DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR

CLASS- XII (2024-25)

ASSIGNMENT – 3A
SUBJECT- PAINTING
TOPIC-
A. PRACTICAL – PAINTINGS FOR PORTFOLIO
i) Nature and Object study

Studies on the basis of exercises done in class XI with two or three objects and two draperies (in
different colours) for background and foreground. Exercises in pencil with light and shade and in full
colour from affixed point of view. Draw and paint the still-life of a group of objects arranged on a
drawing board before you, from a fixed point of view, on a drawing paper of half imperial size. Your
drawing should be proportionate to the size of the paper. The objects should be painted in realistic
manner with proper light and shade and perspective.

1. Foliage Study

2. Antique Study

3. Drapery Study

4. Landscape Study

Ii) Painting Composition

Imaginative painting based on subjects from Life and Nature in water and poster colours with colour
values.

1. Disign with geometrical and natural shapes.

2. Indian Folk Paintings:- Patta chitra, Worli Painting, Madhubani Painting, Kalamkari Painting

3. Portrait Study in any medium.

4. Affairs of family friends and daily life.

5. Affairs of family professionals.

6. Games and sports activities.

7. Nature

8. Fantasy

9. National, religious, cultural, historical and social events and celebrations.

TOPIC-
B. THEORY (INDIAN ART HISTORY)
Q. Distinguish difference between Pal style of miniature painting & Jain style of miniature painting.

A. Both the Pal and Jain styles of miniature painting originated in India and have distinct
characteristics that set them apart:

Pal Style of Miniature Painting:

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Origin: The Pal style emerged in the eastern regions of India, particularly in Bengal, during the Pala
dynasty (8th to 12th centuries).

Theme: The Pal style often depicted religious themes, particularly scenes from Hindu mythology. It
also portrayed courtly life and everyday scenes.

Characteristics: The Pal style is known for its bold lines, vibrant colours, and a strong focus on
human figures. The facial features are typically sharp and defined, and there is a sense of dynamism
in the composition.

Influence: It heavily influenced the development of other regional styles of miniature painting in
India.

Jain Style of Miniature Painting:

Origin: The Jain style originated in western India, particularly in regions like Gujarat and Rajasthan,
where Jainism flourished.

Theme: The Jain style predominantly focused on Jain religious themes, depicting scenes from Jain
mythology, the lives of Tirthankaras (Jain spiritual teachers), and Jain rituals and practices.

Characteristics: The Jain style is characterized by its intricate detailing, delicate lines, and muted
colour palette. It often features ornate borders and elaborate designs, reflecting the influence of Jain
philosophy, which emphasizes non-violence and simplicity.

Influence: The Jain style of miniature painting played a significant role in the preservation and
dissemination of Jain religious teachings and traditions.

In summary, while both the Pal and Jain styles of miniature painting originated in India and share
some commonalities, such as their focus on religious themes, they differ in terms of their
geographical origins, themes, artistic characteristics, and influences.

Q. What do you know about Indian Miniature painting?

A. Indian miniature painting is a highly intricate and detailed art form that flourished from the 16th
to the 19th centuries, primarily under the patronage of Mughal emperors, Rajput rulers, and other
regional courts. Here are some key aspects:

Rich History: Indian miniature painting has a long history that dates back to ancient times, but it
reached its zenith during the Mughal era. It drew influences from Persian, Islamic, Hindu, and
indigenous Indian traditions, resulting in a diverse range of styles and themes.

Themes and Subjects: Miniature paintings depicted a wide array of subjects, including religious
stories, mythological tales, courtly life, historical events, and natural landscapes. Each region and
dynasty had its own preferences and themes, reflecting the cultural and religious diversity of India.
Regional Styles: Various regions of India developed their distinctive styles of miniature painting,
characterized by unique techniques, colour palettes, and subject matter. Some notable regional
styles include Mughal, Rajput (including Rajputana, Punjab Hills, and Central India), Pahari, Deccan,
and Malwa.
Materials and Techniques: Miniature paintings were created using finely ground mineral pigments,
natural dyes, and brushes made from squirrel hair. The paintings were often executed on materials
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such as paper, cloth, or miniature-sized surfaces like ivory or wood. Artists employed meticulous
techniques such as fine brushwork, stippling, and intricate detailing to achieve stunning levels of
precision and delicacy.

Patronage and Function: Miniature painting was primarily commissioned by royalty, nobility, and
affluent patrons, who used them for various purposes such as religious devotion, documentation of
courtly life, illustration of literary works, and as luxury items for personal enjoyment or gift-giving.

