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English Grammar Lesson - Foundations

The document discusses key parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. It also covers sentence structure, subject-verb agreement, pronouns, tenses, punctuation and common grammar mistakes. Regular practice through exercises, writing, speaking, and wide reading are recommended to reinforce grammar rules.

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Pamjane Bulawin
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33 views

English Grammar Lesson - Foundations

The document discusses key parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. It also covers sentence structure, subject-verb agreement, pronouns, tenses, punctuation and common grammar mistakes. Regular practice through exercises, writing, speaking, and wide reading are recommended to reinforce grammar rules.

Uploaded by

Pamjane Bulawin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Parts of Speech:

Nouns: Words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. Examples include "dog,"
"table," "friendship," and "London."
Verbs: Words that express actions (e.g., "run," "eat") or states of being (e.g., "is," "are").
Adjectives: Words that modify or describe nouns. Examples include "big," "happy," and
"red."
Adverbs: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often answer
questions like "how," "when," or "where." For instance, "quickly," "very," and "here."
2. Sentence Structure:

Subject and Predicate: Every sentence has a subject (the person, thing, or idea the
sentence is about) and a predicate (what the subject does or is). For example, in the
sentence "The cat sleeps," "The cat" is the subject, and "sleeps" is the predicate.
Types of Sentences: Sentences can be classified as declarative (statements),
interrogative (questions), imperative (commands or requests), or exclamatory
(expressions of strong emotion).
Clauses: A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Independent
clauses can stand alone as sentences, while dependent clauses rely on an independent
clause for meaning.
3. Subject-Verb Agreement:

A singular subject requires a singular verb, and a plural subject requires a plural verb.
For example, "The dog barks" (singular subject) versus "The dogs bark" (plural subject).
Pay attention to collective nouns (e.g., team, family) that may be singular or plural
depending on context.
4. Pronouns:

Pronouns are words used in place of nouns to avoid repetition. Examples include "he,"
"she," "it," "they," and "we."
Ensure pronouns agree in number and gender with their antecedents (the nouns they
refer to).
5. Tenses:

Present Tense: Used to describe actions happening now or habitual actions (e.g., "She
runs every morning").
Past Tense: Used to describe actions that have already occurred (e.g., "They walked to
school yesterday").
Future Tense: Used to describe actions that will happen in the future (e.g., "We will go to
the beach tomorrow").
Perfect Tenses: Describe actions that were completed before a certain point in time. For
example, "She has eaten breakfast" (present perfect) or "They had finished dinner when I
arrived" (past perfect).
6. Punctuation:

Period (.): Ends a sentence that is a statement or a command.


Question Mark (?): Ends a sentence that is a question.
Exclamation Mark (!): Ends a sentence that expresses strong emotion or surprise.
Comma (,): Used to separate items in a list, join independent clauses with a
coordinating conjunction, and set off introductory elements.
Semicolon (;): Joins closely related independent clauses in a sentence.
Colon (:): Introduces a list or explanation.
Quotation Marks (" "): Used to indicate direct speech or to enclose titles of short works.
7. Common Grammar Mistakes:

Misplaced modifiers: Ensure that descriptive words or phrases are placed next to the
words they modify to avoid confusion.
Run-on sentences: Separate independent clauses with appropriate punctuation or
conjunctions.
Double negatives: Avoid using two negative words in the same sentence, as they cancel
each other out.
Subject-verb agreement errors: Make sure the subject and verb agree in number.
8. Practice and Application:

Regular practice through exercises, writing, and speaking helps reinforce grammar rules
and improve fluency.
Reading widely exposes learners to various grammatical structures and writing styles.
9. Resources for Further Learning:

Grammar books and guides, online resources, grammar exercises, and language
learning apps can provide additional support and practice.

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