to disappear as a
primary teaching strategy.
- Trends and technologies are providing active and interactive
experiences that foster deep learning
Electronic Discussion Group - In a connected world, affective computing will become more
- Mailing list is one of the most popular means of setting up an important
electronic discussions group. - Augmented and virtual reality will soon become the next
- This is simple, individuals who uses mailing list send their generation of simulations [horizontal ellipsis] good bye, Mrs.
designated mailing messages to designated address and Chase.
distributes to it to all subscribers. - Learning spaces, both physical and virtual, will dramatically
- The message is sent to the group and everyone goes to see it. change to accommodate more project-based, challenge-based,
- List Serve refers to commercial product all automated mailing or inquiry-based learning.
list which is run by automated software program rather than an
individual. Itong reviewer na to, kinuha ko lang sa reviewer ni Kaye from
Issues related to use of technology: Dash 3. Bale ang prof nila ay si Mam Jhal. Yung topics ni Mam
- Digital divide is a gap between the patient who have access to Concepcion, nasa isang reviewer, gawa ni Mei from Dash 10.
information technology and those who do not. Thank you sainyong dalawa!!
- Offers a quick and inexpensive way to communicate with
patients, it is important that health care providers encourage Goood luckkk sa exammm guyzzz – Aki

A k i | 10

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