Legacy and Revival: Despite experiencing a decline in popularity during the colonial period, Indian
miniature painting has experienced a revival in recent times. Contemporary artists continue to draw
inspiration from this rich tradition, adapting its techniques and themes to create innovative and
modern artworks. Additionally, efforts are being made to preserve and promote traditional
miniature painting techniques through workshops, exhibitions, and educational initiatives.

Overall, Indian miniature painting stands as a testament to the exquisite craftsmanship, cultural
richness, and artistic sophistication of India's artistic heritage

Q. Describe the features of the Rajasthani School of miniature painting.

A. The Rajasthani School of miniature painting, also known as the Rajput School, encompasses a
diverse range of artistic styles that developed in the princely states of Rajasthan, India, and
neighboring regions from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Here are some key features of the
Rajasthani School of miniature painting:

Rich Diversity: The Rajasthani School comprises various sub-schools, each with its distinctive style,
technique, and thematic focus. Some of the prominent sub-schools include the Mewar, Marwar,
Bundi-Kota, Jaipur, Bikaner, and Kishangarh schools, among others.

Vibrant Colours: Rajasthani miniature paintings are renowned for their vibrant colour palette, which
includes bold hues of red, blue, green, yellow, and gold. Artists often used natural pigments derived
from minerals, plants, and semi-precious stones to create rich, luminous colours.
Expressive Figures: Figures in Rajasthani miniature paintings are characterized by their delicacy,
gracefulness, and expressiveness. They are depicted with elongated limbs, almond-shaped eyes, and
stylized facial features, conveying a sense of beauty and refinement.

Detailed Ornamentation: Rajasthani paintings are often adorned with intricate patterns, decorative
borders, and ornamental motifs, reflecting the region's rich textile and architectural traditions.
These decorative elements enhance the visual appeal of the compositions and add depth to the
overall design.

Romantic and Literary Themes: Rajasthani miniature paintings frequently depict romantic themes
inspired by classical literature, poetry, and mythology. Themes such as the courtship of Radha and
Krishna, the heroic deeds of Rajput warriors, and scenes from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and
Mahabharata are popular subjects.

Lyrical Compositions: Rajasthani paintings are known for their lyrical compositions, which often
feature fluid lines, dynamic movement, and rhythmic patterns. Artists skillfully arrange the elements
within the composition to create a sense of harmony and balance, drawing the viewer into the
narrative.

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Courtly Patronage: Rajasthani miniature painting flourished under the patronage of Rajput rulers,
aristocrats, and wealthy merchants, who commissioned artists to create paintings for various
purposes, including religious devotion, courtly entertainment, and diplomatic exchange.

Spiritual and Devotional Themes: In addition to romantic and literary subjects, Rajasthani miniature
paintings also explore spiritual and devotional themes, including scenes from the life of Lord Krishna,
episodes from Hindu mythology, and depictions of religious rituals and ceremonies.

Overall, the Rajasthani School of miniature painting is celebrated for its exquisite beauty, intricate
craftsmanship, and rich cultural heritage, which continue to inspire artists and enthusiasts around
the world.

Q. Describe the’ Six Limbs of Art ’

A. The "Six Limbs of Art," also known as the "Shadanga" or "Shadangas," are six essential
components or principles of Indian classical art forms, particularly in the context of traditional Indian
aesthetics and artistic theory. These principles were outlined in ancient Indian treatises on the arts
such as the Natya Shastra (the treatise on dramaturgy and the performing arts attributed to Sage
Bharata) and the Vishnudharmottara Purana. Here are the Six Limbs of Art:

Rupabheda (Form): Rupabheda refers to the knowledge and understanding of various forms or
shapes. It involves the ability to depict different forms accurately, whether they are natural (such as
human figures, animals, and landscapes) or abstract (such as geometric shapes or decorative
patterns). Mastery of form is crucial for artists in any visual art form, including painting, sculpture,
and architecture.
Pramanani (Proportion): Pramanam pertains to the proportion or scale in art. It involves the
accurate measurement and proportioning of various elements within a composition to create a
sense of balance, harmony, and visual appeal. This principle ensures that the relationships between
different parts of the artwork are balanced and aesthetically pleasing.

Bhava (Expression): Bhava refers to the expression or emotional content conveyed through the
artwork. It encompasses the artist's ability to evoke feelings, moods, and emotions in the viewer
through the use of gestures, facial expressions, body language, and symbolism. Bhava is particularly
significant in performing arts such as dance, drama, and music, where the portrayal of emotions is
central to the performance.
Lavanya Yojanam (Harmony): Lavanya Yojanam emphasizes the importance of harmony and unity in
art. It involves the skillful integration of various elements within a composition to create a cohesive
and unified whole. This principle encompasses aspects such as color harmony, compositional
balance, rhythmic patterns, and overall aesthetic coherence.

Sadrisyam (Likeness): Sadrisyam refers to the lifelikeness or resemblance of the subject depicted in
the artwork. It involves the artist's ability to capture the essential characteristics, features, and
qualities of the subject with accuracy and fidelity. Whether portraying human figures, animals,
objects, or landscapes, artists strive to achieve a sense of realism and authenticity in their
representation.
Varnika Bhanga (Grace): Varnika Bhanga pertains to the beauty, elegance, and gracefulness of the
artwork. It involves the refinement of line, form, and movement to create a sense of aesthetic

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pleasure and sophistication. Artists focus on creating artworks that are visually appealing, pleasing
to the eye, and imbued with a sense of elegance and charm.

These Six Limbs of Art serve as fundamental principles that guide artists in the creation and
appreciation of art in various forms, providing a framework for understanding and evaluating artistic
expression in the context of Indian classical aesthetics.

Q. Describe the main characteristics of paintings Bani-Thani.

A. Bani-Thani is a famous style of miniature painting that originated in the Kishangarh principality of
Rajasthan, India, during the 18th century. This distinctive style is known for its romantic and ethereal
depictions of feminine beauty and love, often featuring elegant and graceful figures adorned with
elaborate jewelry and rich attire. Here are the main characteristics of Bani-Thani paintings:

Elongated Features: Bani-Thani paintings typically depict figures with elongated necks, slender
bodies, and delicate facial features. The elongation of features adds a sense of elegance and
refinement to the figures, emphasizing their aristocratic and otherworldly qualities.
Large, Expressive Eyes: One of the most striking features of Bani-Thani paintings is the portrayal of
large, expressive eyes. The eyes are often depicted with exaggerated proportions, with long,
sweeping eyelashes and mesmerizing gazes. The expressive eyes convey a sense of emotion and
depth, drawing the viewer into the painting.

Elaborate Attire and Jewelry: Bani-Thani paintings often showcase figures adorned in elaborate and
ornate attire, including intricately detailed garments, flowing scarves, and opulent jewelry. The
jewelry typically includes elaborate necklaces, earrings, bracelets, and hair ornaments, crafted with
meticulous attention to detail.

Rich Colour Palette: Bani-Thani paintings are characterized by a rich and vibrant color palette,
featuring bold hues such as deep reds, vibrant blues, lush greens, and golden yellows. The use of
intense colours adds to the opulence and splendour of the compositions, creating a sense of luxury
and grandeur.

Romantic Themes: Bani-Thani paintings often depict romantic and poetic themes inspired by
classical literature, mythology, and courtly love. The compositions may feature lovers in idyllic
settings, exchanging glances, sharing tender moments, or engaging in symbolic gestures of affection.

Intricate Backgrounds: Bani-Thani paintings often include intricate and decorative backgrounds,
featuring lush landscapes, architectural elements, floral motifs, and ornamental patterns. The
backgrounds enhance the overall composition, providing depth and context to the central figures.

Mystical Atmosphere: Bani-Thani paintings exude a mystical and dreamlike atmosphere,

characterized by soft, diffused lighting and a sense of ethereal beauty. The paintings often evoke a
sense of enchantment and otherworldly charm, inviting viewers into a world of romance and
fantasy.

Overall, Bani-Thani paintings are celebrated for their exquisite beauty, graceful compositions, and
romantic themes, representing a significant contribution to the rich tradition of Indian miniature
painting.

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Q. Describe the painting style of miniature painting ‘Krishna on Swing’

A. "Krishna on Swing" is a popular theme in Indian miniature painting, particularly within the context
of the Pahari and Rajput schools of painting. This theme depicts the Hindu deity Lord Krishna, often
as a young child or adolescent, seated on a swing (jhula) usually surrounded by gopis (milkmaids) or
Radha, his beloved consort. Here are the main characteristics of the painting style for "Krishna on
Swing":

Central Focus on Lord Krishna: In these paintings, Lord Krishna is the central figure and the primary
focus of the composition. He is typically depicted with a dark blue complexion, wearing yellow or
orange garments, adorned with peacock feathers, and often adorned with jewellery such as
necklaces, bracelets, and anklets.

Swing and Surrounding Elements: The swing (jhula) itself is often depicted in intricate detail,
adorned with decorative elements such as floral motifs, bells, and embellishments. The swing is
usually suspended from a tree or a pavilion, adding to the picturesque setting of the scene. The
surrounding environment may include lush vegetation, flowering trees, birds, and animals,
contributing to the idyllic and pastoral atmosphere.

Playful and Expressive Depiction: The portrayal of Lord Krishna on the swing is often characterized
by a sense of playfulness, joy, and mischief. He may be depicted swinging gleefully, with a
mischievous smile or a playful expression on his face, interacting with the gopis or Radha in a lively
manner. The gopis may be shown singing, dancing, or offering flowers to Krishna, adding to the
festive and celebratory mood of the scene.

Emphasis on Emotion and Devotion: "Krishna on Swing" paintings often emphasize the emotional
bond between Lord Krishna and his devotees, particularly Radha and the gopis. The expressions on
their faces convey a range of emotions, including love, longing, devotion, and ecstasy, reflecting the
deep spiritual and emotional connection between Krishna and his devotees.

Intricate Detailing and Ornamentation: These paintings are characterized by intricate detailing and
ornamentation, particularly in the depiction of costumes, jewellery, and decorative elements. The
artists use fine brushwork and delicate lines to create intricate patterns, textures, and designs,
enhancing the beauty and richness of the composition.

Overall, "Krishna on Swing" paintings exemplify the timeless beauty, charm, and spiritual significance
of Lord Krishna's playful and divine leelas (divine pastimes), capturing the essence of devotion, love,
and joy that characterize the Krishna bhakti tradition in Indian art and culture

Q. On which themes/topics have the artists laid emphasis to make miniatures in Rajasthani School.

A. The artists of the Rajasthani School of miniature painting have emphasized a wide range of
themes and topics, reflecting the rich cultural, social, and religious heritage of Rajasthan and
neighboring regions. Some of the prominent themes and topics depicted in Rajasthani miniature
paintings include:

Rajput Courtly Life: Rajput rulers and nobility often commissioned miniature paintings to depict
scenes from courtly life, including royal ceremonies, courtly gatherings, hunting expeditions, and
festivals. These paintings offer insights into the opulent lifestyle, social customs, and cultural
traditions of the Rajput courts.

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Romantic and Mythological Themes: Rajasthani miniature paintings frequently feature romantic
and mythological themes inspired by classical literature, poetry, and mythology. Scenes depicting
the courtship of Radha and Krishna, episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, and tales of
love and valour are popular subjects.

Religious Devotion: Miniature paintings in the Rajasthani School often explore themes of religious
devotion and spirituality, portraying gods, goddesses, saints, and religious festivals. These paintings
serve as objects of worship and contemplation, conveying the piety and faith of the patrons and
artists.

Heroic Deeds and Battles: Rajput rulers and warriors were renowned for their valor and martial
prowess, and miniature paintings often glorify their heroic deeds and battles. Scenes depicting
Rajput warriors in combat, hunting, or performing acts of bravery showcase the martial ethos and
chivalric ideals of Rajput culture.

Nature and Landscape: Rajasthani miniature paintings frequently incorporate elements of nature
and landscape, including lush forests, flowing rivers, serene lakes, and picturesque countryside.
Artists skilfully capture the beauty and tranquility of the natural world, imbuing their compositions
with a sense of harmony and serenity.

Folklore and Folk Traditions: Rajasthani culture is rich in folklore, legends, and folk traditions, and
these themes are often depicted in miniature paintings. Scenes featuring folk tales, folk dances,
traditional music, and rituals provide insights into the vibrant and colourful tapestry of Rajasthani
folklore and folk culture.

Erotic and Sensual Themes: Some Rajasthani miniature paintings explore erotic and sensual themes,
depicting scenes of love, romance, and intimacy. These paintings often feature amorous couples,
playful flirtations, and sensuous encounters, reflecting the sensuality and passion inherent in human
relationships.

Overall, the artists of the Rajasthani School of miniature painting have demonstrated a remarkable
versatility and creativity in their exploration of diverse themes and topics, contributing to the rich
and multifaceted artistic heritage of Rajasthan and India.

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